Cell Theory Flashcards, test questions and answers
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We've found 6 Cell Theory tests
Cell Theory
IB Biology
Cell Biology Study Guide – Flashcards 23 terms
23 terms
Preview
Cell Biology Study Guide – Flashcards
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Cell theory
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the theory that all living things are made of cells
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eukaryote
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an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms (except primitive microorganisms like bacteria) these cells have a nuclei
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prokaryote
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a cell that doesn't have a nuclei
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cell
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the basic building blocks of all living things - a microorganism within all living things
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cell membrane
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the part of the cell that lets things in and out of the cell
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cell wall
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similar to a normal wall - provides protection and support for the cell
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ribosome
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produces proteins from old materials for the cell (protein production factories)
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mitochondria
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this is the "powerhouse" of the cell -- it produces energy for the cell
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nucleus
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holds genetic material and manages activities within the cell
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chloroplast
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it captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into energy
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proteins
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substances that help build and maintain cells
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enzymes
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protein substances that speed up chemical reactions
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nucleic acids
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very long organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphurous, contain instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life
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carbohydrates
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the starches and sugars present in foods (and cells)
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lipids
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fats and oils
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element
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a pure chemical substance that consists of one type of atom
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compound
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a substance that is made up of two or more elements
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organic compound
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any compound of carbon and another element
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inorganic compound
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A compound that does not contain carbon
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diffusion
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when molecules "even out" or get dispersed evenly
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osmosis
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diffusion of water specifically (through a membrane that lets through only certain things)
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passive transport
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when chemicals move without energy -- to even out
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active transport
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when chemicals move with energy -- to "undiffuse"
Basic Unit Of Life
Cell Biology
Cell Theory
Study Guide: Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 3 – Flashcards 62 terms
62 terms
Preview
Study Guide: Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 3 – Flashcards
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Cell Theory
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Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
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Cell Theory
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Organismal activity depends on individual and collective activity of life
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Cell Theory
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Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by cellular structure
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Cell Theory
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Continuity of life has a cellular basis
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Plasma Membrane
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- separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids - regulates entry and exit of materials
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Cytomplasm
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- cellular region between nuclear and plasma membrane - contains cytosol (fluid), organelles, inclusions (stored nutrients, secretory products, pigment)
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Mitochondria
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- double membrane structure with self-like cristae - provide most of cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration - contains own DNA and RNA
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Ribosomes
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- granules containing protein and rRNA - site of protein synthesis - free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins - membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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- "network within the cytoplasm" - interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae (fluid-filled cavities)
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Rough ER
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- external surface studded with ribosomes - ribosomes manufacture all proteins secreted from cell - cell's "membrane factory" because responsible for the synthesis of integral proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes
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Smooth ER
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- Tubules arranged in a looping network - Catalyzes the following reactions in various organs of the body: liver, testes, intestinal cells, skeletal/cardiac muscle
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Liver
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lipid and cholesterol metabolism; breakdown glycogen; detoxification of drugs------Smooth ER catalyzes
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Testes
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synthesis of steroid-based hormones------Smooth ER catalyzes
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intestinal cells
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absorption, synthesis, transport fats ------Smooth ER catalyzes
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skeletal/cardiac muscle
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storage/release of calcium ------Smooth ER catalyzes
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Golgi Apparatus
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- stacked and flattened membranous sacs - functions in modification, concentration, packaging proteins - transport vessels for ER, fuse with the cis face of the______ - Proteins that pass through the ________ to the trans face - secretory vesicles leave the trans face of the ____ stack and move to designated parts of the cell
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Lysosomes
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- spherical membranes bags contain enzymes - digest ingested bacteria, viruses, toxins - degrade nonfunctional organelles - breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone - secretory ______ found in white blood cells, immune cells, melanocytes
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Endomembrane System
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- system of organelles that function: produce, store, export biological molecules; degrade potentially harmful substances -includes: nuclear envelope, smooth/rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, golgi apparatus, plasma membrane
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Peroxisomes
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- membranous sacs have oxidases and catalases - detoxify harmful/ toxic substance - neutralize dangerous free radicals
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Cystoskeleton
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- "skeleton of cell" - consists of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
