Nelson Science Perspectives 10
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780176355289
Textbook solutions
All Solutions
Page 294: Review
Exercise 1
Step 1
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a.
H$_3$PO$_4$ is phosphoric acid.
Step 2
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b.
HBr is hydrogen bromide.
Step 3
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c.
Fe(OH)$_3$ is iron(III) hydroxide.
Step 4
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d.
H$_2$SO$_4$ is sulfuric acid.
Step 5
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e.
Ca(HCO$_3$)$_2$ is calcium hydrogen carbonate.
Step 6
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f.
KNO$_3$ is nitric acid.
Result
7 of 7
Click to see answers.
Exercise 2
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Acids are electrolytes that produce hydrogen ions as the only positive ion in their aqueous solution.
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Bases are electrolytes that produce hydroxide ions in their aqueous solution.
Exercise 3
Step 1
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a.
Acids react with metals to form hydrogen gas and a salt of the metal. For example:
$$
mathrm{2HCl_{(aq)} + Mg_{(s)} longrightarrow MgCl_{2(aq)} + H_{2(g)}}
$$
Step 2
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b.
Positive hydrogen ions; H$^+$ are the cause of acidity of acids.
Step 3
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c.
Bromothymol blue indicator gives a yellow color in acids and a blue color in bases.
Bromothymol blue indicator gives a yellow color in acids and a blue color in bases.
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d.
The product of a neutralization reaction is water; a neutral product formed by the combination of the H$^+$ of the acid and OH$^-$ of the base. The by-product of a neutralization reaction is a salt.
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e.
The smaller the value of a pH of a solution the more acidic it is and the greater the value of a pH of a solution the less acidic it is. pH 0 to $<7$ implies an acidic solution.
The smaller the value of a pH of a solution the more acidic it is and the greater the value of a pH of a solution the less acidic it is. pH 0 to $<7$ implies an acidic solution.
Result
6 of 6
Click to see answers.
Exercise 4
Step 1
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a.
Atmospheric pollutants sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen released in the atmosphere by the combustion of fossil fuels are responsible for acid precipitation.
Atmospheric pollutants sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen released in the atmosphere by the combustion of fossil fuels are responsible for acid precipitation.
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b.
Combustion of fossil fuel to facilitate transportation of people and goods and operation of industries and power plants is the source of these pollutants.
Combustion of fossil fuel to facilitate transportation of people and goods and operation of industries and power plants is the source of these pollutants.
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c.
Installation of catalytic converters in vehicles can eliminate the emission of oxides of nitrogen to oxygen and nitrogen.
Installation of catalytic converters in vehicles can eliminate the emission of oxides of nitrogen to oxygen and nitrogen.
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c. Paints containing titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate help regulate these oxides by first converting them to acids and then neutralizing them using calcium carbonate.
Exercise 5
Step 1
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a.
The pH less than 7 will be of solutions of all acids, here they are H$_3$PO$_4$, HBr, and H$_2$SO$_4$.
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b.
The pH greater than 7 will be of solutions of all bases, here it is Fe(OH)$_3$.
Step 3
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c.
The pH equal to 7 will be of solutions of salts, here they are KNO$_3$ and Ca(HCO$_3$)$_{2}$.
Result
4 of 4
Click to see answers.
Exercise 6
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a. Vinegar is a weak acid and if discarded can decrease the pH of water leaving the house.
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b. Bleach is a strong base used for cleaning and if discarded can increase the pH of water leaving the house.
Result
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a. Vinegar
b. Bleach
Exercise 7
Step 1
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a.
Acid precipitation adversely affects aquatic life in lakes. The acid in these precipitation reduces the pH of lakes eliminating certain species that can not survive in low pH environments. One example of this are snails. Snails can only live in water bodies having a pH of 5.5 or greater.
Acid precipitation adversely affects aquatic life in lakes. The acid in these precipitation reduces the pH of lakes eliminating certain species that can not survive in low pH environments. One example of this are snails. Snails can only live in water bodies having a pH of 5.5 or greater.
Step 2
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b.
Addition of lime neutralizes the acidic effects of this precipitation as lime is calcium oxide which reacts with these acids to form salt and water. Neutralization of acid means that the pH of the lake will rise to 7, which is a favorable environment for all lake species and can sustain aquatic life.
Addition of lime neutralizes the acidic effects of this precipitation as lime is calcium oxide which reacts with these acids to form salt and water. Neutralization of acid means that the pH of the lake will rise to 7, which is a favorable environment for all lake species and can sustain aquatic life.
Exercise 8
Step 1
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a.
Hydrochloric acid + potassium hydroxide $longrightarrow$ water + potassium chloride
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b.
