Climate is a long period of weather condition that exists in a particular region. It is measured in terms of temperature, wind, humidity, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, and other meteorological factors. Therefore, B is the correct answer.

B. climate

The greenhouse effect happens when there is too much greenhouse gases that are trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere. This effect causes an increase in temperature which may result to climate change.

B. temperature

Ecosystem refers to the organisms’ interaction to its physical environment. Therefore, a pond ecosystem is both influenced by biotic and abiotic factors.

b. ecosystem

**Parasitism** is a symbiotic interaction between species, where one organism causes harm to another species. The one that causes harm is called a ***parasite***, it usually lives in the ***host***, the organism being harmed.

**Mutualism** is a biological interaction between two or more various species where each organism benefit from the other. It is a common type of symbiosis.

**Competition** is an ecological interaction between species in which they compete or strive for similar resources in an ecosystem. One or both species can be harmed.

**Commensalism** is a symbiotic interaction among two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other neither benefits of harm.

Hence, the correct answer is **D**

D

A. Mutualism since both organisms benefit.

A. Mutualism

parasitism

one organism lives off the other and eventually harms it.

see explanation for solution

**Ecological succession** is a series of predictable changes that can happen in a community over time.

It is reported that ecosystems vary over time, especially after a certain ***disturbances***, since some species die out and new species arise. Over the course of time, ecological succession becomes prominent as the number of new species typically increases.

Hence, the correct answer is **D**

D

A canopy is a dense layer of vegetation that is formed by tall leafy trees covering an understory, which is formed by shorter trees and vines in the rainforest. Therefore, A is the correct answer.

A. canopy

**Parasite** is an organism that lives in another organism in order for it to survive. It depends on its host of nutrients and survival

**Benthos** are organisms that live in, on, or near the seabed or benthic zone of water bodies.

**Plankton** are a diverse group of organisms found in water or in the air that float along with the current of the water or wind.

**Mangroves** are salt-tolerant trees, that have an adaptation to living in the harsh coastal conditions of the marine environment.

Hence, the correct answer is **B**

B

The open ocean, also referred to as the oceanic zone, begins at the edge of continental shelf. It covers 90 percent of the water surface and ranges from 500 meters deep to more than 11,000 meters deep.

A. open ocean

The term “weather” refers to the daily atmospheric conditions, including maximum temperature, cloud cover, wind speed and direction, and precipitation. The term “climate” refers to the average atmospheric conditions over a period of time.

**The weather** is defined by a few instantaneous and local values of temperature, precipitation, pressure, sunshine, etc. Values that are provided by weather stations located on the ground, weather balloons or even satellites. Weather forecasts are given from models of atmospheric evolution.

**Climate **research, on the other hand, reports on the average atmospheric conditions over a lengthy time period and across a vast geographic region. We encounter a wide range of climates across the world, which are influenced by atmospheric, oceanic, and astronomical circumstances.

As a result, in climatology, a great number of parameters must be considered, such as:

Variations in the quantity of energy emitted by the Sun; atmospheric composition (greenhouse gases, volcanic eruptions, etc.); the quantity of polar ice; the status of the flora
Drift on the Continent

A climate is usually affected by the interplay of different abiotic factors. The major abiotic factors that determine the Earth’s three main climate zones (polar, temperate, and tropical) are the differences in latitude, and the angle where the sun rays are directed.

**Habitat** is specific place when an organism lives. It meets all the environmental conditions a species needs in order to live and survive

**Niche** is role or job of an organism in a given habitat. This includes how it lives, reproduce, interacts, and feed in its environment

The competitive exclusion principle can be associated with the statement, “the strong dominates the weak.” Based on this principle, same species that has the need for the same limited resources cannot coexist in one habitat. The stronger species will dominate over the weaker ones.

**Ecological succession** is a series of predictable changes that can happen in a community over time.

It is reported that ecosystems vary over time, especially after a certain ***disturbances***, since some species die out and new species arise. Over the course of time, ecological succession becomes prominent as the number of new species typically increases.

A succession that starts in an area with no trace or remnants of a previous community is called **primary succession**. This can happen if certain disturbances

Hence, the answer is **primary succession**

An ecological succession happens when there are natural disturbances and human disturbances.
A natural disturbance or disaster is caused by a natural process that occurs on our planet. Examples of these disturbances include severe floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions and wildfires. On the other hand, human disturbances include human activities such as clearing of forests for farming and other agricultural uses.

A biome is a collection of living organisms that live in a particular climatic zone and have adapted to the conditions there.

A biome is a biogeographical entity defined on land by its climatic characteristics and its plant and animal populations. In the ocean, it is the parameters controlling the dynamics of the surface layer that allow them to be defined.

Terrestrial and aquatic biomes are separated by the factors that govern their distribution.

The distribution of biomes in the biosphere is influenced by a variety of variables, including:

-Climatic conditions have a strong impact on the makeup and distribution of terrestrial biomes. These primarily include sunlight, temperature, precipitation, and winds.
-Latitude, height, the existence of significant bodies of water, the existence of reliefs, the nature of the rocks, and the texture and structure of the soils are all geographical and geological elements. These variables influence the type of terrestrial biome found.
-The distribution of aquatic biomes is influenced by physicochemical considerations. These include, among other things, the water’s salinity, temperature, brightness, nutritional content, and oxygen concentration.