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Microtubules
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- Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin - Determine overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles
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Microfilaments
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- strands of protein actin - attached to cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane - strength/brace cell surface - attach to CAMs, function in edocytosis/ exocytosis
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Intermediat filaments
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- part of cytoskeleton - resist pulling forces on cell and help form desmosomes
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Centrioles
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- pinwheel of 9 triplet of microtubules - organize mitotic spindle during mitosis - bases of cilla and flagella
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Nucleus
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- contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin - Gene- containing control center of cell - contains genetic library of all cellular proteins - tells what proteins need to be synthesized
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Nuclear Envelope
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- double membrane barrier containing pores - enclosed jellylike nucleoplasm has essential solutes - Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules in/out of nucleus
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Nucleoli
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- dark circle of body in nucleus - site of ribosomes production
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Chromatin
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- DNA constitutes the genes - threadlike material made of DNA/histone proteins
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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- Double bilayer of lipids with imbedded, dispersed proteins - Bilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids *see diagram
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Glycolipids
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lipids which bond carbohydrate
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Phospolipids
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have hydrophilic/phobic bipoles
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Microvilli
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- minute fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane - increase plasma membrane surface area hugely
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Tight Junction
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- impermeable junction that encircles cells
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Desmosome
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anchoring junction scattered along sides of cells
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Gap Junction
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- nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells...junction
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Passive Membrane Transport
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- H20, Cl-, Fat, O2, Co2, Glucose - energy not required-----diffusion
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Active Membrane Transport
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- Na+, K+, Amino Acids, steroid - energy required---assisted by enzymes - energy ATP -Primary Active Transport -Secondary Active transport
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Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
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- anchor cells to the extracellular matrix - assist in movement of cell past on another - rally protective white blood cells to injured or infected areas
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Membrane receptors
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Contact Signaling, Electrical signaling, chemical signaling
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Contact Signaling
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- important in normal development and immunity =some bacteria use this signaling to identify target organ -the actual coming together and touching of cells, means by which cells recognize one another - membrane receptor
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Electrical Signaling
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- certain plasma membrane proteins are channel proteins that respond to changes in membrane potential by opening/close channel - voltage-regulated "ion gates" in nerve and muscle tissue - membrane receptor
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Chemical Signaling
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neurotransmitters bind to chemically gated channel-linked receptors in nerve and muscle tissue - membrane receptor
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Mitotic Phase
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Prophase Metophase Anaphase Telophase
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Interphase
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G1 S G2
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G1
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metabolic activity and vigorous growth....cell cycle
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S
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synthesis for DNA.........cell cycle
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G2
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preparation for division......cell cycle
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Prophase
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1st step - centrioles move to poles - spindle fibers start to form - chromatin condense into chromosomes - nuclear envelope breaks down
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Metophase
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2nd step - chromosomes meet in middle (equator)
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Anaphase
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3rd step - chromosomes split and move to opposite poles (sides)
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Telophase
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4th step - two distinct nuclei, nuclear envelope reforms chromosomes unwind into chromatin
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mRNA
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- carries genetic info from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm -messenger
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tRNA
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- bound amino acid base pair with codons of mRNA at the ribosome to begin process of protein synthesis -transfer *see diagram
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rRNA
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- a structural component of ribosomes -ribosomal
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Transcription
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transfer of information from the sense strand of DNA to RNA
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Translation
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language of nucleic acids translated to language of proteins
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Simple diffusion
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- movement of molecules (driven by kinetic energy) down a concentration gradient - Fat soluble solutes can diffuse directly through the membrane by dissolving in the lipid *passive transport
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Facilitated diffusion
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-passive movement of certain solutes across the membrane either by their binding with a membrane carrier protein or by their moving through a membrane channel -kinetic energy *passive transport
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Osmosis
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diffusion of a solvent (water) through a selectively permeable membrane -water diffuses through membrane pores (aquaporins) or directly through the lipid part of the membrane from a solution of lesser osmolarity to a solution of greater osmolarity ---particles move from crowded area to not crowded area = water becomes more equal with even # particles =more particles on 1 side higher water level *passive transport
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Hypertonic
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- water moves out of the cells
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Isotonic
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- water enters and exits the cells at the same rate
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Hypotonic
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-water moves into the cells
AP World History
Cell Theory
Medical Terminology
Medical and Dental History – Flashcards 13 terms
13 terms
Preview
Medical and Dental History – Flashcards
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What contribution to medicine did Hippocrates make? What was the "title" commonly given to him?
