Islamophobia in the 21st century Essay Example
Islamophobia in the 21st century Essay Example

Islamophobia in the 21st century Essay Example

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Anti-Muslimism hatred across the globe, commonly referred to as ‘Islamophobia’, is, without doubt, an issue of concern, especially among the first world countries. The phenomenon of Islamophobia has surfaced most trending topics of mass concern in the 21st century and has depicted how easily bias against minority groups can trigger one part of humanity against another, creating cultural fault-lines on a global scale. It has been recently witnessed how ill-mannered or unthoughtful actions of a single or a few individuals can stir up aggravations of a single community or religion across the globe. The effects of sowing seeds of hatred by extremists across the board have been witnessed with distress and dismayfootnote.

Islamophobia, in general, can be defined as unfounded hostility towards Islam. Literary translated as the irrational fear of Islam, It similarly refers to consequences of such

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hostility in unfair discrimination against Muslims as well as exclusion of Muslims from both political and social affairs. Far from being an abstract intellectual exercise, Islamophobia or antimuslimism is a reality. This fact has been backed up by insights from several European countries as well as Canada, America, Turkey, and India, which reinforce it as a realityfootnoteRef:3. The Islamic community has been marginalized as a result of involvement in terrorist attacks as confirmed in different tragedies, such as the September 11th attack on the twin towers and a series of other attacks. It doubtlessly clear that global terrorism, conflicts and rise of far-right narratives within and imposed upon the Muslim community add up to the state of fear, apprehension and confusion faced by the society in generalfootnote.

Consequently, there has been an aggregate rise in anti-Muslimism hate crimes sinc

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9/11. With Muslims as the main targets, their ‘look-alikes’ are also victims of the aggregation. For instance, according to a survey on Muslim integration in Scotland, 66% of the respondents concurred that the endeavored besieging of Glasgow air terminal in July 2007 made individuals in Scotland less tolerant of Muslims. So also, in a preparatory report on Islamophobia and Muslim Hate Crime, Lambert and Githens-Mazer (2011) found that with respect to despise wrongdoing and road brutality, hostile to Muslim notions, specifically, energized the best number of assaults against Muslims, instead of bigotry or against foreigner estimations.

Accordingly, Muslims face more prominent risk of road viciousness than individuals from other minority groups. Numerous have called attention to that there exists a 'dormant Islamophobia' in European social orders that are promoted by neo-Nazi gatherings which prompt against Muslimism demonstrations of hostility. Such attitudes are alleged to be fueled by media presentations of Muslims and Islam in general. Medialized images of Muslims depict particular presentations to outline Muslims as identifiably differentfootnote.

Furthermore, the ever-increasing manifestations of Islamophobia bring on board the existence of inadequate knowledge about nations and cultures. It also brings forth the need for understanding and forging new relationships through respect for cultural diversityfootnoteRef:6. Unlike a few years ago where fault-lines between nations were drawn on geographical entities, political ideologies, and military treatiesfootnote, today confrontation lines are mainly drawn on cultural considerations, which makes confrontations deeper and more complex since cultures are intensely embedded in the spirit of individuals. With advancement in technology and globalization, the world is made smaller, and the potential ability of an individual or community to do either good or evil is exponentially increased.

6: Dunn, Shannon. "Islamophobia, Hateful Speech, and the Need to Practice Democratic Virtues." Journal of Hate Studies 11, no. 1 (2016): 29. 7: Green, Todd, and Laura Taylor. "Islamophobia: An Exploration of the West's Fear of Islam and Why This Matters." (2016).

Moreover, the rise of Islamophobia continues to threaten both global and regional peace and security and stability by impeding efforts to promote a multicultural approach founded on respect, tolerance, and understanding of religious diversity. Islamist in West goes through a difficult time as their fundamental rights are eroded and violated in the rise of an upsurge in Islamophobia. Deliberate and systematic belittling of Islam in the form of campaigns of incitement to religious hatred aiming at Muslims, entail negative consequences for every Muslim, be it in the West or elsewhere, starting from having the adverse impact on their identity and dignity. However particularly for the Muslim communities in the West, the frequency of hate speech paves a way for a manifestation of hatred towards them in numerous forms including verbal and physical attacks leading to increased discrimination and isolation in the society.

The ongoing intensification of the overall campaign of criticism of Islam is a matter of deep concern for the OIC, Organization of the Islamic Conference. However, there has been kind of hesitance at the official level in the European Union institutions to cooperate with the OIC to jointly tackle the rising trend of discrimination and intolerance against Muslim communities and individualsfootnoteRef:8. As for the position of the United States of America, the visible concern of its administration and principled position regarding the necessity to address the problems stemming from the increase of Islamophobia

has been appreciated, even though the rhetoric of some US politicians is as alarming as some European ultra-rightist, xenophobic political personalitiesfootnote.

