Which of the following is not a distinctive feature of four-field anthropology? A. It has a holistic approach. B. It has a broad cross-cultural comparison. C. It is the study of human biology, culture, and language. D. It is a science and a humanity. E. It has an exclusive focus on contemporary cultures.

E. It has an exclusive focus on contemporary cultures. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/anth-101-quiz-1-midterm-prep-3/

The word “anthropology” derives from the Green anthropos and logos and literally means a. The words civilized peoples b. The evolution of man c. The study of humans d. Human biology and culture

c. The study of humans More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/exam-1-for-final/

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Physical Anthropology, Evolution, & Genetics – Flashcards 113 terms

William Jordan

113 terms

Preview

Physical Anthropology, Evolution, & Genetics – Flashcards

question

Theory

answer

set of hypotheses that have been rigorously tested & validated, leading to establishment as generally accepted explanation of specific phenomena

question

Biocultural approach

answer

scientific study of interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically & culture

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Evolutionary biology

answer

specialty within field of biology; study of process of change in organisms

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Demography

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Study of population's features & vital statistics, including birth rate, death rate, population size, & population density

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Habitat

answer

Specific area of natural environment in which organism lives

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Forensic anthropology

answer

scientific examination of skeletons in hope o identifying people whose bodies they came from

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Linguistic anthropology

answer

study of construction, use, & form of language in human populations

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Biological (physical) anthropology

answer

study of evolution, variation, & adaptation of humans & their past & present relatives

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Catastrophism

answer

doctrine asserting that cataclysmic events, rather than evolutionary processes are responsible for geologic changes throughout Earth's history

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Sociolinguistics

answer

science of investigating language's social contexts

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Anthropology

answer

sutdy of humankind, viewed from perspective of all people & all times

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Archaeology

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study of historical or prehistorical human populations through analysis of material remains

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Artifacts

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material objects from past cultures

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Scientific law

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theory that becomes absolutely true

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Hominids

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group of extinct & living bipedal primates in family Homindae

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Empirical

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verified through observations & experiment

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Nonhoning canine

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upper canine that isn't sharpened against lower 3rd premolar

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Genetic drift

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random change in allele frequenct from 1 generation to next with greater effect in small populations

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Gene flow

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admixture, or exchange of alleles between 2 populations

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Material culture

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part of culture that's expressed as objects that human use to manipulate environments

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Adaptations

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change in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive & reproduce in given environment

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Culture

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learned behavior that's transmitted from person to person

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Blending inheritance

answer

outdated, disreputed theory that phenotype of offspring was uniform blend of parents' phenotypes

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Morphology

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Physical shape & appearance

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Gemmules

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Proposed by Darwin; units of inheritance, supposedly accumulated in gametes so they could be passed onto offspring

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Cultural anthropology

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study of modern human societies through analysis of origins, evolution, & variation of culture

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Geology

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Study of earth's physical history

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Genus

answer

group of related species

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Evolutionary synthesis

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unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection

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Adaptive radiation

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diversification of ancestral group of organisms into new forms that are adapted to specific environmental niches

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Primates

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group of mammals in order of Primates that have complex behavior, varied forms of locomotion, & unique suite of traits, including larger brains, foreward-facing eyes, fingernails & reduced snouts

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Fossils

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Physical remains of part or all of once-living organisms, mostly bones & teeth, that have become mineralized by replacement of organic with inorganic molecules

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Uniformitarianism

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theory that processes that occurred in geologic past are still at work today

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Mendelian inheritance

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basic principles associated with transmission of genetic material, forming basis genetics, including Law of Segregation & Law of Independent Assortment

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Population genetics

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specialty within field of genetics; focuses on changes in gene frequencies & effects of those changes on adaptation & evolution

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Microevolution

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small-scale evolution that occurs from 1 generation to next

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Stabilizing selection

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selection against extremes of phenotypic distribution, decreasing genetic diversity for this trait in popultion

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Spontaneous mutations

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random changes in DNA that occur during cell divison

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Sickle-cell anemia

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genetic blood disease in which red blood cells become deformed & sickle shaped, decreasing ability to carry oxygen to tissues

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Reproductive isolation

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any mechanism that prevents 2 populations from interbreeding & exchanging genetic material

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Positive selection

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process in which advantageous genetic varients quickly increase in frequency in a population

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Point mutations

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replacements of single nitrogen bases & another base, which may or may not affect amino acid for which the triplet codes

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Macroevolution

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Large-scale evoution that occurs after hundreds or thousands of generations

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Klinefelter's syndrome

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chromosomal trisomy in which males have extra X chromosome, resulting in XXY condition; affected people typically have reduced fertility

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Induced mutations

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mutations in DNA resulting from exposure to toxic chemicals or radiation

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Huntington's chorea

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rare genetic disease in which central nervous system degenerates & indiidual loses control over voluntary movements, with symptoms often appearing between ages 30-50

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Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium

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mathematical model in population genetics that reflects relationship between frequencies of alleles & genotypes; it can be used to determine whether population is undergoing evolutionary changes

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Gene pool

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all genetic information in breeding population

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Frameshift mutation

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change in gene due to insertion/deletion of 1 or more nitrogen bases, which causes sibsequent triplets to be rearranged & codons to be read incorrectly during translation

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Founder effect

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accumulation of random genetic changes in small population that has become isolated from parent population due to genetic input of only few colonizers

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Exogamous

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population in which individuals breed only with nonmembers of population

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Endogamous

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population in which individuals breed only with other members of population

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Disruptive selection

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selection for both extremes of phenotypic distribution; may eventually lead to speciation event

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Directional selection

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selection for 1 allele over other, causing allele frequencies to shift in 1 direction

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Deme

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local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed & produce offspring

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Balanced polymorphism

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situation in which selection maintains 2 or more phenotypes for specific gene in population

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Admixture

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exchange of genetic material between 2 or more populations

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Zygote

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cell results from sperm's fertilization of ovum

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Trisomy

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condition in which additional chromosome exists with homologous pair

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Translocations

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rearrangements of chromosomes due to insertion of genetic material from 1 chromosome to another

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Translation

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2nd step of protein synthesis, involving transfer of amino acid by tRNA to ribosomes which are then added to protein chain

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tRNA

answer

-transfer RNA -molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to ribsosomes during protein synthesis

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Transcription

answer

1st step of protein synthesis, involving creation of mRNA based on DNA template

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Structural proteins

answer

proteins that form organism's physical attributes

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Structural genes

answer

genes coded to procude particular products rather than for regulatory proteins

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SNPs

answer

-single nucleotide polymorphisms -variations in DNA sequence due to change of single nitrogen base; aka point mutation

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Ribosomes

answer

organelles attached to surface of endoplasmic reticulum, located in cytoplasm of cell; site of protein synthesis

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RNA

answer

-ribonucleic acid -fundemental structural component of ribosome

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Regulatory genes

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genes that determine when structural genes & other regulatory genes are turned on & off for protein synthesis

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Polymorphism

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presence of 2 or more seperate phenotypes for certain gene in population

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Polygenic

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1 phenotypic trait that's affected by 2 or more genes

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Pleitropy

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1 gene that affects more than 1 phenotypic trait

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Noncoding DNA

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sequence of gene's DNA that are not coded to produce specific proteings & are excised before protein synthesis

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Mitosis

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process of cellular & nuclear division that creates 2 identical diploid daughter cells

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mRNA

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-messenger RNA -molecules that are responsible for making chemical copy of gene needed for specific protein for the transcription phase of protein synthesis

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Meiosis

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production of gamtese through 1 DNA replication & 2 cell division, creating 4 haploic gametic cells

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Law of Segregation

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-Mendel's 1st law -asserts that 2 alleles for any given gene are inherited, one from each parent; during gamete production, only 1 of 2 alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm

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Law of Independent Assortment

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-Mendel's 2nd Law -asserts that inheritance of 1 trait doesn't affect inheritance of other traits

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Karyotype

answer

characteristics of chromosomes for individual organisms or species

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Heritability

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proportion of phenotypic variability that's due to inheritance rather than environmental influence

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Haplotypes

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group of alleles that tend to be inherited as unit due to their closely spaced loci on single chromosome

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Haploid

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cell that has single set of unpaired chromosome, half of genetic material

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Haplogroups

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large set of haplotypes, that may be used to define population

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Genomics

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branch of genetics that studies species' genomes

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Genome

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complete set of chromosomes for an organism or species tat represents all inheritable traits

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Gametes

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sexual reproductive cells (ova, sperm) that have haploid number of chromosome & that can unite with gamete of opposite sex to form new organism

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Free-floating nucleotides

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nucleotides that are present in nucleus & are used during DNA replication & mRNA synthesis

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Diploid

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cell that has full complement of paired chromosomes

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Cross-over

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process by which homologous chromosome partially wrap around each & exchange genetic info during meiosis

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Codons

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sequences of 3 nitrogen bases carries by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis

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Codominance

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2 different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in heterozygous phenotype

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Coding DNA

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sequences of gene's DNA hat are coded to produce a specific protein & are transcribed & translated during protein synthesis

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Autosomes

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all chromosomes that occur in pairs in all somatic cells

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Antigens

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substances that stimulate immune system antibody production

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Antibodies

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molecules that form as part of primary immune response to presence of foreign substances; attach to foreign antigens

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Taxonomy

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classification of organism's info system that reflects degrees of relatedness

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Systematics

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study & classification of living organisms to determine evolutionary relationship with 1 another

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Species

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group of related organisms that can interbreed & produce fertile, viable offspring

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Paleontology

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studuy of extinct life-forms through analysis of fossils

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Natural selection

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process by which some organisms preferentially survive & reproduce, thereby increasing frequencey of those features in popoulation

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Lamarckism (inheritance of acquired characteristics)

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theory of evolution through inheritance of acquired characteristics in which organism can pass on features acquired during lifetime

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Pandemic

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infectious disease spreading across wide region (across continents, worldwide)

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Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne)

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-laid foundations for binomial nomenclature -father of modern taxonomy

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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-founder of inheritnace of acquired characteristics -lamarckism

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Charles Lyell

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-author of Principles of Geology -popularized concept of uniformitarianism

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James Hutton

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-father of modern geology -came up with idea of uniformitarianism

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Thomas Malthus

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-wrote Essay on the Principle of Population -said that populations would grow to outnumber amount of resources available -pessimistic/skeptic view of humanity

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Alfred Russell Wallace

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proposed theory of evolution through natural selection, which prompted darwin to publish views of natural selection & evolution

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Selective pressure

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any cause that reduces reproductive success in portion of population

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Human Genome Project

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scientific research project determining sequence of chemical pairs that make unp DNA & mapping genes of human genome

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Modern synthesis of evolution

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-union of ideas that give accepted account of evolution

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Linguistics

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study of human language

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Endemic

answer

disease maintained in 1 population with no need for external inputs

STUDY

Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Culture And Society Differences Among Groups Different Cultural Backgrounds Human Biology Human Nature

CH 1 quiz – Flashcard 10 terms

Jaxon Craft

10 terms

Preview

CH 1 quiz – Flashcard

question

The anthropological research methodology called participant observation is characterized by

answer

both getting involved in social activities and watching those activities

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The major specialty within anthropology that involves analysis of the material remains of the human past is

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archaeology

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The subfield of anthropology that is concerned with proposing solutions to practical problems is called

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applied anthropology

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A description of a particular culture is called an

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ethnography

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When anthropologists say that human beings are biocultural organisms, they mean that

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human biology and culture both contribute to human behavior

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Holism in anthropology is defined in the text as

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integrating what is known about human beings and their activities at an inclusive level

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In the textbook, anthropology is defined as the study of

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human nature, human society, and the human past

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A contemporary cultural anthropologist is likely to study

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any of the above (correct answer): political institutions in a village in another country kinship systems in an urban setting patterns of material life in his or her own society

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Biological anthropologists who study chimpanzees are likely to be

answer

primatologists

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According to the text, culture consists of

answer

sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society, together with the material artifacts and structures that human beings create and use

STUDY

Anthropology Human Biology Human Genome Project Inheritance Of Acquired Characteristics World Trade Center

Anth quizzes website ones – Flashcards 147 terms

Josephine Mack

147 terms

Preview

Anth quizzes website ones – Flashcards

question

Human beings depend on culture for survival.

answer

True

question

Physical anthropology includes the study of linguistic variation as it relates toclimate.

answer

false

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Physical anthropologists assisted with the identification of victims at New York's World Trade Center after 9/11.

