Home Page Textbooks Nelson Science Perspectives 10 Page 542: Review

Nelson Science Perspectives 10

1st Edition

Christy C. Hayhoe, Doug Hayhoe, Jeff Major, Maurice DiGiuseppe

ISBN: 9780176355289

Textbook solutions

All Solutions

Page 542: Review

Exercise 1

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

The normal is drawn perpendicular to the surface of incidence at the point of incidence. This is extended to appear in the other medium. The refracted ray is then drawn on the other side of the incident ray, starting from the point of incidence. The angle between the refracted ray and the normal is measured and this is the angle of refraction.

Step 2

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Diagram: Incident ray is red, boundary of the two mediums is represented by the black line, normal is drawn with a blue line and the refracted ray is purple: Exercise scan

Step 1

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While ray of light enters a new medium it refracts due to the change in speed. Angle at which it strikes surface of incidence is called angle of incidence and angle at which it refracts from the surface is called angle of refraction which is the angle between normal and refracted ray, therefore, it can be measured.

Step 2

2 of 3

Result

3 of 3

Angle of refraction is angle between normal and refracted ray and it can be easily measured.

Exercise 2

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

Since the light bends towards the normal when going from material A to material B, speed of light is greater in material A than in material B.

Result

2 of 2

Speed of light is greater in material A.

Result

1 of 1

Light bends towards the normal when going from medium A to medium B, this implies that the speed of light is faster in medium A than B.

Exercise 3

Solution 1

Solution 2

Result

1 of 1

Light slows down as it travels into a second medium and therefore bends towards the normal as it is refracted.

Step 1

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Since light slows down as travelling into a second medium, there will be refraction, therefore, it will bend towards the normal.

Result

2 of 2

It will bend towards the normal.

Exercise 4

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

Index of refraction measures how fast does the ray travel in vacuum with respect to the other medium.

And the larger its value is the slower the speed of light in other medium will be, therefore that medium will refract ray more and the one which will refract it the most is the one with index of $2.30$.

Result

2 of 2

The one with index of $2.30$ because the larger is the value of index, the more refracted ray will be.

Step 1

1 of 2

The material with the highest index of refraction will refract light the most. This is because the index of refraction is the measure of how fast light travels in a vacuum with respect to this other medium. The larger the this number, the slower is the speed of light in the other medium and therefore light will be refracted more because of the denser optical density of the other medium. In this case, it will be the medium having the index of refraction equal to 2.30.

Result

2 of 2

The material having the index of refraction equal to 2.30 will refract light the most.

Exercise 5

Result

1 of 1

The angle of refraction is $90text{textdegree}$ when the angle of incidence is equal to the critical angle of the material.

Exercise 6

Step 1

1 of 2

The critical angle of this material is $24.5text{textdegree}$, therefore light will reflect internally for any angle of incidence greater than this angle. Therefore, according to the given condition, total internal refraction of light will take place at angle of incidence equal to $24.6text{textdegree}$.

Result

2 of 2

Total internal refraction of light will take place at angle of incidence equal to $24.6text{textdegree}$.

Exercise 7

Solution 1

Solution 2

Result

1 of 1

The apparent depth of an object under water is always shallower than its actual position. This means that the object is actually deeper in water than it appears to be.

Step 1

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The apparent depth is shallower than the actual position since the object is actually placed deeper in the water than it appears to be.

Result

2 of 2

Apparent depth is shallower than the actual position.

Exercise 8

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 1

A rainbow is formed as a result of the following three processes that light undergoes. As light enters the body of the raindrop, it refracts because of entering an optically denser medium light disperses in this step to yield its seven colors. This refracted light travels via the body of the raindrop to reach its other end where it will exit the raindrop and re-enter air. Here, a part of this light and internally reflected and part of it is refracted in the air. The portion of light internally reflected exits the rainbow to be seen by the observer’s eyes. This portion of light forms the rainbow. It is important for the sun to be behind the observer for the observer to see the rainbow.

