Physics
Physics
1st Edition
Walker
ISBN: 9780133256925
Table of contents
Textbook solutions

All Solutions

Page 227: Standardized Test Prep

Exercise 1
Step 1
1 of 4
In this problem, we find the case is the most work done by a force $F$ pushed a box a distance $d$ across a level surface at constant speed.
Step 2
2 of 4
The work done, when the angle between the force and the displacement is $theta$, the work done is

$$
begin{aligned}
W &= Fd cos theta
end{aligned}
$$

Step 3
3 of 4
The work is maximum when $cos theta$ is maximum, which is when

$$
begin{aligned}
cos theta &= 1 \
implies theta &= cos^{-1} left( 1 right) \
theta &= 0^{circ}
end{aligned}
$$

The work is maximum if $F$ is horizontal, which is option **A.**

Result
4 of 4
A.
Exercise 2
Step 1
1 of 6
In this problem, we are given four cases and we find which has positive net work.
Step 2
2 of 6
### Part A.

For this option, the work in consideration is the work done by the tension in a tring as a ball attached to it whirls in a horizontal circle. The tension force and the velocity are always perpendicular, so the work done is **zero**.

Step 3
3 of 6
### Part B.

For this option, the work in consideration is the work done to raise and lower a set of $m = 25~mathrm{kg}$ barbell to and from the floor ten times. The force exerted is always upward, but the displacement alternates between upward and downward, so the total is **zero** work done.

Step 4
4 of 6
### Part C.

For this option, the work in consideration is the work done to hold a set of $m = 25~mathrm{kg}$ barbells at constant height for $t = 3~mathrm{min}$. The displacement is zero, so the work done must be **zero**.

Step 5
5 of 6
### Part D.

For this option, the work in consideration is the work done to kick a set of $m = 25~mathrm{kg}$ barbell and cause them to roll across the floor. The barbell gains kinetic energy from rest, so the work done is **positive.**

Result
6 of 6
D.
Exercise 3
Step 1
1 of 3
For this problem, we are given the energy graph of a brick dropped from a height $h = 8~mathrm{m}$. We approximate the mass of the brick. We use $g = 9.81~mathrm{m/s}$.
Step 2
2 of 3
The initial potential energy from the graph is $PE = 80~mathrm{J}$. This is the potential energy when the height is $h$.
Result
3 of 3
A. $1~mathrm{kg}$
Exercise 4
Step 1
1 of 1
From the graph, at$quad t=1s$ ,

$PE=(30)J$

$KE=(50)J$

so,$quad F=(PE+KE)=(80)J$

$$
boxed{text{ans :}rightarrow(C)}
$$

Exercise 5
Step 1
1 of 1
From the graph, at$quad t=1squad,quad KE=(50)J=dfrac{1}{2}mv^2$

$Rightarrowquad v=Big(sqrt{dfrac{2times50}{m}}Big)m/s=Big(sqrt{dfrac{100}{1}}Big)m/s=10m/s$

$$
boxed{text{Ans : }rightarrow(B)}
$$

Exercise 6
Step 1
1 of 9
In this problem, we are asked which situation requires the greatest average power. We use $g = 9.81~mathrm{m/s^{2}}$.
Step 2
2 of 9
### Part A.

For this option, the action is lifting a block of mass $m = 5~mathrm{kg}$ to a height of $h = 2~mathrm{m}$ in $t = 2~mathrm{s}$. The work done must be equal to change in potential energy of the block.

$$
W = mgh
$$

Step 3
3 of 9
From the definition of power, we have

$$
begin{aligned}
P_{A} &= frac{W}{t} \
&= frac{mgh}{t} \
&= frac{left(5~mathrm{kg}right) left(9.81~mathrm{m/s^{2}}right) left(2~mathrm{m}right)}{2~mathrm{s}} \
P_{A }&= 49.05~mathrm{W}
end{aligned}
$$

Step 4
4 of 9
### Part B.

For this option, a block is pushed across a level surface with a net force of $F = 10~mathrm{N}$ at a velocity of $v = 3~mathrm{m/s}$.

From another definition of power, we have

$$
begin{aligned}
P_{B} &= Fv \
&= left(10~mathrm{N}right) left(3~mathrm{m/s}right) \
P_{B} &= 30~mathrm{W}
end{aligned}
$$

Step 5
5 of 9
### Part C.

For this option, a rolling wheel changes kinetic energy from $KE_text{i} = 15~mathrm{J}$ to $KE_text{f} = 55~mathrm{J}$ in $t = 20~mathrm{s}$. The work done is equal to the change in kinetic energy, so

$$
W = Delta KE = KE_text{f} – KE_text{i}
$$

Step 6
6 of 9
The power must be

$$
begin{aligned}
P_{C} &= frac{W}{t} = frac{KE_text{f} – KE_text{i}}{t} \
&= frac{55~mathrm{J} – 15~mathrm{J}}{20~mathrm{s}} \
P_{C} &= 2~mathrm{W}
end{aligned}
$$

Step 7
7 of 9
### Part D.