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true

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Morphology refers to physical shape and appearance.

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True

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Observations of living primates inform our efforts to understand ourevolutionary past.

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true

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Darwin's observation that bipedalism frees the hand to hold objects led him to hypothesize that tool use was an important selective pressure onbipedalism.

answer

True

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A recent news article reports on findings from a dig in Mesopotamia. Theresearchers report that skeletal populations indicate a decline in stature andlikely overall health at this period in time. This reminds you of another studyyou have read about, the populations of St. Catherines Island. What couldbe the reasons for the changes in skeletons?

answer

Health and stature declined with the adoption of agriculture

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Archaeology is:

answer

the study of the behavior and material culture of pasthuman societies

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Physical anthropology

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relies on the scientific method

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The Scientific Method

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involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing

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the hypothesis

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is an attempt to explain observations and predict futurescientific results.

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Forensic anthropology differs from biocultural anthropology in which of thefollowing ways?

answer

applies anthropological techniques to modern crimescenes and disasters

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How is biocultural anthropology different from cultural anthropology?

answer

It examines the interaction between genetics and culturein shaping human biology

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Bipedalism is considered one of the hallmarks of hominid evolution because

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it was the first evolutionary development that clearlydistinguished us from other animals

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How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

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A theory is an explanation relying on careful examinationand testing of evidence

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how is culture defined?

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Culture is a learned behavior transmitted from person toperson.

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Franz Boas

answer

united within American anthropology the study of culture, language, and biology.

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Chimpanzees in the wild have been observed to do all of the followingEXCEPT

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teach their offspring how to flake stone tools.

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Charles Darwin

answer

was an English naturalist in the 1800s.

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You spend a year of your life living with and studying crab fishermen. At theend of this time you document everything that you have learned. This iscalled a(n):

answer

ethnography

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Physical anthropologists might examine

answer

all of the above

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Organisms classified in two different biological orders can still belong to the same genus

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False

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Genetic drift is most powerful as an evolutionary cause when operating on small populations.

answer

True

question

Mendel's discrete units responsible for the characteristics in his pea plants are now known as chromosomes

answer

False

question

Natural selection works on preexisting variation in a population.

answer

True

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Darwin's theory of evolution drew from all of the following scientific disciplines EXCEPT

answer

genetics

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Alfred Wallace was

answer

an English naturalist who arrived at many of the sameconclusions as Darwin.

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carolus Linnaeus

answer

developed a classification system for plants and animals.

question

The idea of catastrophism is attributed to:

answer

Georges Cuvier

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The idea that geologic processes operating today are the same as those that happened in the past is

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uniformitarianism

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The English demographer whose work on population growth greatly influenced Darwin's thinking was

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Thomas Malthus

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Lamarck proposed an erroneous evolutionary mechanism known today as

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Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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The physical expression of an organism's genetic constitution is called the

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Phenotype

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Different versions, or subunits, of the same gene are

answer

alleles

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The only possible source of new genetic material is

answer

Mutations

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In 1962, Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel Prize for their 1953 discovery that the structure of theDNA molecule was

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A double helix

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Recessive alleles for a given trait will be expressed if they are inherited:

answer

From both parents

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The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomicgroup he called primates was

answer

carolus Linnaeus

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All of the following are formal taxonomic categories EXCEPT

answer

population

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The Human Genome Project is most likely to contribute to an understanding of which disease?

answer

Cystic fibrosis

question

The scientist whose work provided the foundation for later understandings of genetics was

answer

Gregor mendel

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DNA replication takes place only during the production of new gametes

answer

False

question

Most human nuclear DNA is coded to produce proteins

answer

False

question

In order for traits to respond to natural selection, they must be heritable

answer

true

question

All mammals have the same number of chromosomes

answer

False

question

Hemoglobin is an amino acid

answer

False

question

Somatic cells include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

sex cells

question

The following are complementary bases in DNA

answer

adenine and thymine

question

Gametes are

answer

Haploids

question

Down Syndrome can occur

answer

because of nondisjunction, which yields an extra chromosome

question

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

answer

applies to genes on different chromosomes

question

Proteins consist of

answer

chains of amino acids

question

Transcription

answer

Occurs in the nucleus

question

RNA differs from DNA in that it uses

answer

uracil instead of thymine

question

Meiosis results in the production of

answer

four gametes

question

An individual that is homozygous at the locus that determines ABO blood type may have any of the followingexcept

answer

Type AB blood

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Individuals whose blood type is A and carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have agenotype of

answer

question

The presence of a recessive allele

answer

is usually masked in the phenotype

question

The expression of polygenic traits

answer

is determined by genes at several loci in conjunction withenvironmental factors

question

DNA

answer

Directs cellular functions

question

Chromosome number is reduced during

answer

Meiosis

question

Genetic drift is the force of evolution that is most powerful when acting on very large populations

answer

False

question

Reproductive isolation is key to the development of individual species

answer

True

question

Sickle-cell anemia is the result of a single-point mutation on chromosome 11

answer

True

question

The effects of gene flow have decreased from 10,000 years ago to the present

answer

False

question

The inability to taste PTC indicates a homozygous recessive genotype.

answer

True

question

Malaria is caused by

answer

bites from infected mosquitoes

question

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes

answer

no gene flow, mutation, genetic drift, or natural selection

question

"Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's

answer

Reproductive success

question

The substitution of one DNA base for another due to a mistake during replication is called a

answer

Point Mutation

question

The ABO and MN blood type frequencies of the Dunkers differ significantly from those of current Americanand German populations due to

answer

Genetic Drift

question

Mutations to which cells are most likely to have significant evolutionary consequences?

answer

Sex cells (gametes)

question

Demes in which marriage and reproduction take place from within the groups are called

answer

endogamous

question

A point mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid coded for is said to be a

answer

synonymous mutation

question

The best-documented case of industrial melanism involves

answer

peppered moths

question

The mutation known as trisomy 21, in which an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present, is more commonlyknown as

answer

Down Syndrom

question

Functional adaptations in humans during their lifetimes are usually associated with environmentalconditions

answer

True

question

Vasodilation is the expansion of blood vessels near the body's surface in response to excessive cold

answer

False

question

Loss of body hair during human evolution may have resulted from thermoregulatory adaptation to sweatingin hot climates.

answer

True

question

C. Loring Brace argued that the race concept

answer

can be traced to the Renaissance, when seafaringtravelers observed differences between people fromdistant lands

question

senecence is

answer

after the childbearing years

question

DNA

answer

schedules growth, but environment and events influenceactual development

question

Most neonatal deaths in the U.S. are caused by

answer

Low birth weight

question

Low birth weight can result from a mother's

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All of the above

question

Infancy ends

answer

at 36 months

question

Human brain growth is completed by age

answer

Six

question

Puberty is marked by

answer

menarche in girls

question

When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses

answer

full adult height is attained

question

Osteoporosis is

answer

a main cause of hip fractures in older women

question

Ethnographic evidence from around the world shows that postmenopausal women do all of the followingEXCEPT

answer

not live very long

question

The strength and mass of bone

answer

vary with an individual's level of physical activity

question

Exercise improves physical fitness by contributing to all of the following EXCEPT

answer

increased cholesterol

question

Functional adaptations to high altitude include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

smaller diameter of blood vessels

question

Dark skin, a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples, is likely a response to ultravioletradiation because UV radiation can cause

answer

Skin Cancer

question

Osteomalacia is caused by

answer

insufficient amount of vitamin D

question

Hypoxia has been shown to be an agent of natural selection in that Tibetan women:

answer

with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had moresurviving children

question

Sagittal crests are pronounced in some primates with highly developed masticatory muscles.

answer

True

question

Suspensory primates generally have longer legs than arms

answer

False

question

Grooming relationships reinforce social structures and cement social bonds

answer

True

question

Large upper canines in male primates are used primarily for capturing vertebrate prey

answer

False

question

Male chimpanzees' hunting success is greater when they hunt in groups

answer

True

question

Unlike apes, monkeys

answer

have limbs (arms and legs) of relatively equal length

question

The presence of five digits on hands and feet is

answer

a primitive mammalian trait, retained in most primates

question

Living lemurs are found only in

answer

Madagascar

question

Which of the following are prosimians?

answer

Lemurs

question

The two suborders of primates are:

answer

prosimians and anthropoids.

question

Jane Goodall was first to document:

answer

All of the above

question

Primate females

answer

give birth to fewer offspring than do many othermammals.

question

All of the anthropoids live in social groups EXCEPT:

answer

orangutans.

question

Monogamy is characteristic of:

answer

Gibbons

question

Altruistic behaviors include all the following EXCEPT

answer

dominance behavior

question

The typical dental formulas of lorises and lemurs is

answer

2 / 1 / 3 / 3

question

The typical catarrhine dental formula is

answer

2 / 1 / 2 / 3

question

The Y-5 molar morphology is present in:

answer

chimpanzees

question

Grooming relationships reinforce social structures and cement social bonds

answer

True

question

Male chimpanzees' hunting success is greater when they hunt in groups.

answer

True

question

Altruistic behavior occurs when both individuals benefit from the behavior

answer

False

question

Humans are the only primates known to use material culture to access foodresources

answer

False

question

Jane Goodall was the first to document

answer

All of the above

question

Sexual dimorphism in canine size:

answer

is greater in societies where males compete

question

Monogamy is characteristic of

answer

Gibbons

question

Altruistic behaviors include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

Dominance behavior

question

Nocturnal primates communicate through

answer

vocalizations

question

Chimpanzee hunting has been used as a model for the origins of humanhunting because

answer

All of the above

question

Harry Harlow's experiments on rhesus monkeys showed that infants placed with artificial surrogate mothers:

answer

lacked basic social skills as adults

question

Chimpanzees taught by humans to make simple stone tools

answer

passed this new behavior to relatives

question

In studies of primate cognition and tool use, researchers havetaughtchimpanzees to crack open nuts with stones. Later in life, thesechimpanzees have taught other young chimpanzees and offspring the sameskill. This could be considered

answer

All of the above

question

The Earth is about 4.6 billion years old.

answer

true

question

Rapid burial after death usually impedes fossilization

answer

False

question

Historically speaking, scientists were able to provide relative ages for fossils before they were able toprovide numerical ages

answer

True

question

The chemical signature of volcanic ash layers can be used to correlate sites across vast regions

answer

True

question

The English surveyor who developed the technique of stratigraphic correlation between regions was:

answer

william Smith

question

The study of what happens to an organism's remains after death is:

answer

taphonomy

question

The theory that species persist for long periods and then undergo rapid spurts of evolutionary change is:

answer

punctuated equilibrium.

question

If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil speciesB, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of:

answer

Superstition

question

One of the only fossil sites in the world that preserves a great deal of evidence for anthropoid evolutionduring the Eocene and Oligocene epochs is

answer

Fayum, Egypt

question

Prior to the invention of absolute dating techniques, one of the chemical dating methods useful forestablishing the relative age of fossils from a single site was

answer

fluorine dating

question

Biostratigraphic dating relies on:

answer

the first and last appearances of species in the fossilrecord

question

The absolute dating method that involves counting the annual rings visible in the cross-section of a tree iscalled

answer

dendrochronology

question

With a half-life of 5,730 years, 14 C dating is useful for dating carbon-bearing objects as far back as

answer

50,000 years ago

question

Which dating method would be most appropriate for establishing the age of a volcanic ash layer from anearly hominid site in eastern Africa?

answer

40 K/ 40 Ar dating

question

What do geologists call the oldest portion of Earth's history, accounting for roughly 87% of that history?

answer

Precambrian eon

question

A diagram (family tree) that proposes hypothetical ancestor-descendant relationships between species is a:

answer

phylogeny

question

Which of the following has the greatest likelihood of becoming fossilized?

answer

Teeth

question

The time it takes for 50% of an unstable isotope to decay to a stable form is called the

answer

Half-life

question

The absolute dating technique that emerged as a result of research into constructing the atomic bombduring World War II is:

answer

14 C dating

question

The dating technique in which proteins are examined under high magnification using polarized light is

answer

amino-acid racemization dating

STUDY

Human Biology Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Oncology Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Tumor Suppressor Genes

