Home Page Textbooks Nelson Science Perspectives 10 Page 506: Review

Nelson Science Perspectives 10

1st Edition

Christy C. Hayhoe, Doug Hayhoe, Jeff Major, Maurice DiGiuseppe

ISBN: 9780176355289

Textbook solutions

All Solutions

Page 506: Review

Exercise 1

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 9

Luminous produces its own light

Step 2

2 of 9

Transparent transmits all incident light

Step 3

3 of 9

White light visible electromagnetic waves

Step 4

4 of 9

Concave mirror converging mirror

Step 5

5 of 9

Real image seen on a screen

Step 6

6 of 9

Normal 90$text{textdegree}$ to the surface

Step 7

7 of 9

Virtual image from an apparent light source

Step 8

8 of 9

Convex mirror diverging mirror

Result

9 of 9

Click to see answers.

Step 1

1 of 2

Luminous produces its own light.

Transparent transmits all incident light.

White light visible electromagnetic waves.

Concave mirror converging mirror.

Real image seen on a screen.

Normal $90^{o}$ to the surface.

Virtual image from an apparent light source.

Convex mirror diverging mirror.

Result

2 of 2

Luminous produces its own light.

Transparent transmits all incident light.

White light visible electromagnetic waves.

Concave mirror converging mirror.

Real image seen on a screen.

Normal $90^{o}$ to the surface.

Virtual image from an apparent light source.

Convex mirror diverging mirror.

Exercise 2

Solution 1

Solution 2

Result

1 of 1

Electromagnetic waves are composed of electricity and magnetism. They do not require a particle medium to travel and can travel through vaccum.

Step 1

1 of 2

They are all formed by vibrating electric and magnetic fields and they do not require medium to travel through.

Result

2 of 2

They are all formed by vibrating electric and magnetic fields and they do not require medium to travel through.

Exercise 3

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

Image which is formed in plane mirror is virtual, upright, laterally inverted and same size as the object.

It is placed behind the mirror and the distance from the mirror is same as the distance of the object form it.

Result

2 of 2

Virtual, upright, laterally inverted and same size as the object.

It is placed behind the mirror and the distance from the mirror is same as the distance of the object form it.

Result

1 of 1

Images formed in a plane mirror are virtual in nature and upright in attitude. They are laterally inverted, identical in size as the object and an equal distance behind the mirror as the object in front of it.

Exercise 4

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

The two laws of reflection states that:

1., Angle of incidence equals to the angle of reflection.

2., Incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie in the same plane.

Result

2 of 2

1., Angle of incidence equals to the angle of reflection.

2., Incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie in the same plane.

Step 1

1 of 1

The two laws of reflection are:
1. Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
2. The incident ray, normal and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane. What this means is that they are on the same side of the object.

Exercise 5

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

$textit{a.}$, In the process of phosphorescence materials generate light by absorbing ultraviolet light over a long period of time after what they dissipate absorbed energy as visible light over extended period of time.

$textit{b.}$, In the process of electric discharge light is generated when electricity passes through a gas and electrical current causes gas to glow which will produce light.

$textit{c.}$, In the process of triboluminescence light is produced when certain crystals are exposed to the friction in someway such as rubbed, crushed or scratched.

Result

2 of 2

$textit{a.}$, Materials generate light by absorbing ultraviolet light over a long period of time after what they dissipate absorbed energy as visible light over extended period of time.

$textit{b.}$, Light is generated when electricity passes through a gas and electrical current causes gas to glow which will produce light.

$textit{c.}$, Light is produced when certain crystals are exposed to the friction in someway such as rubbed, crushed or scratched.

Step 1

1 of 3

a. Materials that generate light by phosphorescence do so by first absorbing ultraviolet light over a long period of time and then dissipating this absorbed energy a visible light over extended period of times.

Step 2

2 of 3

b. Light is generated by electric discharge when electricity is passed through a gas. The electrical energy in the current causes the gas to glow and hence light up to produce light.

Step 3

3 of 3

c. Triboluminescence is the production of light when certain crystals are exposed to friction in someway such as scratched, crushed, or rubbed. This is a crystal specific property and all crystals do not have this property.

Exercise 6

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

From lowest energy to highest energy:

radio waves, microwaves, infrared, red light, green light, ultraviolet and X-rays.

Result

2 of 2

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, red light, green light, ultraviolet and X-rays.

Result

1 of 1

In order of energy from lowest to highest energy wavelengths: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, red light, green light, ultraviolet and X-rays.

Exercise 7

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

The reflection of the word PHYSICS will be: Exercise scan

Result

2 of 2

Click to see image.