Step 1

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Rainbow is formed when the white light passes through the rain droplet which occurs three processes that it undergoes: refraction, internal reflection and diffusion .

First, light enters medium which is more dense and refracts and disperses into seven different colours.

After, when it reaches the other end of the droplet, part of it internally reflects and the other part is being refracted while entering the medium with less dens, air.

Part of light that has been internally reflected can be observed.

Result

2 of 2

Rainbow is formed as a result of ray of white light passing through the rain droplet while it undergoes following processes: refraction, internal reflection, diffusion and refraction again.

Exercise 9

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 3

$textit{a.}$, Ray diagram:

Exercise scan

Step 2

2 of 3

$textit{b.}$, Light travels slower through the glass of the window since it is more denser medium than the air is, therefore, light is being bend towards the normal.

$textit{c.}$, Angle of refraction could never reach $90^{o}$ since, when entering an optically denser medium from the one with less dense, it always bends towards the normal.

Angle of refraction will always be smaller than the angle of incidence.

Result

3 of 3

$textit{b.}$, Light travels slower through the optically denser medium (glass of window), therefore, it will bend towards the normal.

$textit{c.}$, No, it can never reach $90^{o}$.

Step 1

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a. Ray diagram: Exercise scan

Step 2

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b. Speed of light is slower in glass of the window and therefore the light ray refracts towards the normal on entering this optically denser medium. This refraction of light causes the light ray(s) to bend.

Step 3

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c. When light enters and optically denser medium from an optically less dense medium, then it always bends towards the normal. This implies that for any given angle of incidence, the angle of refraction of the refracted ray will always be less, as shown here. Therefore it is impossible for the angle of refraction to ever reach 90$text{textdegree}$.

Exercise 10

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

$textit{a.}$, Since the angle between light ray and normal in medium A is less than the one in medium B, medium A will have higher index of refraction.

$textit{b.}$, The higher is the value of index of refraction of a medium, the slower the speed of light in that medium will be, therefore, speed of light will be slower in medium A.

$textit{c.}$, Since we can get all the important information by knowing the angle of refraction and angle of incidence, direction of light is not important since the angles will not change because of the direction.

Result

2 of 2

$textit{a.}$, Medium A will have higher index of refraction.

$textit{b.}$, Light will be slower in medium A.

$textit{b.}$, Direction is irrelevant in this case.

Step 1

1 of 4

a. The angle of between the light ray and the normal in medium A is less than that in medium B, this implies that medium A has a higher index of refraction.

Step 2

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b. The higher the index of refraction of a medium, the slower the speed of light in the medium. This implies that the speed of light is slower in medium A than B.

Step 3

3 of 4

c. The direction of the propagation of light in this case is irrelevant because the angles between the normal and the corresponding rays give sufficient information about the comparative speeds of light in the two medium and their comparative indices of refraction. These angles will remain constant independent of the direction of the propagation of light.

Result

4 of 4

Click to see answers.

Exercise 11

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

Since refraction occurs when the ray of light is entering a new medium during which its speed is being changed, therefore, it will not occur if it has the same speed in air and glass.

Result

2 of 2

There will be no refraction.

Result

1 of 1

Light refracts because it has different speeds in different mediums, therefore if the speed of light was “same” in air and in glass than refraction of light “will not take place”.

Exercise 12

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

$textit{a.}$, Prisms can behave like mirrors when they are placed in periscope such that the incident ray will completely undergo the internal reflection.

$textit{b.}$, Prisms are used more than mirrors since the silver coating on the mirrors can diminish over time, but with prisms, there will not be such a problem, also prisms reflect all the light that falls on them by the internal reflection, and part of the light which is falling on the mirror can be absorbed.

Result

2 of 2

$textit{a.}$, Prisms can behave like mirrors when they are placed in periscope such that an incident ray will be completely internaly reflected.