Sulfuric acid + calcium hydroxide $longrightarrow$ water + calcium sulfate
Step 3
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c.
Phosphoric acid + sodium hydroxide $longrightarrow$ water + sodium phosphate
Exercise 9
Step 1
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a.
Balanced chemical equation:
$$
mathrm{HCl_{(aq)} + KOH_{(aq)} longrightarrow H_2O_{(l)} + KCl_{(aq)}}
$$
Step 2
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b.
Balanced chemical equation:
$$
mathrm{H_2SO_{4(aq)} + Ca(OH)_{2(aq)} longrightarrow 2H_2O_{(l)} + CaSO_{4(aq)}}
$$
Step 3
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c.
Balanced chemical equation:
$$
mathrm{H_3PO_{4(aq)} + 3NaOH_{(aq)} longrightarrow 3H_2O_{(l)} + Na_3PO_{4(aq)}}
$$
Exercise 10
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Neutralization reaction is a reaction in which the H$^+$ of the acid combine with the OH$^-$ of the base to form a neutral product; water. The by-product of this neutralization reaction is a salt.
Exercise 11
Step 1
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a.
Word equation:
Calcium hydroxide + nitric acid $longrightarrow$ calcium nitrate + water
Balanced chemical equation:
$$
mathrm{Ca(OH)_{2(aq)} + 2HNO_{3(aq)} longrightarrow Ca(NO_3)_{2(aq)} + 2H_2O_{(l)}}
$$
Step 2
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b. This reaction is a neutralization reaction as well as a double displacement reaction.
Result
3 of 3
Click to see answers.
Exercise 12
Step 1
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a.
Combustion of fossil fuels in combustion engines of vehicles raise the temperatures of the engines. At these high temperatures, atmospheric nitrogen in engines combine with oxygen gas to form oxides of nitrogen. These can become dissolve in atmospheric moisture to form an acid which falls to the earth as acid precipitation.
Combustion of fossil fuels in combustion engines of vehicles raise the temperatures of the engines. At these high temperatures, atmospheric nitrogen in engines combine with oxygen gas to form oxides of nitrogen. These can become dissolve in atmospheric moisture to form an acid which falls to the earth as acid precipitation.
Step 2
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b. This emission of catalytic converters in vehicles can re-convert these oxides of nitrogen to oxygen and nitrogen which are not atmospheric pollutants.
Result
3 of 3
Click to see answers.
Exercise 13
Step 1
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a.
Calcium hydroxide is basic in nature and when dissolved in water form an alkali that has a pH greater than 7 and this is how its addition can increase the pH of soil.
Calcium hydroxide is basic in nature and when dissolved in water form an alkali that has a pH greater than 7 and this is how its addition can increase the pH of soil.
Step 2
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b.
This ability to slowly dissolve in water is an advantage because this prevents the flushing away of calcium hydroxide from the soil at a faster rate, with running water.
This ability to slowly dissolve in water is an advantage because this prevents the flushing away of calcium hydroxide from the soil at a faster rate, with running water.
Exercise 14
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In the question we are going to summarize the acid and bases in a graphic organizer, my graphic organizer will include the following terms: synthesis, properties, neutralization, indicators, uses, pH, typical ion, environmental impact, and metal and nonmetals.
Step 2
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Exercise 15
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a. The color shown here is pink. Phenol red is pink in acidic medium and yellow in pH $>5$. This implies that the water of the pool is slightly acidic.
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b. The water in the pool is slightly acidic, therefore the pH of the water must be increased. This can be done by adding borax to the pool. Borax is a base that will neutralize the acidity of the pool water.
Exercise 16
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a. Bromothymol blue is yellow in acidic medium and therefore this implies that A is hydrochloric acid. The gas produced on reaction with magnesium was hydrogen. Acids are good conductors of electricity and hence this too was a good conductor of electricity.
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b. Bromothymol blue remained blue indicating that this is neither an acid nor a base. It does not react with magnesium indicating that B is sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is a good conductor of electricity in aqueous form and hence this too was a good conductor of electricity.
Step 3
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c. Bromothymol blue remained blue indicating that this is neither an acid nor a base. It does not react with magnesium indicating that C is sugar this is also proved by its electrical conductivity as sugar is a non-conductor of electricity in any state or form.
Exercise 17
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In this question, we will explain the meaning of buffer capacity, why different amounts of NaOH were added and which soil has the highest buffering capacity.
Step 2
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A buffer is a compound that resists the change in pH, and a buffer capacity measures the efficiency of the buffer to resist the change in pH.
Step 3
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Because sample 2 has a buffering capacity higher than sample 1, so it needed a higher volume of NaOH to neutralize the acid.
