Home Page Textbooks Nelson Science Perspectives 10 Page 116: Review

Nelson Science Perspectives 10

1st Edition

Christy C. Hayhoe, Doug Hayhoe, Jeff Major, Maurice DiGiuseppe

ISBN: 9780176355289

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Page 116: Review

Exercise 1

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Organisms are made up of organ system which are made up of organs which are made up of tissues which are made up of cells.

Result

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Organisms are made up of all other levels.

Exercise 2

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setlength{tabcolsep}{18pt}
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begin{tabular}{ |p{2cm}|p{4cm}|p{4cm}| }
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Tissue Type & Tructure & Function\
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Muscle Tissue & Made up of cells that are able to contract. & Movement\
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Nerve Tissuue & Made up of long, thin cells with fine branches at the ends capable of conducting electrical impulses. & Transmitting information arround the body.\
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Connective Tissue & Various types of cells and fibres held together by a liquid, a solid, or a gel, known as a matrix& Support and installation \
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Epithelial Tissue & Made up of thin sheets of tightly packed cells covering surfaces and lining internal organs. & protection and reduction of water loss. \
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end{tabular}\

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The structure and function of different tissue types are mentionned in the table.

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Muscle Tissue, made up of cells that are able to contract, functions for movement.
Nerve Tissue, made up of thin, long cells that conduct electrical impulses, transmitting in formation around the body.
Connective Tissue, made up of different types of cells and fibres that are held together by a fluid. Functions to support and insulate the body.
Epithelial Tissue, made up of tightly packed cells, protection and reduction of water loss.

Exercise 3

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a. The digestive system processes eaten food to nutrients to be absorbed by the blood of the body and supplied to all parts of the body to nourish and energize them to fulfill their roles in the body. The undigested matter is defecated out of the body as feaces.

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b. The brain regulates and coordinates all bodily functions.

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c. Blood is the medium of exchange of nutrients, oxygen, waste products and carbon dioxide between cells. All tissues in the body are supplied with blood through a dense network of capillaries. When blood carrying nutrients from the digestive system and oxygen from lungs passes them, these are passed from the blood to the tissues while waste products and carbon dioxide are passed from the tissues to the blood. The blood then transports these to their respective systems to be ejected out of the body.

Exercise 4

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The nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord which coordinates and regulates activities going on in the body. Signals travel to and from them via a defined network of neurons. For example, on a hot day, the neurons in the skin feel the rise in temperature and transmit this information to the central nervous system, the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) transmit a signal to the sweat-glands to produce sweat to cool the body down. The person therefore starts perspiring. If this system would not have been place, then the body would have become hot and die of overheating.

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The nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord which coordinates and regulates activities going on in the body. Signals travel to and from them via a defined network of neurons.

Exercise 5

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a. Smooth muscle tissues move food through the digestive tract.

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b. Smooth muscle tissues move food through the digestive tract by contracting and relaxing. They are involuntary in nature and can activate anytime when food is swallowed.

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a. Smooth muscle tissues.

b. By contracting and relaxing involuntarily.

Exercise 6

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a. The musculoskeletal system gives the body its structure and support.

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b. The musculoskeletal system also gives the body its ability to move its limbs as well as move from one place to another.

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c. The musculoskeletal system is made up to connective tissues. These contain the bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilages.

Exercise 7

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a. The circulatory system is responsible for transporting nutrients to all parts of the body.

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b. The main organ of the circulatory system is the heart that pumps blood containing nutrients to all parts of the body.

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a. The circulatory system.

b. The heart.

Exercise 8

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a) embryonic stem cells can differentiate into many different cell types where tissue stem cells normally differentiate into the same tissue they originated from

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b) tissue stem cells can replace cells that are suffering from disease or injury.

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a) embryonic stem cells can differentiate into many different cell types where tissue stem cells normally differentiate into the same tissue they originated from

Exercise 9

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a. The term regeneration is the ability to redevelop an organ when the original one is damaged. A body is able to do this by using the remaining tissues of the damaged organ.

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b. Humans can regenerate some organs and not others. A classic example of this is the liver. Humans have five lobes of liver, if one of them is damaged (or removed for donation), the human body can regenerate it. The shape and size of the regenerated organ may or may not be same as the original.

Exercise 10

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a) the functions of the human arm are to extend the hands away from the body to help carry things and pick up resources.

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b) the functions of a bird wing are to allow for flight

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c) both are appendages that move to perform a function, but birds cannot pick things up with their wings, while humans cannot fly with arms.

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d) Bird wings are not dense and have a large surface area to volume ratio to support flight where a human arm is dense for carrying objects and picking things up that may be heavy.

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a) the functions of the human arm are to extend the hands away from the body to help carry things and pick up resources.

Exercise 11

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The circulatory and respiratory rely on one another to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. The skeletal system and muscular system rely on one another for support and to create movement. The digestive system relies on the excretory system to get rid of waste.

