Prentice Hall Biology (California)
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780132013529
Textbook solutions
All Solutions
Page 465: Chapter 18 Assessment
Exercise 1
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Taxonomy refers to the science of naming or classifiying life forms.
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B. taxonomy
Exercise 2
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d. in the genus Rhizopus
The first part of the name is the genus to which the organism belongs. A genus is a group of closely related species. The genus name is capitalized.
The second part of the name is unique to each species within the genus. This part of the name often describes an important trait or where the organism lives. The species name is lowercased.
The second part of the name is unique to each species within the genus. This part of the name often describes an important trait or where the organism lives. The species name is lowercased.
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d.
Exercise 3
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In binomial nomenclature, organisms are given a two-part scientific name that consists of the genus and the species to which they belong. An organism has only one assigned scientific name.
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C. Use different scientific names for the same organism
Exercise 4
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classes
order are grouped in classes
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see explanation for solution
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In Linnaean classification system, an order is the next category in the hierarchy that is lower and less inclusive than a class. Therefore, orders are grouped together into **classes**.
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Furthermore, an order is also the next category that is higher and more inclusive than a family. Hence, with respect to the hierarchy, an order should consist of a group of families.
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A
Exercise 5
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Linnaeus constructed a classification system that is hierarchical in structure and has seven levels. The seven levels or taxonomic categories, which are arranged from the largest to the smallest, include kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
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A. kingdom
Exercise 6
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To show the evolutionary relationship of organisms, the characteristics of organisms in a particular lineage are plotted in a diagram. This diagram is called a cladogram.
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D. cladogram
Exercise 7
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To show the evolutionary relationship of organisms in a cladogram, lineage characteristics which are called as derived characters are being used by the scientists.
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D. derived character
Exercise 8
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Living things are classified under three domains. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
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C. Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Exercise 9
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fungi
only heterotrophs in this kingdom
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see explanation for solution
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Members of the kingdom Plantae includes only autotrophs since it consists of land plants. Kingdoms Protista and Eubacteria not only includes heterotrophs but also autotrophs as well.
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Therefore, the kingdom that includes only heterotrophs is **Fungi**. Members of kingdom Fungi cannot produce their own food and thus must rely on other organisms to obtain their nutrition.
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B
Exercise 10
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c
squids belong to animalia
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see explanation for solution
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Kingdom Animalia consists of eukaryotic organisms that are both multicellular and heterotrophic. Among the given choices, the **squid** satisfies all the criteria that qualifies it for Animalia.
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On the other hand, the other choices are either autotrophic (such as the tree) or unicellular (such as many microorganisms). Therefore, they do not belong under kingdom Animalia.
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C
Exercise 11
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Solution 3
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Biologists assign a scientific, universally accepted name because common names of animals differ depending on which area you’re in. An example would be Puma Concolor, also known by the names: Mountain Lion, Puma, Deer Tiger, Red Tiger, or Cougar.
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In order to have a single universal standard of identifying each animal, their characteristics and classification
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see explanation for solution
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Scientists assign a universally accepted name (known as a scientific name) to each organism because the use of common names can be confusing. Scientific names are more convenient because they refer to the same exact organism regardless of geographical area.
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On the other hand, a common name might refer to multiple kinds of organisms and can vary depending on where the common name is used. This can cause confusion among scientists when discussing a specific organism. Thus, they prefer to use scientific names instead.
Exercise 12
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visible similarities and lines of evolutionary descent
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see explanation for solution
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Many scientists often use similarities in certain observable features when classifying organisms. However, modern research now classifies organisms based on their evolutionary descent instead of comparing them based on physical appearances alone.
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Scientists now use information about an organism’s evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships with other organisms in order to classify them into groups. This information can be obtained in many ways including the identification of similarities in DNA sequences.
Exercise 13
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The binomial nomenclature system is a universal standard that assigns each animal a two-part scientific name, so that every scientist will refer to each animal by the same name.
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The binomial nomenclature is very useful and convenient for all scientists from all nations because of two important features. One feature is that each scientific name is **unique** to every organism. This means that each name refers to only one specific organism.
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Another important feature of the binomial nomenclature is that every scientific name is **universal**. This means that each scientific name refers to the same exact organism regardless of the geographical area. This prevents confusion among international discussions.
Exercise 14
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Linneaus taxons from smallest to largest:
species
genus
family
order
class
phylum
kingdom
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see explanation for solution
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In Linnaeus’s classification system, living organisms can be organized into seven different categories in a hierarchy. From smallest to largest, these are: **Species**, **Genus**, **Family**, **Order**, **Class**, **Phylum**, and **Kingdom**.
