To create growth of organism systems, to replace dying/damaged cells, and for reproduction

Interphase is the resting period between mitotic cell divisions

Cell nuclei replicate before cell division so that both daughter cells have the same amount of DNA as the parent cell

The size and growth of the area where cell division is occurring will occur more quickly in the cell sample that is dividing more quickly

Nutrients, genetics, presence of toxic chemicals, and stress all effect the growth of healthy cells

Smoking, sun exposure, and chewing tobacco

The digestive system releases nutrients from food that enter the blood stream to reach cells all across the body and the cardiovascular system provides oxygen for cells

Plants can create their own energy using photosynthesis and do not need to move from place to place to find food

Epidermal tissue is thin and flexible which allows it to form an exterior barrier on the animals body

Carrots require more nutrients to be extracted from the soil in order to fuel its growth than does a grass plant

When I fell on the road my legs were scraped and cut, but thanks to my cells regenerating around the wound, you could never tell that it happened

When I fell on the road my legs were scraped and cut, but thanks to my cells regenerating around the wound, you could never tell that it happened.

Both allow living things to obtain needed resources, and involve water, glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where cellular respiration does not occur in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis uses water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen, where cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Both allow living things to obtain needed resources, and involve water, glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

During cytokinesis, animal cells form furrow or cleavage that leads to the creation of daughter cells, but due to the rigid cell wall of plant cells, they do not furrow. The other differences are the creation of new organelles that only exist in one or the other such as chloroplasts in plant cells and lysosomes in animal cells

Normal cells can specialize in various ways, have a slower rate of cell division, cannot move, have slower mitosis speeds, and appear normal. Cancerous cells cannot specialize, undergo mitosis and cell division rapidly, and can move to affect other tissues

X-rays are used in dentistry to observe teeth and possible cavity growth. Nuclear imaging is used in medicine as chemical tracers. X-rays are also used by radiologists to view damaged bone structures within the body.

Increases in volume lead to decreases in the surface area to volume ratio of the cell, requiring more nutrients while having less ability to acquire such nutrients

Cardiac muscles are striated and perform involuntarily, smooth muscle are found in organs and perform involuntarily, and skeletal muscle are found along bone structures and perform voluntarily

By making them behave as stem cells, they can be coerced into forming new tissues since they can self-renew and differentiate

Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of tissues or organs across different species instead of across the same species

This allows pollen to fly from one plant to another in the chance of pollination.

Thick cuticles would be found on plants that live in very dry climates to prevent water loss

This is an advantage so that frogs can respirate while their heads are underwater or the ground, but a disadvantage since it only works if the back is moist.

Plants provide me shade, oxygen, a shield from the wind, and structure for tools and buildings

a) Secretion, protection, and selective absorption.

b) control interactions with plant surroundings

c) They are similar in both function and role, but animal epithelial cells are capable of more than plant dermal cells as they carry out the regulation on their own, where plants have cuticles etc.

a) Secretion, protection, and selective absorption.

Animals have circulatory systems ran primarily by the heart, where plants have xylem and phloem tissues that transport nutrients and water throughout the plant

Plants obtain nutrients from the ground, atmosphere, and through photosynthesis. Animals drink water, breathe air from the atmosphere, and move around to find sources of food to eat

Plants have two organ systems, the shoot system and the root system. Plants have 4 organs, roots, leaves, stems, and reproductive organs. Plants have three tissues, dermal, vascular, and ground. Plants have plant cells with cell walls and chloroplasts.

Animals have up to 10 organ systems, the circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, digestive, excretory, reproductive, nervous, integumentary and endocrine systems. Each system has organs such as the heart in the circulatory system, lungs in the respiratory, and brain in the nervous system. Each organ is derived from one of three tissues, smooth, cardiac, and muscle. Animal cell have lysosomes and lack cell walls and chloroplasts.

Plants have two organ systems, the shoot system and the root system. Plants have 4 organs, roots, leaves, stems, and reproductive organs. Plants have three tissues, dermal, vascular, and ground. Plants have plant cells with cell walls and chloroplasts.

Many plants use asexual reproduction so that if they are the only plant of their kind in an area, they can still reproduce. Animals that undergo asexual reproduction have a tougher time adapting to environmental changes since fewer genetic variations occur

The nervous system involves lots of feedback mechanisms to regulate the other organ systems. The circulatory system works together with the respiratory system to maintain oxygen levels within the blood. The digestive system and excretory system work together to supply nutrients to the body while removing wastes.

Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The plasma is a fluid that contains proteins that help blood clot, red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight disease, and platelets form blood clots at cuts on the body.

a) the endoplasmic reticulum is similar to the digestive system since it packages and ships nutrients needed within the cell.

b) golgi bodies are similar to the circulatory in that they transport materials around the cell

c) the cytoplasm is similar to the plasma found within blood since it hold the blood together and contains other components

a) the endoplasmic reticulum is similar to the digestive system since it packages and ships nutrients needed within the cell.

The plants at the bottom would receive no sunlight and would have a tough time creating food without the sunlight needed for photosynthesis

One advantage is that if the body has lots of specialized cells, tasks can be separated and performed more efficiently, but if problems occur, the specialized cells may not be able to fight against the problem since they only have one role

A deficiency in hemoglobin leads to oxygen deficiencies in cells around the body. This could lead to the organism having little energy and being tired.

text a) \
begin{equation}
Percentage(cell) = frac {N(stage)}{N(total)}times100
end{equation}

begin{equation}
Time(stage)) = frac {percentage(cell)times(15hour)} {100}
end{equation}

textbf{N: number of cells in each stage}\

setlength{tabcolsep}{18pt}
renewcommand{arraystretch}{1.5}
begin{tabular}{ |p{2cm}|p{2cm}|p{2cm}|p{2cm}| }
hline
Cell stage or phase & Area 1 & Percentage in each stage/phase & Time for each phase\
hline
Interphase & 85 & 73,2 & 11(h) \
Prophase & 14 & 12 & 1h 48min \
Metaphase & 3 & 2,5 & 22 min \
Anaphase & 2 & 1,7 & 13 min \
Telophase & 3 & 2,5 & 22 min \
Cytokinesis & 9 & 7,7 & 1h 9 min \
Total cell count & 116 &100 &15 h\
hline
end{tabular}

setlength{tabcolsep}{18pt}
renewcommand{arraystretch}{1.5}
begin{tabular}{ |p{2cm}|p{2cm}|p{2cm}|p{2cm}| }
hline
Cell stage or phase & Area 2 & Percentage in each stage/phase & Time for each phase\
hline
Interphase & 78 & 76,5 & 11h 28 min \
Prophase & 9 & 8,8 & 1h 20min\
Metaphase & 1 & 0, 9 & 9 min\
Anaphase & 3 & 2,9 & 26 min \
Telophase & 5 & 4,9 & 45 min\
Cytokinesis & 6 & 5,8 & 52 min\
Total cell count & 102 & 100 & 15h\
hline
end{tabular}

b)

See the explanation

a) blood cells and skin cells both grow and mature until they die, where they are cycled out of the body.

b) Skin creams speed up the process of creating new skin cells that will flush out old skin cells, making skin smoother and younger looking

c) Follow the life cycle of the skin cells to see if the cycle is just happening more quickly or if the skin cream causes new skin cell growth

a) blood cells and skin cells both grow and mature until they die, where they are cycled out of the body.

a) different cells have different roles and are exposed to different environments, the acidic environment of the stomach is much more difficult to survive and grow within than in the regulated environment within the brain.

b) Injuries will heal more quickly in areas of the body where the cell cycle takes less time

a) different cells have different roles and are exposed to different environments, the acidic environment of the stomach is much more difficult to survive and grow within than in the regulated environment within the brain.

a) this claim could be tested by measuring the UVB levels of skin with the sunblock and comparing to skin without the sunblock. This would be unethical because it could cause skin cancer in participants due to sun exposure

b) If the sunblock protects against UVA rays like it claims it does UVB, then the lessened UVA exposure would lead to a decrease in cancer rates

a) this claim could be tested by measuring the UVB levels of skin with the sunblock and comparing to skin without the sunblock. This would be unethical because it could cause skin cancer in participants due to sun exposure

If the chromosomes could no longer control the rate of cell division, it would have weakened stopping or slowing mechanisms, and cells would divide much more frequently

b) This could be detected by comparing the cell cycle rates observed to normal cell cycle rates for the cells tested

If the chromosomes could no longer control the rate of cell division, it would have weakened stopping or slowing mechanisms, and cells would divide much more frequently

Since some pests often transfer pollen, fruit growers may wait to use pesticides until after the fruit has started growing to protect the fruit from pests while not preventing the fruit from growing