Exercise 12

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Diagnostic Technologies &Description and uses \
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Angiogram & a special X-Ray used to diagnose coronary artery disease by injecting a fluorecent dye into the bloodstream. \
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Electrocardiogram & used to diognose heart attack, it measures the electrical signals created by the heart as it beats.\
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The CT skan & It combines data from several X-rays to produce a detailed image of the structures inside the human body.\
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Blood test & the procedure involves taking blood from a vein to make a lab test. It is always required in heart ,kidney, thyroid diseases, diabetes …and more cases.\
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end{tabular}

Result

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The principal diagnostic technologies mentionned in the book are: Angiogram, Electrocardiogram, the CT skan and Blood tests.

Exercise 13

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All of the different cells in our bodies come from a single specific cell called zygote, that goes throught a series of divisions to generate many embryonic stem cells wich are able to differentiate to many specialized tissue and make the body organs. Then, when it reaches a mature cell type downstream as the adult or somatic steam cells, it will no longuer differentiate.

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All of the different cells in our bodies come from a single specific cell called zygote.

Exercise 15

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setlength{tabcolsep}{18pt}
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multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Organ transplantation}\
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Person & Pros & Cons\
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Recepient & A chance of living more fulfilled and healthier life, increasing the life span. & The surgery could result in organ impairement, failure and rejection or infection.\
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Donor or donors family & Saving lives and feeling a sens of goodness and satisfaction.& Living donors may have surgical complications wich can include infection, blood loss or blood clots, allergic reactions, pneumonia… or pain during recovery.\
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end{tabular}\

Result

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Organ transplantation can give a chance of living more fulfilled and healthier life for recepient, and makes donors feel a sens of satisfaction. However it might cause some surgical complications for both, resulting in infection, pain, or allergic reactions, and rejection for recepient.

Exercise 16

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By increasing the amount of hemoglobin in the bloodstream, the athlete can carry more oxygen and replenish oxygen-poor cells more quickly, preventing the athlete from tiring as easily as normal.

Exercise 17

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Body systems & Contribution to Homeostasis\
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Circulatory system & Regulation of body temperature and transporting of disease-fighting white blood cells to areas of the body where there are viruses or bacteria. \
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Nervous system& Nerves regulate involuntary fonctions such as breathing, herartbeat, and digestion.It controls the breathing by detecting the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and sending signials to the diaphragm. \
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Digestive system & The stomach produces several hormones that regulate food ingestion and digestion and the bacterial flora in the intestines produce vitamins like biotin and vitamin K and guard against harmful bacteria.\
hline
end{tabular}

Result

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Maintenance of homeostasis involves negative feedback loops detected by the primarily nerve cells then relayed to the regulatory control center wich act to oppose the stimulus or cue, that triggers them by activating specefic effectors.

Exercise 18

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It is unlikely since swimming will use up oxygen within the body and since you cannot breathe underwater she would have no way to replenish the cells with oxygen and would likely be forced to come up for air or would drown.

Exercise 19

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Nutrients are supplied to the fetus from the blood of the expectant mother via the umbilical cord. These nutrients are made up of the digested food consumed by the mother. If the mother eats healthy, healthy nutrients are supplied to the fetus. Expected mothers are therefore advised not to smoke, drink or take drugs during the course of their pregnancies because all of these can adversely affect the growth, development and even life of the fetus.

Exercise 20

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DNA screening identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, and proteins. A person may not undergo DNA screening if they do not want to confirm or find out about possible diseases they may have or experience later on in life

Exercise 22

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X-ray imaging (radiography, fluoroscopy and CT-skan) :

Exposure to hight levels of ionizing radiation has enough energy to cause damage to DNA and leads to cells mutation, then the risk of developing cancer later in life, as Mammography could leads to breast cancer. But it depends on the radiation dose, the body region, and the patient’s age and sex. Added to this various conditions may show the same or similar result on an X-ray such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. Also X-ray images of a pregnant patient could affect the developing of fetus.

Electrocardiogram:

There are no medical complications associated with the ECG test.

Result

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Diagnostic technologies such as X-rays may have some drowbacks on body health, but it depends on the radiation dose and patient’s age and sex.

Exercise 23

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I have learned more about how the systems within the body work together to form bodily processes and how failures in one system can effect different processes due to the interdependence.

Exercise 24

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a) In my opinion medical technologies have an important role in helping doctors to diagnose diseases and disorders.

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b) After reading this chapter it seems to me that medical technologies could have some risks on the patient health such as X-rays, but it still be essential and indispensable.

Result

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My opinion hasn’t much changed, medical technologies are so important to improve health autcomes.

Exercise 25

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The immune system is a complex group of defence responses that protect the body against infection and external pathogens such as bacteria, fongi, toxins, and viruses.

As long as the body develop , the immune system develop from the innate state which you are born with to the
adaptive state called acquired immune system, by a network group of different cells, protein, and organs that work together to keep a record of every microbe which has ever defeated, so that will be quickly recognised and destroyed if it enters the body again.

White blood cells are the major component of the immunue system, stored in Thymus, Spleen, Bone marrow and Lymph nodes,circulate in blood and lymphatic vessels looking for pathogens. When they find a target, they begin to multiply and send signals out to other cell types to do the same.