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Father of Medicine and the creator of the Code of Ethics
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Which group of people were responsible for the earliest recording of health care?
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Egyptians
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In ancient times, what were thought to be the cause of diseases?
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Supernatural spirits
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Explain what the Eye of Horus was.
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The Eye of Horus was a "magic eye" that was viewed as an amulet to guard against disease, suffering, and evil.
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In what ways was public health encouraged by the Greeks and Romans?
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They created sanitary practices, hospitals/clinics, flood control, etc.
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In ancient times, on what were medical records and prescriptions written?
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Papyrus
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Name some examples of ancient treatments still used today.
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Acupuncture and morphyne
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What diseases of ancient times are still treated today?
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Arthritis and measles
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What was one of the early names given to the person now known as a dentist?
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The "Keeper of Teeth"
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Who first applied science to dental treatment? List some of his achievements.
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Celsus - first dental surgeon, plastic surgery, packing wounds to stop blood
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What are some evidences of early people's concern for teeth?
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Found dental prescriptions in papyrus and tablet records
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Even as late as 1500 A.D., what was thought to be the main cause of dental disease?
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Tooth worms
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When and where was the first medical school that included dental surgery organized in America?
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1840 in Baltimore, Maryland
Basic Unit Of Life
Cell Theory
Earth Science
Grow And Develop
Life Science
Science
4th Grade ISAT Science Vocabulary – Flashcards 132 terms
132 terms
Preview
4th Grade ISAT Science Vocabulary – Flashcards
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living things
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things that take in food, water, and gases, reproduce, grow, and respond to the environment.
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mammal
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warm-blooded animal with fur that gives birth to live babies and feeds them milk.
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bird
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warm blooded animal with feathers that lays eggs.
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reptile
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cold blooded animal with dry, scaly, skin that lays eggs.
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fish
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cold-blooded animal with scales and gills that lays eggs in the water.
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amphibian
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cold-blooded animal with smooth skin that lives on both land and in the water.
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insect
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invertebrate animal with six legs. They have segmented bodies and some have wings.
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vertebrate
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an animal with a backbone.
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invertebrate
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an animal with no backbone.
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exoskeleton
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the hard outer shell of some invertebrates.
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metamorphosis
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the change in body shape that insects and amphibians go through as they develop.
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insect metamorphosis
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Egg, larva, pupa, adult.
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larva
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the caterpillar stage of a butterfly.
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pupa
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the chrysalis, or cocoon, stage of a butterfly.
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frog metamorphosis
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egg, tadpole, young adult, adult.
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plant needs
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sunlight, water, air, nutrients.
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animal needs
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food, water, air, shelter
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inherited traits
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traits that are passed down from parents to their offspring. Examples are eye color and number of limbs in animals, and flower color in plants.
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learned traits
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traits that are learned, like being able to ride a bike.
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producers
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organisms that make their own food using sunlight. Includes all plants.
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consumers
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organisms that eat other organisms for food.
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decomposers
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organisms that break down dead plants and animals. Includes worms and fungi.
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herbivores
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consumers that eat only plants.
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carnivores
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consumers that eat only animals.
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omnivores
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consumers that eat both plants and animals.
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ecosystem
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all of the living and nonliving things interacting together in an area.
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desert
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a very hot, dry ecosystem.
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rainforest
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a very warm, wet ecosystem with lots of trees.
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temperate forest
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a forest ecosystem with different weather for each season.
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ocean
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a salt water ecosystem
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lake
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a fresh water ecosystem.
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nocturnal
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active at night.
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diurnal
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active during the day.
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camouflage
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an adaptation that helps organisms hide by blending in with their environment.
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adaptation
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a special structure or skills that helps an organism survive in its environment.
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food chain
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a diagram showing how energy is passed from one organism to the next.
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food web
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a group of overlapping food chains.
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warm-blooded
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body temperature stays the same all the time.
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cold-blooded
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body temperature rises and falls with the temperature of the environment.
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hibernation
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going into a deep sleep for the winter
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migration
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traveling to a different area in search of food or nicer weather.
