Physics: Principles and Problems
Physics: Principles and Problems
9th Edition
Elliott, Haase, Harper, Herzog, Margaret Zorn, Nelson, Schuler, Zitzewitz
ISBN: 9780078458132
Textbook solutions

All Solutions

Page 568: Section Review

Exercise 11
Step 1
1 of 2
To detect an electric field at a certain point we can use a test charge. Test charge is a charge with known charge magnitude and sign. Charge magnitude of test charge needs to be low so that it doesn’t disturb other charges in the system. If force acts on the test charge, this means that electric field is present at the point where test charge is located. Electric force $F_e$ experienced by the test charge $q_T$ is equal to:

$$
begin{align*}
F_e= q_{T} cdot E
end{align*}
$$

where $q_{T}$ is charge of test charge, $F_e$ is force with which electric field of magnitude $E$ acts on test charge. We can express magnitude of the electric field $E$ from the equation above:

$$
begin{align*}
E= dfrac{F_e}{q_{T}}
end{align*}
$$

By measuring the force $F_e$ with which electric field $E$ acts on test charge $q_{T}$, we can determine magnitude of the present electric field.
To add up to the complexity, we can also determine the direction of the electric field lines so that electric field $E$ is completely described.
We can do this by determining the direction of force with which electric field acts on our test charge.

Result
2 of 2
Hint: Measure the electric force $F_e$ acting on known test charge $q_T$.
Exercise 12
Step 1
1 of 3
In this problem we have a positive test charge $q = 2.4 cdot 10^{-8} ~mathrm{C}$ experiencing an electric force of $F_e = 1.5 cdot 10^{-3} ~mathrm{N}$ toward the east. Since there is an electric force $F_e$ acting on some charge $q$, there must be some electric field $E$ acting on the test charge. We must find magnitude of the electric field $E$ at the position of the test charge $q$ and direction of the electric field $E$ at this point. We know that the electric force $F_e$ with which electric force $E$ acts on test charge $q$ is calculated as:

$$
F_e = q E
$$

Step 2
2 of 3
From the equation above we see that the electric force $F_e$ and electric field $E$ have the same direction if test charge $q$ is positive. In our example, test charge is positive and electric force $F_e$ acts eastward, which means that the direction of the electric field $E$ acting on this test charge is also eastward.

$$
boxed{ text{ Direction of the electric field $E$ acting on test charge $q$ is eastward } }
$$

To find the magnitude of this electric field, we’ll use express electric field $E$ from the equation above:

$$
begin{align*}
F_e = q E \
tag{express $E$ from the equation above} \
E &= dfrac{F_e}{q} \
E &= dfrac{1.5 cdot 10^{-3} ~mathrm{N}}{2.4 cdot 10^{-8} ~mathrm{C}}
end{align*}
$$

$$
boxed{ E= 62500~mathrm{dfrac{N}{C}} }
$$

We found that the electric field is $E= 62500~mathrm{dfrac{N}{C}}$, eastward.

Result
3 of 3
$$
text{ Electric field is $E= 62500~mathrm{dfrac{N}{C}} $, eastward.
}
$$
Exercise 13
Step 1
1 of 2
From the figure mentioned in the problem text, we can only see that in the figures to the right, charges are either both positive or both negative, whereas in the figures to the left, charges are positive and negative, but we can’t know which one is positive and which one is negative. We can conclude that the two charges in the figures to the left are unlike charges because their field lines attract. Analogously, field lines on the figures to the right repel, from which we conclude that the two charges are like charges. If we had a direction of at least one field line, we would be able to conclude that the charge from which field lines point outward is positive, whereas the charge to which field lines enter is negative. As we can see, we can’t know if field point to the charge or point outward, which means we can’t know the sign of any of the charges.
Result
2 of 2
Hint: Electric field lines point from positive charge to negative charge.
Exercise 14
Step 1
1 of 2
Let’s say we have charge $q$ and that this charge is source of an electric field $E$ around it. Let’s place test charge $q_{test}$ at a distance $r$ from charge $q$

We know that magnitude of this electric field $E$ coming from charge $q$ at a distance $r$ from charge $q$ is given as:

$$
E = dfrac{kq}{r^2}
$$

where $k = 9 cdot 10^9 ~mathrm{dfrac{N m^2}{C^2}}$ is Coulomb constant.

As it can be seen, magnitude of the electric field that charge $q_{test}$ feels won’t be affected by magnitude of charge $q_{test}$, but only on charge $q$ and distance between charge $q_{test}$ and $q$.

Coulomb’s law states that the electric force $F$ between charges $q$ and $q_{test}$ at a distance $r$ from each other is given as:

$$
F = dfrac{k q q_{test}}{r^2}
$$

As it can be seen, magnitude of the electric force between these two charges will depend on magnitude of both of the charges $q$ and $q_{test}$ and distance $r$ between them. This means that force between these two charges does depend on $q_{test}$ whereas magnitude of the electric field that $q_{test}$ feels doesn’t depend on charge $q_{test}$.

Result
2 of 2
Hint: Force between charge which produces electric field and test charge depends on magnitude of the test charge, whereas magnitude of the electric field felt by test charge doesn’t depend on magnitude of the test charge.
Exercise 15
Step 1
1 of 2
Let’s say we have two negative charges $q_1$ and $q_2$ and that we want to measure the electric field resulting from these two charges. Both of these charges are sources of their own electric field, which we will try to measure by placing a test charge
$q_{test}$ (top charge) at a distance $r$ from both of the charges.

We know that magnitude of this electric field $E_1$ coming from charge $q_1$ at a distance $r$ from it is given as:

$$
E_1 = dfrac{kq_1}{r^2}
$$

and that
magnitude of this electric field $E_2$ coming from charge $q_2$ at a distance $r$ from it is given as:

$$
E_2 = dfrac{kq_2}{r^2}
$$

where $k = 9 cdot 10^9 ~mathrm{dfrac{N m^2}{C^2}}$ is Coulomb constant.

As it can be seen, magnitude of the electric field that charge $q_{test}$ feels won’t be affected by magnitude of charge $q_{test}$, but only on charges $q_1$ and $q_2$ and distance between charge $q_{test}$ and the other two charges.

Net electric $E$ field felt by charge $q_{test}$ will be equal to:

$$
E = E_1 + E_2
$$

Keep in mind that if we want to measure a resulting electric field coming from charges $q_1$ and $q_2$, we need to use a test charge $q_{test}$ with such a low charge magnitude that it almost won’t affect the electric field coming from the two negative charges. If this test charge affects or distorts the electric field of any of the two negative charges by a lot, we don’t essentially measure the electric field produced by the two negative charges because this field will be so distorted and unmeasurable with this test charge. Electric field lines between two negative charges should look the same way as they look in figure 24-b and while positive charge will inevitably bring some distortion, this distortion must not be so great as shown in figure 21-2c.

Result
2 of 2
Hint: Electric field lines of electric field we measure should not be distorted by a lot.
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