Chapter 17-18 – Flashcards 40 terms

Deloris Connelly

40 terms

Preview

Chapter 17-18 – Flashcards

question

A drug that interferes with the development and function of microtubules would interfere with

answer

metaphase and anaphase of mitosis

question

A mass of rapidly dividing cells that have potentially lost the ability to regulate cell division is called a

answer

neoplasm

question

All of the following infectious microorganisms are thought to contribute to cancer EXCEPT which one?

answer

E. coli

question

All of the following statements describe characteristics of cancer cells EXCEPT which one?

answer

Cancer cells typically are overdifferentiated.

question

Any factor that can contribute to the conversion of a healthy cell into a cancerous one is known as

answer

a carcinogen

question

At which one of the following checkpoints might the cell cycle be halted if all of the DNA has not yet been replicated?

answer

question

Cancers that metastasize and invade normal tissues to impede their functions are called

answer

malignant tumors

question

Cloning of human cells for the purpose of treating a patient is referred to as

answer

therapeutic cloning

question

Common side effects associated with chemotherapy are due to

answer

death of normal cells caused by the chemicals

question

Consider an individual undergoing cancer chemotherapy, taking a drug that slows or stops cell division. Which one of the following is a likely side effect of such chemotherapy?

answer

anemia

question

DNA is organized and arranged in the nucleus as

answer

chromosomes

question

During DNA replication, complementary nucleotides are added to the separated strands of the original DNA by enzymes. Which one of the following bases would a nucleotide contain if it were paired to a nucleotide containing thymine?

answer

adenine

question

During the cell cycle, DNA replicates during the late G1 phase.

answer

False

question

During which one of the following phases of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

answer

S phase

question

How many codons are in the following sequence of nucleotides: AAAUGCUCGUAA?

answer

question

Human cells, with the exception of the gametes, reproduce by mitosis.

answer

True

question

It is evident that translation occurs at ribosomes because they contain binding sites for

answer

tRNA and mRNA

question

Mitosis differs from meiosis in that only mitosis

answer

results in cells that are genetically identical to the original cell

question

Mutations in DNA are usually repaired in healthy cells by DNA repair enzymes

answer

True

question

Mutations in human DNA rarely impair normal cell function because

answer

multiple DNA repair enzymes usually quickly correct the mutations before any damage can occur

question

Not only does smoking cause lung cancer, it also quadruples the risk of which one of the following types of cancer?

answer

bladder

question

Once an RNA molecule has been made from DNA, it enters the cytoplasm of the cell where it is used by the cell to produce a

answer

protein

question

Oncogenes are derived from

answer

proto-oncogenes

question

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended that women who are not at risk for breast cancer wait to have yearly screening mammograms until age 50, as opposed to the previous recommendation of age 40, because

answer

breast tissue is more sensitive to radiation damage before menopause than after

question

The dietary carcinogen aflatoxin can be found in

answer

raw peanut butter

question

The process by which cells become specialized from one another is called

answer

differentiation

question

The process by which growing tumors stimulate the growth of new blood vessels is called

answer

angiogenesis

question

The process by which the DNA code is converted from a single gene into a complementary single strand of mRNA is called

answer

transcription

question

The processes of initiation, elongation, and termination that occur in the production of a protein are all associated with

answer

translation

question

The use of laser light to trigger toxic reactions specific to cancer cells is referred to as

answer

photodynamic therapy

question

Tobacco is a carcinogen that has NOT been linked to the induction of cancer in which one of the following?

answer

liver

question

Tumor suppressor genes function to

answer

slow down unchecked cell growth, differentiation, division, or adhesion

question

Using the ABCD rule for diagnosing a melanoma associated with the skin, the "D" refers to

answer

diameter of the spot

question

When a cancer remains in one location, it is referred to as

answer

in situ cancer

question

Which one of the following CORRECTLY represents the progression to cancer?

answer

hyperplasia, dysplasia, in situ tumor, malignancy

question

Which one of the following diagnostic imaging techniques does NOT expose the patient to additional radiation?

answer

ultrasounds and MRI

question

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

answer

Neurons and osteocytes remain in G0 after adolescence.

question

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the mitotic phase of the cell cycle?

answer

During mitosis, DNA is divided into two sets and distributed equally to the daughter cells.

question

Which one of the following types of cancer is preventable by a vaccine?

answer

cervical cancer

question

Which one of the following types of cancer kills the highest percentage of people diagnosed with the condition?

answer

lung

STUDY

Basal Metabolic Rate Biological Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Human Biology Linguistic Anthropology Past And Present Sickle Cell Anemia

ANTH 1013 Ch. 1 LO and Quiz – Flashcards 37 terms

Keisha White

37 terms

Preview

ANTH 1013 Ch. 1 LO and Quiz – Flashcards

question

Anthropology

answer

The study of humankind, viewed from the perspectives of all people and all times

question

Four branches of anthropology:

answer

-Cultural -Linguistic -Physical/Biological -Archaeology *No anthropologist is expected to be an expert in all four*

question

Cultural anthropology

answer

Study of modern human societies through the analysis of the origins, evolution, and variation of culture

question

Archaeology

answer

The study of historic human populations through the analysis of material remains

question

Linguistic Anthropology

answer

The study of the construction, use and form of language in human populations

question

Physical (Biological) Anthropology

answer

The study of the evolution, variation, and adaption of humans and their past and present relatives

question

Importance of the biocultural approach

answer

-The interrelationship between biology and culture -What humans have inherited genetically and culturally

question

Relationship between biology and culture

answer

-Biocultural apporach -Humans are both biological and cultural beings

question

Research areas in physical anthropology

answer

question

Physical anthropologists as an interdisciplinary science

answer

-Their constant borrowing from other disciplines -Draws on and influences research in many related fields

question

Six major attributes of humans

answer

-Bipedalism -Nonhoning chewing -Complex material culture and tool use -Speech -Hunting -Dependence on domesticated foods

question

Steps involved in "doing science" (Scientific Method)

answer

1. Observations 2. Hypothesis 3.Predictions (If...then...) 4.Test (observations, experiments): -Hypothesis Supported -Hypothesis rejected.

question

Hypotheses

answer

Testable statements that potentially explain specific phenomena observed in the natural world

question

Theory

answer

a set of hypotheses that have been rigorously tested and validated, leading to their establishment as a generally accepted explanation of scientific phenomena

question

Humans different from other animals

answer

-Humans are product of millions of years of evolutionary history and their own personal life histories

question

Via scientific method

answer

Physical anthropologists know what they know...

question

-Genes, health, lifestyle

answer

Physical anthropologists can understand human biological variation by looking at changes in:

question

-Evolution; variation

answer

Physical anthropology is the study of human __________ and human _________.

question

The biocultural approach

answer

Your professor researches the Turkana pastoralists of Kenya, investigating both the genetic changes that allow them to easily digest milk and the role that dairy animals have played in their history. Your professor most likely uses which of the following methods in her research?

question

the biocultural approach

answer

question

False

answer

The environment does not affect humans' biological makeup.

question

Our species now completely depends on culture for its survival.

answer

Humankind is still evolving, but recent genetic changes are often less interesting to physical anthropologists than are the striking evolutionary changes that differentiated our hominid ancestors from apes. What is a possible reason for this?

question

A scientific hypothesis can:

answer

-predict future outcomes. -be refuted by new information. -help to explain observed phenomena.

question

variation in the chimps' fur color

answer

An anthropologist wants to know more about the lifestyle of our human ancestors and is studying modern primates (chimpanzees) for clues to the past. What aspect of these chimps' lives is LEAST likely to interest her?

question

stone tools

answer

Modern humans lost the typical primate honing canine used for food processing because of which invention?

question

Woodlands

answer

New research in Ethiopia in 2001 changed the way we think about human origins by demonstrating that the earliest hominids lived in:

question

-Identify a problem -state a hypothesis -collect data -test the hypothesis.

answer

Which of the following outlines the steps of the scientific method in the proper order?

question

Aleš Hrdlička

answer

One of the key figures in the creation of physical anthropology in the United States was Czech-born __________________, who started the field's preeminent journal and professional society.

question

False

answer

Physical anthropologists study only Africa, where humans evolved.

question

-modern hunter-gatherers in Africa -human skeletons from ancient Rome -primate behavior

answer

A physical anthropologist would study which of the following?

question

creating a glossary of the local language, using methods of linguistic anthropology

answer

Several forensic anthropologists have dealt with the aftermath of Argentina's "Dirty War" (1970s and 1980s) during which many people disappeared. Which of the following techniques would be inappropriate for anthropologists to use in attempting to find and identify these individuals?

question

Your report does not attempt to test a hypothesis.

answer

For your physical anthropology research project, you report that you measured the length of 150 gorilla thighbones, and you suggest that the two groups you found represent different sexes. What problem might your professor have with this report?

question

True

answer

Physical anthropology and biological anthropology are equivalent.

question

forensic anthropology

answer

Your best friend's great-uncle went missing in action during his Pacific tour of duty during World War II. Your friend wants to find out what happened to these enlisted men and women and to bring them home. What course of study would you suggest your friend pursue in college?

question

material culture.

answer

Charles Darwin is dressed in clothing appropriate for living in England. This illustrates humans' ability to deal with their environment through:

question

pottery and stone tools

answer

Which of the following would a physical anthropologist NOT study to learn more about humans?

question

climbing a tree

answer

Which of the following is NOT a uniquely human activity?

STUDY

Cultural Transmission Theory High Power Distance Countries Human Biology Human Resource Management Law Enforcement Operations Management Structural Functional Approach

Flashcards on Sociology Final 340 terms

Trina Garrison

340 terms

Preview

Flashcards on Sociology Final

question

All except one of the following are included in culture. Which one should not be included?

answer

reproduction

question

___________ is/are essential in developing culture.

answer

Language

question

Symbolic interaction theory addresses:

answer

the subjective meaning of human acts and the processes through which people come to develop and communicate shared meanings.

question

Herbert Spencer believed that societies evolved from lower to higher forms because as generations pass, the most capable and intelligent members of society prosper while the less capable die out. What term did Spencer use to describe this process?

answer

the survival of the fittest

question

A teenager's parents divorce and as a result neither parent has much time to spend with her. She has the freedom to do whatever she wants, whenever she wants, with little regulations. Unable to cope with the many changes, she takes her own life. This is _______ suicide.

answer

anomic.

question

Karl Marx maintained that ____________ was the driving force that let to social change.

answer

class conflict

question

Leon is visiting Napel and is feeling disoriented and unable to depend on his taken-for-granted assumptions about life. This sense of disorientation is an example of ______________.

answer

culture shock

question

What sociological concept explains why natives in remote South American jungles can be found using metal cooking pots and Americans can be found eating Chinese food in Chicago?

answer

cultural diffusion

question

Consequences of social structures that are neither intended nor recognized are referred to by sociologists as:

answer

latent functions or dysfunctions

question

Americans cherish the ideal that anyone can rise from the bottom of society to its very top. What value identified by Robin Williams is illustrated by this belief?

answer

individualism

question

Norms with moral or religious significance that are thought to be important to society are known as:

answer

question

The focus of sociology is on:

answer

the systematic study of human groups

question

Which term describes a group that has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time their values and norms reflect the dominant culture of their society?

answer

subculture

question

What is the term used to describe feelings of disorientation and confusion when encountering values, behaviors, and expectations totally different from those to which one is accustomed?

answer

culture shock

question

What is another name for the research method that is referred to as "participant observation" ?

answer

fieldwork

question

Macrosociology is NOT associated with which of the following?

answer

symbolic interaction theory

question

Which of the following refers to the use of one's own culture as a yard stick to evaluate another culture?

answer

Ethnocentrism.

question

Recently, Marie went on a tour of the Arab countries. At the end of the tour, she wanted to offer a gift to her Arab tour guide. Marie offered the gift with her left hand as her right hand was full at the time. She did not understand why the guide appeared to be offended with her. This is an example of _____________.

answer

necessity to learn the gestures of a culture

question

Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis?

answer

You can catch more files with honey than you can with vinegar.

question

Ethnocentrism:

answer

is a natural and in some ways desirable product of growing up in a culture.

question

The founder of sociology was:

answer

Auguste Comte

question

The ability to see the intimate realitites of our own lives in the context of common social structures is what C. Wright Mills refers to as:

answer

the sociological imagination

question

What sociological concept is illustrated by the adoption of Western dress and culture in Japan, the presence of McDonald's restaurants in Moscow and Hong Kong, and Chinese restaurants in Chicago and Manhattan?

