Home Page Textbooks Prentice Hall Biology (California) Section 1.4: Tools and Procedures

Prentice Hall Biology (California)

1st Edition

Kenneth R. Miller, Levine

ISBN: 9780132013529

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Section 1.4: Tools and Procedures

Exercise 1

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A standardized measuring approach is required by scientists. The use of a standardized measurement method makes the job easier.

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On April 7, 1795, the weights and measures legislation created the decimal metric system. All units of measurement may be connected to a limited number of fundamental standards using this technique.

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The SI presently consists of seven fundamental units: the meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), candela (cd), and mole (mol).

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There are instances that scientists would often need to replicate an existing experiment in order to improve their knowledge. And replicating existing experiments would be beneficial in understanding life and its other aspects better. To have a better data collection process that could be compared to the existing experiment and provide a constant and accurate conclusion, the scientists should utilize a common system of measurement which would serve as the overall standard in acquiring measurements in an experiment.

Exercise 2

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A compound light microscope uses light to form an image of a specimen. Through the use of light, it allows us to study a dead organism and its parts, as well as living cells and microorganisms. On the other hand, an electron microscope uses beams of electrons to produce images. It provides a more detailed image of the specimen than light microscopes. Because of this, scientists use electron microscopes to study microorganisms which are smaller than 0.2 micrometers.

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Compound light microscopes pass light through two lenses and the specimen in order to produce an image. These microscopes can magnify objects up to 1000 times its original size. You can use dyes or stains to make certain structures stand out, and you can study both dead and live organisms.

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Electron microscopes use beams of electrons instead of light to make images. These microscopes are used for smaller objects, and the pictures they produce show 1000 times more detail than pictures produced by light microscopes.

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Exercise 3

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A light microscope can look at bacteria, cells, or structures. You can look at dead organisms or live ones. If you use dyes on the microscope slide, you can look at cell structures.

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Electron microscopes are useful for objects that are too small for light microscopes, for example objects that are smaller than .2 micrometers. Transmission electron microscopes can show a lot of detail on the inside of the cell. Scanning electron microscopes show 3D images on the surface of objects. Living cells can’t be used with electron microscopes since you have to preserve and dehydrate the specimens before they can be analyzed.

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Exercise 4

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Cell fractionation is a technique that is used to separate parts of cells so that scientists can study just one part at a time. The cells are placed in a blender and broken into pieces, then the pieces are placed in a liquid in a tube. The tube is spun in a centrifuge and the more dense cell parts will settle at the bottom of the tube. A scientist can then separate the different layers and study the parts that they want.

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Exercise 5

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There are many things that are waiting to be discovered, but we don’t have the scientific tools to study them, yet. For example, cells are found in all living things, but we did not know of their existence until microscopes were invented. There are probably many other things that are present in nearly everything, but we just haven’t invented something to let us discover them.

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Section 1.4: Tools and Procedures

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