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Section 9.1: Chemical Pathways

Exercise 1

Result

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Cellular respiration is the metabolic reaction that takes place when an energy is released by the breakdown of molecules, such as glucose, in the presence of oxygen. The equation for cellular respiration is shown below.

oxygen + glucose $rightarrow$ carbon dioxide + water + energy

6O$_{2}$ + C$_{6}$H$_{12}$O$_{6}$ $rightarrow$ 6CO$_{2}$ + 6H$_{2}$O + energy

Exercise 2

Result

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Glycolysis occurs when glucose is broken down into half to produce energy. Since glucose has 6 carbons and pyruvic acid has 3 carbons, there are 2 pyruvic acids that are produced for each one glucose molecule in the process of glycolysis. The end products of this process include 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 NADH molecules, and a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

Exercise 3

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When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is usually followed by fermentation. The two types of fermentation include alcoholic fermentation, which is used by yeasts; and lactic acid fermentation, which is used in producing cheese, yogurt, and kimchi.

Exercise 4

Result

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The term calorie is described as the amount of energy that is needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. The calories we get from the food that we eat serve as a fuel to provide us with energy in the form of heat.

Exercise 5

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Both NAD$^{+}$ and NADP$^{+}$ are enzymes used in cellular metabolism. They both accept a pair of high-energy electrons. However, NADP$^{+}$ is used in photosynthesis, whereas NAD$^{+}$ is used in cellular respiration.

Exercise 6

Step 1

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The two types of fermentation include alcoholic fermentation, which is used by yeasts; and lactic acid fermentation, which is used in producing cheese, yogurt, and kimchi. These types do not require oxygen; hence, they are both anaerobic. However, they are different in terms of their end products. In alcoholic fermentation, it forms ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. On the other hand, lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. The equation for alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation are shown below.

Alcoholic Fermentation:

pyruvic acid + NADH $rightarrow$ alcohol + carbon dioxide + NAD$^{+}$

Lactic Acid Fermentation:

pyruvic acid + NADH $rightarrow$ lactic acid + NAD$^{+}$

Result

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The two types of fermentation include alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. These types do not require oxygen; hence, they are both anaerobic. However, they are different in terms of their end products. In alcoholic fermentation, it forms ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. On the other hand, lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid.

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Section 9.1: Chemical Pathways

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