For this option, a lightbulb of power $P = 10~mathrm{W}$ for $t = 20~mathrm{h}$. From the given, we already know that

$$
P_{D} = 10~mathrm{W}
$$

Step 8
8 of 9
Based on the calculatations, option **A** has the greatest average power, with $P = 49.05~mathrm{W}$.
Result
9 of 9
A.
Exercise 7
Step 1
1 of 6
In this problem, we are given that a ball of mass $m = 2.0~mathrm{kg}$ from a height of $h = 4.0~mathrm{m}$ loses $10%$ of its mechanical energy to thermal energy when it hits the floor. We calculate (a) the kinetic energy jsut before it hits the floor, (b) the kinetic energy right after the it hits the floor, and (c) the height to which the ball returns after it returns bounce. We assume no air resistance and use $g = 9.81~mathrm{m/s^{2}}$.
Step 2
2 of 6
### Part A.

First, we calculate the total mechanical energy $E_{1}$. The ball starts from rest, so this must be equal to the initial gravitational potential energy.

$$
E_{1} = mgh
$$

Step 3
3 of 6
Just before it hits the floor, all of the mechanical energy is in the form of the kinetic energy, hence

$$
begin{aligned}
KE_text{a} &= mgh \
&= left(2.0~mathrm{kg}right) left(9.81~mathrm{m/s^{2}}right) left(4~mathrm{m}right) \
&= 78.48~mathrm{J} \
KE_text{a} &= boxed{78~mathrm{J}}
end{aligned}
$$

Step 4
4 of 6
### Part B.

The kinetic energy jut after hitting hte floor is equal to $90%$ of the kinetic energy just before hitting hte floor. Hence,

$$
begin{aligned}
KE_text{b} &= 0.90KE_mathrm{a} \
&= 0.90left(78.48~mathrm{J}right) \
&= 70.632~mathrm{J} \
KE_text{b} &= boxed{71~mathrm{J}}
end{aligned}
$$

Step 5
5 of 6
### Part C.

The total mechanical energy for this part must be $90%$ of the initial total mechanical energy. The potential energy at the top must be equal to the total mechanical energy.

$$
begin{aligned}
E_{2} &= 0.90E_{1} \
mgh_{2} &= 0.90mgh_{1} \
h_{2} &= 0.90h_{1} \
&= 0.90left(4.0~mathrm{m}right) \
h_{2} &= boxed{3.6~mathrm{m}} \
end{aligned}
$$