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pollution
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harmful things in the water, air, or on land.
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natural resources
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things from the earth that organisms use to survive. Air, water, space, sunlight, and food are a few examples.
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The 3 R's
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Reduce, Reuse, Recycle - These are ways that people can protect the environment.
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solid
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matter that does not change shape when put into a new container. Particles are packed tightly and move slowly.
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liquid
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matter that changes shape but not volume when put into a new container. Particles slip and slide around.
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gas
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matter that changes shape and volume when put into a new container. Particles move very fast and are spread far apart.
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evaporation
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the change from liquid to gas.
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condensation
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the change from gas to liquid.
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freezing
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the change from liquid to solid.
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melting
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the change from solid to liquid.
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thermometer
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a tool that measures temperature.
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mass
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a measurement of the amount of matter in something.
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volume
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a measurement of the amount of space something takes up.
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graduated cylinder
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a tool used for measuring volume.
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balance
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a tool used for measuring mass.
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ruler
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a tool used for measuring length.
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expand
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increase in volume because of heat.
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contract
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decrease in volume because of cold temperatures.
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density
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a measurement of the amount of matter in a certain space.
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magnet
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attracts iron, but not paper, plastic, aluminum, or copper.
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conductor
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something that lets heat and electricity go through it.
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insulator
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something that does not let heat or electricity go through it.
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static electricity
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an electrical charge caused by rubbing certain object together, like a balloon on someone's hair.
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attract
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force pulling two objects together, such opposite charges (positive and negative), or opposite magnetis poles (north and south).
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repel
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force pushing two objects apart. This happens to objects with "like" charges (positive and positive or negative and negative) or the "like" magnetic poles (north and north or south and south).
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types of energy
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electrical, heat, light, and mechanical.
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circuit
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the path electricity travels from the battery, to the light bulb, and back to the battery.
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closed circuit
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a circuit with no breaks in the path of the electricity - the bulb will light.
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open circuit
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a circuit with one or more breaks in the path of the electricity - the bulb will not light.
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white
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the color seen when an object reflects all colors of light back to the eye.
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black
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the color seen when an object absorbs all colors of light and reflects no light back to the eye.
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red
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the color seen when an object absorbs all colors of light except the color red.
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reflection
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when light bounces off of an object.
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refraction
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when light is bent by a lens.
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prism
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breaks white light into all the colors of the rainbow.
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force
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a push or a pull.
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balanced forces
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when the forces are equal on all sides of an object so its motion does not change. Equilibrium.
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unbalanced forces
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when forces on an object are unequal, causing the object to start or stop moving.
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friction
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the force created when the two surfaces rub against each other.
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gravity
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the force that pulls objects toward each other. It is what causes objects to be pulled toward the Earth.
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lever
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a simple machine that lifts objects by using a plank that is resting on a fulcrum.
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inclined plane
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a ramp that is a type of simple machine. Used to raise objects up or down.
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pulley
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a simple machine that consists of a rope that fits into a groove in a wheel. Used to raise objects up or down.
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screw
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a simple machine that is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder - used to fasten objects together.
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wheel and axle
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a simple machine that has a center rod attached to a wheel.
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renewable
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resources that can be replaced.
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nonrenewable
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resources that cannot be replaced.
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fossil fuels
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coal, oil and natural gas.
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erosion
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The slow process of moving sediment from one place to another, usually by moving water.
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weathering
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The slow process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces.
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earthquake
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the shaking that results from the movement of the plates that make up the Earth's surface.
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volcano
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mountain created as lava erupts from inside the earth.
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landslide
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the sudden movement of rock and soil down a slope.
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fossil
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the remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock.
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igneous
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rock formed from cooled magma or lava.
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sedimentary
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rock formed when layers of sediments were pressed and cemented together.
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metamorphic
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rock formed by heat and pressure deep inside the Earth.
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minerals
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what makes up rocks. they have different colors, hardness, streak colors, and luster (shininess).
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river delta
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the place where a river deposits the sediments it picks up, forming a triangle shape.
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flooding
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when water cannot be absorbed into the land and overflows rivers. Causes damage but also deposits new soil on plains making fertile farmland.
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cirrus
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wispy, feathery clouds high in the sky.
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cumulus
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clouds that look like fluffy, rounded piles of cotton.