answer

cultural leveling

question

What is the American core value that pervades U.S. life and is underscored by the American revolution?

answer

freedom

question

What form of the nonmaterial culture is illustrated by shaking one's head left and right to mean "no" and up and down to mean "yes"?

answer

gestures

question

_________ are considered useful shorthand ways to convey messages without using words.

answer

Gestures

question

In the month of December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah, the "festival of light," during which special foods are served and families engage in ritual activity unique to their religious faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith represent a ________.

answer

subculture

question

When American servicemen occupied Japan following World War II, the Japanese watched the Americans playing baseball, appreciated the sport, and adopted it themselves. Today, baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of ________.

answer

cultural diffusion

question

The principle "survival of the fittest" is attributed to

answer

Herber Spencer

question

What is a system of symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought?

answer

language

question

In a four-square block section of midtown Manhattan, it is possible to purchase a bagel with cream cheese, eat stir-fried vegetables prepared in a wok, or dine on raw fish in a sushi bar. What does this range of culinary possibilities illustrate?

answer

cultural diffusion

question

According to C.. Wright Mills, the difficulties that John and Mary experience in their marriage represent a personal trouble. The fact that nearly 1 marriage out of every 2 marriages ends in divorce, however, is:

answer

a public issue

question

Who was the first African American to earn a doctoral degree from Harvard University?

answer

W. E. B. DuBois

question

When sociologists use the phrase the culture within us, what do they mean?

answer

Shared and learned ways of believing and doing become taken-for-granted assumptions.

question

Jane Addams is remembered for

answer

founding Hull House

question

Which of the following are a society's rules of behavior?

answer

Norms.

question

In American society, the commandment "Thou shalt not murder" belongs to which category?

answer

mores.

question

Who was the 20th century sociologist who dismissed the organic analogy of society but maintained the essence of functionalism using the terms functions and dysfunctions to describe the consequences of people's actions?

answer

Robert Merton

question

What social scientist proposed that societies evolve from a lower, barbaric form to a higher, civilized form in a process he called social Darwinism?

answer

Herbert Spencer

question

What term describes a society which is made up of many different religious, racial and ethnic groups?

answer

a pluralistic society

question

Which term is used to describe a group's way of thinking, gestures, language, values and social norms?

answer

nonmaterial culture

question

Based on Emile Durkheim's research on suicide, which of the following individuals would be the greatest suicide risk?

answer

Herbert, a single Protestant man living in the city

question

Sanctions refer to:

answer

rewards for conformity and punishments for nonconformity.

question

Language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and material objects make up a _____________.

answer

culture

question

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between norms and laws?

answer

Not all norms are supported by law and not all laws are supported by norms.

question

The argument that all other institutional arrangements in society arise out of economic relationships is known as

answer

economic determinism.

question

When gathering data, the cause is known as the _________ and the effect is known as the ___________.

answer

independent variable; dependent variable

question

Research undertaken on running a brothel, rioters, and the homeless is most likely to use which research strategy?

answer

participant observation

question

According to ______________, class conflict is the key to human history.

answer

Karl Marx

question

Merton used the term, __________, to refer to the intended consequences of people's actions

answer

manifest functions

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps in Cooley's "looking glass self" theory:

answer

we can see ourselves exactly as others see us

question

What term describes people who share a culture and territory?

answer

society

question

The position that an individual occupies is called his or her:

answer

status

question

Being a mother is no guarantee that a woman will fulfill the duties and obligations associated with motherhood. This illustrates that:

answer

people occupy statuses, but play roles

question

What is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors called?

answer

resocialization

question

What is the stage in the life course where individuals begin to reorient their thinking from the time since birth to the time left to live?

answer

the later middle years

question

Efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of us are called:

answer

impression management

question

According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?

answer

through play and social interaction

question

Which of the following is least representative of activity that would take place in a biotech society?

answer

the mass production of industrial goods and conspicuous consumption

question

The family, religion, school & peers, mass media, neighborhood, and workplace are:

answer

agents of socialization

question

Which is NOT true about anticipatory socialization?

answer

usually possible to fully prepare in advance for new roles.

question

To show ourselves as adept role players and to gain recognition from others, we often use _________ or two or more people working together to make certain a performance goes off as planned.

answer

teamwork

question

Hilda is studying at the library. She has placed her coat on the chair next to her and has spread books in front of the other chairs. Hilda is trying to extend her___________ so others do not invade it.

answer

personal space

question

Joshua would like to sleep but he knows that he should get up and go to class. He gets up, starts to get ready, decides today's lecture is not really that important, and crawls back into bed. He has followed his:

answer

question

As children, boys usually receive trucks, sporting equipment, and action toys. Girls receive stuffed animals and gifts that are more passive. Overall, what do sociologists call this sex-based criteria for the gifts children receive?

answer

gender socialization

question

Those expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupant of a status are:

answer

roles.

question

What conclusion did Harry and Margaret Harlow reach following their research efforts with monkeys?

answer

Infant-mother bonding is the result of intimate physical contact.

question

Mead's term for role players with whom we have close personal relationships is:

answer

significant others.

question

The image we have of ourselves based upon how we imagine others to view us is called:

answer

looking glass self.

question

The idea of everyone having the same basic rights because they are born in a country is termed ___________ citizenship.

answer

universal

question

Schools are principally responsible for what type of socialization that is needed for future roles?

answer

anticipatory socialization

question

Role learning that programs individuals for roles they are likely to assume in the future is known as:

answer

anticipatory socialization

question

Large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige are members of a social ________.

answer

class

question

According to Mead, role taking begins when:

answer

we learn the rights and duties associated with being a child in our family.

question

Statuses that we inherit at birth or receive that are related to the life course are termed _______ statuses.

answer

ascribed

question

What term can be substituted for the term "operational" in Piaget's four-stage model, from the sensorimotor stage to the formal operational stage?

answer

reasoning skills

question

A status that is optional, one that we can reach(or fail to reach) on the basis of our own efforts is called:

answer

an achieved status

question

Devlin's parents are important influences on Devlin's life. Mead would use the term ___________ to refer to Devlin's parents.

answer

significant others

question

Which of the following media least qualifies as being a form of mass media?

answer

academic journals

question

What was the first nation to enter the fourth social revolution?

answer

United States

question

In Mead's theory, the "I" is

answer

the spontaneous, creative part of the shelf.

question

What event ushered in the biotech society?

answer

Crick and Watson identified the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953.

question

Professionals such as medical doctors and lawyers make it a point to have their offices appear neat and well organized. They are showing a concern for their:

answer

front stage.

question

What are the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a position a person occupies in life?

answer

roles

question

Although Meagan is working in Pittsburgh, which is a dedicated Steeler football city, she always paints her fingernails deep purple and always wears a pin representing the Minnesota Vikings . What term describes what Meagan's deep purple fingernails and pin represent?

answer

It is Meagan's personal identity kit.

question

Madeleine's position as president of the local university overshadows her work as a wife, mother, and volunteer for the Salvation Army. In view of this, university president is Madeleine's ________.

answer

master status

question

What is an ascribed status?

answer

A status that is inherited or involuntarily applied to an individual.

question

The Amish provide a good example of ___________ community.

answer

Gemeinschaft

question

What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course?

answer

ascribed status

question

The level of sociological analysis that places emphasis on social interaction is:

answer

microsociology.

question

Lateesha's father has her work part-time in the family store. "It will help you when you take over the business," he tells her. This is an example of:

answer

anticipatory socialization

question

Family, religion, education, economics and politics are examples of

answer

social institutions

question

Facilites in which all aspects of life are strictly controlled for the purpose of radical resocializations are called:

answer

total institutions

question

Jimmy has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation, he has been forced to strip naked and roll in a tub of mud. After the "mud bath" the fraternity brothers greeted Jimmy as a full brother and equal. What is another name for this rite of passage that Jimmy has just experienced?

answer

a degradation ceremony

question

The significance of the first social revolution, the domestication of plants and animals, is that these changes set the stage for__________.

answer

greater social inequality

question

When did the first social revolution occur?

answer

approximately 10,000 years ago

question

According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept?

answer

Our self concept develops from interaction with others

question

Dramaturgy, an approach developed by symbolic interactionists, can best be described

answer

An approach to analyzing social life in terms of the stage

question

Which sociologist developed the concept of looking-glass self?

answer

Charles Horton Cooley

question

The ultimate back stage for most people is:

answer

home

question

A complex organization with a hierarchy of authority and structure, rules and procedures is called

answer

a bureaucracy

question

Groups in which the relationship is primarily impersonal and instrumental are known as

answer

secondary groups

question

Emile Durkheim stated several reasons why deviance was actually functional for society. Which of the following was not one of them

answer

One deviant act leads to another which increases social solidarity.

question

Al Capone, "Lucky" Luciano, John Gotti, and other heads of organized crime fall under which mode of adaptation?

answer

innovator

question

Norm violations that exceed the tolerance level of the community and result in negative sanctions are:

answer

deviance.

question

Which theory assumes that the higher rate of crime among the lower class is because of economic competition and inequality in society?

answer

conflict theory

question

Which scientist would address the cause of deviance as being based on genetic predisposition and causes within the individual?

answer

a sociobiologist

question

Structural-functional theory takes the position that:

answer

law benefits society by helping to maintain order.

question

As a group becomes larger

answer

the intensity decreases and the stability increases

question

Based on their relationship to sociological theory, which of the following theories of deviance least belongs with the other three?

answer

The Theory of Differential Association

question

Max Weber included all of the following as characteristics of bureaucracy EXCEPT:

answer

career advancement based on personality and individualism

question

Just going through the motions would be an illustration of which form of Merton's Strain Theory?

answer

ritualism.

question

A complex organization characterized by explicit rules and hierarchial authority structure designed to maximize efficiency is known as a(n):

answer

bureaucracy.

question

As group size increases it is less and less likely individuals will come forward to complete group tasks needing done unless specifically assigned to do so. What term describes this phenomenon of group dynamics?

answer

diffusion of responsibility

question

_________ theory is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate ways of achieving them.

answer

Merton's Strain

question

The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus of __________ theory.

answer

labeling

question

Crimes committed by respectable people of high social status in the course of their occupations are known as:

answer

white-collar crimes

question

Conflict theorists point out that the class differentials in crime rates develop partly because:

answer

law enforcement discriminates more heavilhy against the poor

question

Which sociologist described primary groups as "the springs of life"?

answer

Charles Horton Cooley

question

In bureaucracies, what term refers to rules and procedures that defy all logic?

answer

red tape

question

________ are the category most likely to be able to successfully clain the sick role.

answer

People in positions of power.

question

The crime with the highest recidivism rate is ________ and the crime with the lowest recidivism rate is ________.

answer

stealing cars; murder

question

Since Frank graduated from high school he has held only seasonal and part-time jobs. Because he has few marketable skills he is the first to be laid off when he finds what may be a more permanent position. In view of this, how would a conflict theorist categorize Frank?

answer

Frank is a member of the marginal working class

question

_________ groups are large, anonymous, formal, and impersonal.

answer

Secondary

question

Alan, a 14-year-old boy, finds himself in a situation where he can steal a digital watch from a store. he decided against the theft because he fears what others will think of him if they knew. In theis situation, Alan conforms to society's values because of:

answer

informal social controls

question

Which sociological perspective is most aligned with the relativity of deviance?

answer

symbolic interactionist

question

Who is the psychiatrist who denounced the medicalization of deviance and proclaimed "mental illnesses are neither mental nor illnesses....they are problem behaviors"?

answer

Thomas Szasz

question

Aggregates and groups:

answer

differ in that people in groups feel a sense of idenity with one another while people in aggregates do not.

question

As a part of his court martial, Captain Savage was publicly stripped of his rank insignia, the buttons of his uniform were ripped off, and he was banished from the cavalry. What did this ritual following a court martial represent?

answer

a degradation ceremony

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a complex organization?

answer

the population of China

question

Based on Merton's strain theory, drug addicts, alcoholics, the homeless, and others who have dropped out of the pursuit of success are engaged in which mode of adaptation?

answer

retreatism

question

Who was the sociologist responsible for explaining the groupthink phenomenon?

