Home Page Textbooks Nelson Science Perspectives 10 Page 545: Self-Quiz

Nelson Science Perspectives 10

1st Edition

Christy C. Hayhoe, Doug Hayhoe, Jeff Major, Maurice DiGiuseppe

ISBN: 9780176355289

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Page 545: Self-Quiz

Exercise 12

Solution 1

Solution 2

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Examples of partial reflection and refraction of the light are windshields or tinted sunglasses which which are mostly used while doing sports.

Part of incoming light is being reflected and part is being refracted in the glass.

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Tinted sunglasses and windshields are some examples of the partial reflection and refraction.

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A pair of tinted sunglasses and windshields are classic examples of partial reflection and refraction of light. A portion of light is reflected off the tinted surface, while a portion of it is refracted in the glass body.

Exercise 13

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Light travels in $color{#c34632}text{straight lines}$ as long as it is traveling in a medium that has the $color{#c34632}text{same}$ optical density throughout the body of the medium. Light $color{#4257b2}text{bends}$ when it enters a medium that has $color{#4257b2}text{a different}$ optical density from the medium it was traveling through.

Exercise 14

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Index of refraction is given by the formula: $n=dfrac{c}{v}$. This implies that the greater that value of $v$, the smaller the value of $n$ and the smaller that value of $v$, the greater the value of $n$. This implies that the faster the speed of light in a medium, the smaller is its index of refraction and the slower the speed of light in a medium, the larger is its index of refraction. Therefore, light travels the fastest via the medium B having an index of refraction equal to 1.76 and light travels the slowest via the medium A having an index of refraction equal to 2.30.

Result

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Light travels the fastest via the medium B having an index of refraction equal to 1.76 and light travels the slowest via the medium A having an index of refraction equal to 2.30.

Exercise 15

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Data:

$$
c=3times10^8
$$

$$
v=2.11times10^8
$$

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Formula of index of refraction:

$$
n=dfrac{c}{v}
$$

Substitute values:

$$
n=dfrac{3times10^8}{2.11times10^8}
$$

Simplify and evaluate:

$$
n=dfrac{3}{2.11}=1.422
$$

Result

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Index of refraction of sulfuric acid at room temperature is 1.422.

Exercise 16

Solution 1

Solution 2

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$textit{a.}$, Optical fibre technology is based on the total internal reflection of light while passing through the optic fibre.

Because of this, signals which are being transmitted as light via optical cables, has to enter the cable at the angle of incidence which is greater than the critical angle of the material which is usually glass in this case.

Every time it gets in contact with boundary between glass and air, light undergoes total internal reflection.

$textit{b.}$, The smaller the critical angle of the optical fibre material is, the greater the efficiency of the fibre will be.

This allows maximum total internal reflection to occur which will not be possible in the case where critical angle is large which causes loss of the part of the light signals during transmission because of the refraction.

Result

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$textit{a.}$, Optical fibre technology is based on the total internal reflection of light.

$textit{b.}$, The smaller the critical angle of the optical fibre material is, the greater the efficiency of the fibre will be which allows maximum internal reflection.

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a. Optical fiber technology is based on the phenomenon of total internal reflection of light. For this reason, signals transmitted as light via optical fibre cables, are made to enter it such that their angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle of the material of the substance (usually glass). Light undergoes total internal reflection every times it comes in contact with the glass/air boundary, to be transmitted to the other end of the fibre.

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b. The smaller the critical angle of the optical fibre material, the greater the efficiency of the fibre. This is to allow for maximum total internal reflection to occur and will not be possible if the critical angle was large as then some of the light signals will be lost during transmission due to refraction.

Exercise 17

Solution 1

Solution 2

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Mirrors and aluminium foil can be used as examples of retro-reflectors since they reflect light in order to create illuminate effect.

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Mirrors and aluminium foil are examples of retro-reflectors.

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Retro-reflectors are devices that reflect light to create an illuminated effect. Common example of these are mirrors. Aluminum foil can also be used for this purpose.

