Level of organization

List

Systems

a. 1. Root system

2. Shoot system

Tissue systems

b. 1. Dermal tissue system

2. Ground tissue system

3. Vascular tissue system

Parts of the plant

c. 1. Roots

2. Stems

3. Leaves

4. Flowers

5. Fruits

6. Seed

Tissues used for transportation

d. 1. Xylem vessels

2. Phloem vessels

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Diagram:

Click to see diagram.

Roots of a plant anchor the plant in its place in the soil. It absorbs water and dissolved minerals from the soil for supplying it to the plant. These are used by the plant for its growth and nourishment.

Stem of a plant support the body of the plant. It contains the cylinders of the xylem and the phloem vessels which connect all parts of the plant to the roots system so that water and minerals from the roots can be supplied to all parts of the plant and nutrients manufactured in the leaves can be supplied to all parts of the plant, respectively.

Leaves of the plants are the food manufacturing units of the plant. They are rich in chlorophyll which traps energy from the sun for the process of photosynthesis. This process uses atmospheric carbon dioxide and water from the roots to form glucose and oxygen. Glucose is supplied to all parts of the plant to energize and nourish them. Oxygen is liberated to the surrounding atmosphere.

Flowers are the reproductive units of the plant. They contain the reproductive parts of the plant and when pollinated, produce fruits of the plant. These fruits can therefore be called as “babies” of the plant.

Seeds inside fruits are used for regrowing that specie of the plant.

Stomata surrounded by the guard cells is the opening that allows gas exchange to take place inside the leaf of the plant. Atmospheric carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata located on the lower side of the leaves. Oxygen made during photosynthesis or carbon dioxide during respiration is liberated to the atmosphere through the stomata.

Stomata surrounded by the guard cells is the opening that allows gas exchange to take place inside the leaf of the plant.

Undifferentiated plant cells are the stem cells of the plant within the meristems of the plants.

Animals and plants both respire to convert food to energy to live.

Animals and plants both reproduce to sustain the existence of their specie on this plant.

Animals and plants both have cell division going on inside them for growth and repair.

Animals and plants both respire, reproduce and grow.

Plant cloning is the “making” of new plants of the same specie using some part of the parent specie. The cloned plant is genetically identical to its parent. In some plants, this may be done by using a branch of the parent plant and in some it may be done by using the root of the parent plant.

Plant cloning is the “making” of new plants of the same specie using some part of the parent specie.

The pair of guard cells around the stomata in the leaves control the amount of water loss from the plant. In water rich conditions, these cells become turgid and curved in size to open up the stomata and regulate water loss from the plant. During dry spells, these cells become less turgid, elongate in size and close the stomata to prevent water loss from the plant.

Plants that grow well in dry conditions often have fewer leaves to prevent water loss from the plant. A classic example of this is the cactus plant that can even grow in a desert because of its ability.

Guard cells and fewer number of leaves regulate water loss from the plant.

Roots of a plant anchor the plant in the soil and hold its in its place (in case of stormy conditions). They also absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil for the plant. This water is used during the process of photosynthesis to manufacture glucose of the plant while the minerals nourish the plant.

Roots of a plant anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil for the plant.

Chlorophyll present inside the chloroplast collect light energy for the plant that enables the plant to photosynthesize.

Plants do not need to eat because they are able to manufacture their food. This process of manufacturing food is called photosynthesis which requires sunlight. This sunlight is used by the chlorophyll in the leaves of the plant to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide and water to form glucose and oxygen. Glucose is used by the plant as food while oxygen is liberated to the surroundings.

Plants do not need to eat because they are able to manufacture their food.

The three types of plant tissue are the outer epidermis, ground tissue which stores nutrients, and the vascular xylem which transports nutrients and water on the interior

A plant root tip is composed of the regions of cell division, elongation and maturation.

Cell division occurs in the region of cell division by the process of mitosis.

Cell become longer in length in the region of cell elongation increasing the length of the root.

Some cells mature to form root hairs that are specialist in absorbing water and minerals from the soil. This maturation occurs in the region of maturation.

A plant root tip is composed of the regions of cell division, elongation and maturation.