The two abiotic factors that cause deciduous trees to shed their leaves are the onset of the cold weather and the shorter periods of light during the day

see explanation for solution

The dominant vegetation that is found in a North American temperate forest are deciduous trees, conifers, flowering shrubs, herbs and ground layers of moss and fern

see explanation for solution

**Desert** is an extremely dry area or environment where there is little precipitation and causes a hostile living condition for plants and animals.

The low levels of precipitation in this environment can only support a few or some plants and as well animals.

**Plankton** are a diverse group of free-living organisms found in water or in the air that float along with the current of the water or wind.

There are two types of planktons: **phytoplankton** and **zooplankton**. The former being described as photosynthetic algae, and the latter is a group of free-floating animals that feeds on the former.

The three categories of freshwater ecosystems are rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, and freshwater wetlands.

The freshwater wetlands include – freshwater bogs, freshwater marshes, and freshwater swamps.

A photic (euphotic) zone is the depth of the water in a body of water (lake, ocean) that is exposed to enough sunlight for photosynthesis to occur. An aphotic zone is the bottommost zone of a body of water that receives little or no sunlight. Bioluminescence is the only light that occurs in the aphotic zone.

Salt marshes and mangrove swamps are both characterized as estuaries, formed as the river meets the sea.

However, salt marshes are *temperate zone estuaries* where salt-tolerant grasses and seagrass grow and live. While, mangrove swamps are **tropical zone estuaries** where, salt-tolerant trees called *mangroves* inhabit and grow.

Coral reefs are dominated by coral animals, whose skeletons are formed from calcium carbonate. Corals are home to wide diversity of aquatic animals. Corals grows within 40 meters of the surface in tropical climate regions.

see explanation for solution

This is a sample climate diagram for Lillehammer, Norway. The climate data is based from the table found in page 116 of the book.

The climate in Lillehammer, Norway is characterized by a year-round cold temperature and low precipitation. This best fits the description of a tundra biome. A tundra biome has a cold temperature. This region experiences high winds, low precipitation, and short summers.

Only the top or few centimeters of the ground thaw during summer in the tundra biome because of the permafrost. The small number of rain does that does not fall completely in this environment cannot soak into permanently In the frozen subsoil, hence it will result in soggy ground.

The aphotic zone is the deepest portion of the sea where there is a presence of cold temperature. For organisms to be able to withstand this kind of condition, they must have a special adaptation or characteristic that would help regulate their body temperature. One of the possible adaptations is for them to have a special internal organ that would release heat to maintain an ideal body temperature. Another characteristic is for them to have an increased fluidity in their cell membranes that would help in protecting their internal organs despite the high pressure and cold temperature in the deep ocean.

Drought, in general, refers to a period of water scarcity that lasts for a certain amount of time yet is severe enough to harm soils, flora, and wildlife.

Plants have evolved a wide range of adaptations at the level of the leaves. Called cuticle, it reduces water evaporation by limiting the evaporation of the water held in the plant and so aids in drought resistance.

A plant with deciduous foliage is therefore a plant that loses its leaves, which are generally wide, when they become bulky. Thus, in the fall, in our temperate regions, when the temperatures drop and, above all, when the length of the day decreases, the trees go to sleep. Their leaves fall to save energy. The phenomenon also occurs in the event of drought.

Plants drop leaves as a drought tolerance method, as this helps limit transpiration and therefore evaporation of water.

This is an example of **secondary succession**. Secondary succession is a type of ecological succession in which organism recolonize an environment or habitat after a major disturbance that damaged an area but *didn’t cause complete elimination of lifeforms and nutrients*

In 5 years, small trees might have started to grow and form in the environment, and in 50 years, barring further disturbance, the whole environment will start to appear as it did before the windstorm catastrophe.

A temperate climate has a warm to hot summers and cold winters. During cold winters, most animals hibernate or migrate to escape the cold temperature. However, animals who do not hibernate or migrate have special adaptations which help them deal with the cold winter and hot summers.

1. Thick fur: Some animals, such as black bears and coyotes, who have a thick fur can deal with the cold winter.

2. Long claws: Black bears have strong claws which help them climb up the tree for shelter. Also, their claws help them gather food from the trees.

Positive effect: The coastal resort might increase the income of the local economy in the area through tourism. It may support various jobs for those people who are in need.

Negative: It can destroy the spawning and nursery grounds for aquatic species, and could cause indirect contamination in the environment affecting not only the aquatic species but as well other land species. This in return will still result in harm to the economy and local area.

Therefore, no, I will not support the proposal.

Members of the similar species have also the same niche in a given habitat. Hence, there will be a **direct competition** for the same resources in the given area.

Members of two different species on the other hand have different niches, hence their resources may vary. Only a few would be similar with each other which more likely be utilized by the population at different times of ways, meaning they ***do not have direct competition***.