In gymnosperms, their reproductive structures include the pollen cones, which produce pollen grains or the male gametophyte; and the seed cones, which produce female gametophyte.

In angiosperms, flowers are their reproductive organ. They initiate the process of pollination and fertilization and provide a site where the seeds can develop.

A. cones and flowers

In the fertilization and development stage of a gymnosperm, a pollen tube has two haploid sperm nuclei. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer.

A. The pollen tube contains two diploid

Anthers produce the male gametophyte, which is also known as pollen grains.

A. anthers

Sepals, which resemble ordinary leaves, are located at the outermost circle of a flower. It functions to protect the flower bud as it develops into maturity.

A. sepals

The topmost sticky portion of a style where pollen grains land is called the stigma.

B. stigma

When a seed starts to mature, a fruit is formed. This occurs when the ovary walls get ripe and form a thicker wall that encloses the seeds.

A. fruit

Cotyledon refers to the first young leaf that is found in a seed-bearing plant.

D. cotyledons

Gymnosperms produce through seeds and not by spores. Conifers produce pollen cones that produce pollen grain, or the male gametophyte. Once the pollen is blown to another cone, fertilization will take place.

A. pollen grain

The mechanism in which seeds are prevented from germination during a particular condition is called seed dormancy. In this stage, the seeds are entering a state where it is alive but there is an absence of growth and development.

C. dormancy

Vegetative reproduction is an asexual type of propagation that occurs when plants reproduce new offspring that has identical cells with the parent.

D. vegetative reproduction

In dicots, the cotyledon may either stay aboveground or underground. In this case, a garden pea has cotyledons that stayed underground to provide nutrients to the developing seedling.

C. cotyledon

**Sporophytes** are plant species that can undergo alternation of generations producing diploid cell, then producing haploid cells in the means of spores. These type of plant species are also the gynosperms

**Gametophytes** are plant species that produces male and female gametes. An example of this is the angiosperms. **Angiosperms** reproduce sexually through the use of male and femal gametophytes in the process of pollination.

The ovule is where the female gametophyte develops. When the ovule of a pine is fertilized by a male gametophyte. Fertilization takes place and produces diploid zygote. The zygote then grows into an embryo

Male pine cones produce pollen which contains the male gametophyte, which is used to fertilize with the female gametophyte

Here is a diagram showing the life cycle of a gymnosperm:

A carpel is located at the innermost floral part of angiosperms. It is also known as pistils that produce the female gametophytes of a flowering plant.

Pollen grains are transferred either by wind or by animals. When the wind blows the pollen from one plant to another, wind-pollination takes place. Since wind-pollination relies only on a favorable weather or condition, animal-pollination, such as insect pollination, occurs more often. Once animals get attracted to the flowers, they will carry the pollen from one flower to another.

When a seed germinates, a seedling will arise from the soil. Once the seedling matures, it becomes a mature plant and it will bear a flower. A flower contains an anther, the male reproductive structure that produces pollen grains; and an ovary, the female reproductive part of a flower that produces ovule. Once the pollen grain attaches itself to the pollen tube and fuses with the ovule, fertilization will take place. Later on, a zygote forms and becomes an embryo, which in turn grows into a fruit as it matures. A fruit is formed when the ovary walls get ripe and form a thicker wall that encloses the seeds. Once the fruit is ready to eat, the animals will consume it. Then, the seeds will be dispersed into the soil and the cycle starts again.

The adaptation in which seeds are prevented from germination during a particular condition is called seed dormancy. In this stage, the seeds are entering a state where it is alive but there is an absence of growth and development. This allows the seed to hinder germination when unfavorable conditions exist, and as a result, this helps the seed survive the harsh environment and grow at a later time when it is ideal.

**Vegetative reproduction** is the term that describes the asexual reproduction of flowering plants. This process includes the production and formation of new plant species that are genetically identical to their parent. These new plants arouse from plantlets, horizontal stems, and underground roots.

Vegetative reproduction is the term that describes the asexual reproduction of flowering plants. This process includes the production and formation of new plant species that are genetically identical to their parent. These new plants arouse from plantlets, horizontal stems, and underground roots.

plants can be propagated by

1. cuttings: cutting a length of stem and planting it into the soil.
2. budding: by cutting the bud of a plant and implanting it unto another plant.
3. grafting: cutting a length of stem and implanting it unto another plant

The endosperm found in a seed is a tissue that provides food and nourishment for a developing embryo.

The function of the pollination drop is to capture the pollen and ensure that it does not get blown away. If the sticky substance was not there,the pollen could be knocked off by external factors.

The ovule, which is contained in the carpel, is the female gametophyte of an angiosperm. Once fertilization takes place, the cell will develop into a seedling. When a seed starts to mature, a fruit is formed. This occurs when the ovary walls get ripe and form a thicker wall that encloses the seeds. Therefore, if the carpel is lacking in a flower, a fruit will not be formed.