Result

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Mirrors and aluminum foil

Exercise 18

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Process at which the image is formed behind the plane mirror is reflection and the process at which image is formed in the human eye is refraction.

Reflected rays of light travel in a straight line through the air and after they pass through the cornea of the eye and since cornea has more optical density than the air, they are being refracted after what they are focused into the retina.

Image is real and reversed.

Later it travels in form of signals through the optic nerve to the brain where an upright image is formed.

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In the case of water, we have slightly different situation.

Since water has similar density as the cornea, rays of light will refract at the angle that is much smaller than in the previous case.

Lens will focus rays of light, but not enough and as a result blurred image is created on the retina.

Exercise 19

Solution 1

Solution 2

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$textit{a.}$, White light is composed of seven different colours which are: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and yellow. (from shortest to longest wavelength)

Since each of these colours have different wavelengths, their speeds while entering different medium will be different as well.

The slower the light is, the more it will bend, therefore, the violet light will bend the most, followed by the six other colours.

$textit{b.}$, Laser light has monochromatic nature and this means that the red laser is composed of the red light only, therefore, it has single speed, wavelength and will not disperse like the white light.

It will only refract and slow down while entering the prism since it is entering medium with higher optical density.

Result

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$textit{a.}$, They appear in a specific order since their wavelength are different, therefore the speeds and the angles of refraction will be different for each light.

$textit{b.}$, Laser light would not be dispersed if passed through the prism, it will only be refracted since it is monochromatic light.

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a. White light is composed of the seven lights violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Each of these lights have a different speed via different mediums and therefore on entering a prism, red light slows down to its speed and bends, followed by each of the 6 following lights where each successive light slows down more than its predecessor in that order and bending accordingly, with violet being the slowest and therefore bending the most.

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b. Red laser light is monochromatic in nature. What this means is that it is only composed of the red light having a single speed and wavelength, therefore it will not disperse into any constituent colors as in the case of white light. Red light will however bend/refract in the prism as its speed will slow down on entering a medium of higher optical density.

Result

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Click to see answers.

Exercise 20

Solution 1

Solution 2

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Presence of clouds during rainstorms will block the white light rays from the sun from reaching the earth’s atmosphere (in that region) as a result of which no rainbow will be formed because for an observer to see a rainbow, the sun must be present behind the observer and light rays from it must disperse in the raindrop(s) to form the rainbow.

Result

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No.

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We will not be able to see a rainbow in the sky during a rainstorm if there are clouds between us and the Sun since the presence of clouds will block white light to reach atmosphere of the Earth and the Sun has to be behind the observer so he could see the rainbow and rays of light have to disperse, refract and internally reflect on the rain droplet.

Result

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It cannot be seen.

Exercise 21

Solution 1

Solution 2

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a.
Total internal reflection is widely used to transmit data from one place to another via optical fibre cables. It is also used to create mirrorless devices such as binoculars, cameras and periscopes and sensors.

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b. Ray diagram showing total internal reflection when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle: Exercise scan

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$textit{a.}$, Total internal reflection is being used in transmission of data from one location to another through the optical fibre cables.

It is used in construction of some devices such as cameras, binoculars, periscopes etc.

$textit{b.}$ Ray diagram which shows case when angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle:

Exercise scan

Result

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$textit{a.}$, It is being used for transmission of data through the optic fibre cables and in construction of: binoculars, cameras, periscopes etc.

$textit{b.}$, Ray diagram shows case in which the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.

Exercise 22

Solution 1

Solution 2

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Apparent depth of an object submerged in water (or when seen through another medium) is the depth where the object appears to be when seen from above. Apparent depth of an object is always shallower than its actual depth.

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Apparent depth of an object submerged in water is depth at which object appears to be while observed from above.

It is always shallower than the actual depth at which object is placed.

Result

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Apparent depth of an object submerged in water is depth at which object appears to be while observed from above.

Exercise 23

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Mirage is optical illusion which occurs when hot layer of air overlays cooler one and is a result of the reflection and total internal reflection.

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Since they can appear on the camera and be photographed, his statement will be incorrect.

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