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Section 2.1: The Nature of Matter

Exercise 1

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An $textbf{atom}$ is very small particle having nucleus in its center. The $text{underline{nucleus}}$ is further formed by smaller particles called the $textbf{protons}$ and $textbf{neutrons}$, the former being positively charged and the latter having no charge.

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Moving in a constant motion that surrounds the nucleus of the atom is the particles called $textbf{electrons}$ which are reported to be negatively charged.

Exercise 2

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$textbf{Isotopes}$ are atoms of the same element that have similar number of protons and electrons but $text{underline{different number of neutrons}}$

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However, despite of the difference between the number of neutrons, $textbf{isotopes}$ have the same physical and chemical properties.

Exercise 3

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An ionic bond is formed when a transfer of electrons happen between atoms. For example, a sodium chloride is formed when sodium transfers an electron to chlorine. On the other hand, a covalent bond happens when atoms share electrons. A molecule is formed when atoms are joined together by a covalent bond. An example of a covalent bond is the water molecule in which two hydrogen atoms share electrons with an oxygen atom.

Exercise 4

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A compound is a substance that has a combination of two or more elements, whereas a molecule is a chemical combination of two or more atoms of an element. A molecule is the smallest unit of a compound. This means that all compounds are considered as molecules. For example, a water (H$_{2}$O) is considered a molecule and a compound because it consists of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. However, not all molecules can be considered as compounds. For example, a hydrogen gas (H$_{2}$) is a molecule because it is composed of two atoms of a hydrogen element. However, it cannot be considered a compound because it is not a combination of two or more elements.

Exercise 5

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The attraction or weak force between molecules of the same substance is called the Van der Waals force. It is different from the covalent and ionic bond which keep the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the water molecule intact. Van der Waal’s forces pertain to the forces that exist between millions of water molecules. This kind of weak force happens due to the attraction that develops within oppositely charged regions of molecules. There is a tendency when electrons move rapidly that the sharing of electrons in a covalent bond becomes unequal. This unequal sharing of electrons leads to a tiny positive and negative charge that forces the molecules to get attracted to each other.

Exercise 6

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Ionic bonds and van der Waal’s forces are similar in such a way that an attraction is formed due to the oppositely charged regions. However, the oppositely charged regions in van der Waal’s forces are due to the unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond, whereas in ionic bonds, the attraction was formed because of the oppositely charged ions due to the transfer of electrons between atoms. In addition, the van der Waal’s force is considered an intermolecular attraction because it happens between molecules. On the other hand, an ionic bond is considered an intramolecular attraction because it happens within the atoms in a molecule.

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Section 2.1: The Nature of Matter

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