Nelson Science Perspectives 10
Nelson Science Perspectives 10
1st Edition
Christy C. Hayhoe, Doug Hayhoe, Jeff Major, Maurice DiGiuseppe
ISBN: 9780176355289
Table of contents
Textbook solutions

All Solutions

Section 7-7: Explore an Issue Critically

Exercise 1
Step 1
1 of 3
a.
Precipitation is the fall of water (in any state) from the skies. It is a general term used for rain, snow and hails. Fossil fuel emissions add sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. This dissolve in atmospheric moisture to form sulfuric acid. This acid therefore becomes a constituent of any state of water in the clouds and falls to the ground as acid precipitation.
Step 2
2 of 3
b. A buffer solution is solution that tends to resist a change in its pH. The buffering capacity of a solution is its ability to resist this change in terms of number of moles of acid or bases required to change its pH by one unit. Mathematically it is given by the formula:

$$
text{Buffering capacity}=dfrac{text{Number of moles of acid or base}}{text{change in pH}timestext{Volume of Buffer solution in litres}}
$$

Result
3 of 3
Click to see answer.
Exercise 2
Step 1
1 of 3
a. Acid rain is rain water containing dissolved sulfuric acid in it. This sulfuric acid is formed by the dissolving of sulfur dioxide (from the combustion of fossil fuels) in atmospheric moisture and water vapor in the clouds. Acid precipitation contains the same sulfuric acid dissolved in it but the form in which it falls from the clouds is different. The word acid rain only falls as rain while precipitation can be rain, snow or hails.
Step 2
2 of 3
b. Acid precipitation is also known as wet deposition because sulfuric acid becomes deposited on land due to this rain, hail, fog and snow. The medium of deposition is aqueous (dissolved in water) and hence the name wet.
Step 3
3 of 3
c. Dry deposition is acidic particles dispersion due to wind while wet deposition is due to water.
Exercise 3
Step 1
1 of 1
Fossil fuel emissions add sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. This dissolve in atmospheric moisture to form sulfuric acid. This acid therefore becomes a constituent of any state of water in the clouds and falls to the ground as acid rain.
Exercise 4
Step 1
1 of 3
a. Fossil fuel emissions add sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere. These compounds when dissolved in water (atmospheric moisture) contribute to acid precipitation.
Step 2
2 of 3
b. Equation of sulfur dioxide conversion of sulfur trioxide:

$$
mathrm{2SO_{2(g)} + O_{2(g)} longrightarrow 2SO_{3(g)} }
$$

And dissolving of sulfur trioxide in water vapor to form sulfuric acid:

$$
mathrm{SO_{3(g)} + H_2O_{(l)} longrightarrow H_2SO_{4(aq)} }
$$

Result
3 of 3
Click to see answers.
Exercise 5
Step 1
1 of 2
a. In 2004, less than $1%+2%approx3%$ of sulfur dioxide emissions came from transportation, while oxides of nitrogen formed $29%+22%=51%$ of these emissions.
Step 2
2 of 2
b. Modern cars are equipped with catalytic converters to convert the harmful oxides of nitrogen to nitrogen and oxygen. People should travel via public transport and not personal cars to reduce the number of vehicles on the road and therefore reduce these harmful emissions associated with combustion of fossil fuels in combustion engines.
Exercise 6
Step 1
1 of 3
a. Frogs are most tolerant of acidic conditions. They can even survive in environment of pH as low as 4.
Step 2
2 of 3
b. Snails are most intolerant of acidic conditions. They can not even survive in environment of pH as high as 5.5.
Result
3 of 3
a. Frogs.

b. Snails.

Exercise 7
Step 1
1 of 3
Acid precipitation is an environmental hazard. It has adverse effects on the environment. Acid precipitation on woodlands and farmlands destroy forests and crops and long term effects can even render the soil infertile and incapable of bearing vegetation and forests.
Step 2
2 of 3
Acid precipitation in rivers, seas and other water bodies adversely affects marine life causing many species to die out as the pH of the water bodies decreases.
Step 3
3 of 3
Acid precipitation erodes buildings, structures and stone monuments because of its acidic nature.
Exercise 8
Step 1
1 of 2
Acid precipitation is an environmental hazard. It has adverse effects on the environment. Acid precipitation on farmlands destroys crops and decreases their yields. Its long term effects can even render the soil infertile and incapable of bearing vegetation.
Step 2
2 of 2
Acid precipitation in rivers, seas and other water bodies adversely affects marine life causing many species to die out as the pH of the water bodies decreases. This means that species of edible fishes (and other seafood) reduce in both number and quantity. Lower number of edible sea species will mean that prices of seafood will increase.
Exercise 9
Step 1
1 of 2
Emission of sulfur dioxide reduced from $40%$ in 2000 to $38%$ by 2020 in the United States while in Canada it reduced from $53%$ to $21%$ for the same time duration.
Step 2
2 of 2
Emission of oxides of nitrogen reduced from little to none in 2000 to $47%$ by 2020 in the United States while in Canada it reduced from $17%$ to $39%$ for the same time duration.
Exercise 10
Step 1
1 of 1
Some of the lakes in Canada have shown an increase in pH implying that acid precipitation has reduced in the atmosphere.
Exercise 11
Step 1
1 of 4
a.

