Observation is a common method for doing a qualitative study. The observation methodology allows you to describe a phenomena by describing actions, events, and facts.

The act of gazing intently at occurrences, events, or beings in order to study, monitor, or form conclusions is referred to as observation.

The bug appears to have three legs on the left side, a pattern on the back, and is green, white, and black in color. Observation can differentiate this sound of morphological features.

Toxicity is a quality that cannot be determined simply by looking at it.

c.

The statement: “the worm is 2 centimeters long” can neither be an inference, nor an hypothesis, nor a theory.
It is a simple observation.of the worm’s length which could be measured with a ruler or directly estimated with eye.

A: Observation

B

C

The term spontaneous generation refers to the notion that living organisms are formed from nonliving things. For example, there was an assumption that maggots came from the dead meat and mice came from the grain.

A. living things can arise from nonliving matter

Scientific experiments typically involve multiple different variables. In a controlled experiment, only one of the variables is tested at a time, while other variables are kept the same or constant.

Changing only one variable at a time allows a researcher to identify the variable that causes a particular experimental result. This allows the research to come up with a logical conclusion.

B

A scientific theory is a well-tested explanation about the ideas and the events that occur in the natural world. It underwent a series of observation and experiments before it was accepted by the scientific community.

b. a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observation

D

D

A light microscope uses light rays to form an image of a specimen. Through the use of light, it allows us to study a dead organism and its parts, as well as living cells and microorganisms.

a. light microscope

Science opens you to a realm of exploration, curiosity, and exploration into the unknown. Our technological growth, our perspective of ourselves as living beings, and our understanding of our surroundings are all influenced by the sciences.

Science’s goal is to explain nature, or to interpret what we’ve learned from experience, and to suggest new paradigms and notions by pointing out a variety of options.

A hypothesis is based on observations that a scientist has made. The main way a hypothesis can help is by letting scientists reach a logical conclusion and explanation using a methodical approach. Whether a hypothesis is proved correct or incorrect, it is still new knowledge that has been gained.

A hypothesis is a testable idea based on a set of observations. It can be obtained in three ways. These ways include the use prior knowledge, the use of logical inference, and the use of an informed and creative imagination.

{Scientists test only one variable at a time so it is easier to interpret their results. If they test more than one variable they won’t know which one is affecting their results.}

In a scientific investigation, the term variable refers to the factors that are used in an experiment. Examples of variables would include the equipment or material used, amount of material, type of material, temperature, light, water, and time. In a controlled experiment, the two kinds of variables are the manipulated variable, which is the variable that is changed; and the responding variable, which is the variable that is affected by the manipulated variable. On the other hand, a control, which belongs to a control group, is the sample that remains the same all throughout the experiment. A control group is designed to set the standard or benchmark to measure the effect of changes in other experimental groups.

In giving conclusions in an experiment, scientists use data to support, refute or revise their idea or hypothesis.

If the given data give the researchers generally correct inference but few wrong details, they may need to revise their hypothesis and retest it.

Redi’s used jars, meat, and gauze in his experiments. He kept everything the same except for the gauze, which was the variable. He only placed gauze on some of the jar, which is important since the gauze is what kept the flies from getting to the meat. The meat in the jars covered by the gauze did not end up with maggots.

The data from the experiment is used to draw a conclusion and determine whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted.

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Spallanzani conducted a test based on Redi and Needham’s work and improved it. He designed an experiment to confirm if living organisms are produced by existing organisms. Assuming that the heat will kill the microorganisms in the liquid, he had a notion that Needham didn’t heat his samples enough. He used two containers filled with gravy and heated them. After that, he sealed one jar and the other jar was left open. After a few days, he noticed that the sealed jar didn’t contain any microorganisms, while the unsealed jar contained microorganisms. Based on the results of the experiment, Spallanzani concluded that nonliving things do not produce living things. The unsealed jar was swarming with microorganisms due to the airborne organisms that entered jar. His findings supported Redi’s hypothesis saying that living organisms are formed only by existing organisms. This opposed the theory of spontaneous generation, which say that living things came from nonliving matter.

A *theory* is defined as a widely accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by an extensive body of evidence such as consistent results from repeated experiments.

A hypothesis may only become a theory if it is well-supported by an extensive body of evidence. This means that the hypothesis must be supported by evidence from repeated experiments.

If a hypothesis is disproved by contradictory data, then it cannot become a theory. For instance, the hypothesis of spontaneous generation was disproved by Pasteur’s experiments.

In biology, the term differentiation, or also known as cell differentiation, refers to the process by which cells develop into specialized cells that have a distinct form and perform a specific function. This process happens when a multicellular organism begins to develop. For example, when a zygote develops, the cells begin to differentiate into the various cell types like muscle cells, blood cells, nerve cells, cardiac cells, liver cells and intestinal cells.

Table and graphs are both helpful in recording and analyzing data. However, when it comes in showing the data visually, it is best to use graphs. Graphs are designed to show trends or patterns. In this way, analyzing the data would be easier. On the other hand, tables are best used only when recording data.

A cell culture is a group of cells that were reproduced from a single cell mixed with a nutrient solution.
Cell cultures are useful to biologists because it allows biologists to test what happens to the cell when exposed to certain experimental conditions. Also, biologists learn the way the cells interact with one another and whether or not, these cells should be studied further.

A ruler is an instrument that is used to measure the length of an object, usually in centimeters (cm) or millimeters (mm). It usually contains markings that indicate the unit of measure.

To properly use a ruler, it is important to align the edge of an object to the first marking at zero. Next, the object can then be measured by looking at the marking where the object ends.

In the case of this book, its length is around 283 mm (28.3 cm). Conversely, its width is around 224 mm (22.4 cm). Note that these measured values may vary from one person to another.

Length = 283 mm; Width = 224 mm

Hence, we can say that science is a process about learning the world, rather than a collection of unchanging facts or evidence.

The advantage to a light microscope is that the specimen that you are studying can be alive while for all forms of the electron microscope, the specimen must be dehydrated and preserved which is a large disadvantage. A light microscope would be better for viewing things that are larger than 0.2 micrometers while electron microscopes are better for viewing much smaller details. An electron microscope can provide a three dimensional image (more specifically the scanning electron microscope).

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The theory of biogenesis explains that living organisms came from other living organisms, as opposed to the theory of spontaneous generation that say that living things came from nonliving matter. One strength of this theory is that it is well-supported by other investigations. There were several investigations done by other scientists to test the validity of this theory. Also, it has an impact to the society. This theory led to many discoveries, particularly about the nature of infectious diseases. However, all theories have one weakness. Because science is a continuous quest for knowledge, a theory is not always the final answer to a single question. Once a new information is uncovered, theories can be changed or improved by a new explanation.

Tables and graphs are used as visual representations in a given data or experiment. Researchers uses graph to show and illustrate the relationship in the data.

In the diagram presented we can summarize the findings in each graph just by looking at its trend,

To know which type of food would make an animal grow faster, an experiment must be conducted using two animals of the same species and the same age group. For example, we can use two rats. These animals must be placed in the same shelter. For three weeks, one rat is fed with cheese, while the other is fed with bread. Every week, the rats are going to be measured in terms of height. The results are going to be compared to determine which food has helped the animal to grow at a faster rate.

{If more than one variable is changing, you cannot determine which variable is affecting the outcome.}