The respiratory and the digestive system work in coordination with the circulatory system to enrich and nourish all parts of the body with oxygen and nutrients, respectively.

The respiratory and the digestive system work in coordination with the circulatory system.

a. The bones in the muscluoskeletal structure provide support to the body of the organism.

b. The bones in the muscluoskeletal structure provide protection to the delicate organs in an organisms body by covering them. For example the brain is protected by the skull, the rib-cage protects the lungs and the sternum protects the heart.

c. The bones are joined by adjacent bones by ligaments and to muscles by tendons, therefore whenever, the muscle contracts or expands, the movement is transferred to the respective bone to provide movement.

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The lungs do not belongs in this group, as the other parts of the body mentioned; esophagus, small intestine and stomach are all parts of the digestive system.

a. A neuron is a nerve cell.

b. Neurons transmit signals to and from the brain as electric impulses. The axons of these neurons are covered by
myelin sheath which is made up of fats and it insulates the axons and isolates them from other axons to ensure accurate communication.

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Bites of pizza are finely chewed and ground in the mouth by teeth in the presence of saliva which makes it moist. Enzymes in the saliva also begin the digestion of starch in the pizza. The soft moist chewed food is swallowed and it travels via the esophagus in to the stomach by the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissues. In the stomach, the food is exposed to acidic gastric juices that accelerate the digestion of proteins in the pizza. After the complete digestion of proteins, the food is passed on to the small intestines where the carbohydrates and the fats in the pizza are digested. The digested food is absorbed by the blood near the end of the small intestines and the undigested matter is passed to the large intestines. The large intestines absorb water from the undigested matter and eject the undigested matter via the anus as feaces.

Disease

Description of the disease

System(s) involved

Osteoporosis

Loss of bone density

Muscluoskeletal system

Diabetes

Inability of the body to regulate blood sugar

Endocrine system

Coronary artery disease

Fat deposition in coronary arteries leading to blockage

Circulatory system

Multiple sclerosis

Disruption in flow of information via signals in the brain

Nervous system

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a. Arteries are blood vessels that carry highly pressurized blood from the heart to all parts of the body. They have thick muscular walls to endure the high pressure of the blood passing through them to be supplied to all parts of the body.

b. Veins are blood vessels that carry low pressure from all parts of the body back to the heart. They have thin walls which are sufficient to carry low pressure blood back to the heart.

c. Capillaries are fine, thin vessels. Their cross section is small which is just wide enough to allow the passage of one red blood cell at a moment. The small diameter of these vessels ensures that each body part is supplied with oxygen rich blood independent of its location. Every body part because of its location, is not accessible by the artery and therefore capillaries are required to reach out to such areas of the body and provide them with nutrients and oxygen and collect from them carbon dioxide and other waste products.

The purpose of smooth muscles is to push the food along the digestive tract, therefore a malfunction in this will not be able to push food along the digestive tract leading to a disease similar to constipation.

a. Carbon dioxide is produced by the body cells as a product of respiration. It is absorbed by the blood and because of its acidic nature it causes acidity in blood which is required for the body to function properly. Taking deep breaths, exhales carbon dioxide at a faster rate than it can be produced by the body as a result of which, the acidity of blood reduces causing dizziness.

b. Breathing into a paper bag will cause some of the exhaled carbon dioxide to be inhaled in and balance the carbon dioxide level in blood to normalize this dizziness.

a. Breathing becomes harder at high altitudes. The body needs the same amount of oxygen to fulfill its body needs. Oxygen inhaled per breath is lesser in quantity so the body increases the rate of breathing to compensate for this change and to meet the requirement.

b. A runner who is trained at sea level will perform poorly at a race taking place at an altitude of 2000 meter above sea level. This is because it will be harder for him to breathe at that altitude because of the reduced density of oxygen and therefore his body will not be able to run as trained, because running itself is an exhaustive exercise and it difficult breathing, it will only become more difficult leading to poor performance.

Osteoporosis is a disease often affecting senior women in which the bones of the body become weak and fragile because of bone tissue loss. In simple words, it can be said that the bones become thinner in their structure and just as a thin PVC pipe is easier to break than a thick one, such bones are more prone to damage and fractures in case of an injury. Therefore, it is important for women to take calcium and vitamin D rich diets and supplement, throughout their lifetimes. Physical exercises should also be added to daily routine as these improve the flexibility of the body as well as balance to minimize chances of possible injuries.

a. A large surface area allows more products to be passed over, per unit time.

b. The alveoli in the lungs are tiny air sacs that increase the surface area of the lungs for rapid gaseous exchange to take place.

a. A large surface area speeds up the transfer process.

b. Alveoli in the lungs.

You could convince them that the blood would be used in transplants that change if not save people’s lives

a) The brain uses the nerve system to cause the muscles within the respiratory system to expand and contract to perform their functions involuntarily

b) the connective and epithelial tissues cover the “pipes” of the respiratory system with mucus and cilia to act as filters and keep things as clean as possible

The brain uses the nerve system to cause the muscles within the respiratory system to expand and contract to perform their functions involuntarily