Step 1

1 of 2

Result

2 of 2

Word physics will be inverted in plane mirror.

Exercise 8

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

Light ray model is useful since it helps in understanding the behaviour of light when it reflects off the mirrors or passes through the lenses, where ray of light is represented as a straight line which shows direction in which it is travelling.

Result

2 of 2

Because it helps in understanding the behaviour of light when it reflects off the mirrors or passes through the lenses, where ray of light is represented as a straight line which shows direction in which it is travelling.

Result

1 of 1

The light ray model is useful to visually understand the behavior of light as it reflects by mirrors and passes through lenses.

Exercise 9

Solution 1

Solution 2

Result

1 of 1

The focus of a convex mirror is itself virtual and therefore no light can physically pass through it and subsequently all images formed are virtual in nature.

Step 1

1 of 2

Convex mirror never form a real image since the focus of the mirror is itself virtual and there is no light physically passing through it.

Rays of light seem to come from the source of light which is placed behind the mirror and they never converge in front of mirror.

Result

2 of 2

Because the focus of the mirror is itself virtual and there is no light physically passing through it.

Rays of light seem to come from the source of light which is placed behind the mirror and they never converge in front of mirror.

Exercise 10

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

$textit{a.}$, Object has to be placed anywhere in front of the mirror and beyond its focal length so the real image can be formed.

$textit{b.}$, Object is placed within the focal length, therefore, image is virtual.

Result

2 of 2

$textit{a.}$, Anywhere in front of mirror and beyond its focal length.

$textit{b.}$, Within the focal length.

Result

1 of 1

Images formed by concave mirrors are always real as long as the object is placed anywhere in front of the mirror and beyond its focal length. Once an object is inserted within the focal length of a concave mirror, the image becomes virtual in nature.

Exercise 11

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 4

a. Dry ashphalt has a dull appearance and therefore will exhibit diffuse reflection.

Step 2

2 of 4

b. A car windshield producing glare in eyes is a classic example of specular reflection.

Step 3

3 of 4

c. A sweater no matter how bright in color, has a dull appearance and therefore will exhibit diffuse reflection.

Step 4

4 of 4

d. High gloss paint, will have a glossy appearance and will exhibit both specular and diffuse reflection depending on the positioning of light in the location.

Step 1

1 of 2

$textit{a.}$, Dry asphalt has dull appearance, therefore diffuse reflection will be exhibited.

$textit{b}$, A car windshield is a shiny, smooth surface which produces glare in eyes, therefore, specular reflection is exhibited.

$textit{c.}$, Sweater has a dull appearance along with all the clothes, therefore, diffuse reflection will be exhibited.

$textit{d.}$, High gloss paint have glossy appearance which leads to both specular and diffuse reflection.

Result

2 of 2

$textit{a.}$,diffuse reflection

$textit{b}$, specular reflection

$textit{c.}$, diffuse reflection

$textit{d.}$, both specular and diffuse reflection

Exercise 12

Step 1

1 of 6

Initial condition

Angle of incidence

Angle of reflection

Step 2

2 of 6

angle between the reflected ray and the normal is $47text{textdegree}$

$$
47text{textdegree}
$$

Step 3

3 of 6

angle between the incident ray and the normal is $52text{textdegree}$

$$
52text{textdegree}
$$

Step 4

4 of 6

angle between the incident ray and the plane mirror is $14text{textdegree}$

$$
90text{textdegree}-14text{textdegree}=76text{textdegree}
$$

$$
76text{textdegree}
$$

Step 5

5 of 6

this incident ray comes in along the normal

$$
0text{textdegree}
$$

Result

6 of 6

Click to see table.

Exercise 13

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 3

a. The thick black line is the concave mirror, the blue line represents the principal axis, the thin black arrows represent the incident and the reflected rays, the red arrow represents the object and the purple arrow represents the image: Exercise scan

Step 2

2 of 3

b. The thick black line is the concave mirror, the blue line represents the principal axis, the thin black arrows represent the incident and the reflected rays, the red arrow represents the object and the purple arrow represents the image: Exercise scan

Step 3

3 of 3

c. The thick black line is the convex mirror, the blue line represents the principal axis, the thin black arrows represent the incident and the reflected rays, the red arrow represents the object and the purple arrow represents the image: Exercise scan

Step 1

1 of 4

$textit{a.}$, In this case image is, real, reversed and smaller than the actual object:

Exercise scan

Step 2

2 of 4

$textit{b.}$, Image is real, reversed, but same size as the object and is on the same distance from the centre as the object.

Exercise scan

Step 3

3 of 4

$textit{c.}$, Image is virtual, upright and smaller than the object.