Spikes of cactus are the modified leaves of the plant. They can be considered its adaption to survive in times of dry spells in the desert. Spikes unlike leaves have a smaller surface area and fewer or no stomata to help it conserve its water during dry seasons.

Spikes of cactus are the modified leaves of the plant which help it to conserve its water during dry seasons.

The potato plant stores its starch in its stem which is the potato itself. Excess glucose made during photosynthesis is stored in the potato plant as starch.

Growth is plants is different from growth in animals as cell division for growth in plants occur is localized areas and not throughout the body of the plant as in the case of animals.

Most plants continue to grow throughout their lifetimes starting from a seed and growing to become tall, shady trees unlike animals whose growth in size ceases after reaching a certain maximum size of the specie.

Plants continue to grow throughout their lifetime and their growth is in localized areas.

Plants can reproduce asexually and sexually. In asexual reproduction, the resulting plant is genetically identical to its one parent; the parent plant. In sexual reproduction; the pollen gains from the anther (the male part of the plant) fertilize the egg inside the ovary (the female part of the plant) to reproduce their specie in the form of seeds enclosed safely in a fruit that forms around them. This seed is a genetic make up of properties from both its parents and therefore not genetically identical to either of them.

The growth of non woody plants is limited because of the absence of lateral meristem in them. Therefore they are unable to sustain their lives for long stretches of time and usually have a maximum life of one year. They are shorter and smaller in size as compared to woody plants. This is also because apical meristems responsible of growth in such plants ceases once the cells have matured.

The growth of non woody plants is limited because of the absence of lateral meristem in them.

Ground tissues provide strength to the plant and support to its structure. These enable the plant to maintain its upright position.

Ground tissues provide strength and support to the plant.

Water is absorbed by the plant by its roots, it travels up the plant due to capillary action and transpiration pull. Some part of this water is used during the process of photosynthesis to manufacture glucose the remaining water exits the plant via the stomata located on the lower side of the leaves.

Root hair are fine and thin in nature which provide a huge surface area to volume ratio for water to be absorbed by the plant.

The pair of guard cells around the stomata in the leaves control the amount of water loss from the plant. In water rich conditions, these cells become turgid and curved in size to open up the stomata and regulate water loss from the plant. During dry spells, these cells become less turgid, elongate in size and close the stomata to prevent water loss from the plant.

Water is absorbed by the plant by its roots, it travels up the plant due to capillary action and transpiration pull and then exits the plant via the stomata located on the lower side of the leaves.

Plants like animals require oxygen for respiration. Oxygen is used by the plant to convert glucose to energy.

Plants like animals require oxygen for respiration.

They are similar in that they both deal with actively dividing cells that form new tissues, but different in that stem cells can develop into a more diverse variety of cell types

a) View of a fractured chloroplast under the microscope.

Chloroplasts are plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy using the photosynthetic process.

b) This image represents a plant stem in a cross-section showing vascular bundles.
The function of vascular bundles (vein structures) is to transport water, dissolved mineral salts, and nutrients in a vascular plant.

c) The epidermis covers the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf. In this image, we can also notice chloroplasts, vascular bundles, palisade layer, spongy mesophyll, stomate, air space, guard cells, and a cuticle.

d) Apical meristem of the shoot and early developing leaves.
The apical meristem is a group of cells that retain the ability to continue divisions, forming new cells continuously as the plant grows.

Loosely arranged cells are in located in the mesophyll of the cell. They are loosely arranged to allow volume to be occupied by gases during the processes of respiration and photosynthesis.

Loosely arranged cells are in located in the mesophyll of the cell and allow volume to be occupied by gases during the processes of respiration and photosynthesis.

Cell division for growth and repair is the mechanism by which plants are able to self-heal their damaged stem and leaf.

The phloem is directly beneath the bark of woody plants, therefore when the bark is stripped, there is a possibility that the phloem is damaged and this can disrupt the supply of nutrients from the leaves to the rest of the plant eventually killing it.

Plants that depend on wind pollination need to produce a large number of pollen grains because the chances of successful pollination by wind are less than that by animals.