Since some pests often transfer pollen, fruit grower’s may wait to use pesticides until after the fruit has started growing to protect the fruit from pests while not preventing the fruit from growing

a) you could test and compare the rates of ripening between an apple exposed to the ripe banana and an apple that is not exposed to the ripe banana

b) You could contain the ethene gas within a bag so while the bananas may ripen and spoil faster, it will prevent other fruits from ripening or spoiling too quickly

a) you could test and compare the rates of ripening between an apple exposed to the ripe banana and an apple that is not exposed to the ripe banana

If you introduced some tracer chemical in one portion of the plant and saw the chemical travel throughout the plant it would show how vascular tissue connects all parts of a plant

The respiratory system and circulatory system work together to supply oxygen to all cells in the body that need it while discarding carbon dioxide byproducts of cellular respiration.

The respiratory system and circulatory system work together to supply oxygen to all cells in the body that need it while discarding carbon dioxide byproducts of cellular respiration. The respiratory system absorbs oxygen from the air into blood within the lungs and the circulatory system transports the oxygen rich blood throughout the body.

A water potential gradient (less water as height increases) causes water to rise up through the xylem and adhesion and cohesion forces (interaction properties of water molecules) cause water to move through the phloem.

Get together with fellow classmates and create small acts that show the phases of the cell cycle

Disadvantages are that it becomes more difficult to transport nutrients and water throughout the plant if more nutrients are needed and must overcome more gravitational forces. Advantages are that there will be less competition blocking them from receiving sunlight needed for photosynthesis

The friend is not correct, plants actually produce oxygen using the carbon dioxide that we exhale.

The oxygen molecule enters the nose and travels until it reaches the lungs, where it is absorbed by hemoglobin within the blood. The blood is circulated and pumped by the heart until the oxygen reaches the muscle, where it will diffuse from the blood into the cells within the muscle.

Grafting is a method of asexual reproduction used to combine desired stem characteristics with desired root characteristics.

Grafting is a method of asexual reproduction used to combine desired stem characteristics with desired root characteristics. It is asexual because there is no pollination or anything occurring that creates seedlings which would form a new plant.

By reading about and studying flashcards of the various cell cycle stages and their defining characteristics, there will be less difficulty identifying them from one another.

GMO’s are important to increase yields and size of fruit. My understanding has not changed, as there are drawbacks to GMO’s, but the gains are important as global population increases

Never smoke, never drink alcohol, and eat healthier foods

a) Plants use carbon dioxide to produce oxygen, animals use oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.

b) Yes, this balance is what allows animals and plants to coexist on Earth since they provide one another food, nutrients, and needed gas.

c) you can compare the way they obtain food, mobility, tissue and organ systems

a) Plants use carbon dioxide to produce oxygen, animals use oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.

While imaging is interesting, there is not enough problem solving and constant brain stimulation for the career to be enjoyable for me

I have always believed organ donation is important since you can no longer use the organs, you should donate them to possibly save someone’s life.

b) my understanding has not changed due to studying this unit

I have always believed organ donation is important since you can no longer use the organs, you should donate them to possibly save someone’s life.

P indicates that the atria are contracting, pumping blood into the ventricles.
QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization and contraction.
T wave represents ventricular repolarization.

Herbivores have a specialized digestive system compared to a carnivore since it is more difficult to digest vegetation than meat. Herbivore teeth are flat to grind plant material. Carnivores have sharp teeth to tear flesh

a) tissue engineering is the combination of cellular biology and engineering solutions to use tissue scaffolds to create/grow organs.

b) at this point nearly every organ has been tissue engineered so there is no organ left to suggest

a) tissue engineering is the combination of cellular biology and engineering solutions to use tissue scaffolds to create/grow organs.

Skin cancer is more common for people living in regions with higher temperatures and amounts of sunlight as well as those who work outside most of the time as their amount of sun exposure is higher than average. To lessen the risk of skin cancer people should wear clothing, sun block, or limit exposure time

a) Colony collapse disorder is when many worker bees of a colony disappear leaving the queen and few bees behind. It has been observed often in North America and less frequently in Europe.

b) With fewer bees, less pollination occurs and farmers will have much smaller yields than normal, decreasing food supply.

a) Colony collapse disorder is when many worker bees of a colony disappear leaving the queen and few bees behind. It has been observed often in North America and less frequently in Europe.