Prentice Hall Biology (California)
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780132013529
Textbook solutions
All Solutions
Page 217: Chapter 8 Assessment
Exercise 1
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Autotrophs are organisms which can produce organic compounds using the energy from the sun or inorganic chemicals. Examples of autotrophs include pants, algae, and some bacteria.
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B. plants
Exercise 2
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a chemical compound which serves as the chemical fuel of living organisms. ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups. In plant cells, this compound is produced in mitochondria and chloroplasts. It is the energy source of a plant cell in doing its metabolic activities and photosynthesis.
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B. ATP
Exercise 3
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In 1643, Jan van Helmont came up with a conclusion that a tree gains most of its mass from water.
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B. van Helmont
Exercise 4
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Photosynthesis uses the energy from the sun in converting water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
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D. water and carbon dioxide
Exercise 5
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Chlorophyll can absorb the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum when they photosynthesize using light. Since green is the color in which a chlorophyll could not absorb, the green light is reflected. As a result, the leaves of the plant appear green.
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C. reflects green light
Exercise 6
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In photosynthesis, the energy from the sun is used in converting water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
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A. sugars and oxygen
Exercise 7
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The correct answer is D because it shows a picture of a chloroplast. Photosynthesis takes place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. A chloroplast contains the green pigment or the chlorophyll which absorb the light energy.
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D. chloroplast
Exercise 8
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Light-dependent reactions, which occur in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast, starts when the light energy gets absorbed by the photosystem II. Therefore, the correct answer is light absorption.
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a. light absorption
Exercise 9
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The Calvin cycle, also known as light-independent reaction, uses carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy molecules.
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B. NADPH
Exercise 10
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The Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy molecules. It does not require the energy coming from the sun; hence, it is also known as “light-independent reactions.”
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A. Calvin cycle
Exercise 11
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Autotrophs are organisms which can produce organic compounds using the energy from the sun or inorganic chemicals. They are self-feeding organisms such as plants, algae, and bacteria. On the contrary, heterotrophs consume or feed on many different organisms and organic compounds to obtain energy. Examples of heterotrophs include animals and human.
Exercise 12
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a chemical compound which serves as the chemical fuel of living organisms. ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups. At the center of the ATP is the sugar molecule called ribose. There is an adenine attached to one side of the ribose, while the 3 phosphate groups are linked on the other side. In plant cells, ATP is produced in mitochondria and chloroplasts. It is the energy source of a plant cell in doing its metabolic activities and photosynthesis.
Exercise 13
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A battery is used to store and provide electrical energy to a device. When a battery has used up all of its energy, it becomes a dead battery that could be recharged with energy again.
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Similarly, ATP can also be used to store and provide energy to cells, particularly in the form of chemical bonds. ATP energy is used when phosphate bonds are broken, which releases energy.
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Once ATP is used, it becomes ADP which is analogous to a dead battery. However, ADP may then regain energy when it is converted back to ATP through the metabolic processes in cells.
Exercise 14
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It is reported that one molecule of glucose stores more than **90 times** as much energy stored by ATP.
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However, it is important to note that ATP transfers energy rapidly and quickly, hence it is used by the cell’s various processes as an immediate energy source.
Exercise 15
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Both Priestley’s and Ingenhousz’ experiments explained how plants release oxygen during the process of photosynthesis. Priestley had first shown that plants are able to release oxygen.
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Ingenhousz provided additional insight to Priestley’s discovery by showing that plants release oxygen only when exposed to light. Hence, their discoveries about photosynthesis are related.
