Home Page Textbooks Prentice Hall Biology (California) Section 2.3: Carbon Compounds

Prentice Hall Biology (California)

1st Edition

Kenneth R. Miller, Levine

ISBN: 9780132013529

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Section 2.3: Carbon Compounds

Exercise 1

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$textbf{Organic compounds}$ is a large group of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently attached to the atoms of other elements. This compounds are present in living things

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There are four organic compounds present in living organisms: $textbf{carbohydrates, proteins, lipids}$ and $textbf{nucleic acids}$

Exercise 2

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There four organic compounds present in living organisms: $textbf{carbohydrates, proteins, lipids}$ and $textbf{nucleic acids}$

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$textbf{Carbohydrates}$ are the $text{underline{main source of energy}}$. It is desribed as “sugar” biomolecules consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, with a hydrogen-oxygen ratio of 2:1.

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$textbf{Proteins}$ are large biomolecules composed of nitrogenous organic compounds. It is an essential compound in living organisms since $text{underline{it forms structural components}}$
$text{underline{in the body, controls the rate of cellular reactions, and regulates the different cell processes}}$.

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$textbf{Lipids}$ are large biomolecules composed of hydrocarbons that are insoluble in water. Lipids are the $text{underline{main building blocks membranes in the cell,}}$
$text{underline{and they also function as energy storage. molecules}}$.

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$textbf{Nucleic Acids}$ are biomolecules important in all life forms. They are composed of $text{underline{nucleotides}}$ which are made up of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. It is $text{underline{main molecules that carry genetic information in the cell}}$.

Exercise 3

Solution 1

Solution 2

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(1) Carbon can (form covalent) bond(s) with many elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.
(2) It can also bond to other carbon atoms.
(3) Carbon has 4 valence electrons.
(4) Carbon is extremely versatile, able to form many lasting shapes and figures.
For these reasons, carbon is able to form many different macromolecules.

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See solution for explanation.

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Carbon atoms are capable of forming covalent bonds with other types of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other carbon atoms as well.

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Additionally, each carbon atom contains four valence electrons. This allows each carbon atom to covalently bond with at most four other atoms, which makes carbon quite versatile.

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Since carbon is able to covalently bond to many different types of atoms, it is able to form large molecules with a wide variety of shapes and configurations. This would explain why carbon is capable of forming different types of macromolecules.

Exercise 4

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The term polymer is defined as a macromolecule that is formed by smaller units called monomers. A protein is classified as a polymer because it has subunits or monomers which are called amino acids. On the other hand, a lipid is not considered a polymer because it does not have smaller units but it is formed by the combination of glycerol and fatty acids.

Exercise 5

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Lipids are composed of glycerol and fatty acids. Starches are composed of monosaccharides which means they are carbohydrates.

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In lipids, you find less oxygen than in carbohydrates. Therefore, lipids give you twice as much energy as carbohydrates.

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Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. the common categories of lipids are fats, oil, and waxes. Can be used to store energy .some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

Starch is a mixture of two complex carbohydrates: amylose and amylopectin, both of which are polymers of glucose. It is used by plants as a way to store excess glucose.

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The chemical formula for Starch is (C$_6$H$_{10}$O$_5$)$_n$ as it is a polymer of glucose. The chemical formula for glucose is C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$.

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Section 2.3: Carbon Compounds

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