Choices A, B, and C are all human activities that mainly affect the biosphere. Therefore, D is the correct answer. Aquaculture is a kind of farming in the water which helps breed fishes and create habitats for endangered marine species.

D. aquaculture

One of the most important aspects of civilization is **agriculture**. The development of agriculture has allowed humans to settle in an area instead of wandering around as hunter-gatherers.

The idea of settling in one place instead of going from place to place allowed civilizations to develop in an area. Since food crops can be grown in one place, a society can be established.

C

**Common resources** are resources that provide tangible benefits such as water or pasture. These resources are rivalrous and non-excludable, meaning any organism can have access to these resources.

**Renewable resources** is a natural resource that can be replenished or replace when the portion is used or consumed either through natural reproduction or continuous infinite processes.

**Nonrenewable resources** are resources that cannot be easily or readily replaced by natural means at a quick period of time enough to keep up with consumption or usage.

**Conserved resources** are resources that are controlled and protected for the efficient utilization and consumption of the population.

Among the given choices, the correct answer is **C**

C

**Fragmentation** is the term to define a process in which a large part of the habitat is transformed or changed into smaller areas, reducing the areal extent of a given ecosystem.

**Deforestation** is an act of permanent removal of trees or whole forest to convert the land to a non-forest use such as farms, ranches, or industrial applications.

**Desertification** is a method of land degradation in which biological productivity and fertility in an area such as in drylands are lost due to natural processes or human activities.

**Acid rain** is a term that includes any form of precipitation that includes acidic components that fall to the ground from the atmosphere.

Among the given choices, the correct answer is **C**

C

D. Ozone hole

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(B) biodiversity is the answer

This sum total is referred to as biodiversity because this accounts for a variety of organisms that are influenced by differences in habitat, climate/weather changes, natural disasters, and possibly and invasion by another organism. It is said that the more the diversity that an ecosystem possesses, the greater stability it will have.

Result is B

Fragmentation is often caused by humans when vegeations are cleared due to agricultural activities, agriculture, rural development, and urbanizations. Habitats then become divided and separated into fragments.

When a species enters a non-native environment where it has not lived before, it would now be considered as an **invasive species**, which can cause problems for the native species.

When an invasive species is introduced into an environment, it may outcompete the native species for resources. This is due to the lack of limiting factors that control the invasive species.

B

An endangered specie is a specie that is about to become extinct if protective measures are not taken.

endangered species

Sustainable development refers to the responsible use of natural resources for the aim of avoiding its depletion. On the other hand, conservation refers to the wise management of resources for the purpose of preserving the habitats and biodiversity. Therefore, B is the correct answer.

B. sustainable development

The process of biological magnification tells us that the pollutant concentration increases as it moves along the trophic levels of the organisms. In this case, the primary producers have the lowest pollutant concentration, whereas the top-level consumer gets the highest pollutant concentration. Therefore, the correct answer is hawk.

A. hawk

The greatest source of change in the biosphere is global human activities such as hunting and gathering, agriculture, industry, and urbanization. Humans depend on Earth’s resources to sustain life and other needs. As the population in our planet increases, the needs also go way up. Because of our needs for survival, we tend to think of the Earth as a source of limited supplies. This causes a negative impact on the environment.

The **Green Revolution** refers to the renovation of agricultural practices that occurred between the 1940s and 1960s. It involved the development of high-yielding crop varieties that resulted in the significant increase in food production.

Aside from high-yield crop varieties of food grains such as wheat and rice, the Green Revolution had also provided renovations in fertilizer use and other agricultural practices. This further improved the production of food in developing countries.

Due to industrial development, the ecosystem was affected in the following ways:

1. Waste from the factories and cities polluted the air, water, and soil.
2. Due to the overcrowding in cities, people move to suburban areas which consume farmland and natural habitats of plants and animals.

Forests are called the lungs of the earth because they remove carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

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Smog, pesticides and domestic waste are all environmental pollutants.

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Diversity means variety; biodiversity refers to the variety of organisms and other life forms that exist on Earth.

