Prentice Hall Biology (California)
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780132013529
Textbook solutions
All Solutions
Page 917: Chapter Assessment
Exercise 1
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Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of the organs throughout the body. It is responsible for protection, absorption, secretion, and reception for sensory stimuli.
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C. epithelial tissue
Exercise 2
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Homeostasis is the process in which living things maintain a stable internal condition despite the changes in the environment.
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B. homeostasis
Exercise 3
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Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are considered as the fundamental unit of an organism’s nervous system.
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A. neurons
Exercise 4
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In the diagram, the letter A represents the cell body. The cell body is the largest part of a nerve cell or neuron.
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D. cell body
Exercise 5
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Synapse is the junction found between neurons wherein the transfer of impulse between cells take place.
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A. synapse
Exercise 6
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The central nervous system comprises of the brain and spinal cord. This system is made up of nerve tissues that controls body and brain functions.
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C. brain and spinal cord
Exercise 7
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The cerebrum is responsible for the thoughts, voluntary actions and higher thinking functions of the brain.
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B. cerebrum
Exercise 8
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The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system.
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D. autonomic nervous system
Exercise 9
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The semicircular canals found in the ears are responsible for maintaining the body’s equilibrium or balance.
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B. equilibrium
Exercise 10
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The effect of stimulants includes the increase of neurotransmitters at the brain’s synapses. It increases the blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate, which often leads to an energized feeling.
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A. stimulants
Exercise 11
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Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism. A group of cells that perform the same duty make up a tissue. A group of similar tissues make up an organ. A group of organs that perform the same function form an organ system, and a group of organ systems make up an organism.
Exercise 12
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**Homeostasis** is the process in which an organism maintains its internal conditions at balance despite the changing environment. Homeostasis is achieved through various feedback loops.
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Homeostasis is important in every organism because having an internal balance results to the proper functioning of every system in the body. The organism will be in its best state when it is under homeostatic balance.
Exercise 13
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A **neuron** is composed of a body, dendrites, and an axon which at the end of it is the terminals. The dendrites receive information from other nerve cells and pass the information to the cell body, where the cell body determines what is the best response to the information given. The cell body then sends its response to the axon. The axon sends the information through to its axon terminals where the information will be passed onto other nerve cells present in the organs.
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The **neuron** is the basic and fundamental unit of the nervous system. It is the cell that transmits electrical signals and impulses for the creation of a response to the incoming stimulus. A typical neuron is composed of the cell body, dendrites, and axons.
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**Parts of a neuron**
1. Cell body – This is the portion of the neuron that contains the cytoplasm and nucleus. This is where all the metabolic processes of cell take place.
2. Dendrites – These are branching filaments or extensions that arise from the cell body. Dendrites function to transport impulses from the environment to the cell body.
3. Axons – This is the end portion of the neuron that transmits the signal away from the cell body (usually axons send the signal to the nerves of the PNS for a specific response to a stimulus). The end of the axons has this small swelling part called the *axon terminal*.
Exercise 14
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During the **resting potential,** the neuron constantly pumps sodium ions out of the cell and pumps potassium ions inside the cell. For every two sodium ions pumped out, three potassium ions are pumped in. This creates a difference in charge between the outside of the cell and the inside of the cell.
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During an action potential, the nerve cell receives an impulse that causes the movement of ions throughout the cell. This action potential causes the intake of sodium ions from outside and the expelling of potassium ions. This then creates the initial conditions and the process starts once more as the resting potential.
Exercise 15
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The **all-or-none principle** applies to nerve impulses because, in order for the nerve cell to send out an impulse it must receive stimulation of a certain amount of energy, without it regardless of how many times it’s stimulated by weaker impulses, it will not create an action potential for response
Exercise 16
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The **cerebrum** is the largest part of the brain which includes both white matter and grey matter. It is separated into different lobes depending upon their functions. There are 1 frontal lobe, 2 parietal lobes, 2 temporal lobes, and 1 occipital lobe. The cerebrum processes various stimuli, including, vision, hearing, and higher-level cognitive functions like memory storage, and voluntary response actions of the body.
Exercise 17
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The advantage of a reflex response in an organism is that the organism doesn’t need to take time to process the external stimulus before acting, thus perhaps lessening the damage caused by the external factor.
Exercise 18
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The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for stimulating the body for a physical activity or a fight-or-flight response. On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for inhibiting the body’s high energy functions, which as a result relaxes the body.
Exercise 19
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The first path of the light is through the cornea and then the aqueous humor, which is a chamber filled with a transparent liquid. With the help of the cornea, the light ray is bent in order for the light to pass through the pupil, which is in the middle of the iris. From the pupil, the light goes into the lens of the eye and it focuses the light through the retina to form an upside-down image. In the retina, there is a layer of photoreceptors that convert the light energy into nerve impulses. These impulses are carried by the optic nerves and interpreted by the central nervous system.
Exercise 20
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Rods are photoreceptors that are sensitive to light. They function in dim light. On the other hand, the cones transmit color and they function better when there is a bright light.