Exercise scan

Result

4 of 4

$textit{a.}$, In this case image is, real, reversed and smaller than the actual object.

$textit{b.}$, Image is real, reversed, but same size as the object and is on the same distance from the centre as the object.

$textit{c.}$, Image is virtual, upright and smaller than the object.

Exercise 14

Step 1

1 of 1

Light is a form of energy since it basically transfers energy from the sun, which is a kinetic energy, also radiation can be emitted by the heated objects, then, energy is being released as photons, which are particles from which light is made, explained by the corpuscular theory.

Exercise 15

Step 1

1 of 2

The image formed in a plane mirror is an equal distance behind the mirror as the object in front of it. This means that the plane mirror is $dfrac{8.4}{2}=4.2$ meters away from the flashlight.

Result

2 of 2

The plane mirror is $4.2$ meters away from the flashlight.

Exercise 16

Step 1

1 of 2

In this soulution I’m going to explain you what objects would be visible by looking at the mirror from the eye location.

Step 2

2 of 2

$textbf{All of the objects}$ would be visible from the eye location because your eyes are creating an image in the mirror which represents an apparent light source which in reality is coming from the light source behind you. That kind of images that our brain forms are called $textit{virtual}$ images.

Exercise 17

Solution 1

Solution 2

Result

1 of 1

The rough surface of the glass will prevent regular reflection from occurring and thus light falling on it will be reflected in different directions causing diffuse reflection instead of specular reflection.

Step 1

1 of 2

Rough glass will prevent specular reflection and since the beam of light will be diffused into different direction there will be diffuse reflection and no glare.

Result

2 of 2

Rough glass will prevent specular reflection and since the beam of light will be diffused into different direction there will be diffuse reflection and no glare.

Exercise 18

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 2

Since focus is $75, mathrm{cm}$ and object is placed $60, mathrm{cm}$ in front of the mirror, we can conclude that is placed within the focal length of this, concave mirror, so the image which is formed will be: virtual, upright, larger than the object.

Result

2 of 2

Virtual, upright, larger than the object.

Step 1

1 of 2

The focus length of the mirror is 75 cm, while the object is placed 60 cm in front of this mirror. This implies that the object is within the focal length or focus of the concave mirror and therefore the image formed will be virtual in nature, upright in altitude and larger than the object.

Result

2 of 2

The image formed will be virtual in nature, upright in altitude and larger than the object.

Exercise 19

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 3

Ray diagram approximation: Exercise scan

Step 2

2 of 3

One incident ray is parallel to the principal axis from the top of the object and strikes surface of mirror from which it reflects so that it passes through the focal point. Other incident ray passes through the focal length, hits surface of the mirror and reflects parallel.

Reflected rays meet in one point at where the image is formed.

We have to measure distance between mirror and focus and can easily mark centre of curvature which will be equal to twice of $f$.

Result

3 of 3

Image is formed when two incident rays which come from the top of the object meet at one point.

One incident ray is parallel to the principal axis and reflects by passing through the focal point, the other one strikes surface of the mirror by passing through the focal point and reflects parallel to the principal axis.

Centre will be placed at the distance which equals twice of $f$.

Step 1

1 of 2

Diagram (approximation and not identical): The thick black line represents the concave mirror. Exercise scan

Step 2

2 of 2

Procedure: Draw an incident ray parallel to the principal axis, from the top of the object and pass it via the principal axis on reflection, such that it must touch the top of the image. The point at which it intersects the principal axis is the focus of this concave mirror. To verify this focus, draw a ray from the top of the object via the focus and on reflection it should be parallel and must touch the top of the image as shown. Measure the distance between the mirror and the focus, f and then mark the center of curvature which is equal to twice of f.

Exercise 20

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 3

Incandescent lightning and fluorescent lightning:

$textit{a.}$, Method of producing light:

In the case of incadescent bulbs, light is produced by the glowing of the filament.

The filament gets power by electrical current and it is getting hot which gives light and heat as a result.

In the case of fluorescent bulbs light is produced by mercury atoms which are get energy from the electrical current. This atoms later emit ultraviolet light which strikes walls of the tube that is coated in fluorescent material so that the visible light can be produced.

$textit{b.}$, Efficiency in producing light

Incandescent bulbs are pretty inefficient when it comes to light producing since only $10 %$ of electrical energy which powers them
is converted to light and energy which is left is released as heat, but fluorescent are more efficient since they use less electrical power to produce light.

Step 2

2 of 3

$textit{c.}$, Initial cost

Initial cost of incandescent bulbs is less than of the fluorescent ones since it is more expensive to make them.

