Home Page Textbooks Nelson Science Perspectives 10 Section 3-6: The Respiratory System

Nelson Science Perspectives 10

1st Edition

Christy C. Hayhoe, Doug Hayhoe, Jeff Major, Maurice DiGiuseppe

ISBN: 9780176355289

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Section 3-6: The Respiratory System

Exercise 1

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The mouth and the nasal cavity plays the role of air inlets for the respiratory system. The inhaled air is brought to the lungs through the wind pipe. Gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs. Oxygen from the inhaled air is absorbed by the blood in the surrounding capillary network. Carbon dioxide diffuses out from these capillaries into the lungs and travels up the wind pipe to be exhaled out via the nasal cavity or the mouth. Diaphragm ensures that the process of inhalation and exhalation continues.

Result

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The respiratory system is composed of the mouth and nasal cavity, the trachea, the bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.

Exercise 2

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The epithelial cells in the trachea and the bronchi produce mucus to trap any foreign particle in the inhaled air that can irritate the lungs. Lungs are very sensitive in nature and any alien particle in them can significantly irritate and even damage them. The presence of mucus is therefore a defense mechanism here. Mucus containing these trapped foreign particles (such as dust and smoke) is moved up the trachea by the cillia to be thrown out of the body via the mouth.

Result

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The epithelial cells in the trachea and the bronchi produce mucus to trap any foreign particle in the inhaled air that can irritate the lungs.

Exercise 3

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The purpose of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen in the body. This oxygen is absorbed by the red blood cells in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli in the lungs. This oxygen is then transported to the heart which pumps it to all parts of the body. Therefore it can be said that the respiratory system and the circulatory system work in coordination and association with each other to enrich each and every part of the body with oxygen. The same holds true for the return journey too. The blood after supplying oxygen to the parts of the body, collects carbon dioxide from them and bring them back to the heart. The heart pumps this deoxygenated blood back to the lungs. Carbon dioxide diffuses out from the blood to the lungs via the alveoli in the lungs. The lungs then exhale it out of the body.

Result

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These two systems work in coordination with each other to supply the body with oxygen.

Exercise 4

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The act of inhaling and exhaling is known as breathing. Gas exchange happens in the lungs where the capillaries surrounding the alveoli absorb oxygen from the inhaled air and discharge carbon dioxide to be exhaled out.

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The act of inhaling and exhaling is known as breathing while gas exchange happens in the lungs.

Exercise 5

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Solution 2

Solution 3

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a) Tuberculosis is a disease that has general symptoms such as dry cough, fever, weakness, chest pain, loss of appetite, and weight loss, which is why it is necessary to do an X-ray of a person who has had some of these symptoms long enough. However, as these symptoms are of a general nature, it can often happen that another type of disease, such as pneumonia, has taken over the body. For this reason, an X-ray of the lungs is often not enough to confirm tuberculosis. The sick person must do additional tests to prove the disease.

b) To determine if a patient has tuberculosis, doctors take secretions from the lungs or stomach, which are later examined.

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a) An X-ray of the lungs is often not enough to confirm tuberculosis.

b) To determine if a patient has tuberculosis, doctors take secretions from the lungs or stomach, which are later examined.

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a. Chest X-ray result can mistaken as either Pneumonia or TB.

b. That’s why doctors refers to other tests such as:

– The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) or the TB blood test can be used to test for M. tuberculosis infection. Additional tests are required to confirm TB disease. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is performed by injecting a small amount of fluid called tuberculin into the skin in the lower part of the arm. The test is read within 48 to 72 hours by a trained health care worker, who looks for a reaction (induration) on the arm.

The TB blood test measures the patient’s immune system reaction to M. tuberculosis.

-The presence of acid-fast-bacilli (AFB) on a sputum smear or other specimen often indicates TB disease. Acid-fast microscopy is easy and quick, but it does not confirm a diagnosis of TB because some acid-fast-bacilli are not M. tuberculosis. Therefore, a culture is done on all initial samples to confirm the diagnosis. (However, a positive culture is not always necessary to begin or continue treatment for TB.) A positive culture for M. tuberculosis confirms the diagnosis of TB disease. Culture examinations should be completed on all specimens, regardless of AFB smear results. Laboratories should report positive results on smears and cultures within 24 hours by telephone or fax to the primary health care provider and to the state or local TB control program, as required by law.

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a. X-rays of lungs affected by pneumonia or TB are very similar and therefore not a definite test to diagnose TB.

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b. TB is diagnosed by testing samples of lungs and/or stomach secretions in labs.

Exercise 6

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Gas exchange in both respiratory system of humans and fish rely on the process of diffusion where oxygen is absorbed by the blood and carbon dioxide is discharged by the blood. The difference is in the location of where this gas exchange is occurring. In humans, this occurs in the lungs by the alveoli. In fishes, no such structure is in place, however the gills bring water (containing dissolved oxygen) in close contact with blood. Oxygen diffuses out from the water to the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses out from the blood to the water.

Result

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Gas exchange relies on the process of diffusion. In humans this is done by the alveoli while in fishes it is done by the gills.

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Section 3-6: The Respiratory System

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