Exercise 16
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carbon dioxide + water $rightarrow$ glucose + oxygen
6CO$_{2}$ + 6H$_{2}$O $rightarrow$ C$_{6}$H$_{12}$O$_{6}$ + 6O$_{2}$
Photosynthesis uses the energy from the sun by converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
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The equation for photosynthesis is shown as follows:
carbon dioxide + water $rightarrow$ glucose + oxygen
6CO$_{2}$ + 6H$_{2}$O $rightarrow$ C$_{6}$H$_{12}$O$_{6}$ + 6O$_{2}$
Exercise 17
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The pigments found in plants play an essential role in photosynthesis. These pigments, particularly the chlorophyll, capture the sun’s energy. Without these pigments, photosynthesis would not occur.
Exercise 18
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Here are the structures found in the chloroplast:
A. Chloroplast: this is where photosynthesis takes place
B. Stroma: it is the space that is found outside the thylakoid membranes
C. Granum: is consists of thylakoids that are stacked together
D. Photosystems: these are the units that collect and absorb the light
Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast. This process will convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. On the other hand, the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts. This cycle does not require the presence of light.
Exercise 19
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**Adenosine diphosphate** is a vital organic compound in every biochemical reaction in an organism. It only has two phosphate groups as compared to ATP which has three phosphate groups.
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**ADP** is formed when the cell utilized ATP as energy– ATP will be broken down to ADP + free phosphate. You may compare energy molecule as rechargeable battery–when it is fully charged it is ATP and when it partially charged or full the molecule is ADP.
Exercise 20
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**ATP synthase** is a type of enzyme protein that is present and spans around the thylakoid membrane. It is an enzyme that allows H+ ions to pass through and travel along the organelle.
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As the H+ ions from the thylakoid space travel through the ATP synthase and into the stroma, this enzyme also rotates and energy produced is used to convert ADP to ATP.
Exercise 21
Solution 1
Solution 2
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The **light-independent reaction or Calvin Cycle** as the name implies is a reaction that does not directly driven or dependent by light. However, it uses ATP and NADPH (energized products) from light-dependent reactions.
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The process involves the entrance and diffusion of 6 molecules of $CO_2$ into the stroma of the chloroplast. The $CO_2$ along with the other two components will initiate the light-independent reaction.
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This process also requires the reduction of ATP and NADH from the light-dependent reaction. The reduction of these two molecules will form **glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)**, which will eventually become the sugar molecule.
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All in all, the presence of 6 molecules of C$O_2$ will eventually produce one sugar molecule (glucose).
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**Calvin cycle** works in a steady manner, absorbing the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and turning out energy-rich sugars.
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The Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy molecules. In the first stage of this cycle, carbon fixation happens, wherein carbon molecules combine with a five-carbon molecule called RuBP. Once combined, an organic molecule with higher-energy forms is produced. In the next stage, the organic molecule is reduced and it becomes a simple sugar. NADPH donates electrons to molecules to make the sugar. The third step is the regeneration which requires ATP. The regeneration happens when sugar molecules proceed to make glucose and the other molecules are recycled to regenerate RuBP compound, which in turn would accept new carbon molecules.
Exercise 22
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The **light-independent reaction or Calvin Cycle** as the name implies is a reaction that does not directly driven or dependent by light. However, it uses the **ATP** and **NADPH** (energized products) from *light-dependent reactions*.
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The process involves the entrance and diffusion of 6 molecules of $CO_2$ into the stroma of the chloroplast. The $CO_2$ along with the other two components will initiate the light-independent reaction.
Exercise 23
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The factors which affect photosynthesis include water, sunlight, and temperature.
A. Water shortage can decrease the rate of photosynthesis, or in worst cases, stop it.
B. The intensity of light affects the rate of photosynthesis. If a plant has an increased exposure to sunlight, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase.
C. The enzymes involved in photosynthesis work best at a temperature between 0 to 35 degrees Celsius. A temperature which goes above or below the ideal temperature will affect the rate of photosynthesis.
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The factors which affect photosynthesis include water, sunlight, and temperature.
Exercise 24
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Photosynthetic pigments in plants are important in the carrying out of the photosynthesis process. One of the known pigment in the plant is the **chlorophyll**
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**Chlorophyll** is a green pigment found in plants and some algae that functions to absorb the light energy from the sun which is an important component in the process of photosynthesis.