answer

Irving Janis

question

Individuals who share similar characteristics but do not interact would be an example of a(n)

answer

category.

question

The army, the post office, colleges and General Motors:

answer

are bureacracies

question

On the first Friday of every month Joseph stalks elderly women as they find a bank to cash their social security checks. After they leave the bank he snatches their purses, taking the cash. When asked by a fellow thug if he ever had second thoughts about stealing from the elderly, Joseph responded, "Never...these old biddies have money to burn...they'll never miss it. Besides, all they need to do is call the social security office and tell them what happened and they'll send them another check." Albeit the error of Joseph's reasoning, what technique of neutralization is Joseph utilizing to maintain a positive self-image?

answer

denial of injury

question

This theory posits that internal and external constraints keep people from being deviant:

answer

control theory

question

According to strain theory, the solution to deviance is to:

answer

make it easier to reach societal goals through acceptable means.

question

Which leadership style will most likely result in a high degree of internal solidarity among employees?

answer

authoritarian

question

Who was the "stigma master" who applied a typology of characteristics that discredit people from full social acceptance?

answer

Erving Goffman

question

The BEST example of a primary group is:

answer

a family

question

The links we have among other people, even friends of friends are called ________.

answer

social networks

question

Frankie and Johnny enjoy hiding in the park and attacking gays who may be walking home from a local bar that caters to the gay community. They feel this is appropriate behavior because the Bible condemns homosexuality and gays should be punished. In view of this, which technique of neutralization are Frankie and Johnny employing to maintain a positive self-image?

answer

denial of victim

question

What are the unwritten, taken-for-granted "rules" that underlie our everyday lives, such as not yelling "fire" in a crowded classroom or movie theater?

answer

background assumptions

question

According to Structural Stain Theories, deviance occurs when:

answer

people cannot reach the acceptable goals of society through acceptable means.

question

What is the classification of homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate events?

answer

serial murder

question

When Corrinda's friends wouldn't talk to her because she tattled to the teacher about them, they were using________.

answer

a negative sanction

question

What sociological term best describes lovers, cult members, and members of a combat infantry platoon?

answer

a primary group

question

There are 35 cars backed up at the intersection because of an accident. Which sociological term best describes these 35 drivers?

answer

an aggregate

question

Who was the sociologist who developed the Theory of Differential Association?

answer

Edwin Sutherland

question

Young people are more likely to be deviant than older people because:

answer

they do not have as much to lose by being deviant, like a career or credit rating.

question

Which of the following theories sees inequality as unnecessary but likely to remain because the powerful control the resources necessary to eliminate social inequality?

answer

confict

question

Since 1940, the gap between the rich and the poor has

answer

remained about the same.

question

What would Marx call the shared identity members of the working class have for doing "real work" in relation to their position in the means of production?

answer

class consciousness

question

Compartive studies of the occupational prestige scale show that:

answer

there is a great deal of similarity in the rankings of occupations across nations and across time.

question

Workers in the maquiladoras along the United States and Mexican border make $10 a day which is only a fraction of what American workers were paid to do the same work. Why is it unlikely, however, that the Mexican workers will go on strike to demand better wages?

answer

Workers in other nations are eager to do the work for only a dollar or two a day.

question

What is it called when the same numbers of people move up and down the social class ladder, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change?

answer

exchange mobility

question

Weber's three dimensions of social stratification included all but which of the following:

answer

education.

question

What technique does Christian Solidarity International (CSI) utilize in response to slavery in areas of northern Africa including the Sudan?

answer

CSI utilizes Arab "retrievers" who go to Sudan to either abduct or buy slaves.

question

A small group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations is referred to as:

answer

the underclass

question

The ability to control someone's behavior even against his or her will is:

answer

power.

question

Social ___________ is a system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige.

answer

stratification

question

How many classes exist in Erik Wright's modified Marxian model of social class?

answer

four

question

The theoretical position that holds that inequality is both necessary and justifiable comes from:

answer

structural functional theory

question

On the average, how long does an American family remain in poverty?

answer

a year or less

question

The "culture of poverty" theory refers to a culture that:

answer

perpetuates poverty from one generation to the next

question

Most poor families are in poverty

answer

for one year or less.

question

Jocko is a drug dealer who makes well over a million dollars a year. He lives in a magnificent home and has a "squad" of other dealers and gang members who support and protect him. In view of this, which of the following is the best description of Jocko based on middle-class standards?

answer

Jocko is status inconsistent because his prestige score as a drug dealer is not consistent with his rank in property and power

question

Bruce owns about 3,000 acres of prime farmland, is one of the wealthiest men in the county, and enjoys a great deal of prestige in his community. In view of this, how would sociologists describe Bruce as it pertains to social class?

answer

Bruce is status consistent because of his high ranking in the two dimensions.

question

Which measure of social class ranks people on income, education, occupation, or some combination?

answer

socioeconomic status

question

Based on the author's account of the relationship between physical health and social class, which of the following statements would be most accurate?

answer

There is an inverse relationship between social class and physical health.

question

Which set of characteristics is most applicable in describing the poor?

answer

rural location, white, high school drop-out, mother head of household

question

What is the trend in U.S. society whereby poor families have become increasingly headed by women?

answer

the feminization of poverty

question

Sally is employed as a computer programmer for the Ellis Corporation. She has a savings account of $15,000 and owns a few shares of Ellis stock. She thinks of herself as an investor rather than as a worker. How would Marx assess Sally's reasoning?

answer

Sally is experiencing false consciousness

question

Two of the strongest factors in poverity is race/ethnicity and education. The other major predictor of families living in poverity is__________.

answer

the sex of the head of the household

question

________ mobility refers to the upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next.

answer

Intergenerational.

question

Who does the author cite as being "the wealthiest person in the world"?

answer

Bill Gates (Microsoft Corporation

question

During the Great Depression thousands of people changed social class unexpectedly and usually in a downward spiral. What type of mobility did this event illustrate?

answer

structural mobility

question

The former Soviet Union and the nations of the former Communist Bloc comprise:

answer

the developing nations

question

In democracies, what are the two methods used by the ruling elite to control information?

answer

technology and the selective release of information

question

According to Weber, social class is actually made up of three components:_____________.

answer

property, power, and prestige

question

In distribution of scarce resources, caste systems rely on ________ statuses and class systems rely on _______ statuses.

answer

ascribed; achieved

question

_______ stress that features of a society can explain poverty in a society.

answer

Sociologists

question

What are the two most striking characteristics of the British class system?

answer

language and education

question

Which theoretical perspective states that inequality is necessary to the stability of society?

answer

structural functional

question

The belief that the lack of economic development in Least Industrialized Nations is caused by the Industrailized Nations dominating the world economy is referred to as:

answer

dependency theory

question

Which is true about inequality in the distribution of household income in the U.S.?

answer

It has increased slightly in the last 35 years

question

What is the underlying basis of India's caste system?

answer

religion

question

In the United States, slavery was replaced by

answer

a racial caste system

question

What was the primary purpose behind colonialism as it was practiced during the 18th and 19th centuries by the nations of Europe?

answer

to establish economic colonies and exploit the people and resources

question

Wealth includes:

answer

all of the above

question

Which economist proposed that the Least Industrialized Nations were held back from developing a more productive economy by a culture of poverty?

answer

John Kenneth Galbraith

question

A basic difference between class and caste stratification is that

answer

social mobility is possible in class system but not in caste system

question

The dimension of social class having to do with social honor expressed as life-style is called:

answer

status.

question

In the three-world model, what quality distinguishes a First World nation?

answer

a capitalist economy

question

Which of the following theories sees inequality as unnecessary but likely to remain because the powerful control the resources necessary to eliminate social inequality?

answer

confict

question

According to the functionalist theory as proposed by Davis and Moore, which of the following factors is a reason social stratification is universal?

answer

All societies have positions of differing importance that must be filled.

question

Who was the sociologist who proposed every society is stratified by power to ensure that society's work gets done, which he documented in his book The Ruling Class?

answer

Gaetano Mosca

question

Which of the following events is responsible for creating extensive economic ties among the world's nations?

answer

the globalization of capitalism

question

Kevin's father is an executive in a business firm. Kevin recently flunked out of the prestigious college that his parents had sent him to and has taken a job at the local cable company installing cable lines. This is an example of __________ mobility.

answer

downward

question

What term would Karl Marx use to describe the DuPonts, Vanderbilts, Rockefellers, and other major industrialists in American history?

answer

bourgeoisie

question

Structural Functionalism explains racial and ethnic inequality as contributing to stability and harmony of society because:

answer

it provides a socially accepted way for people to release their frustrations, hostility and aggression over their lack of achieving their goals.

question

___________ is an attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way.

answer

Prejudice

question

An irrational negative attitude held about a category of people is known as:

answer

prejudice.

question

The life expectancy of men born in the year 2010 is approximately ________ and the life expectancy of women born that year is approximately ________.

answer

76; 81

question

Which European nation provides the best example of multiculturalism?

answer

Switzerland

question

Social Security arose out of the conflict over

answer

the Townsend Plan

question

Alyssa has worked for 10 years in a major publishing company. She has not been promised to any executive position even though she has directed several successful projects for the firm. Her lack of promotion illustrates___________.

answer

the glass ceiling

question

The fact that 80 percent of engineering degrees are awarded to men while nearly 90 percent of library science degrees are awarded to women illustrates what concept?

answer

gender tracking

question

The rapid explosion of the number of old people in the US has been referred to as the

answer

graying of America.

question

Conflict theory sees retirement for the elderly as

answer

an economic issue of competition between the younger generation and the older generation.

question

In addition to testosterone levels, what other variable did the Vietnam veterans study examine as the possible cause of aggressive male behavior?

answer

social class

question

Sex refers to ___________ characteristics, while gender refers to ________________ characteristics.

answer

biological; social

question

The increasing proportion of older people in the United States has been referred to as the _____________

answer

graying of America

question

Which nation is the least race-conscious and permits a wide range of latitude in classifying a person "white" or "black" with seven terms to describe race?

answer

Brazil

question

Informal discrimination that serves as an invisible barrier to women's promotions in traditional male careers is known as:

answer

the glass ceiling

question

Who was the sociologist who defined minority groups as people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination?

answer

Louis Wirth

question

Which theory of aging suggests people adjust to old age by maintaining ties with their past?

answer

continuity theory

question

Which of the following helps explain the differences in life expectancy between men and women?

answer

men's risker lifestyle.

question

Who are the American volunteers concerned with illegal immigration who patrol the Mexican-United States border in Arizona?

answer

the Minutemen

question

This term refers to the normative dispositions and behaviors that cultures assign to each sex:

answer

gender.

question

What was the result of the remarks made by the President of Harvard University suggesting women had inborn characteristics making them less competitive than men in fields such as engineering?

answer

The President resigned his position after being chastised by his faculty and staff.

question

George is a clerk in a hardware store. When an African American comes into the store, George provides closer monitoring because he believes that African Americans will steal his merchandise. What term most applies to the unequal treatment that George applies to African Americans who are actually customers?

answer

discrimination

question

In their analysis of aging, symbolic interactionists focus on:

answer

the changing meaning of being old.

question

Etnocentrism enhances the potential for

answer

prejudice attitudes and discrimination

question

Conflict theorists argue that some form of conflict seems inevitable between the elderly and the young because

answer

the number of people who collect Social Security is growing

question

The concept of sex is used to refer to which of the following?

answer

male/female

question

What do sociologists call a tendency for people to interpret labels in a particular way while the same labels lead them to be blind to the messages they actually convey?

answer

selective perception

question

What is the number of workers required to support one dependent member of society called?

answer

dependency ratio

question

When sociologists examine racial categories they focus on

answer

differences in physical traits that have been given social importance or social recognition.

question

The phrase "split labor market" refers to a situation in which:

answer

there is one labor market for white males and one for women and other minorites.

question

What was the major difference between the half-million Cubans who fled Castro's rise to power in 1959 and the 100,000 "boat people" who fled Cuba in 1980?

answer

The 1980 group was less educated and lower class.

question

Which of the following provides health care for the elderly?

answer

medicare

question

What percent of those over 65 live below the poverty line?

answer

10%

question

What were the goals of the second wave of the women's movement that began in the 1960s?

answer

The goals are broad ranging from raising women's pay to changing policies on violence against women.