The two main types of leukocytes are Phagocytes which destroy microbes and remove dead cells, and Lymphocytes which alert other leukocytes and produce antibodies for the next attack of the same antigen.

In some cases immunue system mistakes one or many parst of the body, like joints or skin, as foreign.So It secretes autoantibodies that attack healthy cells.What is known as Autoimmune Disease. Researchers don’t know exactly what causes this diseases, but it might involves genetics, diet, infections, and exposure to chemicals.

Result

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The immune system is a complex group of defence responses that protect the body against infection and external pathogens such as bacteria, fongi, toxins, and viruses.by a network of specialized cells, protein, and organs that work together to destroy microbes and produce antibodies for each antigen.

Exercise 26

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According to latest studies obese and overweight individuals have shown a greater number of fat cells than “naturally slim” people. And when they slim down, fat cells shrink in size, but the number does not decrease, which can be a factor in their tendency to regain the weight they lost.

The number of fat cells that we are stuck with can be influenced by genetics.

Obesity in young age poses immediate and future health risks. because during childhood and adolescence, the number of fat cells can increase or decrease, but after the teen years the body aims at keeping the number of fat cells constant. If a person is obese as a teenager or young adult when the body settles on its preferred fat cell number, adulthood would be a potential life-long weight struggle.

To avoid overweight in future, children should reduce the rate of weight gain while allowing normal growth and development by :

-Developing healthy eating habits.

-Drinking water.

-a Limit calorie-rich temptations.

-Helping them to stay active with regular physical activity.

-Ensure adequate sleep…

Result

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Fat gain is due mainly to increased fat cell size.and number. So the most important strategies for preventing children obesity in future is reducing the rate of weight gain by healthy eating behaviors, regular physical activity, and reduced sedentary activity.

Exercise 27

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$textbf{West Nile Virus transmission:}$

West Nile virus (WNV) infection is a mosquito-borne zoonosis that is endemo-epidemic in Europe. it is transmitted among migratory birds via the bite of infected mosquitoes and incidentally humans and other mammals may become infected.

$textbf{Effect on people’s life-style}$:

Most people infected with West Nile virus either don’t develop signs or symptoms or have only minor ones, such as a fever and mild headache. However, some people develop a life-threatening illness that includes inflammation of the spinal cord or brain.
So far it can cause a fatal neurological disease and death in humans.

$textbf{Treatment:}$

There’s no specific prophylaxis or treatment exist for WNV infections. The only available treatment is supportive care.

$textbf{Authorities preventive measures:}$

Systematic collection of epidemiological information on WNV infection among donors and recipients is an important tool taken by national authorities to better assess the risk of transmission. and take the next preventive measures:

-Temporarily interrupt blood collection or implement NAT screening for blood donations from WNV affected areas.

-Quarantine, retest and discard positive blood components in storage at the time of implementation of measures and retrieve.

-Quarantine blood components derived from whole blood donated 120 days prior the date of collection of the ID-NAT-positive donation.

-Enhance donor post-donation information, especially about fever, influenza-like illness or other acute symptoms within 15 days after donation.

Result

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West Nile Virus (WNV) is mainly transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
Although approximately 80% of people who are infected will not show any symptoms, health-care workers implement standard infection control precautions to reduce exposure of the virus.

Exercise 28

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$textbf{Ophthalmology}$ is the study of eye. A branch of medical science dealing with the structure, functions, and treatment of disorders and diseases of the eye and visual system.

The eye is related to the $textbf{sensory nervous system}$ However, there are a number of organ systems that also work with it like the muscular system and the vascular system.

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$textbf{Ophthalmoscope}$ is one of the first ophthalmic imaging tools. invented to see and record images of eye fundus.

$textbf{Fundus Cameras}$: are easier to use, automatic, non-mydriatic, and can also capture anterior segment photos.

$textbf{OCT}$: Spectral-domain OCT has replaced the original time-domain technology.

$textbf{Biometry:}$ capture numerous measurements of ocular dimensions necessary for planning cataract surgery.

$textbf{Ultrasound}$.

Result

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Ophthalmology is the study of eye’s anatomy, function and diseases with the help of ophthalmic imaging technologies which facilitate diagnostic.

Exercise 29

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$textbf{A transgenic organism }$ or $textbf{ A genetically modified organism (GMO) }$ is any organism whose genetic material has been altered or transformed using genetic engineering techniques, in order to research gene expression, create desired gene products, or promote valuable traits.

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Transgenic organisms have many applications in:

-$textbf{Agriculture}$:many insect-resistant transgenic plants have been produced to increase yield and reduce the use of pesticides.

-$textbf{Industry}$: bacteria have been engineered for use in biomedical research and to produce biofuels.

-$textbf{Medecine}$: transgenic animals are used to manufacture medicines such as human proteins and to create models of human disease.

Result

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Organisms that have altered genomes are known as transgenic. Mostof them are generated in the laboratory for research and developing purposes.

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