Balanced chemical equation:

$$
mathrm{CaO_{(s)} + H_2O_{(l)} longrightarrow Ca(OH)_{2(aq)} }
$$

Step 2
2 of 4
b. Calcium oxide reacts with the moisture in the soil (or water bodies) to form calcium hydroxide which is basic in nature and neutralizes the affect of acids in it.
Step 3
3 of 4
c. Using calcium oxide treatment to neutralize acid precipitation because they can only neutralize the acidic effects of precipitation for a certain time and quantity of acid. These get used up after a certain time and by the next season of precipitation, they need to be replenished to be effective again.
Step 4
4 of 4
d. A permanent solution to this problem will be to minimize the combustion of fossil fuels, to reduce acidic pollutants contributing to acid precipitation.
Exercise 12
Step 1
1 of 1
Fossil fuel combustion in any part of the world will contribute to addition of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in the common atmosphere of the planet earth. Therefore, it is essential to fight it at a global level because its effects are not localized but affects life of plants, animals, sea life, birds and human across the planet.
Exercise 13
Step 1
1 of 2
a. Lime stone is calcium carbonate, this in the presence of acid from acid precipitation reacts to form calcium sulfate, water and carbon dioxide, according to the equation:

$$
mathrm{CaCO_{3(s)} + H_2SO_{4(aq)} longrightarrow CaSO_{4(aq)}+ H_2O_{(l)}+CO_{2(g)} }
$$

The acid is neutralized and hence the pH of this lake is maintained. In the case of granite layered lake, this does not happen and the acid in acid precipitation only decreases the pH of the water of this lake.

Step 2
2 of 2
b. The lake with the lime stone layer will have a healthier aquatic environment as its pH is usually maintained around 7 as described above and therefore all species of this lake will continue to thrive in it.
Exercise 14
Step 1
1 of 1
The youngs or off-springs of any specie are weak and vulnerable to disease and even death if their environment is not favorable, therefore the population of young aquatic animals indicate that their environment is healthy even to sustain the population of its aquatic life.
unlock
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New
Chapter 1: Living and Working with Science
Chapter 4: Plant Systems
Section 4-1: Systems in Plants
Section 4-2: Plant Tissue Systems
Section 4-4: Tissues Working Together
Section 4-6: Plant Growth
Page 150: Review
Page 152: Self-Quiz
Page 159: Unit Review
Page 164: Self-Quiz
Chapter 5: Chemicals and Their Properties
Section 5-1: Properties and Changes
Section 5-3: Hazardous Products and Workplace Safety
Section 5-4: Patterns and the Periodic Table
Section 5-5: Atoms and Ions
Section 5-6: Ionic Compounds
Section 5-7: Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Section 5-9: Polyatomic Ions
Section 5-10: Molecules and Covalent Bonding
Page 216: Review
Page 218: Self-Quiz
Chapter 6: Chemicals and Their Reactions
Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
Section 7-2: Properties, Names, and Formulas
Section 7-3: The pH Scale
Section 7-5: Neutralization Reactions
Section 7-7: Explore an Issue Critically
Page 294: Review
Page 296: Self-Quiz
Page 303: Unit Review
Page 309: Self-Quiz
Chapter 8: Earth’s Climate System and Natural Change
Section 8-1: Weather and Climate
Section 8-2: Classifying Climate
Section 8-3: The Sun Powers Earth’s Climate System
Section 8-4: Components of Earth’s Climate System
Section 8-6: The Greenhouse Effect
Section 8-8: Energy Transfer within the Climate System: Air and Ocean Circulation
Section 8-9: Long-Term and Short-Term Changes
Section 8-10: Feedback Loops and Climate
Section 8-11: Studying Clues to Past Climates
Page 364: Review
Page 367: Self-Quiz
Chapter 9: Earth’s Climate: Out of Balance
Chapter 10: Assessing and Responding to Climate Change
Section 10-1: Climate Models and Clean Energy
Section 10-2: Global Impacts of Climate Change
Section 10-3: Impacts of Climate Change on Ontario
Section 10-4: Taking Action to Limit Climate Change
Section 10-5: What Can Individuals Do?
Page 438: Review
Page 440: Self-Quiz
Page 446: Unit Review
Page 453: Self-Quiz
Chapter 11: The Production and Reflection of Light
Section 11-1: What is Light?
Section 11-2: How is Light Produced?
Section 11-3: The Laser?A Special Type of Light
Section 11-4: The Ray Model of Light
Section 11-6: The Laws of Reflection
Section 11-7: Images in Plane Mirrors
Section 11-9: Images in Curved Mirrors
Page 506: Review
Page 509: Self-Quiz
Chapter 13: Lenses and Optical Devices
Section 13-1: Writing a Critical Analysis
Section 13-3: Images in Lenses
Section 13-4: The Lens Equations
Section 13-5: Lens Applications
Section 13-6: The Human Eye
Page 582: Review
Page 584: Self-Quiz
Page 590: Unit Review
Page 596: Self-Quiz