$textit{b.}$, Prisms are used most since the silver coating on mirror can diminish over the time which is not case with prisms which are made of completely of glass and incident ray is being completely reflected while falling on them and in the case of mirror it can be partially absorbed.

Step 1

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a. Prisms are arranged in periscopes such that any light incident on them is completely internally reflected. As a result of this arrangement they behave like mirrors.

Step 2

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b. Prisms are more efficient to use in periscopes than mirrors because they are maintenance free. The silver lining of mirrors responsible for reflection diminishes over time which renders the device useless, where by prisms do not have any such limitation. Some portion of light falling in mirrors is also absorbed by the mirrors where by prisms reflect all light falling on them by the process of internal reflection.

Result

3 of 3

Click to see answers.

Exercise 13

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

A rainbow is a total internal reflection of the dispersed light falling on to raindrops. The raindrops first disperse light into its constituent colors then internally reflect them to constitute a rainbow.

Result

2 of 2

A rainbow is a total internal reflection of the dispersed light falling on to raindrops.

Step 1

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Rainbow is formed by diffusion and internal reflection of the ray of light which is passing through the droplet of rain.

It is an optical, and since there is no real object it is a virtual image.

Result

2 of 2

Rainbow is virtual image since there is no actual real object.

Exercise 14

Result

1 of 1

The fresh asphalt warms the air near the ground, the index of refraction depends slightly on this temperature difference so it causes the light to bend, which looks like a puddle of water or reflection from afar

Exercise 15

Step 1

1 of 3

Data:

$$
c=3times10^8
$$

$$
v=1.84times10^8
$$

Step 2

2 of 3

Formula of index of refraction:

$$
n=dfrac{c}{v}
$$

Substitute values:

$$
n=dfrac{3times10^8}{1.84times10^8}
$$

Simplify and evaluate:

$$
n=dfrac{3}{1.84}=1.6304
$$

Result

3 of 3

Index of refraction of carbon disulfide is 1.6304.

Exercise 16

Step 1

1 of 3

Data:

$$
c=3times10^8
$$

$$
v=1.47times10^8
$$

Step 2

2 of 3

Formula of index of refraction:

$$
n=dfrac{c}{v}
$$

Substitute values:

$$
n=dfrac{3times10^8}{1.47times10^8}
$$

Simplify and evaluate:

$$
n=dfrac{3}{1.47}=2.0408
$$

Result

3 of 3

Index of refraction of arsenic trisulfide is 2.0408.

Exercise 17

Step 1

1 of 3

Data:

$$
c=3times10^8
$$

$$
v=2.1times10^8
$$

Step 2

2 of 3

Formula of index of refraction:

$$
n=dfrac{c}{v}
$$

Substitute values:

$$
n=dfrac{3times10^8}{2.1times10^8}
$$

Simplify and evaluate:

$$
n=dfrac{3}{2.1}=1.429
$$

Result

3 of 3

Index of refraction of fluorite is 1.429.

Exercise 18

Step 1

1 of 3

Data:

$$
c=3times10^8
$$

$$
n=1.47
$$

Step 2

2 of 3

Formula of index of refraction:

$$
n=dfrac{c}{v}
$$

Solve for $v$:

$$
v=dfrac{c}{n}
$$

Substitute values:

$$
v=dfrac{3times10^8}{1.47}
$$

Simplify and evaluate:

$$
v=2.0408times10^8
$$

Result

3 of 3

Speed of light in vegetable oil is $2.0408times10^8$ meters per second.

Exercise 19

Step 1

1 of 3

Data:

$$
c=3times10^8
$$

$$
n=1.65
$$

Step 2

2 of 3

Formula of index of refraction:

$$
n=dfrac{c}{v}
$$

Solve for $v$:

$$
v=dfrac{c}{n}
$$

Substitute values:

$$
v=dfrac{3times10^8}{1.65}
$$

Simplify and evaluate:

$$
v=1.bar8bar1times10^8
$$

Result

3 of 3

Speed of light in heavy flint glass is $1.bar8bar1times10^8$ meters per second.