Exercise 21
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A **sound wave** enters the ear through the auditory canal and travels to the tympanum where the sound wave causes it to vibrate. The vibrations are picked up by three bones in the middle ear where they pass on the vibrations to the cochlea which is filled with fluid. The fluid moves because of the vibrations causing tiny hair cells (cilia) to move. The tiny hair cells produce electrical signals that are picked up by the auditory nerve and sent to the ear for interpretation.
Exercise 22
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A pregnant woman who drinks alcohol on a regular basis develops a great risk of having a child with birth defects. This is called the fetal alcohol syndrome. This syndrome manifests heart defects, malformation of body parts, delayed growth, or poor motor development.
Exercise 23
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**Drugs** can affect a person’s body in many different ways and these substances can alter the nervous system’s function in one or more of these ways:
1. A drug can cause an elevation in the number of neurotransmitters that is released into a synapse.
2. A drug can block a receptor site on a dendrite hence preventing neurotransmitter binding.
3. A drug can prevent a neurotransmitter from escaping a synapse
4. A drug can imitate a neurotransmitter.
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**Drug abuse** can be defined as excessive use of illegal drugs (whether under prescription or over-the-counter) for purposes other than medical treatment. Drug abuse is characterized by the *dependency* of the user on the drug resulting in the uncontrollable need for it in order for the user to function properly.
Exercise 24
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**Drug abuse** can lead to **drug addiction** or the uncontrollable dependency of someone on drugs. People who experience psychological dependence on illegal drugs mentally crave that specific drugs. Physical dependence, on the other hand, happens when the body cannot function properly without a regular or periodic supply of that drug. Any attempt to withdraw from this dependence will result in pain, chills, fever, and other adverse reaction– Therefore, most people just choose to live and be dependent on these drugs.
Exercise 25
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One experiment can be to take students from your class and give them a certain number of hours to sleep the night before, with each student having a different time. The next day check their reaction time by asking them to grab a ruler as you drop it, that way you can quantify with the distance how quick they’re reaction time is.
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One hypothesis is that the less sleep a student gets the worse their reaction time will be. Then a few days later, check their reaction time again this time making sure they got the usual amount of sleep the night before. Check your results with the results from the previous day to see if there is a connection.
Exercise 26
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An animal that doesn’t eat hot food can benefit from the high levels of heat sensors in its mouth for many reasons. They would be able to see how hot or cold their environment is by opening their mouth, they would be able to determine if the drinking source they’re using is too hot or too cold. The heat sensors would also prevent them to feed on a food source that is frozen. because it would be harder to digest in their system.
Exercise 27
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That cell would no longer be able to send out nerve impulses, although it would be able to receive them. Most likely if the individual is relatively healthy, the surrounding nerve cells will be able to pick up the slack of the one ineffective nerve cells.
Exercise 28
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The **knee-jerk** patellar test is usually done to check for the integrity and proper functioning of peripheral nerves in the area., the spinal cord, and the brain This is accomplished by hitting the patellar tendon inferior to the knee cap with a test hammer. The knee should move or *jerk* as the hammer hit the region.
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Therefore, when there is no response from the test, this may indicate damage in the spinal cord, peripheral nerve, or the muscle it innervates.
Exercise 29
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The graph shows that as people age they are able to see less clearly, especially in terms of near point of vision. This is most likely due to the fact as people age they are not able to control their muscles, compared to when they were younger. Since there are many muscles in the eye, the lack of control makes it more difficult for those muscles to tighten and focus on something that is near the individual’s eye.
Exercise 30
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Multiple sclerosis is a disease that disables the brain and the spinal cord. It affects the myelin sheath which causes the nerves to become damaged. Because of this, there are problems in the transmission of information between the brain and the body. The symptoms which may appear in a person who suffers from this disease include numbness or weakness in the limbs or other parts of the body. People who have this disease would have the possibility of losing the ability to walk and the ability to control other motor functions.
Exercise 31
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The part of the ear that is damaged is the cochlea and its tiny hair cells. They become less sensitive and the individual begins to lose his hearing as a result. It cannot be reversed but there might be ways to treat it, like hearing aids for instance.
Exercise 32
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A neuron and an extension cord are similar in the sense that they both can only send electrical impulses one way. They both have protection around the parts that pass the electricity (insulation). One difference is that an extension cord is constantly sending electricity while a neuron sends out signals via impulses and neurons can send out signals via unidirectional or muti-directional.
Exercise 33
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There are many types of sensory receptors that react to a specific temperature, pain, and pressure stimulus in the sense of touch. However, unlike other senses that are concentrated in one location or part, the sense of touch can be found in all regions of the skin. However, not all parts of the body have equal touch receptors, the greatest density can be found in the fingers, toes, and face because these regions are the most exposed to touch stimuli (such as in pressure and pain).
Exercise 34
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The **blood** is the specialized **connective tissue** that is composed of the following: red blood cells, white blood cell, platelets, and plasma. This tissue plays an important role in the transport of oxygen and nutrients to the body, and in waste removal.
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Tissue
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