The answer is no. If a flower’s pollen is heavy and sticky, it cannot be blown by the wind. This makes the transfer of pollen from one flower to another very difficult. Therefore, these plants needed the help of animals, particularly hairy insects like bees, to do the transfer of pollen for them. The pollen grains produced by these plants are sticky enough to cling to the animals. To attract the animals, animal-pollinated plants have attractive color and scent.

When compared to an animal-pollinated plant, a wind-pollinated plant often have a dull color and they do not produce nectar since they do not need the insects to do the pollination for them. Since they only rely on the wind, they do not have characteristics, such as showy flowers, nectar, and scent that attract pollinating animals. Instead, they produce light, dry pollen grains from small, dull flowers that can be carried by the wind.

In order to test the accuracy of this idea, we can compare a ragweed and a sunflower plant. Check which plant is often visited by insects. The sunflower plant that is often visited by insects are animal-pollinated; hence, they contain heavy and sticky pollen grains. On the other hand, plants that are not visited by animals, they are wind-pollinated plants. Therefore, their pollen grains are dry and lightweight.

The answer is no. If a flower’s pollen is heavy and sticky, it cannot be blown by the wind. This makes the transfer of pollen from one flower to another very difficult. Therefore, these plants needed the help of animals, particularly hairy insects like bees, to do the transfer of pollen for them.

In order to test the accuracy of this idea, we can compare a ragweed and a sunflower plant. Check which plant is often visited by insects. The plant that is often visited by insects is animal-pollinated; hence, they contain heavy and sticky pollen grains. On the other hand, the plant that is not visited by animals is a wind-pollinated plant. Therefore, their pollen grains are dry and lightweight.

Seed dormancy is a mechanism needed by plants to survive unfavorable conditions. Since the Arctic region is known for its cold temperature, it is considered unfavorable to the plant. Because of this, the seed does not germinate in order to survive the cold temperature and wait until the start of summer.

Cotyledons are the food and nutrient source of an embryo as they develop into a seedling. To determine whether cotyledons influence the seed growth, an experiment can be conducted using the following methods:

1. Obtain mung beans and soak one cup of seeds in 3 cups of lukewarm water.

2. Cover the bowl with a plastic wrap and leave it overnight at a room temperature.

3. The next day, check the beans if there are any sprouts.

4. Drain and rinse the beans. Separate the beans in two jars, label it with jar A and jar B.

5. Carefully remove the cotyledon of the beans in jar A.

6. Cover both of the jars with a cheesecloth and place them in a cool and dry place.

7. The next day, carefully rinse and drain the beans again. Ensure that the young sprouts would not break.

8. Place them again in a jar with cheesecloth.

9. Observe the growth of the beans in both jars. Check which set of beans have germinated more successfully.

Monocots contain one cotyledon or seed leaf in their seed, whereas dicots have two cotyledons in its seed. In terms of their germination, both monocots and dicots have seedlings that develop the root first, then the leaves follow. However, monocots retain their cotyledon underground, wherein it is covered by a protective covering. On the other hand, dicots may either emerge aboveground or underground. The cotyledon that remains aboveground usually wither and die, or they become a part of the plant’s photosynthesis, while the cotyledons that remain underground provide a food source for the developing young plant.

Seeds germinate when the right conditions or requirements are met. They need water, nutrients from the soil, appropriate temperature, and sunlight. In order to get the necessary water and nutrients from the soil, the root emerges first than the shoot. In this way, a seedling can absorb the nutrients it needs in order to grow. It also provides the seedling a good and firm anchorage to the ground.

A. The pollen is produced by the anther. It is represented by the letter D in the diagram.

B. It is the stigma. It is the sticky portion that is located at the topmost tip of the style. It is the site where the pollen grains land.

C. The seeds develop inside the ovary, which is represented by letter F.

D. Letter G represents the sepals. Sepals, which closely resemble leaves. are the outermost part of a flower. It protects the flower bud while it develops. On the other hand, letter H represents the petals. Petals are usually the colored part of a flower that lies just outside the sepals.

Budding and grafting will work best if someone wants to produce an apple tree that bears two varieties of apples. This method involves cutting a bud from an apple tree and attaching it to another tree. On the other hand, cutting is not suitable since it involves severing a piece of the parent plant and planting it into a soil in order to reproduce a new independent plant that is identical to its parent.

Forests would usually recover from wildfires through the germination of some seeds stored in the forest floor. Some seeds like those from Eucalyptus and Banksia plants remain dormant unless external conditions, such as exposure to high temperature or chemicals, trigger the seed germination. In some cases, the ash residue from the fire can help the soil become more fertile, which in turn can help increase the regrowth of vegetation. Fires can also remove the weeds and other pests that harm some native species in an area.

In this case, if fires are suppressed by the policies made by the government, it would disrupt the natural process of life, particularly in the germination and regrowth of some fire-activated plants. Fire suppression also favors the growth of weeds, which in turn can take over an ecosystem by competing with the native species. These events may result in the loss of some species and a decrease in the rate of biodiversity in a particular ecosystem.