Home Page Textbooks Prentice Hall Biology (California) Page 59: Standards Practice

Prentice Hall Biology (California)

1st Edition

Kenneth R. Miller, Levine

ISBN: 9780132013529

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Page 59: Standards Practice

Exercise 1

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

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Adhesion is the attraction between different substances. An example of adhesion is the capillary action. This occurs when adhesive forces draw the water out of the roots of the plants so it can go up into its stems and leaves.

Result

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B. Adhesion

Result

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B. Adhesion

Exercise 2

Solution 1

Solution 2

Solution 3

Step 1

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Catalysts are agents that speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy.

Result

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C. Catalysts

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C. Catalysts

Step 1

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Some chemical reactions requires a certain amount of energy in order to proceed. This is known as the *activation* energy. Adding heat is one way to increase the energy in a reaction.

Step 2

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However, there is another efficient way to allow chemical reactions to proceed. This is by lowering the required activation energy, which is facilitated by the addition of **catalysts**.

Step 3

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Catalysts are substances that lower the activation energy required to cause a chemical reaction to proceed. However, catalysts do not directly participate in the chemical reaction itself.

Result

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Exercise 3

Solution 1

Solution 2

Solution 3

Step 1

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Reactants are the elements or compounds that change during a chemical reaction.

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D. Reactants

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D. Reactants

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A chemical reaction typically consists of reactants and products. The **reactants** are substances that *enter* into a chemical reaction, while the products are the ones that result from the reaction.

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For instance, a chemical reaction in our body cells involves sugars, water, and carbon dioxide (CO$_2$). Sugars are the reactants that enter the chemical reaction, which are then broken down into the products water and CO$_2$ that result from the reaction.

Result

3 of 3

Exercise 4

Solution 1

Solution 2

Solution 3

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Organic compounds include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Therefore, sodium chloride is not an organic compound.

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D. sodium chloride

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D. sodium chloride

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Organic compounds are compounds that typically contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. The term “organic” refers to the fact that many of these compounds can be found in living organisms.

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Examples of organic compounds include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Sodium chloride does **not** contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, thus it is **not** an organic compound.

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Exercise 5

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

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Protons are positively charged particles, whereas electrons are negatively charged. On the other hand, neutrons are particles that have no charge.

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A. proton; positively charged

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A. proton: positively charged

Exercise 6

Solution 1

Solution 2

Solution 3

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Isotopes are considered variants of the same element that has an equal number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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A. in number of neutrons only

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A. in number of neutrons only

Step 1

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Isotopes are defined as variants of the same element that contains the same number of protons and electrons, but differ in terms of the **number of neutrons** in their atomic structure.

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Some examples of isotopes are carbon-12 and carbon-14. Carbon-12 contains *6 neutrons*, 6 protons, and 6 electrons; while carbon-14 contains *8 neutrons*, 6 protons, and 6 electrons.

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Additionally, since isotopes differ in the number of neutrons, they should also differ in terms of **mass**. This is because mass is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.

Result

4 of 4

Exercise 7

Solution 1

Solution 2

Solution 3

Step 1

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A lipid is an organic compound that is formed by the combination of glycerol and fatty acids.

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C. lipids

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C. lipids

Step 1

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The given choices are examples of organic compounds. Starches are carbohydrates that contain sugars such as glucose. Proteins are organic compounds that contain amino acids.

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Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA contain sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases. Lastly, **lipids** such as fats and oil usually consist of glycerol and fatty acids.

Result

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Exercise 8

Solution 1

Solution 2

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Nucleotides have three parts that include a 5-carbon sugar, which can either be a ribose or deoxyribose; a phosphate group (PO$_{4}$ $^{3-}$); and a nitrogenous base, which can be a purine or a pyrimidine.

Result

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D. 5-carbon sugar

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D. 5-carbon sugar

Exercise 9

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

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Enzymes are known as organic catalysts because it speeds up the chemical reaction in the cells of an organism. The relationship between enzymes and reaction rate indicates that when an enzyme’s concentration increases, the reaction rate increases.

Result

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C. Reaction rate increases with increasing enzyme concentration.

Step 1

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C. Reaction rate increases with increasing enzyme concentration.

Result

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C. both increase

Exercise 10

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

Since the reaction rate increases as the enzyme’s concentration increases, the highest concentration will produce the fastest reaction rate. According to the graph, the highest concentration is at 20%.

Result

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E. 20%

Result

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E. 20%

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Page 59: Standards Practice

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