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stratus
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Clouds that form in low, flat layers, blanketing all or most of sky.
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precipitation
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water falling from the sky as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
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anemometer
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tool used to measure wind speed.
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rain gauge
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tool used to measure rainfall.
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barometer
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tool used to measure air pressure.
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hygrometer
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tool used to measure humidity.
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low pressure system
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air pressure that comes with high wind, warm temperatures and storms.
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high pressure system
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air pressure that comes with clear skies and calm weather.
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continent
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large land mass
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mountain
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land mass with high peaks.
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valley
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the low land between hills or mountains.
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island
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land surrounded on all sides by water.
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moon
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the natural satellite of the Earth, which does not produce its own light.
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planets
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the large round bodies that revolve around the Sun.
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solar eclipse
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when the moon moves between the Earth and the Sun, blocking the sun's light.
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lunar eclipse
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when the Earth moves between the Sun and the Moon, casting a shadow on the Moon.
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full moon
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when the entire moon is visible.
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new moon
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when no part of the moon is lit by the sun, making it dark.
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moon phases
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the different shapes we see of the moon each night, caused by the moon's changing position.
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Planet Order
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Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
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Revolve
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Earth's motion around the Sun. Takes 365 1/4 days.
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Rotate
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Earth's spinning motion on its axis. Takes 24 hours.
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Leap Day
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Every four years we add this to our calendar to account for the 365 1/4 days it takes Earth to revolve around the Sun.
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axis
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the imaginary line around which the Earth spins. It is tilted.
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seasons
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different weather patterns at different times of year, caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis.
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constellation
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a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky. Used for navigation, like a map.
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galaxy
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a group of billions of stars clustered together.
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Milky Way
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our galaxy, which gets its name from the white streak of stars we see in the sky.
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weight
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a measure of the force of gravity on an object. On Earth, mass and weight are the same. But in places with different gravity, weight will change.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Basic Unit Of Life
Bright Field Microscope
Cell Theory
Compound Light Microscope
Microbiology
Virology
Microbiology Chpt 6 viruses – Flashcards 79 terms
79 terms
Preview
Microbiology Chpt 6 viruses – Flashcards
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| Could viruses be seen by the first microscopes? |
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| No they were too small |
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| Who proposed the term virus? |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| What did Ivanovski and Beijerinck showed? |
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| disease in tobacco was caused by a virus |
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| Who discovered an animal virus that caused foot and mouth disease in cattle? |
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| Loeffler and Frosch |
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| Describe what viuses can and cannot do? |
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| -Can infect every type of cell -Cannot exist independently from the host cell, so they aren't considered living things BUT since they can direct life processes they are considered more than a lifeless molecule. They have to have intrcellular parasites refered to as infectious partilcles, either active or inactive |
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| HIV is? |
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| a retrovirus with an RNA genome |
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| Describe the DNA virus of Eukaryotes enveloped with which kind of genosome |
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| enveloped Double -strnded genome -Poxviruses -Herpesviruses -Adenoviruses (linear DNA) -Papovvirses (circular DNA |
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| Describe the DNA virus of Eukaryotes Nonenveloped with which kind of genosome |
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| It has all the double standed geno plus one single stranded genome Parvoviruses |
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| segemented - |
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| individual genes exist on seperate pieces of RNA |
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| A virus is a tiny infectious? |
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| Particle |
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| Viruses are known to attacka. Plants b. bacteria c. fungi d. All organisms |
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| d. All organisms |
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| The nucleic acid of a virus is a. DNA only b. RNA only c. Both DNA and RNA d. Neither RNA or DNA |
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| d. Neither RNA or DNA |
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| the general steps in a viral multiplication cycle is |
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| absorption penetration synthesis assembly and release |
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| a prophage is an early stage in the development of an a. bacterial virus b. poxvirus c. lytic virus d. enveloped virus |
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| a. bacterial virus |
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| In general, RNA virses multiply in the cell____, and DNA virsus multiply in the cell________. |
