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Page 823: Section Review

Exercise 39

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The reason for this is the fact that protons are positively charged same as nuclei are. Therefore, they will experience a very strong barrier while approaching the nuclei and they will require more energy to reach the nuclei by default. Neutrons are, on the other hand, electrically neutral, therefore, they will not experience electrostatic barriers.

Exercise 40

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In order to determine which direction is the magnetic field pointing to, we are going to use the right-hand rule which tells us that the magnetic field has to point towards the Earth center if we want protons to move counterclockwise.

Exercise 41

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We know that the radius of the charged particles trajectory curvature in the magnetic field is proportional to the particle’s speed. Therefore, the greater the radius, greater the speed so we can conclude that the bottom pair has to have higher speed i.e. higher kinetic energy.

Exercise 42

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The Standard Model in particle physics is defined as the theory that classifies the elementary particles from which all the matter is constituted from and it describes their interactions by means of three fundamental nature forces, weak, strong, and electromagnetic leaving out the gravity only.

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There are several flaws of the Standard Model so we can mention a few of them. The Standard Model sees neutrinos as massless particles whereas it was experimentally shown that they do have mass. Its self-consistency is not yet proven and most famously the Standard model doesn’t explain the gravitational interaction, whatsoever.

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Some known, but still in development alternatives are supersymmetry, string theory and loop quantum gravity.

Exercise 43

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This fundamental quark transmutation can be understood as a process where a particle that contains u quark transmutes into a particle that is containing one u quark less but one d quark more together with a positron and neutrino. The last two are originating from the $W^+$ vector boson that is an intermediate between the initial and the final state of the reaction. The most famous such process is the following

$$
^1_1textrm{p}rightarrow^1_0textrm{n}+^0_1textrm{e}+^0_0nu
$$

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Page 823: Section Review

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