Result
6 of 6
$$
begin{aligned}
KE_text{a} &= 78~mathrm{J} \
KE_text{b} &= 71~mathrm{J} \
h_{2} &= 3.6~mathrm{m}
end{aligned}
$$
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics
Section 1.1: Physics and the Scientific Method
Section 1.2: Physics and Society
Section 1.3: Units and Dimensions
Section 1.4: Basic Math for Physics
Page 38: Assessment
Page 41: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 2: Introduction to Motion
Section 2.1: Describing Motion
Section 2.2: Speed and Velocity
Section 2.3: Position-Time Graphs
Section 2.4: Equation of Motion
Page 66: Assessment
Page 71: Standardized Test Prep
Page 45: Practice Problems
Page 47: Practice Problems
Page 47: Lesson Check
Page 49: Practice Problems
Page 52: Practice Problems
Page 53: Lesson Check
Page 56: Practice Problems
Page 57: Lesson Check
Page 59: Practice Problems
Page 60: Practice Problems
Page 62: Practice Problems
Page 62: Lesson Check
Chapter 3: Acceleration and Acceleration Motion
Section 3.1: Acceleration
Section 3.2: Motion with Constant Acceleration
Section 3.3: Position-Time Graphs for Constant Acceleration
Section 3.4: Free Fall
Page 105: Assessment
Page 111: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 4: Motion in Two Dimensions
Section 4.1: Vectors in Physics
Section 4.2: Adding and Subtracting Vectors
Section 4.3: Relative Motion
Section 4.4: Projectile Motion
Page 144: Assessment
Page 149: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5: Newton’s Laws of Motion
Section 5.1: Newton’s Laws of Motion
Section 5.2: Applying Newton’s Laws
Section 5.3: Friction
Page 180: Assessment
Page 187: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 6: Work and Energy
Section 6.1: Work
Section 6.2: Work and Energy
Section 6.3: Conservation of Energy
Section 6.4: Power
Page 220: Assessment
Page 227: Standardized Test Prep
Page 191: Practice Problems
Page 193: Practice Problems
Page 196: Lesson Check
Page 196: Practice Problems
Page 199: Practice Problems
Page 201: Practice Problems
Page 203: Practice Problems
Page 204: Practice Problems
Page 205: Practice Problems
Page 206: Lesson Check
Page 209: Practice Problems
Page 211: Lesson Check
Page 213: Practice Problems
Page 214: Practice Problems
Page 215: Practice Problems
Page 216: Lesson Check
Chapter 7: Linear Momentum and Collisions
Section 7.1: Momentum
Section 7.2: Impulse
Section 7.3: Conservation of Momentum
Section 7.4: Collisions
Page 260: Assessment
Page 265: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8: Rotational Motion and Equilibrium
Section 8.1: Describing Angular Motion
Section 8.2: Rolling Motion and the Moment of Inertia
Section 8.3: Torque
Section 8.4: Static Equilibrium
Page 300: Assessment
Page 305: Standardized Test Prep
Page 269: Practice Problems
Page 271: Practice Problems
Page 272: Practice Problems
Page 275: Practice Problems
Page 275: Lesson Check
Page 277: Practice Problems
Page 280: Lesson Check
Page 284: Practice Problems
Page 286: Practice Problems
Page 287: Practice Problems
Page 289: Lesson Check
Page 294: Practice Problems
Page 295: Practice Problems
Page 296: Lesson Check
Chapter 9: Gravity and Circular Motion
Section 9.1: Newton’s Law of Universal Gravity
Section 9.2: Applications of Gravity
Section 9.3: Circular Motion
Section 9.4: Planetary Motion and Orbits
Page 336: Assessment
Page 341: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 10: Temperature and Heat
Section 10.1: Temperature, Energy, and Heat
Section 10.2: Thermal Expansion and Energy Transfer
Section 10.3: Heat Capacity
Section 10.4: Phase Changes and Latent Heat
Page 378: Assessment
Page 383: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 11: Thermodynamics
Section 11.1: The First Law of Thermodynamics
Section 11.2: Thermal Processes
Section 11.3: The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
Page 410: Assessment
Page 413: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 12: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
Section 12.1: Gases
Section 12.2: Fluids at Rest
Section 12.3: Fluids in Motion
Section 12.4: Solids
Page 446: Assessment
Page 451: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 13: Oscillations and Waves
Section 13.1: Oscillations and Periodic Motion
Section 13.2: The Pendulum
Section 13.3: Waves and Wave Properties
Section 13.4: Interacting Waves
Page 486: Assessment
Page 491: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14: Sound
Section 14.1: Sound Waves and Beats
Section 14.2: Standing Sound Waves
Section 14.3: The Doppler Effect
Section 14.4: Human Perception of Sound
Page 523: Assessment
Page 527: Standardized Test Prep
Page 495: Practice Problems
Page 496: Practice Problems
Page 500: Practice Problems
Page 501: Lesson Check
Page 503: Practice Problems
Page 504: Practice Problems
Page 506: Practice Problems
Page 506: Lesson Check
Page 510: Practice Problems
Page 511: Practice Problems
Page 512: Lesson Check
Page 514: Practice Problems
Page 516: Practice Problems
Page 517: Practice Problems
Page 519: Lesson Check
Chapter 15: The Properties of Lights
Section 15.1: The Nature of Light
Section 15.2: Color and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Section 15.3: Polarization and Scattering of Light
Page 557: Assessment
Page 563: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 16: Reflection and Mirrors
Section 16.1: The Reflection of Light
Section 16.2: Plane Mirrors
Section 16.3: Curved Mirrors
Page 590: Assessment
Page 595: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 17: Refraction and Lenses
Section 17.1: Refraction
Section 17.2: Applications of Refraction
Section 17.3: Lenses
Section 17.4: Applications of Lenses
Page 629: Assessment
Page 635: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 18: Interference and Diffraction
Section 18.1: Interference
Section 18.2: Interference in Thin Films
Section 18.3: Diffraction
Section 18.4: Diffraction Gratings
Page 668: Assessment
Page 673: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 19: Electric Charges and Forces
Section 19.1: Electric Charge
Section 19.2: Electric Force
Section 19.3: Combining Electric Forces
Page 698: Assessment
Page 703: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20: Electric Fields and Electric Energy
Section 20.1: The Electric Field
Section 20.2: Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential
Section 20.3: Capacitance and Energy Storage
Page 738: Assessment
Page 743: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 21: Electric Current and Electric Circuits
Section 21.1: Electric Current, Resistance, and Semiconductors
Section 21.2: Electric Circuits
Section 21.3: Power and Energy in Electric Circuits
Page 775: Assessment
Page 781: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 22: Magnetism and Magnetic Fields
Section 22.1: Magnets and Magnetic Fields
Section 22.2: Magnetism and Electric Currents
Section 22.3: The Magnetic Force
Page 810: Assessment
Page 815: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 23: Electromagnetic Induction
Section 23.1: Electricity from Magnetism
Section 23.2: Electric Generators and Motors
Section 23.3: AC Circuits and Transformers
Page 844: Assessment
Page 849: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 24: Quantum Physics
Section 24.1: Quantized Energy and Photons
Section 24.2: Wave-Particle Duality
Section 24.3: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Page 876: Assessment
Page 881: Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 26: Nuclear Physics
Section 26.1: The Nucleus
Section 26.2: Radioactivity
Section 26.3: Applications of Nuclear Physics
Section 26.4: Fundamental Forces and Elementary Particles
Page 944: Assessment
Page 947: Standardized Test Prep