question

Disengagement theory and activity theory

answer

both focus on how retirees adjust to their retiremant

question

What is the method of intergroup relations that allows the minority group to adopt the dominant group's patterns in their own way and at their own speed?

answer

permissible assimilation

question

Disengagement theory is based on the ________ perspective.

answer

functionalist

question

In India, what is the practice of suttee?

answer

The burning of the living widow during cremation with her dead husband.

question

In today's age what is the primary reason kidnapped Vietnamese women are brought to China?

answer

They are sold as brides due to a shortage of women created by the "one couple, one child" policy.

question

Although the media refers to Tiger Woods as an African American, as a boy he used the term "Cablinasian." What racial and national identities are included in being a "Cablinasian"?

answer

Thai, Chinese, Native American, African American, Caucasian

question

During the 1960s Rena took a bus tour of the Southern states. Whenever the passsengers stopped for meals or to stay overnight in a hotel, the white passengers ate at separate restaurants and slept at separate hotels than the African American passengers. This practice is an example of ____________.

answer

segregation

question

Juan, a Hispanic, and Harold, a white male, have each applied for a home mortgage at the local bank. Juan's loan was turned down while Harold's loan was given to him. In comparing their credit history, both men had good credit, and their debts and income were comparable. This is an example of __________ against Juan.

answer

institutional discrimination

question

From which nation do the greatest number of Latinos in the United States trace their heritage?

answer

Mexico

question

Which ethnic group is most likely to live in poverty?

answer

Native American

question

What is the current life span, based on the age reached by a French woman who died in 1997?

answer

122

question

What term did the Serbs use when they massacred the Muslims in Bosnia simply because of their religious affiliation?

answer

ethnic cleansing

question

Sexism refers to:

answer

the belief that men and women have biologically different capacities and that they form a legitimate basis for unequal treatment.

question

A dominant group refers to a group in a society that_________.

answer

have the greatest power, more privileges, and highest social status

question

How do symbolic interactionists believe that the social value of the elderly in America changed when the economy shifted from being based on agriculture to industry?

answer

It decreased

question

The process by which a minority group is absorbed into the mainstream culture is known as:

answer

assimilation.

question

Mills used the term ___________ to refer to those who rule in the U.S.

answer

power elite

question

Maximillian is disenchanted with the American political system. He feels the "one man one vote" philosophy is a facade and that his vote means virtually nothing and will just bring "more of the same." Based on this information, diagnose Maximillian's condition.

answer

Maximillian is suffering from voter apathy

question

What term did sociologist William Domhoff use to refer to the power elite?

answer

the ruling class

question

In which society did power shift from the heads of families and clans to a ruling elite which resulted in greater inequality?

answer

the agricultural society

question

Postindustrial society is characterized by the growth of:

answer

service industries.

question

At the last shareholder meeting of the Arrowhead Corporation the stockholders of the corporation refused to rubberstamp the CEO's recommendations. How is this refusal characterized in the world of business?

answer

The stockholders are staging a stockholders' revolt

question

Decision making power based on an individual's perceived extraordinary personal characteristics is:

answer

charismatic authority

question

In the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections more men voted Republican while more women voted Democrat. What is the term used to describe this trend?

answer

the political gender gap

question

What term describes people who think alike on a particular issue and who can be mobilized for political action?

answer

special-interest group

question

Carol tells her mother that it is her sister's turn to mow the lawn because she mowed it last week. This is an example of which type of authority?

answer

rational-legal

question

What is the routinization of charisma?

answer

the transition of authority from a charismatic leader to either traditional or rational-legal authority

question

American government is based on ______ authority.

answer

rational-legal

question

What event ushered in the biotech society?

answer

The deciphering of the human genome system

question

When did the first noticeable conditions of social inequality occur in human societies?

answer

When surplus was generated

question

Which of the following types of government does Hitler's Nazi Germany and Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq best illustrate?

answer

totalitarianism

question

Max Weber referred to legitimate power as__________

answer

authority

question

______ is one type of coercion used by the state.

answer

Taxation

question

Decision making power based on the sanctity of time-honored routines is:

answer

traditional authority

question

One of the essential characteristics of socialism is

answer

central planning

question

In which society did trading centers first develop that turned into cities?

answer

the agricultural society

question

What are the three characteristics of socialism?

answer

central economic planning, public ownership of the means of production, no profit

question

What is an economic system called that is designed to eliminate competition by selling goods at predetermined prices regardless of the demand for the product, or the cost to make it?

answer

socialism

question

Charles says to his son: "We agreed to take turns mowing the lawn, and this week it is your turn." Charles is using:

answer

rational-legal authority

question

What was necessary for conspicuous consumption to become a fundamental part of society's orientation to life?

answer

Surpluses had to grow to greater amounts and availability

question

In the United States what is the diffusion among many different organizations including conservatives and liberals and special interest groups that prohibits any one group from gaining total control?

answer

pluralism

question

Who was the sociologist who analyzed the use of power by the state and suggested that "violence is theultimate foundation of any political order" ?

answer

Peter Berger

question

The current form of capitalism in the U.S. is ___________ capitalism

answer

welfare (or state)

question

During the Vietnam War and currently in the Middle East, members of the weaker political movement enlist young men and women to strap explosives to their bodies and detonate them in the presence of police officers, in mosques, at funerals, and anywhere the act shocks people worldwide and captures headlines. What is such a tactic called?

answer

suicide terrorism

question

John F. Kennedy had a combination of ideal types of leadership. Although he was the President of the United States, he also inspired people to get involved with their country's programs through his inspirational speeches. President Kennedy is an example of combining which two sources of authority?

answer

charismatic and rational-legal

question

In what form of government would someone find an "electronic town meeting" taking place?

answer

representative democracy

question

A government in which power is held by a small group or clique of individuals us a(n)

answer

oligarchy

question

What is a form of capitalism that exists in a society when market forces are able to operate without government interference?

answer

laissez-faire capitalism

question

Which of the following U.S. citizens would be most likely to vote in a presidential election?

answer

George, age 54, investment banker

question

Mother Teresa had decision making power based on:

answer

charismatic authority.

question

How would sociologists describe an economy that generates very little surplus food and material property?

answer

It is a subsistence economy.

question

What is the key factor on which representative democracy is based?

answer

citizenship

question

What is the relationship between the level of industrialization and the level of traditional authority?

answer

As the level of industrialization increases, the level of traditional authority decreases.

question

Which of the following is the best description of an economy?

answer

It is a system of producing and distributing goods and services.

question

Captialism is an economic system that is focused on:

answer

competiton.

question

What is another term that would describe bureaucratic authority?

answer

rational-legal authority

question

Approximately what is the percentage and number of mixed marriages in the United States based on differences in race?

answer

7 percent or over 4 million couples

question

Jane is getting married in the spring and is worried that her chances of getting divorced are extremely likely given the high divorce rate in the U.S. On the other hand, what reason can Jane use to discount the statistics related to divorce?

answer

Overall statistics on divorce have nothing to do with any one individual marriage.

question

The use of educational credentials to measure an individual's worth is called:

answer

credentialism.

question

Approximately what percentage of students with disabilities attend school in regular classrooms?

answer

50%

question

What were the two major goals for instituting public education in America during the 1800s?

answer

It was to produce more educated workers and "Americanize" immigrants.

question

Why do functionalists argue that the incest taboo is a norm necessary for proper family development?

answer

It facilitates the socialization of children and it avoids role confusion.

question

Who was the sociologist who addressed the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

answer

Robert Merton

question

What is the basis for the distinct framework for Asian family life that includes humanism, collectivity, self-discipline, and respect for elders?

answer

Confucian values

question

What was the first nation to legalize same-sex marriages?

answer

Denmark

question

In the Least Industrialized Nations, who is most likely to participate in a formal education program beyond the first couple of grades?

answer

Primarily the wealthy because of the relative high cost of education in these nations.

question

Sociologists define religion as:

answer

a system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things that unites people in a moral community.

question

Which statement is most accurate on how parents of different social classes rear their children?

answer

Middle class parents think of their children as in need of significant nurturing.

question

The crescent moon and stars are to Muslims as ________ is to the Jews.

answer

the Star of David

question

Christians who have undergone a life-transforming religious experience so radical they feel they have become new people are said to have experienced which of the following events?

answer

They are born again

question

Most families in which both parents work rely on ____________ for childcare

answer

daycare

question

Of the following concepts, which of the following is the best example of exogamy?

answer

The incest taboo prohibits close relatives from marrying one another.

question

In Moronica the government subsidizes the one major religion. To be elected to political office, the constitution of Moronica requires the candidate to be a member of the Church of Moronica. Based on this, which type of religious group applies best to describe the Church of Moronica?

answer

It is an ecclesia

question

Yoko attends grade school in Japan. What would be the central theme of all of her classes?

answer

solidarity with the group and team effort

question

What is the process of determining which people will enter what occupations through tracking and placing select students in "ability groups" and "advanced" classes?

answer

gatekeeping

question

Which of the following trends is less likely to occur in respect to marriage?

answer

Births to single women are likely to decrease

question

What term did sociologist Randall Collins apply to industrialized nations due to their tendency to use diplomas and degrees as sorting devices?

answer

credential societies

question

What is the primary purpose sociologists study religion?

answer

To study the role religion plays in people's lives

question

In Japan, why are children from the richer families more likely to be admitted to college even though competition is rigid and there are a limited number of openings each year?

answer

Parents spend more for tutors to prepare their children for the college entrance exam.

question

In the United States today, one-third of all entering college freshmen have an overall high school grade point average of A- or higher, twice what it was in 1970. What is the reason for this increase in students with high grades?

answer

Teachers have inflated grades

question

What do the Crusades to control the Holy Land, the burning of witches at the stake, and sacrifice of virgins by the Aztecs illustrate about religion?

answer

They are all examples of how religion can be dysfunctional

question

Frank, Jim, Martha, and Louise occupy the same apartment, share routine chores such as cooking, cleaning and laundry, and each contributes a share of their earnings to pay utilities and food costs.Which term most applies to the relationship between Frank, Jim, Martha, and Louise?

answer

Frank, Jim, Martha, and Louise are a household

question

Marianne and her children live in a neighborhood where all the families share their resources when someone needs help. The neighbors also consider themselves to be an extended family. What term do sociologists use to describe these survival mechanisms?

answer

fictive kin

question

Which sociological perspective stresses the teachings of religion help people adjust to life's problems and provide guidelines for daily life?

answer

the functionalist perspective

question

John and Diane proudly consider themselves as DINKS. Put another way, what is the distinguishing feature of being a DINK?

answer

They are married, both are working, and they have no kids by choice.

question

What is the primary reason many employers rely on diplomas and degrees as sorting devices to choose employees?

answer

Employers do not know potential employees, and diplomas and degrees serve as sorting devices.

question

What term describes a family in which grandparents, parents, children, and grandchildren live under one roof?

answer

the extended family

question

Which of the following serves as the best example of a ritual?

answer

praying before meals

question

In India, about 95 percent of the marriages are arranged by the parents; in the United States, most marriages are based on individual choice. Which statement best explains these differences in marriage practices?

answer

A society's marriage practices match societal values and patterns of stratification

question

For both single mothers and married couples, what is the most common source of childcare for mothers who work outside the home?

answer

organized childcare facilities

question

Studies show that young adults are leaving the parental home:

answer

and then about one half return

question

Who were the three sociologists known for advocating social placement as a part of the educational system as being functional for society?

answer

Talcott Parsons, Kingsley Davis, Wilbert Moore

question

Which of the following statements is least accurate regarding family and marriage?

answer

Characteristics of marriage are the same in industrial and traditional societies

question

In home schooling, who serves as the primary teacher of the child?

answer

the mother of the child being home schooled

question

Which sociological perspective takes the position that we create our own worlds, including marriage? This implies that to have a good marriage, it is essential for people to perceive that a good marriage is possible and worth working toward achieving.

answer

symbolic interactionist

question

What did Murray Strauss conclude based on his research on battering in marital relationships?

answer

Husbands and wives are about equally likely to attack one another.

question

What is the name of a society in which a man has more than one wife?

answer

polygynous

question

Renee has difficulty in reading and writing. However, despite her problem with reading and writing, she has been passed into the next grade every year. This is an example of ________.

answer

social promotion

question

Which of the following serves as the best example of how religion promotes social change?

answer

the Civil Rights Movement

question

What was the basis of antimiscegenation laws?

answer

interracial marriage

question

Who published the influential book, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life in 1912 that identified the elements common to all religions?