Exercise 20

Step 1

1 of 3

Data:

$$
c=3times10^8
$$

$$
n=1.92
$$

Step 2

2 of 3

Formula of index of refraction:

$$
n=dfrac{c}{v}
$$

Solve for $v$:

$$
v=dfrac{c}{n}
$$

Substitute values:

$$
v=dfrac{3times10^8}{1.92}
$$

Simplify and evaluate:

$$
v=1.5625times10^8
$$

Result

3 of 3

Speed of light in zircon is $1.5625times10^8$ meters per second.

Exercise 21

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

a. Light travels in straight lines. Light is projected in a fibre-optic cable such that its angle of incidence is greater than its critical angle and therefore on striking the glass/air boundary, this light is totally reflected internally and this is how the direction of light changes while propagating through a fibre-optic cable.

Step 2

2 of 2

b. Signals transmitted over copper wires are in the form a current. Portions of these signals are lost due to the resistivity of copper wires, in fibre-optic cables no such losses occur and therefore the signal is transmitted completely as light via the fibre-optic cable.

Step 1

1 of 2

$textit{a.}$, Direction of light constantly changes while travelling through the fibre-optic cable since there is a total internal reflection and light is projected in optic cable in the way that angle of incidence is always greater than its critical angle.

$textit{b.}$, Signals which are being transmitted over the copper wires are in the form of current.

There will be loss of the signals during the resistance of copper wires which is not case in fibre-optic cables where signal is transmitted completely.

Result

2 of 2

$textit{a.}$, Light does travel in straight lines but there is a total internal reflection all the way, so the light will constantly change its direction.

$textit{b.}$, There is loss in signal because of the resistance that copper gives and there is no loss when it comes to optical-fibre cables.

Exercise 22

Result

1 of 1

Mirages are formed due to hot air masses near the surface of the Earth causing light to bend, where rainbows are formed as water droplets act as prisms and separate the colors of light to create rainbows.

Exercise 23

Solution 1

Solution 2

Result

1 of 1

The brother should dive at an angle or where goggles to see where the puck is under the water. Since light refracts or bends as it enders a denser medium, the water will cause the light to bend. Since the light bends in the water, the perceived location of the puck will be different from its actual location.

Step 1

1 of 2

Since refraction occurs when light travels from air which is a medium with less density and then enters the water which is the medium with greater density, ray of light will bend and as a result, location of the object will not be as the one it appears to be.

Therefore, brother should dive at an angle which will show the right position of the puck under the water.

Result

2 of 2

There will be refraction because ray of light enters water which have more density than the air, therefore, the object will be placed on the different location than that it seems and brother should dive at certain angle in order to see the right location of the puck.

Exercise 24

Step 1

1 of 4

a) While science and technology have created beneficial products, they have also created harmful ones. Weaponry and bombs were created using science. Even some technology created for good can have unforeseen negatives, such as cigarettes.

Step 2

2 of 4

b) invisibility cloaks could be used to sneak on conversations, which can cause distrust within communities. They could also be used to hide presents during holidays, which would reduce the need for wrapping paper, saving money and resources on a reusable cloak.

Step 3

3 of 4

c) It is a good idea for some smaller purposes or as a novelty item, but will be very difficult and costly to research and create if at all possible

Result

4 of 4

Exercise 25

Step 1

1 of 4

$textit{a.}$

Knowledge of refraction has helped my in understanding certain atmospheric phenomenon such as formation of rainbow, since it is one of the main processes during which it is being formed.

Step 2

2 of 4

$textit{b.}$

It has enhanced the way I look at events such as shimmering, formation of mirages and rainbows.