$textit{d}$, Long term cost

Long term cost is of incandescent bulb is greater since those are pretty inefficient, thus, expensive to maintain.

One incandescent bulb approximately consumes electrical energy as five fluorescent bulbs will.

$textit{e.}$, Environmental consequences:

Proper disposal is required for fluorescent bulbs and incandescent can be disposed off easily because mercury atoms of fluorescent bulbs are toxic.

Result

3 of 3

$textit{a.}$, Incadescent bulbs produce light by glowing of the filament by the effect of electric current and fluorescent bulbs produce light by mercury atoms which are energized by the electric current.

$textit{b.}$, Fluorescent bulbs are more efficient.

$textit{c.}$, Initial cost of incandescent is less.

$textit{d.}$, Long term cost of incandescent bulbs is greater.

$textit{e.}$, Incandescent bulbs can be disposed off easily and fluorescent cannot since they consist toxic material.

Step 1

1 of 5

a. Incandescent bulbs produce light by the glowing of the filament in them. This filament is powered by electrical current which makes it hot and it dissipates light and heat as a result of that. Fluorescent bulbs produce light by using energized mercury atoms. Them atoms are energized using electrical current. These on getting energized emit UV light which strike the walls of their tube, painted with fluorescent material to produce visible light.

Step 2

2 of 5

b. Incandescent bulbs are very inefficient in producing light. Only $10%$ of the electrical energy used to power them actually gets converted to light, while the remaining $90%$ is lost as heat. Fluorescent bulbs are more efficient as compared to these and consume very less electrical power to light up.

Step 3

3 of 5

c. Initial cost of incandescent bulbs is less than that of fluorescent bulbs as the latter are more expensive to make.

Step 4

4 of 5

d. Long term cost of incandescent bulbs is more than that of fluorescent bulbs. This is because they are very inefficient and therefore expensive to maintain. One incandescent bulb approximately consumes as much electrical energy as five fluorescent bulbs.

Step 5

5 of 5

e. Incandescent bulbs can be disposed off easily while a proper disposal is required for fluorescent bulbs. This is because the mercury atoms in fluorescent bulbs are toxin in nature and can be detrimental to the environment if not disposed off properly.

Exercise 21

Step 1

1 of 3

$textit{a.}$, When I have learnt this I have been surprised, since when we look at the mirror it seems like our image appears on its surface.

Step 2

2 of 3

$textit{b.}$

Image which is formed by a plane mirror is: virtual, same shape and size as object and located behind the mirror.

Step 3

3 of 3

It is formed by the reflection, in which beam of light falls on the surface of the mirror and is being reflected by the law of reflection, which states that angle of incidence at which the ray of light strikes the surface is equal to the angle of reflection at which it is being reflected.

Reflected rays are being spread and reflected on the same side where the actual object is, therefore, the image is formed from the extensions of those rays which converge behind the mirror.

Exercise 22

Step 1

1 of 3

In the case of incandescent light bulb, light is emitted by heating of the filament.

Step 2

2 of 3

They were popular for so long since they are pretty cheaper then the others which are more efficient.

Step 3

3 of 3

In my opinion, although these bulbs are cheap, they are pretty inefficient since, when the light is emitted by heated filament, $90 %$ of the energy is being released as heat and only $10 %$ is emitted light, therefore, many efficient alternatives like LED or fluorescent light should be used.

Also, these bulbs does not last long because of the way the emit light, and therefore, it is better to use the ones that last longer.

Exercise 23

Solution 1

Solution 2

Step 1

1 of 4

a. The walls of this building are made up of concave mirror.

Step 2

2 of 4

b. The focus of this mirror is the very point where the blast furnace is located. The parallel beams of light from the sun converge to this point on reflection and power the furnace by their collective heat.

Step 3

3 of 4

c. The biggest advantage of using sun as the source of energy is that it is renewable and does not produce any pollutants. This however can not be used during the night time when the sun has set and therefore this is a disadvantage.

Result

4 of 4

Click to see answers.

Step 1

1 of 2

$textit{a.}$, Concave mirror is built into the wall.

$textit{b.}$,Focus of this mirror is at the place where the blast furnace is located. The parallel beams of light from the sun converge to this place on reflection and power the furnace by their collective heat.

$textit{c.}$, Biggest advantage is because the sun is renewable source of energy and there will be no pollution as a consequence, but the disadvantage is because it cannot be used at night.

Result

2 of 2

$textit{a.}$, concave mirror.

$textit{b.}$, Since the focus of the mirror is placed where the blast furnace is located, parallel beams of light will converge into this point and power the furnace by their collective heat.

$textit{c.}$, Sun is renewable source of energy and cause no pollution, but cannot be used at night.

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