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

What is the process of passing a nation's core values from one generation to the next, such as respect for private property, individuality, and competition through the school system?

answer

cultural transmission

question

What is the primary source of strain in the typical one-parent family?

answer

poverty

question

The role of the school in teaching obedience and conformity is called:

answer

the hidden curriculum

question

Which sociological perspective emphasizes housework as "women's work" and mowing the lawn as "men's work" in a traditional orientation toward household chores?

answer

the symbolic interactionist perspective

question

Regina lives in a society in which children are related to their father's relatives, but not their mother's relatives. What type of descent system does this illustrate?

answer

patrilineal

STUDY

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Human Biology Natural Selection

Biology 1 – Essay Writing – Flashcards 148 terms

Stephen Sanchez

148 terms

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Biology 1 – Essay Writing – Flashcards

question

have a suitable control group

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In any experiment, one must be certain to

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was fed the same ration without the food additive

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A biologist wants to test the effectiveness of a new food additive on causing growth in mice. An effective control group would be one that

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DNA

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All organisms possess a genetic system that is baed on

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homeostasis

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All living things are able to maintain stable internal conditions, whether they are unicellular or complex, multicellular organisms. This property is called

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make observations, develp a hypothesis, make predictions, test, draw, conclusions

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Which of the following are in the correct order

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tissue

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A group of similar cells that act as a functional unit are

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population

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A group of organisms of the same species living together is referred to as a(n)

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All of the above

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Which of the following is a property of life

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chordata

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Which one of the following is not considered a kingdom of living organisms

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organs

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In a multicellular organism, different tissues that function together are grouped into

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plantae

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Which kingdow contains photosynthetic multicellular organisms that live on the land

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population

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A group of organisms of the same species living together is referred to as a(n)

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thought

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Choose the property that is not common to all living things

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ecosystem

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A group of species and the physical environment in which they live are called a(n)

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false

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The amount of energy available stays constant as it flows through the econsystem

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None of these are levels of organization within a cell

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Which of the following is not a level of organization within cells

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Animalia

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Which kingdom cotnains nonphotosynthetic multicellular organisms that digest their food internally

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community

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The different populations of all the species in a given area make up a(n)

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domain

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The most inclusive group in taxonomy is a

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experiment

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The test of a hypothesis is called a(n)

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polarity

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What property of water is NOT attributable to hydrogen bonding between water molcules

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number of protons only

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The atomic number of an atom is the

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hydrogen is more electronegative that oxygen

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Which is not correct about water molecules

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mixtures of different isotopes

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Most elements in nature exist as

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Its effects have been more devastating to the south east that the northeast

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Which statement is incorrect about acid rain

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electrons

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The first shell in any atom contains one orbital which contains

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ionic

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When an electron is transferred from one atom to the next and the two atoms are then elctrically atted to one another, the type of bond is a(n) bond

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potential

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Electrons posess energy of positon, also known as energy

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cohesion

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allows water molecules to stick together and form droplets

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directional

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bonds are needed for complex shapes of large organic molecules

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4;8

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The second shell in an atom contains orbitals and holds up to electrons

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adhesion

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Water moving up into a paper towel is attributable to

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convalent

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Which type of chemical bond exits within a water molecule

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equal to the electrons

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In an atom, protons are always

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If an element has atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 18, how many neutrons does it have

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cohesion

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The high surface tension of water that allows some insects to literally walk on water is due to

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the mumber of protons plus the number of neutrons

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The mass number of an atom is the

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covalent

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The type of bond that forms between two atoms when electrons are shared is a(n) bond

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electrons

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The of atoms determine how atoms will react with each other

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deoxyribose

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The sugrar found in DNA is

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hydrogen

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The bonds within the secondary structure of a protein can fold it into coils or sheets

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primary

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When a protein is denatured, which level of protein structure is unaffected

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phospholipids

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Which of the following is the main component of cell membrances

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CCAATTG

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If one strand is CCAATTG on DNA, then the complementary chain is

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glycogen

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Animals store energy in a polymer composed of many glucose molecules called

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true

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Most animal fats are saturated and most plant fats are unsaturated

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cellulose

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Which of the following is not a lipid

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RNA is a nucleic acid

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All of the following are ways RNA differs from DNA except

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liquids at room temperature

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Fats composed of fatty acids that have double bonds in the fatty acids and have fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are

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glycogen

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The largest carbohydrate from the following lis is

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cellulose

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The carbohydrate that is found in plant cell walls is

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monosaccharides

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The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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true

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A polymer is a molecule consisting of a long chain of similar subunits

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amino acid sequence

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The sequence of nucleotides in DNA specifies the of proteins

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hydrogen

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The bases of the two DNA chains are linked in the middle of the molecule by bonds

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enzymes

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Making and breaking molecules in the body require the aid of to help the reactions proceed

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proteins

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Amino acids are the subunits that make up

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the main funtion of protein is energy storage

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Which is incorrect about proteins

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movement of water across the cell membrane

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Which of the following activites does NOT require cellular energy

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ribose, 3 phosphates, 1 adenine

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Which are the components of an ATP molecule

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it is a carbohydrate

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Which of the following is not true about an enzyme

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active site

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The site on the enzyme surface where the reactant fits is referred to as the

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the active site of the enzyme so a subtrate cannot bind

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A competitive inhibitor interferes with

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loses a phosphate group

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Energy is released from ATP when it

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that energy can be changed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destoryed

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The First Law of Thermodynamics states

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exergonic

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A chemical reaction that releases energy is called

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three phosphate groups

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ATP is composed of a sugar, the organic base adenine, and

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sun

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Energy flows into the bilogical world from the

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binding site

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The site on the reactant that binds to an enzyme is called the

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cellular respiration

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All cells convert the potential energy found in food molecules into ATP through

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exergonic

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Chemical reactions that release energy are called reactions

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true

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Temperature above the optimum denatures most enzymes

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true

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Energy can exist in two state: kinetic energy and potential engery. Responses

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kinetic energy

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Objects that are moving are said to possess

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chemical reactions

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The making and breaking of chemical bonds is called

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true

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Most human enzymes work best with the range of pH 6 to 8

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activation energy

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The energy required to intiate a chemical reaction is called

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coupled channels

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In the sodium-potassium pump, sugars and amino acids, or other molecules, are brought through the membrane along with sodium ions through

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phospholipids

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Sect the membrane molecule that is made up of polar region with two nonpolar fatty acid tails

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length

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Cilia and flagella differ from each other promarily in

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actin filaments

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Which of the following causes a dividing cell to pinch in two by contracting like a purse

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facilitated diffusion

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When molecules move through a cell membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration by way of a channel protein, it is called

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exocytosis

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When a cytoplasmic vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, expelling its contents outside the cell, the process is known as

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protiens embedded in the lipid bilayer do not move

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Which is incorrect about the plasma membrane

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central vacuole

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Which of the following is found in plant cells but not animal cells

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the middle lamella glues the walls of adjacent cells together

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Which statement about cell walls is true

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mitochondria

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Oxidative metabolsm takes place in the of the cell

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endoplasmic reticulum

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An extensive system of internal membrances, called the , is where carbohdrates and lipids are manufactured, and proteins are made that will be exported from the cell

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golgi bodies

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function in the collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules made in the cell

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ribosomes

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What structures are found within bacterial cells

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it would fill with ater and lyse

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If a paramecium's contractile vacuole stops working, what might happen to the organism

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archaea

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Which of the following kingdoms are prokaryotes

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phagocytosis

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Which process would enable a white blood cell to ingest a baterium

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lysosome

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One organelle called a , contains enzymes that digest worn out parts of cells

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pili

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Which structure helps pokaryotic cells attach to substrates and aid in the exchange of genetic information between cells

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the site of ribosome subunit assembly

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What is the function of the nucleolus

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How many turns of calvin cycle are needed to make one glucose molecule

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false

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About 25% of the radiant energy from the sun that reaches the earth each day is captured by photosynathesis

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1% or less

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How much of the radiant energy from the sun is incorporated into organic compunds in the process of photosynthesis

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oxygen

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A waste product of the light-dependent reactions is

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red,blue,green

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Plants use and wavelengths of light and reflect the wavelength

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electromagnetic radiation

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The full range of energy in sunlight can best be described as

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photophosphorylation

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The production of ATP in photosynthesis is called

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water

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Most of the atmospheric oxygen occurs as a result of photosynthesis. From which of the following molecules is the oxygen derived

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ATP

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The process of chemiosmosis is for making molecules of

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rubisco

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The most abundant protein on earth is

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roots of plants

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Which of the following does not do photosynthesis

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photons

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light energy arrives at earth in little packets called

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green wavelengths

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A green leaf relects of the visible spectrum

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is recycled back to the light-dependent reactions

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After hydrogens and electrons are stripped from NADPH, NADP

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glucose and oxygen

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The main products of photosynthesis are

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thylakoids

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Chlorophyll pigments are grouped together in the membrances of

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the light reactions take place in the cytoplasm and the light-independent reactions occur in the chloroplast

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Which is incorrect about photosynthesis

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false

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C4 photosynthesis is a form of light-independent reactions for plants in hot climates

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false

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Photosynthesis occurs in all cells of a plant

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true

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A chromosome is a single, long DNA molecule in a compact formation

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Damage to genes failing to stop cell division

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What causes cancer in cells

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interphase

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The G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively known as

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If cell division is no longer possible, eukaryotes can arrest the cell cycle. During which stage is this decision made

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false

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DNA replicates during the S phase of metaphase

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sister chromatids; centromere

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Identical copies of each chromosome are called and are joined at the .

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binary fission

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Prokaryotic cells divide by

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telophase

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At the end of , mitosis is complete

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chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane

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During metaphase

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p53

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What cell cycle regulatory protein is a tumor-suppressor protein

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the network of protein cables that will pull the chromatids to opposit ends of the cell

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The spindle is

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cell growth is assessed at the S checkpoint

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The eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled at several points; which of these is not a control point

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the replication of DNA occurs in one direction around the circle

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Which is not correct about the way prokaroytes divide

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metaphase

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During which stage of the cell cycle does the M checkpoint occur

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an enzyme that adds bases back to the tip of chromosomes every time a cell divides

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What is telomerase

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oxidizes glucose and reduces oxygen

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The diploid number of chromosomes in humans is 46. The haploid number is

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false

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Cellular respiration involves the dismantling of food molecules to obtain oxygen

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Electron transport chain

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Which stage of cell respiration makes the majority of ATP

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Acetyl-CoA joins the Krebs cycle and unites with oxaloacetate forming citrate which forms isocitrate which forms alpha-ketoglutarate which forms succinyl- CoA which forms succinate which forms fumarate which forms malate which forms oxaloacetate

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The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria there are nine biochemical reations involved in the Krebs cycle and they are highly ordered. Select the correct order from the following choices. Note these are abbreviated and do not show NAD, ADP, ATP, FAD, or water.

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cytoplasm; mitochondria

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Glycolysis takes place in the , and the Krebs cycle and elctron transport chain take place in the .

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has been reduced

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If an atom gains an electron in a chemical reaction, it is said that the atom

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absence of oxygen

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Under what enviornmental conditions do yeast carry out fermentation

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glycolysis

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The stage of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen is

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photosynthesis

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Which of the following is NOT a catabolic reaction that cells use to get energy from nutrients

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true

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During anaerobic respiration, ATP is produced exclusively by glycolysis

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both 2 and 3

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Common end-products of fermentation include

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false

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In ethanol fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly and the product is lactate

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How many net ATP are made in glycolysis

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false

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Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle fibers and can result in the accumulation of ethanol

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CO2, ATP NADH, FADH2

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Which of the ollowing is(are) products of the Krebs cycle

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Krebs cycle

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Most of the carbon dioxide that is made during aerobic respiration is from

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cytoplasm

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The first stage of cellular respiration takes place in the of a cell

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pyruvate

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is the end product of glycolysis and is the starting material for the Krebs cycle

STUDY

Human Biology Veterinary Science

Anatomy and Physiology for vet techs – Flashcards 156 terms

Claire Scott

156 terms

Preview

Anatomy and Physiology for vet techs – Flashcards

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Physiology

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The functions of the body; how things work, what they do

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Anatomy

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Form and structure of body. What it looks like and where is it

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Macroscopic Anatomy (Gross Anatomy)

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See with naked eye without microscope. (muscles, organs, bones)

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Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

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Look through microscope. Ex. tissues, cells

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Regional

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Look at all components of single region. Ex. Horse leg

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Systematic

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Look at SYSTEMS in body (cardiovascular, etc.)