Step 3

3 of 4

Mirage is an optical illusion caused by the refraction.

It occurs when cooler, dense layer of air underlies the heated layer and vice versa, therefore, since the ray of light is travelling through the layers of air which have different optical density, it is being bent due to the speed changing which causes the refraction.

Step 4

4 of 4

Rainbow is optical phenomenon caused by the refraction.

It is formed when the ray of light enters a droplet of rain, and since it enters a medium with different optical density, it will be bent. Along with the refraction there is a diffusion during which the beam of light is being separated into different colours because of the different changes in speeds of each one while entering a new medium.

Also, there is a internal reflection when it strikes the exit surface of the droplet, and the other part which is not being reflected internally, escapes the droplet and the rainbow is being formed.

Exercise 26

Step 1

1 of 5

Speed of light is a physical constant which shows how fast the light is travelling through the vacuum.

It’s value is: $c = 299792458, mathrm{m/s}$

Step 2

2 of 5

First scientist who has been measuring speed of light was Galileo Galilei in 17. century when it has been believed that light travels any distance in a one single moment and he wanted to prove that this statement was not correct.

He sent his assistant who has been carrying a lit up lantern which has been covered with a bucket, to a far mound and he has been carrying a lantern covered with bucket himself.

Later, Galileo has lifted the bucket, and the light has been travelling towards the assistant which had to lift up his bucket at the moment he sees the light from Galileo’s lantern and Galileo has been measuring the time.

Of course, he did not succeed to measure it precisely and to determine the speed of light, therefore, his experiment has failed.

Step 3

3 of 5

First one who has succeed in determining the speed of light was Olaf Roemer who has measure periods of rotation of the four Jupiter’s satellites and when he has measure them six months later he got different results.

He has been repeating these measurements on a daily basis and after a long research he concluded that period of rotation of the satellite Io is shorter when the Earth is closer to the Jupiter, and vice versa.

Therefore, it has been clear that light takes time to travel this distance.

He has calculated in which time light travels distance which equals length of the radius of the Earth’s orbit which is $22, mathrm{min}$.

Step 4

4 of 5

Speed of light has been measured by many scientists, and famous one is Foucault who has been using reflection from a rotating or a fixed mirror which causes two separated reflected beams of light with angular displacement which is required for the light to travel a given distance to the mirror which is fixed.

Step 5

5 of 5

And, scientist who has measure speed of light with the most precision has been Albert Michelson.

At the beginning of the 20. century, he has performed the most famous measuring of speed of sound in history.

He has been using rotating mirror with six angles and many sides which causes the diffusion of the beam of light.

At each side of the mirror has been placed one plane mirror, and the whole system has been rotating thanks to the electromotor.

Value that he has measured is $c = 299792458, mathrm{m/s}$ and he got the Nobel prize for this experiment.

Exercise 27

Step 1

1 of 3

Rainbow is a result of travelling of the ray of light through the rain droplet.

As the ray of light enters a new medium, which is a water droplet, during the refraction it is being bent and diffused into different colours. When it gets to the exit surface of the droplet, part is being internally reflected an d part exits the droplet and the rainbow is formed.

Step 2

2 of 3

Secondary rainbow will be formed when internal reflection occurs two times, and is fainter to see.

Step 3

3 of 3

Tertiary rainbow will be formed when internal reflection occurs three times. It appears sunwards and centred on the sun.

Exercise 28

Step 1

1 of 2

Convex mirrors are being used as rear view mirrors of the vehicles since they give wider field of view.

Step 2

2 of 2

In order to switch mirrors, we have to flip the switch which is at the bottom of the rear view mirror and the wedge will move.

Wen we drive at the daylight, back surface of the mirror reflects light and images and when we change the orientation of the mirror glass, by flipping the switch, front surface will reflect light and images.

Since the light and images now have to travel through the back side before they hit the front side and bounce back to us, lights behind us will be perfectly reduced.

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