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It is also important to note that each lower category also acts as a subcategory of a higher category. For instance, a group of species constitutes a genus, a group of genera constitutes a family, a group of families constitutes an order, and so on.
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Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, and Kingdom
Exercise 15
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Evolutionary classifications goal is to classify animals based on their lines of evolutionary descent
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see explanation for solution
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The purpose of evolutionary classification is group organisms based on their phylogenetic relationships. This means that organisms that are more closely related in terms of evolutionary descent are grouped together with respect to other organisms.
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For instance, organisms that share a common ancestor are grouped together not only because of similarities in physical appearance, but also because they share traits that are derived from that particular shared ancestor. These organisms may constitute a clade.
Exercise 16
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A derived character is a characteristic that appears in the recent lineage of the species but it does not occur in the older members of the lineage of the same species. Crabs and Barnacles share the same derived characters such as molted external exoskeletons.
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A derived character is a trait that is found in a common ancestor as well as its descendants. A derived character cannot be found in any distant ancestor or distantly related organisms.
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When identifying derived characters, it is important to describe them based on a specific clade or a group of closely related organisms that share a common ancestor. Clades are defined by derived characteristics that are shared among its members and their ancestor.
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For instance, one example of a derived character that is only found in the clade Mammalia is the presence of body hair. This trait is shared only among the members of this clade, and does not appear in distant ancestors or in organisms that are not part of this clade.
Exercise 17
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Cladograms assist scientist in knowing how one lineage branched from another during the course of evolution
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see explanation for solution
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Cladograms generally consist of branches that link and group each organism based on their phylogenetic relationships. They are used to describe how organisms evolve into different species and how are they related to a group (called a clade) or to a common ancestor.
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For instance, a cladogram can explain the evolutionary relationships of organisms based on a particular clade. Members of that clade are considered to be more closely related to each other as compared to other organisms that are not part of that clade.
Exercise 18
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Through determining the DNA and RNA of organisms, it allows the scientific community to determine the striking similarities and differences of the living beings on a molecular level. This also allows them to identify the possible evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Exercise 19
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Phylogeny describes the evolutionary relationships between life-forms by using their genetic information and physical attributes.
Exercise 20
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See explantion
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The hypothesis of a molecular clock asserts that the rate of DNA or protein sequence evolution is constant over time or among evolutionary lineages
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See explantion
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The *molecular clock hypothesis* explains that DNA and protein sequences undergo a constant rate of genetic change over time among different organisms. Thus, organisms among lineages undergo a constant rate of evolution over time.
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This implies that distantly related organisms have very different DNA or protein sequences, while closely related organisms have very similar sequences. This means that the timing of evolutionary divergence can be inferred from the degree of dissimilarity in sequences.
Exercise 21
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Domains use a classification model that depends on the molecular clock model. Kingdoms use a classification that is based on traits and characteristics of animals.
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A kingdom is the highest hierarchal category in the Linnaean classification system. There are six different kingdoms in the Linnaean system: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
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On the other hand, a domain is a higher taxonomical category than a kingdom. Domains were not part of the original Linnaean system, but they were a major change in the system that are more inclusive than the kingdom.
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In the new Linnaean system, the six kingdoms are now organized into three domains. Kingdom Archaebacteria belongs to the domain Archaea, kingdom Eubacteria belongs to the domain Bacteria, and kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia all belong to the domain Eukarya.
Exercise 22
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To place an organism in the domain bacteria, the organism should usually be a single-celled, prokaryotic cell whose walls contain peptidoglycan (They can be autotrophic {Self-sustaining} or heterotrophic {relying on other organisms for nourishment}).
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Each domain consists of organisms that exhibit particular features. Members of the domain Bacteria generally consist of unicellular prokaryotes. This means they are typically single-celled and do not contain membrane-bound nuclei or organelles.
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Members of the domain Bacteria also have a unique feature of cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Additionally, they can also be either autotrophic or heterotrophic in terms of their mode of nutrition. They can either produce their own food, or consume food from others.
Exercise 23
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Domain Archea has a prokaryote cell with cell walls that lack peptidoglycan
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see explanation for solution
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Members of the domain **Archaea** consist of prokaryotes that contain cell walls much like the members of the domain Bacteria. However, one major difference is that the cell walls of Archaea do not contain peptidoglycan, which is otherwise found in the cell walls of Bacteria.
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Instead of peptidoglycan, the cell walls of the members of domain Archaea contain various polysaccharides and proteinaceous compounds. Despite their difference in cell wall composition, their cell walls still perform similar functions as those found in Bacteria.