Step 4
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Since sample 2 needed more volume of NaOH to neutralize the acid that means it has a higher buffering capacity.
Exercise 18
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Since chemicals can be flammable, toxic, corrosive, and a lot more, there is some information that should be mentioned on the label of each chemical container.
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Here are some of the information that should be mentioned on the label of each chemical container:
begin{enumerate}
item Signal word: it refers to words such as “Danger,” or “Warning,” and it is used to indicate the hazard level.
item Pictograms: a pictogram, or GHS hazard symbol, is a visual representation of hazardous products.
item Hazard statements: they are used to describe the degree of hazard and the nature of the hazardous material.
item Product identification: it describes the chemical`s name.
end{enumerate}
begin{enumerate}
item Signal word: it refers to words such as “Danger,” or “Warning,” and it is used to indicate the hazard level.
item Pictograms: a pictogram, or GHS hazard symbol, is a visual representation of hazardous products.
item Hazard statements: they are used to describe the degree of hazard and the nature of the hazardous material.
item Product identification: it describes the chemical`s name.
end{enumerate}
Exercise 19
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Answer to this question will include opinion about putting juice in an infant`s bottle and why is that so.
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It is a bad idea to put juice in an infant’s bottle, and according to The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP): it’s best to wait until your baby is 1 year old before giving them juice unless your doctor recommends it.
Step 3
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Juices usually contain a certain amount of sugars, which are bad for your infant`s teeth (higher risk of developing cavities) and can lead to sugar addiction at a young age.
Exercise 20
Step 1
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In this question I am going to design a spill kit for home uses, I will be mentioning the materials that I will be using in my kit, safety information that should appear on the label, instructions on how to use, and a way of knowing when a spill is neutralized.
Step 2
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I will be using:\
begin{enumerate}
item A plastic container for storage purposes.
item Neutralizing agent for acid spills such as sodium bicarbonate
item Mercury absorbent
end{enumerate}
Step 3
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The label should contain that this container contains hazardous, corrosive, and toxic material which is mercury, it shouldn’t be inhaled or be touched by the skin.
Step 4
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The person should wear safety clothes such as a face mask, eye goggles, gloves, and a coat, the entire body should be covered.
Step 5
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The simplest way to know if your spill is neutralized is by using a pH meter, the pH of the spill should be around 7.
Exercise 21
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In this question we are going to describe what the acid and base term meant to us before reading this chapter, how did our understanding can change after reading this chapter, the question we have regarding acids and bases, and what are the resources to find an answer to my question.
Step 2
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Before reading this chapter, the ideas that I had about acids and bases are:\
begin{enumerate}
item The pH of acid is lower than 7 and higher than 7 for a base.
item Acids usually have a sour taste and bases have a bitter taste.
item Both acid and bases are good electrical conductors.
end{enumerate}
Step 3
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After reading this chapter I have a deeper knowledge of acids and bases in general, the serious effect they have on our environment, and what are the benefits of some of the acid-base reactions.
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The question that I have is what is the advanced indication technique to show if a material is acidic or basic, and does it show the precise pH number?
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The resources that I would use to find an answer to my question, are reading articles, science books, or using the internet to find the latest discoveries in the indication process.
Exercise 22
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In this question, we will state opinion about the transportations of acid and base and the accidents that can happen while transporting them.
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a) Acids and base have huge benefits in almost every industry, sometimes when moving them from a place to another can be dangerous and accidents can happen, but in the end, we still need to transport them from a place to another, so the best thing to do is to find a safe way of using or transporting them to avoid accidents that can harm individuals and our environment.
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b) Some chemicals have many advantages in our life and we can not stop using them, so the best way is to safely use or transport them to eliminate the chances of any accidents occurring.
Exercise 23
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In the question we will mention two examples of the most common acids used in skin care products and why are they used.
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begin{enumerate}
item Glycolic Acid
item Lactic Acid
end{enumerate}
item Glycolic Acid
item Lactic Acid
end{enumerate}
Step 3
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* Glycolic acid is the most common acid used in skincare products. It exfoliates the skin and assists in decreasing fine lines, dark spots, and wrinkles.
* When applying lactic acid on the skin improves firmness and makes it smooth.
* When applying lactic acid on the skin improves firmness and makes it smooth.
Exercise 24
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In this question, we will present an example of using acid and base in an industrial process.
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An example of acid used in an industrial process is Sulfuric acid, it is considered the most widely used acid in the iron and steel industry, it is mainly used to remove rust from the products such as cars before they are sold.
Step 3
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An example of a base used in an industrial process is Ammonia, it is one of the most used bases in industrial processes, it is usually used in cleaning agents.
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