Pollination by wind is not always successful and therefore a greater number of pollen grains are needed.

The grass is able to regrow because of the process of apical meristem. The remaining cells in the shoot of the cut grass elongate and mature causing the grass to regrow from the place where it was cut.

The grass is able to regrow because of the process of apical meristem.

Word equation of photosynthesis:

Leaves are the food manufacturing units of the plant and to serve this purpose they are rich in chloroplast which is in abundance on their top surface. These contain the chlorophyll that traps in light energy of the sunlight for the process of photosynthesis to take place. Chlorophyll also gives the leaves their green color. Water from the roots of the plant, enters the leaves through the branches of the xylem vessels while carbon dioxide enters the leaves through the stomata located on the lower side of the leaves. The leaves photosynthesize to manufacture glucose and oxygen. Oxygen leaves the plant body via the stomata while glucose is distributed to the plant to meet its energy requirements.

Leaves are rich in chloroplast which is in abundance on their upper surface giving them their green color. The lower surface of the leaf is not as green as the upper/top surface.

Upper surface of the leaf is greener in color as compared to its lower surface due to the presence of abundance of chlorophyll.

I, a water molecule was sucked in the plant by the root hairs of the plant. The transpiration pull pulled me upwards from the root hair to the leaf via the xylem vessel. I, along with five other water molecules combined with six carbon atoms of carbon dioxide to form one molecule of glucose. Equation:

Plants can reproduce asexually and sexually. In asexual reproduction, the resulting plant is genetically identical to its one parent; the parent plant. In sexual reproduction; the pollen gains from the anther (the male part of the plant) fertilize the egg inside the ovary (the female part of the plant) to reproduce their specie in the form of seeds enclosed safely in a fruit that forms around them. This seed is a genetic make up of properties from both its parents and therefore not genetically identical to either of them.

Asexual reproduction in plants is widely and commercially used to grow vegetables like potatoes, carrots etc, while sexual reproduction is used to farm fruits.

Lets consider the case where three fertilizers A, B and C are being experimented to determine their benefits to the plant. In such a scenario, four identical plants should be taken and placed side by side in the same room such that they are all exposed to the same amount of light, air and temperature. The first plant can serve as a control while one fertilizer is added to each plant such that plant 2 has A, plant 3 has B and plant 4 has C. The growth of each plant now can be recorded to determine which fertilizer is most effective for the plant.

1 meter above ground level still because trees grow from the tips of their branches, not their base

Years containing lots of rain and therefore nutrients for plant growth will be represented by thicker rings. Tree ring width is also a function of temperature

Most surprising was that plants also had cells similar to stem cells that form new tissues.

Leaves are the food manufacturing units of the plant and to serve this purpose they are rich in chloroplast which is in abundance on their top surface. These contain the chlorophyll that traps in light energy of the sunlight for the process of photosynthesis to take place. Chlorophyll also gives the leaves their green color. Water from the roots of the plant, enters the leaves through the branches of the xylem vessels while carbon dioxide enters the leaves through the stomata located on the lower side of the leaves. The leaves photosynthesize to manufacture glucose and oxygen. Oxygen leaves the plant body via the stomata while glucose is distributed to the plant to meet its energy requirements.

Plants are the only specie on the planet that has the ability to manufacture food, primarily for itself and secondarily for every other organism that roams this earth, therefore their survival is of greater importance because the survival of all other life forms on earth depends on them. Photosynthesis also produces oxygen which is the most important gas as all animals as well as plants depend on oxygen for respiration.

The Mcintosh apple, also known as the apple of Canada, is a sort of an apple with green and red skin on the outside and white flesh and tart flour on the inside.

The Mcintosh apple was discovered by her founder John Mcintosh, for whom it got named, in 1811. on his Dundela farm, in Upper Canada.

The Mcintosh apple is one of the most popular apples in Canada and is great for eating it raw or cooking. The best way to use Mcintosh apple is for baking an apple pie.

Plant tropisms is their response to various external stimulus, such as water (hydrotropism), light (phototropism), gravity ( Gravitropism) and touch or contact (thigmotropism)…by showing a differential growth.