Home Page Textbooks Prentice Hall Biology (California) Section 18.3: Kingdoms and Domains

Prentice Hall Biology (California)

1st Edition

Kenneth R. Miller, Levine

ISBN: 9780132013529

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Section 18.3: Kingdoms and Domains

Exercise 1

Solution 1

Solution 2

Result

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The six kingdoms of life are:

Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Prostista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Step 1

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Living organisms can be classified into six different kingdoms of life. These kingdoms include **Eubacteria**, **Archaebacteria**, **Protista**, **Plantae**, **Fungi**, and **Animalia**.

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Eubacteria and Archaebacteria generally consists of prokaryotes that include many species of bacterial organisms. Protista consists mainly of unicellular eukaryotes that do not fall under the categories of Plantae, Fungi, or Animalia.

Step 3

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Plantae consists of autotrophic multicellular organisms which include all land plants. Fungi consists of heterotrophic organisms with chitinous cell walls such as mushrooms. Lastly, Animalia consists of multicellular, heterotrophic organisms which include all animals.

Exercise 2

Solution 1

Solution 2

Result

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The three main domains of life are:

Domain Eukarya
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea

Step 1

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Encompassing the six kingdoms of life, all living organisms can be classified into three higher taxonomic categories known as domains. These domains are **Archaea**, **Bacteria**, and **Eukarya**.

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The domain Archaea consists of the archaebacteria, while the domain Bacteria consist of the eubacteria. These two domains therefore generally consist of unicellular prokaryotes.

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On the other hand, the domain Eukarya consists of all eukaryotic organisms. These include all species of protists (Protista), fungi (Fungi), plants (Plantae), and animals (Animalia).

Exercise 3

Result

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Scientists discovered that the bacteria is different from other life forms since it does not have nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Because of this, scientists put them in a different kingdom to set them apart from other kingdoms for an easier identification or classification.

Exercise 4

Result

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The members of the kingdom Protista display the widest variety of organisms that do not fall under the characteristics of an animal, a plant, or a fungi; hence, they are called the “odds and ends” kingdom.

Exercise 5

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

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The kingdoms of plantae and fungi is different because plantae has cell walls of cellulose and fungi has cell walls of chitin and plantae’s are autotrophs while fungi’s are heterotrophs. They are similar in that some fungi’s are multicellular and all plantae’s are multicellulars and are both Eukaryote cell types.

Result

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see explanation for solution

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The kingdoms Plantae and Fungi are different based on cell wall composition and mode of nutrition. Members of kingdom Plantae have cell walls that contain *cellulose*, while members of kingdom Fungi have cell walls that contain a different substance called *chitin*.

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With regards to mode of nutrition, members of kingdom Plantae are *autotrophs*, meaning they are capable of producing their own food from inorganic materials. In contrast, members of kingdom Fungi are *heterotrophs*, meaning they cannot produce their own food.

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However, the kingdoms Plantae and Fungi also do share some similarities. One similarity is that they both consist of *eukaryotic* and *multicellular* organisms. This means that they both include organisms that consist of several cells with nuclei and organelles.

Exercise 6

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

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The Kingdoms that only includes Prokaryotes are:
Eubacteria and Archabacteria

The Kingdoms that only includes heterotrophs are:
Animalia
Fungi
Prostista
Eubacteria
Archabacteria

Result

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see explanation for solution

Step 1

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There are two Kingdoms that consist only of prokaryotic organisms. These are **Archaebacteria** and **Eubacteria**. These two kingdoms include several species of bacterial organisms that are known to be prokaryotes due to their lack of membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.

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There are two kingdoms that consist of autotrophic organisms. The kingdom Plantae consists of only autotrophic organisms which include all land plants, while some autotrophic organisms such as green algae belong to the kingdom of Protista.

Step 3

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Therefore, the remaining kingdoms – **Archaebacteria**, **Eubacteria**, **Fungi**, and **Animalia** – as well as *some* members of kingdom **Protista** are known to be heterotrophic organisms. This means that they are not capable of producing their own food.

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Section 18.3: Kingdoms and Domains

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