The reaction to the changes between an internal or external stimulus is called behavior.

A. behavior

External stimuli include detectable factors that occur in the external environment.

D. external stimuli

Classical conditioning is a kind of learning that occurs when two stimuli are associated with each other in order to produce a new behavioral response. In this case, the bell and the food are the two stimuli that are linked together.

B. classical conditioning

Habituation happens when an animal chooses to decrease or stop its response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it.

C. habituation

Insight learning occurs commonly in humans, chimpanzees, and other primates.

B. primates

Imprinting occurs when young animals form attachment to the first object that they see, particularly their parent’s behavior and actions.

B. imprinting

Circadian rhythm refers to the body clock or the 24-hour cycle of physiological processes that happen in our bodies.

B. Circadian rhythm

Migration refers to the movement of individuals from one location to another.

A. migration

Social behaviors include courtship, competition and aggression, and communication.

A. operant conditioning

The term language refers to the system of communication that consists of a combination of sounds, gestures, or symbols that follow standard rules.

B. language

Every animal species are trained to respond to various stimuli so when an animal responds to a given stimulus, the different body systems including the nervous, sensory, and muscular system interact to produce a specific behavior. For example, when the season change an animal can do migration, or dormancy in order for them to acquire or reserve nutrition for survival.

The brain receives the stimulus and interprets it. Then, the brain commands the body to respond or to react.

**Habituation** is the simplest form of learning. It is the process in which there is a decrease in an animal’s response after repeatedly being exposed to a stimulus that has no positive or negative effects. One advantage of this type of learning is that with the presence of an unrewarding stimulus the animal that was trained to be *habituated* will now ignore this, and will instead use its time and energy efficiently.

Pavlov rings a bell every time he feeds the dogs. Then rings the bell without feeding the dog. He notices that the dog, saliviates in expectation of food. The dog has learned to associate the ringing of the bell with food

**Imprinting** is an innate ability by latching onto the first thing the animal sees, but it is also learning because the animal is using imitation by learning to live like the object of its imprinting.

One type of behavior that is related to the environment is called migration. This is the periodic movement of the animal from one place to another in order for them to attain favorable environmental conditions. Migration also helps animals to search for food sources. (example: the presence of food source from a certain habitat.)

The scenario in the question is not an example of migration as the animals are being forced to be *displaced* rather than doing it voluntarily. Moreover, since migration involves the travel from one place to another and back again, in this situation the animals will not have a chance to come back again due to the construction in the area.

Social behavior often has a more significant advantage in terms of survival. This is because mostly the members of the society are closely related to each other, thus individuals can share genes that can cause relative survival and adaptation, and pass these genes along to their offspring easily. In this way, it improves a population’s evolutionary fitness.

Moreover, members of society are safer from predators as they can be a part of the group rather than living or hunting alone. Animals within a society improve how they hunt, feed, or graze, and they learn to innovate how to protect their territory and young ones.

Social behavior gives a great advantage to the relative species population because it helps improve the reproduction and evolutionary fitness of an organism’s population.

The study done by Jane Goodall, laid a good foundation for the behavior of primates. She observed chimpanzees in their natural habitat and looked at the behavior of the individual members and as well the animal society itself. Her scientific discoveries paved the way for the revolution of the various studies associated with animal behavior.

**Territorial behavior** is a kind of behavior that attempts to adapt, control, and defend a physical area or habitat against other animals of the same species. This behavior is related to aggression and as well as competition because there are instances when an *animal will gain control over another species*, showing threatening behavior. Hence, aggressive members will take advantage to acquire more prey than the others.

**Pheromones** are chemical substances that are secreted by an individual to communicate and create an impact on the behavior of the receiving organism. These substances can be *food trail pheromones* and *sex pheromones*. However, most of the time, pheromones are used in courting behavior.

**Language** is a principal method of communication, consisting of sounds used by a particular species or group of organisms. Among all animal species, only **humans** species exhibit the use of language in communication.

Humans

The experiment can be performed in two parts: part A and part B.

– Part A: Regular Conditioning

1. Identify a dog for experiment.

2. Order the dog to sit.

3. Try to hold a still position while instructing the dog to do so.

4. Reward the dog with a bone after positive outcome.

5. Repeat the process for number of times.

6. Dog will be able to link Command and action with reward.

7. Dog will repeat the action after hearing similar command, with the hope of reward.

– Part B: Random Conditioning

1. Identify a dog for experiment.

2. Order the dog to sit.

3. Try to hold a still position while instructing the dog to do so.

4. Reward and punish the dog randomly after positive and negative outcome.

5. Repeat the process for number of times.

6. Dog will not be able to link Command, and action with reward/ punishment.

7. Dog will be confused about its actions.

The baby is using a method called imprinting. The baby is smiling as an instinctive response. Then the smiling is reinforced by positive responses from the parent. The baby then learns that smiling is a good thing.

Imprinting can be described as a type of learning that happens only within a specific period of time in an individual’s life. Usually imprinted behavior/learning is permanent.

Most animal behaviors are a combination of innate behavior and learned behavior Horses have an innate tendency to run and their body is evolved to do so. Such innate urge is made use of during the race. However, horses are not borne knowing when they should start their run. Here, training and practice make them perfect.

Horses are trained to run after hearing the sound of the gun and the command of the master Each time during practice, horses are rewarded for a positive response and punished for a negative response. Horses then learn to follow the command and gun sound. Thus, a racehorse makes use of its innate and learned behaviors.

Let us assume that we have a pet cat. Here are the questions about the cat’s behavior and the observations needed in order to answer the questions:

1. How do cats respond to threats?

Bring a new animal into the cat’s territory and see how it will respond.

2. What will happen if you say “meow” to the cat?

Usually, cats say meow as their way to communicate. When the cat meows at you, respond by saying meow. Once the cat becomes quiet, try to say meow and observe its response.

3. Does a cat give a swish of its tail if it wants to play?

Show a ball to your cat, then play with it. Do it for three days. On the 4th day, show the ball and check how the cat responds by observing its tail. If it gives a swish, this means the cat is ready to play.

The behavior of the young male lions is an act of competing for limited resources. They are driving the resident males in order to claim territory and potential mates. They are killing the cubs in order to prevent them from growing. In this way, they can keep their territory and protect their resources.

Some mammals hibernate during the winter season. Hibernation is a state of dormancy. Mammals enter the state of dormancy due to low temperatures and scarce food sources. The dormancy reduces the body activity of ground squirrels. Reduced body activity reduces body metabolism and saves energy. Ground squirrel is very active during warm seasons.

It is engaged in many activities that keep its body temperature warm. As the winter approaches it prepares itself for winter sleep. The body temperature drops to save energy loss, in the form of heat. However, a fall in temperature is followed by a short period of rising body temperature. This pattern continues throughout the cold season. The alternate rise and fall in body temperature prevent the ground squirrel from hypothermia and death.

Not all animals choose to live in groups. Some prefer to live alone. There are advantages of living alone. These adaptive advantages are as follows:

1. Solitary living helps an animal to avoid clashes for food.

2. Animals then do not have to share the habitats.

3. Each animal is free to choose its mate.

4. It need not confined itself to a particular location. It is free to move and choose new territory.

5. It has to hunt on its own: hence, need to develop technique, strength and new advantages. These independent live makes it sharper and adaptive to new environment.