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| In general, RNA virses multiply in the cell cytoplasm, and DNA virsus multiply in the cell nucleus. |
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| Viruses cannot be cultivated in? |
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| blood agar |
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| clear patches in cultures that indicate sites in virus infection are called? |
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| plaques |
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| list viral infections |
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| rabies, cold sores, genital warts, mumps rubella |
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| True or False: In lysogeny, viral DNA is inserted into host chromosome |
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| True |
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| True or False A viral capsid is composed of subunits called virions |
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| False A viral capsid is composed of subunits called caposomers |
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| True or false: The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the cell wall of its host cell |
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| False The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the cell MEMBRANE of its host cell |
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| True or False: The nucleic acid of animal viruses enter the cell through a process called translocation |
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| False The nucleic acid of animal viruses enter the cell through a process called penetration |
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| True/ False Viruses that persist in the (host) cell and cause recurrent disease are called latent |
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| True |
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| Are viruses alive? |
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| If viruses are unable to multiple independently from the host cell, they are not living things. The other debate is even though viruses do not exhibit most life process they do effect them. |
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| Discuss the size of microorganisms |
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| virsus are the smallest infectious agents and usually can only be seen with the help of a electron microscrpe |
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| DISCUSS the function and structure of viral capsids |
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| shell that surrounds the nucleic acid in the central core Made up of protein molecules two different types-Helical and Icosahedral |
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| Distinguish between enveloped and naked viruses? |
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| Virsus that possess an additional covering external to the capsid is called the envelope viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid are considered naked viruses |
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| explain the importance of viral surface proteins or spikes |
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| essential for attachment. |
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| explain the importance of viral surface proteins or spikes |
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| essential for attachment. |
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| Describe the multiplication cycles in animal virsus? |
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| absorption pentration uncoating synthesis assembly release |
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| Adsorption |
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| specific attachment |
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| penetration |
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| entry of viral genome |
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| uncoating |
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| release of viral genome |
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| synthesis |
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| new viral products made |
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| assembly |
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| new viruses are made in the cell |
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| release |
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| often causes the host cell to lyse |
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| RNA viruses synthesis |
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| replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm |
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| DNA Viruses synthesis |
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| enter host cell's nucleus where they are replicated and assembled |
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| Explain what cytopathic effects are? |
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| virus -induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance |
question
| Explain what cytopathic effects are? |
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| virus -induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance |
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| RNA viruses synthesis |
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| replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm |
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| medical importance of viruses |
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| -infectious disease chronic affliction association type 1 diabetes multiple sclerosis cancer |
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| nucleocapsid |
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| The capsid and the nucleic acid togther are called |
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| fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell |
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| virion |
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| What are the 2 different types of viral capsid? |
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| helical and isosahedral |
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| Viral Capsid: Constructionmade up ofprotects? |
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| Viral Capsid Construction from identiacal subunits called capsomers Made up of protein molecules -to protect DNA protects DNA from the enviroment |
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| Describe icosahedral capsid? |
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| three-dimensional, 20 sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners Although they all display this symmetry, there are wide variations |
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| Describe complex capsids |
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| land on cell only effect bacteria shape is not symmetrical caontain tail fibers and capsid head |
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| Describe the viral envelope |
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| takes a bit of host cell membrane in the form of an envelope in the envelope, some or all of the regular membrane proteins are replaced with viral proteins some proteins form a binding layer between the envelope and the capsid H1N1 |
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| What are glycoproooteins |
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| remain exposed as spikes; essential for attachment |
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| Name the functions of viral capsid envelope? |
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| Protects nucleic acids help introduce the viral DNA and RNA into suitable host cell Stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect cell against future infections |
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| List 4 types of nucleic acid stands that can be used as a virus genomes? |
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| 1. double stranded DNA 2. Single stranded RNA 3. Single Stranded DNA 4. Double stranded RNA |
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| What are the 2 major types of virus capsid structures? |
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| 1. Helical 2. Icosahedral |
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| Function of viral capsid/envelope? |
