Operant conditioning refers to the learning that occurs when a particular behavior is associated with a consequence (reward or punishment).

In this case, since the rat noticed that the food (reward) is delivered when the button is pressed (behavior), the rat learns how to get a food.

B. Operant conditioning

Classical conditioning is a kind of learning that occurs when two stimuli are associated with each other in order to produce a new behavioral response.

In this case, the bell and the food are the two stimuli which are linked together. The new behavior produced is the salivating of the dog.

C. Classical conditioning

Insight learning refers to the understanding that occurs without repeated learning or trials.

In this case, the chimpanzees were able to use insight learning on how to get the bananas from the ceiling.

A. Insight learning

Habituation happens when an animal chooses to decrease or stop its response to a stimulus, which neither harms nor rewards, after being repeatedly exposed to it.

In this case, the bird stops responding to the call since it is not harming it at all.

D. Habituation

Instinct is the innate or natural pattern of behavior in response to a stimulus.

D. instinct

Three-spined stickleback fishes only attack male red-bellied sticklebacks. The red color of the stickleback’s belly acts as a stimulus for the three-spined stickleback fishes to attack them.

A. The stimulus for an attack is a red underside.

Innate or natural pattern of behaviors are all exhibited in choices B, C, D, and E, except choice A. The dog learned to look food in a dish since the dog associated the food with the dish.

A. a dog looking for its food dish

Habituation happens when an animal chooses to decrease or stop its response to a stimulus, which neither harms nor rewards, after being repeatedly exposed to it.

In this case, the woman stops responding to the sound of the train since it is not harming her at all.

B. habituation

The data in the graph shows two variables which include the male bird’s songs and the time until the pairing of male and female starts.

B. the number of a male bird’s songs and his attractiveness to females

The graph shows a downhill pattern, which indicates a negative correlation between the number of songs and the time of pairing. Once the number of the male bird’s song increases, the day until the pairing decreases. Females tend to get more attracted to male birds which sing more songs.

D. Females prefer males with a large number of songs.