The process of biological magnification tells us that the pollutant concentration increases as it moves along the trophic levels of the organisms. In this case, the primary producers have the lowest pollutant concentration, whereas the top-level consumer gets the highest pollutant concentration. For example, when a toxic substance like mercury is accumulated in the sea, the water surface contains the lowest pollutant concentration. The pollutant concentration increases once the algae and aquatic plants absorb the mercury. When fishes eat the algae, they become tainted with mercury in a higher concentration. The top-level consumers such as birds that consume fish have the highest mercury concentration.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are gases that can deplete the ozone layer once it gets into the stratosphere. As CFCs slowly rise, they are broken down by ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

The chlorine atoms that are released from the breakdown of CFCs would then react with the ozone molecules in the ozone layer, which causes them to be converted into oxygen molecules.

The presence of oxygen molecules in the ozone layer instead of ozone does not provide us with the same protection against UV radiation. Thus, CFCs can break down the ozone layer.

In an ecological sense, **conservation** refers to the responsible use of natural resources with the aim of not depleting such resources. It allows for the continued use for future generations.

**Conservation biology** seeks to find ways to conserve our natural resources such as food, water, and fuel. It also aims to find ways on preserving species of wildlife and their local habitats.

**Ecosystem** is a geographic area in which living organisms such as plants and animals interact and work together to create a form of life.

There are several ways in which ecosystems can serve the biosphere and some of them are:

1. It provides breathable air.
2. It provides water resources (especially recreational and drinking water).
3. It gives fertile soil for plants to grow.
4. It gives fossil fuels for energy production.

The loss of biodiversity would greatly affect the human population who is very much dependent on it.

The loss of biodiversity would result in the limitation of industrial products such as medicines and other resources that can be developed. It will make crop plants more susceptible to diseases and would result in an unstable ecosystem, with low productivity and value.

Species diversity is defined as the number of different species that are living in a particular location. On the contrary, an ecosystem, also referred to as ecological diversity, is the variation of habitats and communities, as well as the different ecological processes in the biosphere.

a. The y-axis shows the temperature change in degrees Celsius. Unit 0.0 represents the initial value which means that the global temperature change started at 0.0 degrees Celsius.

b. From 1850 to 2000, temperature change was at 0.7 degrees Celsius.

c. From 1970 to 2000, there is a significant increase in the temperature change. This means that the global temperature went warmer during these years.

d. Temperature change can be very difficult to predict because there are so many factors affecting how much energy the Earth can either absorb or reflect. These factors, whether they are natural processes or human activities, are not isolated cases but they interact with each other.

Monoculture, in which the same type of crop is grown every year, leads to an accumulation of pests and diseases due to the process of reusing the exact same soil. Since the crops are genetically the same, they are all susceptible to a kind of pathogen. Once these pathogens become immune to the soil type, they start to attack the crops and spread the disease.

Hypothesis: Can soil erosion be prevented when the soil is covered with much or compost near the bases of plants?

An example experiment can be to grow the same crop into two different areas using mulch or compost in one area and let the other be the controlled group.

The result would support the hypothesis if the crop present in the area with mulch or compost grows and reproduce more compared to the area without.

In order to preserve ecosystems and maintain sustainable development and jobs, the scientific community can build parks and reserves that will serve as an ecosystem and breeding grounds for various plants and animals. Together with the help of the government, scientists can also put up research institutes that will focus on sustainable development and conservation of wildlife and natural resources. They can conduct researches on breeding different species and develop new environment-friendly ways in recycling matter, energy, and nutrients within the biosphere.

One solution can be every to write guidelines about the proper waste disposal in which every possible recyclable material and substance should be placed in recycle bins including cans, bottles, paper, and plastics.

Food wastes should also be composted and hazardous wastes should be monitored, collected, and disposed in a safer and proper way.

**Acid rain** is a term that includes any form of precipitation that includes acidic components that fall to the ground from the atmosphere.

The presence of acid rain in the lake ecosystem might have killed the organisms inhabiting it. Without these organisms, their wastes, and turbulence caused by their activities, the water of the lake will remain clear and blue.

The burning of sulfur-containing coal can release sulfur dioxide into the air. Sulfur dioxide then reacts with molecules in the atmosphere to produce sulfuric acid, which results in acid rain.

Therefore, the burning of *low-sulfur* coal would release less amount of sulfur dioxide, which in turn would reduce the amount of sulfuric acid produced. Hence, acid rain would also be reduced.