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Main Body Systems

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Skeletal, integumentary, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, muscular, sensory, endocrine, urinary, reproductive.

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Skeletal

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Bones and joints

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Integumentary

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Skin, hair, nails, and hooves

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nervous

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central nervous system and peripheral nerves

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Cardiovascular

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heart and blood vessels

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respiratory

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lungs and air passages

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digestive

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gastrointestinal tube and accessory digestive organs

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muscular

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skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

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sensory

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organs of general and special sense

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endocrine

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endocrine glands and hormones

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urinary

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kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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reproductive

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male and female reproductive structures

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anatomic planes of reference

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imaginary slices through the body. 4 planes

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Saggital plane

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divide the body into right and left parts(not equal)

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median plane

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divides body into EQUAL left and right parts.

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Transverse Plane

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divides in cranial and caudal

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Cranial

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towards head

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caudal

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towards tail

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Dorsal Plane

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Divides body into dorsal and ventral

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Dorsal

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towards animals back

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ventral

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towards animals belly

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left

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animals left

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right

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animals right

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rostral

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towards nose (when on animals head)

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medial

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towards median plane (inside of leg)

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lateral

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away from median plane (outside of leg)

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Deep

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internal; towards center

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superficial

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external; away from center

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Proximal

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towards body (extremities)

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Distal

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Away from body (extremities)

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common regional terms

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shorthand way of naming things

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barrel

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trunk (body w/o head, legs, tail)

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brisket

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base of neck b/w front legs

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flank

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lateral surface of abdomen b/w last rib and pelvis/ rear limb bones soft part

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hock

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"ankle" tarsus

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knee

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"wrist" carpus of large animal

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muzzle

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most rostral part of face (nasal bone, maxillary bone)

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poll

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top of head b/w ears

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stifle

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"knee" joint b/w femur and tibula/fibula

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tailhead

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dorsal surface where tail meets body

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withers

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area dorsal to shoulder blades (scapula)

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bilateral symmetry

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L and R 1/2 mirror images

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paired organs

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(lungs, kidneys, eyes) found on 1 on right and 1 on left

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single organ

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(heart, stomach) found on or near median plane

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2 main body cavities

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dorsal and ventral

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dorsal body cavity

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contains brain and spinal cord

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ventral body cavity

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larger than dorsal cavity, contains all of the viscera (soft organs)

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viscera

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soft organs

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thoracic cavity

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Organs- heart, lungs, major blood vessels (aorta) Pleura

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Pleura

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thin membrane covering everything in thoracic cavity

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visceral pleura

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covers organs in thoracic cavity

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parietal pleura

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covers thoracic cavity

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Abdominal Cavity

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organs- intestine, kidney, stomach peritoneum

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peritoneum

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thin membrane covering everything in abdominal cavity

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visceral peritoneum

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covers organs in abdominal cavity

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parietal peritoneum

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covers peritoneum cavity

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cells

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basic unit of life, smallest thing in body can still have life, some very specialized(ex. neuron, muscle cells, red blood cells)

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epithelial tissue

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composed of only cells. covers and protects (surfaces) secretes (glands) absorbs (intestinal lining)

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connective tissue

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composed of living cells and non-living intercellular substances. bind cells and structures together and supports the body

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muscle tissue

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skeletal (voluntary) movements cardiac (heart) smooth (involuntary)

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nervous tissue

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Composed of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells. Transmits info around body; coordinates and controls activities

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element

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simplest component of matter cannot be divided further by a chemical process

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matter

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occupies space and has mass

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major elements

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H, C, N, O. 96% living matter

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minor elements

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Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S, Cl

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trace elements

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Boron, Flourine, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Serenium, Maybdenum, Tin, Iodine

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atoms

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smallest unit of an element retains unique properties of the element

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protons

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positive electrical charge

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neutrons

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no electrical charge

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electrons

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negative electrical charge remain in constant motion "electron cloud"

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atomic weight

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atomic nucleus sum of protons and neutrons

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atomic number

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# of protons also # of electrons

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ion

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atom may gain or lose an electron may have a (+) or (-) electrical charge

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molecule

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atoms joined together by chemical bond smallest unit of a compound that retains properties of the compound.

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solutions

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solute is dissolved and uniformly distributed within the solvent. homogeneous

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colloids

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emulsions. large sized solutes- do not precipitate out- jello appear translucent

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suspensions

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large sized solutes- readily precipitate out "shake well"

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ionic bond

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formed when electrons are transfered from one atom to another. one has a few electrons while other has many.

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cation

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positively charged ion

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anion

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negatively charged ion

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hydrogen bond

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type of weak ionic bond- formed between molecules bond between H+ atoms that are already in a covalent bond.

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chemical reaction

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energy released formation & breaking of chemical bonds reactants and products

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synthesis

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energy released new, more complex chemical made from multiple, simpler chemicals

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decomposition

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energy released single, more complex chemical broken into multiple, simpler chemicals.

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exchange

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no net energy exchanged certain atoms are exchanged between molecules

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role of energy

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energy is either required or released

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concentration

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availability of reactants. more reactants= higher chance of chemical reaction

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environmental temperature

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higher temperature = higher rate of reactions = higher soeed of molecule movement

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enzyme

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special protein that holds reactants together so they may interact.

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inorganic compounds

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do not contain hydrocarbon groups (water salt acid base buffer)

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organic compounds

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contain hydrocarbon groups, usually covalently bonded (carbohydrates, lipids (fats), protein

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solute

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chemicals added to a solvent

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solvent

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fluids in which chemicals are dissolved

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solution

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solute+solvent=solution

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hydrophilic

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water loving-polar molecules or ions

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hydrophobic

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water hating- neutral, non-polar molecules

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universal solvent

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most chemicals are dissolved in water

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transport medium

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acts as a blanket, molecules can move freely & are cushioned

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heat capacity and vaporization

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chemical reactions generate heat. water can absorb fairly high temp needed for water to vaporize

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lubrication

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surround molecules to allow cells and tissues to move freely

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salts

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mineral compounds w/ ionic bonds principal form of minerals within the body when added to water, separate(ionize) into ions

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electrolytes (ions)

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salts in their ionic form. Able to transmit an electrical charge

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acids

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ionically bonded substances that release H+ when added to water H+ donors/ proton donors

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bases

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ionically bonded substances that release OH- when added to water. H+ acceptors/ proton acceptors

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PH scale

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1(most acidic)--7(neutral)--(most alkaline) normal body PH 7.4

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buffers

answer

weak acids and bases that dont completely ionize in water help keep pH in neutral range (Bicarbonate HCO3-)

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Carbohydrates (CHO)

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used for energy, storage of energy and cellular structure made of C,H, and O

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amino acids

answer

20 differnt amino acids, all have same basic structure. building blocks of proteins

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proteins

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speed up chemical reactions. act upon substrates

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taurine

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cats dont make. lack causes weight loss, muscle weakness

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epithelial cells

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line and cover organs

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macrophage

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fights disease

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fibroblasts

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build scar tissue

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neuron

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(nerve cell) sends electrical impulses

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erythrocyte

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(red blood cell) carries oxygen

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neutrophil

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(white blood cell) fights disease

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osteocyte

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(bone cell) builds bone

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adipocyte

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stores fat

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myocyte

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(muscle cells) move body parts

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3 basic structures in all cells

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cell membrane (plasmalemma), cytoplasm, nucleus

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cell membrane

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purpose is to form barrier between cytoplasm (intracellular) and outside environment (extracellular)

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membrane structure

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lipid bilayer

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fluid mosaic

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floating freely

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cell membrane proteins

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55% lots proteins

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2 types of functioning proteins

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integral and peripheral

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integral

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span the width of membrane

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peripheral

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bound to intra or extracellular surface

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integral proteins

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can form channels through bilayer that other molecules can pass through

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selective

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only certain molecules

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nonselective

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form "pores" anything right size (or charge) passes through

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peripheral protein

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on surface not passing all the way through the inside and outsidesurfaces of the cell differ

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intracellular

answer

parts cytoskeleton. act as catalyst (speed up reaction) for cellular proteins enzymes

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extracellular

answer

many are attached "sugar groups" form sugar coating= glycocalyx

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glycocalyx

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improve cell to cell adhesion

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cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

answer

responsible for cell to cell adhesion -help cells bond to extracellular molecules

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membrane receptors

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peripheral proteins, integral act as binding sites on cell surfaces

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chemical signaling

answer

ex. hormones; neurotransmitters

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contact signaling

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bacteria viruses find their cells

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cytoplasm

answer

substance in the cell thats not nucleus

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cytosol

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jelly substance "liquid" in the cell

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cytoskeleton

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flexible structure helps shape cell. support organelles

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cell membrane

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phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins; a fluid mosaic with discrete areas of stiff "rafts", covered in sugary glyocalyx

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cell membrane function

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boundary between extracellular and intracellular compartments; controls passage of substances into and out of cell; maintains membrane receptors for attachment of ligands

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cilia

answer

many fine hairlike structures on luminal surface of cells that beat rhythmically in unison

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cilia function

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fast phase of rhythmic beat propels mucus and fluid across luminal surface of cell in one direction

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flagellum

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single long hairlike structure found in sperm, cells and some pathogens

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flegellum function

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thrashing movement of flagellum propels cell forward

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nucleus

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site of transcription; (transfer of genetic code from DNA to mRNA) and production of ribosomal subunits

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nuclear envelope

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separates nucleus from surrounding cytosol; restricts movement of molecules into and out of nucleus

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chromatin

answer

STUDY

Civil Law Contracts Human Biology Legal Management Tangible Personal Property Writing

Chapter 7 Essentials of Business Law – Flashcards 24 terms

Ray Collins

24 terms

Preview

Chapter 7 Essentials of Business Law – Flashcards

question

contract

answer

a legally enforceable agreement that is created when two or more competent parties agree to perform or to avoid performing, certain acts that they have a legal right to do and that meet certain legal requirements.

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tangible personal property

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personal property that can be moved.

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Offer

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a proposal made by one party (the offender) to another party (the offeree) that indicates a willingness to enter into a contract.

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offeror

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the person making a proposal.

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offeree

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the person to whom a proposal is made.

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acceptance

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an indication made by the offeree that he or she agrees to be bound by the terms of the offer.

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mutual agreement

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the state of mind that exists between an offeror and an offeree when a valid offer has been accepted, and the parties know what the terms are and have agreed to be bound by them. aka'' a meeting of the minds"

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consideration

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the promise to give up something of value that a party to a contract has a legal right to keep or to do something that the party is not otherwise legally required to do.

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competent

answer

being mentally capable of understanding the terms of a contract.

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legality of purpose

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the requirement that the intent of a contract be legal for the contract to be enforceable.

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proper form

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the requirement that the form of a contract be correct for the terms of the contract to be enforceable.

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oral contract

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an agreement that is not in writing or signed by the parties.

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written contract

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an agreement that is reduced to writing on a permanent surface.

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express contract

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a contract that explicitly states the agreement of the parties, either orally or in writing.

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implied contract

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a contract that does not explicitly state the agreement of the parties but in which the terms of the agreement can be inferred from the conduct of the parties, the customs of the trade or the conditions or circumstances.

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formal contract

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a specialty contract that is written and under seal.

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simple contract

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an informal contract made without seal -even though the subject matter of the contract may be extremely complex and may involve huge amounts of money.

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entire contract

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an agreement that is made up of two or more parts, in which each part is dependent upon the others.

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divisible contract

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an agreement that is made up of two or more parts, each part being independent of the others.

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executory contract

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an agreement in which some future art or obligation remains to be performed under its terms.

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executed contract

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a record of an agreement that has been completed in all respects by all the parties.

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valid contract

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an agreement resulting in an obligation that is legally enforceable.

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void contract

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a contract that is not enforceable from the beginning because it lacks one of the requirements of a valid contract.

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voidable contract

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an agreement that can be rejected by one of the parties for a legally acceptable reason.

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