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Domain Archaea
Exercise 24
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The four kingdoms under the domain Eukarya are Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
1. The members of kingdom Protista are mostly unicellular that have chloroplasts and cellulose. (examples: amoeba, slime molds, and kelp)
2. The members of kingdom Fungi have chitin in their cell walls and they are heterotrophs. (examples: mushrooms and yeasts)
3. The members of kingdom Plantae are multicellular with cell walls made of cellulose. They have chloroplasts and classified as autotrophs. (examples: plants, flowers, and mosses)
4. The members of kingdom Animalia are multicellular. However, they are lacking chloroplasts and cell walls. They are heterotrophs. (examples: insects, fishes, mammals, and reptiles)
Exercise 25
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The members of kingdom Plantae are multicellular with cell walls made of cellulose. They have chloroplasts and classified as autotrophs. Examples of organisms under this kingdom are plants, flowers, and mosses. On the other hand, the members of kingdom Animalia are multicellular. Unlike plants, they are lacking chloroplasts and cell walls. They are heterotrophs. Examples of organisms under this kingdom are insects, fishes, mammals, and reptiles.
Exercise 26
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By knowing both the similarities and differences of the genetic information and physical attributes of life-forms, scientists are able to classify them and determine their evolutionary descent. Through the principle of taxonomy, the diversity of life is introduced to us in a clear and logical way.
Exercise 27
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They both got the tubular shape from a common ancestor, then the worms got segments in their body which snakes don’t have.
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It is not always reliable to infer evolutionary relationships based on similarities on body structure alone. To determine ancestry between organisms, phylogenetic information is needed.
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To determine whether the similarity in body shape is the result of sharing a common ancestor, we must first identify whether it is a derived trait. Cladistic analysis is needed to determine whether snakes and worms belong in a clade with the derived trait of having a tube-shaped body.
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If snakes and worms do not belong in a clade that is characterized by a tube-shaped body, then it is possible that the similarity in their body structure is the result of convergent evolution. This means that a tube-shaped body may have a similar function in both organisms.
Exercise 28
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A – All animals.
B – Vertebres (spined animals)
C – Mammals
D – Insects
B – Vertebres (spined animals)
C – Mammals
D – Insects
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Among the following terms, the category “all animals” is the most inclusive. This is because the three other terms are all included in this category. Thus, “all animals” should be **region A**.
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“Animals that have backbones” are distinct from “insects” since all insects do not have a backbone. Therefore, “animals that have backbones should be **region B**, while “insects” should be **region D**. These two regions are separate, which represents their distinction.
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Furthermore, “mammals” are animals that have backbones. Hence, “mammals” should be located within the region of “animals that have backbones”. Therefore, “mammals” should be **region C**, which is located within region B of animals that have backbones.
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All animals = Region A; Animals that have backbones = Region B; Insects = Region D; Mammals = Region C
Exercise 29
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The unknown organism is categorized under the kingdom Protista. The members of kingdom Protista are mostly unicellular that have chloroplasts and cellulose. Protists are considered eukaryotes which possess a nucleus and mitochondria.
Exercise 30
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Organism A most likely belongs to the kingdom of **Plantae**. Members of kingdom Plantae are multicellular autotrophs that are capable of photosynthesis, such as land plants. Their unique feature is the presence of cellulose in their cell walls.
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Organism B most likely belongs to the kingdom of **Archaebacteria**. Members of kingdom Archaebacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that are capable of surviving in extreme environments. Their unique feature is the lack of peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
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Organism C most likely belongs to the Kingdom of **Protista**. Members of kingdom Protista are mostly unicellular eukaryotes, but some can be multicellular. Some of these eukaryotic members are capable of photosynthesis since they have chloroplasts similar to plants.
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Organism A = Plantae; Organism B = Archaebacteria; Organism C = Protista
Exercise 31
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Due to some similarities in their anatomical structure, the three beetles have a common ancestor. However, since there were different markings on their wings, it is an indication that they have been through a reproductive isolation which led to speciation. Since both beetle A and B resembled beetle C, a cladogram can be used to identify their evolutionary relationship and the characteristics that appeared in their lineage over time.
Exercise 32
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All genera that constitute a family represent the same evolutionary line and share the similar genetic information with a common ancestor, but there are instances when two organisms are categorized into different genera but they are classified under the same family. This indicates that the two organisms are not closely related in terms of their physical or anatomical structure so they are placed in different genera. However, they both share a common ancestor from the past which is why they were placed under the same family.
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