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During the fall season, the temperature drops, and this caused the chlorophyll molecules to be broken down first, leaving the yellow and red light accessory pigments reflecting the light, hence the leaves appeared to become more yellow or red.
Exercise 25
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The answer should indicate a proper explanation about ATP. It is important that the student knows that ATP stores only **small amount of energy**, hence it is more efficient in short-term usage.
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In addition, an understanding and knowledge that energy stored in ATP are in a form of chemical bonds, that when energy is released, the bonds are broken to form ADP and phosphate, and restored when bonds are added to form another ATP (for energy transfer).
Exercise 26
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The **light-independent reaction or Calvin Cycle** as the name implies is a reaction that does not directly driven or dependent by light. This means that the processes involved in this reaction do not require light to proceed and function.
Exercise 27
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Autotrophs are organisms which can produce organic compounds using the energy from the sun. They are self-feeding organisms such as plants and algae. To know the importance of sunlight in these life forms found in a pond, an experiment should be done.
Equipment needed:
2 plastic tubs
pond water and green algae
plastic gloves
Method:
A. Start the experiment by gathering two samples of pond water containing algae.
B. These samples must be placed in the tub.
C. The two containers must have the same amount of water and must be placed under the same temperature.
D. Put one sample in a dark location where it can’t be exposed to sunlight.
E. The other sample must be placed in an exposed area where it can get as much sunlight as it can.
F. After ten days, observe the two samples. Check the density of the algae growth in both of the samples.
Exercise 28a
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According to the graph, the trend goes on a downhill pattern. It tells us that as the distance of the light goes farther, the number of bubbles produced per minute decreases. The data shows that the distance from the light affects the rate of photosynthesis. When the rate is affected, the production of oxygen, which is a result of photosynthesis, is also affected.
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According to the graph, the trend goes on a downhill pattern. It tells us that as the distance of the light goes farther, the number of bubbles produced per minute decreases. The data shows that the distance from the light affects the rate of photosynthesis. When the rate is affected, the production of oxygen, which is a result of photosynthesis, is also affected.
Exercise 28b
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The given table shows us the amount of gas that is produced by the plant at specific distances from the light. As shown in the table, the plant made less gas as it goes farther from the light.
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The distance at which the plant produced the most amount of gas is **10 cm**. As shown in the table, the plant produced 39 gas bubbles in a minute when it is placed at 10 cm from the light.
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10 cm
Exercise 28c
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The results of the experiment indicates a negative relationship between the variables. This relationship tells us that as the distance from the light increases, the number of bubbles produced per minute decreases.
Exercise 29
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Photosynthesis uses the energy from the sun by converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. If one of the molecules needed is missing, the process of photosynthesis will get affected. Since the plants are placed in an airtight jar, the plant would not be able to absorb the carbon dioxide it needs to perform photosynthesis. Carbon molecules are needed by the plants in order for them to produce glucose. As a result, photosynthesis will be delayed or its rate will be decreased. If the plant will not get the organic compounds needed to produce its own energy after several weeks, the plants will wilt and die.
Exercise 30
Solution 1
Solution 2
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**Indian pipe plant** is also known as the “ghost plant”, is an nonphotosynthetic perennial herbaceous plant that is commonly found in Asia, North America, and South America
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**Indian pipe plant** does not have any photosynthetic pigments, hence it cannot undergo the process of photosynthesis. Therefore, its mode of nutrition must be heterotrophic, which means it obtains its nutrient and food by consuming other living things.
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According to its appearance, the Indian pipe plant is not green, meaning that it doesn’t consist of chlorophyll. This means that the plant does not take in sunlight to produce its own energy. You can infer that this plant either consumes other organisms or is a parasite (according to my personal research, this plant is parasitic towards photosynthetic trees).
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The Indian pipe plant is parasitic
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