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| Protects nucleic acids Help introducre the viral DNA or RNA into a suitable host cell stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that protect the host cells against future infections |
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| genome |
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| the sum total of genetic informationcarried by an orgainsm Contain DNA or RNA not BOTH |
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| Some viruses are exception to typical DNA and RNA formation ParvovirusesReoviruses ? |
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| Parvoviruses- Contain single stranded DNA Reoviruses contain double stranded RNA |
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| WHich bacteria type is stained with crystal violet when performing Gram stain? |
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| Gram positive cells |
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| What is the basis for the differnital nature of the gram stain procedure? |
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| cell walls differ in composition among bacterial types and thus bind stain differently |
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| How are viruses are classified and named? |
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| Main criteria'structure chemical composition similarities in genetic makeup |
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| Viral enzymes found in nucleocapsid? |
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| -polymerases (makes polymers DNARNA makes polymers -reverse transcriptase |
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| viral enzymes- found in envelope |
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| hemagglutinin neuraminidase |
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| What is required for viral multiplication? |
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| Host cells and specific interaction between host cell and virus |
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| Multiplication cycles in animal viruses? |
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| 1. Absorption-specific attachment (spikes) 2. Penetration-entry into genome 3. uncoating-release of viral genosome 4. Synthesis-new viral products are made 5. assembly- new viruses are made in the cell 6. release-often causes the host cell to lyse |
question
| Describe adsorption? |
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| virus encounters susceptible host cells adsorbs specifically to receptor sites on the cell membrane because of exact fit required; viruses have a limited host range |
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| Penetration- |
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| whole capsid enters flexible cell membrane of the host is penetrated by the whole virus or its nucleic acid The viral envelope can also directly fuse with the host cell membrane (influenza; mumps) |
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| endocytosis |
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| entire virus engulfed by the cell and enclosed in vicuole or vesicle (herpes) |
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| uncoating |
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| enzyme in the vacuole dissolve the envelope and capsid the virus is now uncoated (nucleic acid free in cytoplasm |
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| synthesis |
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| make more RNA and DNA -free viral nucleic acid exerts control over the host's synthetic and metabolic machinery |
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| How is the DNA viruses synthesis? |
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| DNA viruses-enter host cell's nucleus where they are replicated and assembled |
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| Where is the RNA viruses synthesis? |
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| RNA viruses-replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm |
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| Assembly and release MATURE VIRUS PARTICLES ARE CONSTRUCTED FROM |
answer
| THE GROWING POOL OF PARTS nucleic acid and capsid spikes |
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| Assembly and release Nonenveloped and complex viruses are released when? |
answer
| Cell lysis or ruptures and the host cell dies |
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| Assembly and release enveloped viruses are liberated by? |
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| budding or exocytosis |
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| Assembly and release Entire length of the cycle to assemble and release |
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| 8-36 hours |
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| Damage to the host cell and persistent infections Cytopathic effects |
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| virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance |
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| Damage to the host cell and persistent infections Inclusion bodies- |
answer
| compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles |
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| Damage to the host cell and persistent infections Synctia |
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| Fusion of cells- Disease example: RSV |
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| Damage to the host cell and persistent infections Latent infections |
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| infections that are in the body but can show up years later Disease Example: HIV and Herpes |
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| Damage to the host cell and persistent infections Transformation |
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| Oncogenic (cancer causing) Disease example: HPV- human papiloma virus and Hepititis B |
Biology
Cell Membrane
Cell Theory
The Environment
The cell is like a factory – Flashcards 13 terms
13 terms
Preview
The cell is like a factory – Flashcards
question
cell membrane
answer
protective outer cover of all cells & controls what goes in and out of cell - door security guard , gate, gloves
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cytoplasm
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gelatin-like mixture that flows inside the cell membrane - factory floor or jelly with food silly bans
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organelle
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structure in the cytoplasm, which performs a specific function - workers, machinery,employees
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nucleus
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directs all cell activities and contains DNA (genetic material) - boss
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ribosomes
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small structure that makes protein for cell activities - protein machine
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ER
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folded membranes that moves materials around in cell (rough or smooth) - conveyor belt
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golgi body
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packs and delivers substances inside a bubble called a vesicle - packaging, shipping
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Vesical
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package from golgi body that goes in or out of cell - boxes
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Mitochandria
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releases energy stored in food- electric generator
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vacuole
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temporary storage fro water, waste, food and other cell materials - trash can, barrel
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lysosome
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recycles worn out cell parts, breaks down food molecules and cell waste - maintenance/custodians
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cell wall
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rigid structure that protects and supports the cell (in plants and bacteria) - factory wall
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chloroplast
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converts the sun's energy to food; green organelle contains chlorophyll - solar panels