Additionally, as a consequence of the last few years of war on terror, several superior states and nations have to various extents, generated a permanent atmosphere of fear and insecurity, especially among the Islam communityfootnoteRef:10. This fear and insecurity has paved its way in a multitude of material forms, which includes the emergence of ultra-right wing national parties, such as the Freedom Party in Austria, the Independence Party in the UK and Front National in France; the defacement of mosques and protests against establishments of mosques, high rate of hate crimes directed at citizens believed to be Muslim. 10: Green, Todd, and Laura Taylor. "Islamophobia: An Exploration of the West's Fear of Islam and Why This Matters." (2016).

These expressions of fear have heightened in various forms as a result of the November 2015 attacks in Paris as well as attacks in San Bernardino, California, in the following month. Although these expressions of fear occur in different time-space, they are considerably triggered by the same cause: Islamophobiafootnote.

Thus, a great number of state lawmaking bodies have set up hostile to sharia laws since 2010. This is paying little mind to the way that Muslim statute is once in a while summoned in family courts and that there is not a solitary event in which an ensuing decision taking into account an understanding of the law was permitted to stand. Steady hypotheses that Muslims want to oust the Constitution and supplant it with Sharia drove 29 states in the US to present 78 bills or corrections from 2011-2012

that tried to boycott the utilization of Sharia laws11. In the year 2013, 37 bills were presented in 16 states, seven of which were affirmed and marked into law. These administrative measures and government programs standardize slight for Muslim Americans by assuming their vindictiveness and along these lines setting them outside lawful limits that choose what is great and wickedness in the public eye.

Ted Cruz and Islamophobia

Ted Cruz's presidential campaign is attracting convincing antagonistic to Muslim supporters into the standard of US governmental issues, scholastics, and Muslim social freedoms bunches. On 23rd March 2015, Cruz energized the general population contention about indicated "homegrown" terrorism in America in the wake of the Brussels bombings by drawing nearer law requirement to "watch." The remarks came days after the Texas representative declared the meeting of his international strategy consultative group that incorporated the absolute most straightforward Islamophobes in America.

In the wake of the Paris and Brussels terrorist strikes, a critical part of the general population contention over terrorism inside the US has been summoned by Donald Trump's surety to blacklist all Muslims entering the nationfootnote.

However by rushing to Cruz's guidefootnoteRef:13, the Republican organization is in risk of grasping a hopeful who is a great deal more amazing in his Islamophobic posing than the present pioneer. Cruz's remote technique bunch fuses people who have required all mosques to be shut down over the fringes of United States of America, affirmed the country is being subverted by the Muslim Brotherhood and denounced all disciples of the Islamic confidence as jihadists. 13: Campbell, James P. "Trump Nation Part 1: In Their Own Words." Available at SSRN 2750480 (2016).

The most obvious antagonistic

to Muslim among Cruz's new game plan of advisors is Frank Gaffney, whose Washington-based research organization the Center for Security Policy is recorded by the checking bunch the Southern Poverty Law Center as a radical affiliation committed to trick ideas. A previous safeguard official under Ronald Reagan, Gaffney has since quite a while ago battled that the Egyptian-based Islamic development the Muslim Brotherhood is undermining American society and government in a stealthy force snatch that he calls "human progress jihad."

Gaffney and his examination association have gone so far as to criticize Huma Abedin, a top insight to Hillary Clinton, of being in on the plan. He has moreover been banned again and again from setting off to the yearly Conservative Political Action Committee (CPAC) after he ensured two of its board people were Muslim Brotherhood infiltrators.

A flyer circulated a year ago (2015) by the Center for Security Policy upheld "traditional Americans" to campaign their political representatives to put a stop to any more Muslim movement. "Talk up against the opening of more mosques in your neighborhoods; they are the solid footings for the developing Muslim populace as it indicates its broadening locale," the examination association saidfootnote.

Gaffney's musings were in the generally later past considered to lie on the edges of political talk in America. Be that as it may, the Republican presidential common contention has brought them reliably into the standardfootnoteRef:15. 15: Campbell, James P. "Trump Nation Part 1: In Their Own Words." Available at SSRN 2750480 (2016).

Gaffney's musings were in the generally later past considered to lie on the edges of political talk in America. Be that as it may, the Republican presidential common

contention has brought them reliably into the DecemberfootnoteRef:16. In making his provocative presentation, Trump alluded to a destroyed opinion overview conveyed by the Center for Security Policy that ensured, without substantiation, that a fourth of each American Muslim assumed that severity against their related subjects was legitimizedfootnote. After a month, Ben Carson, then still in the Republican race, summoned Gaffney's theory of "advancement jihad" in the midst of a presidential telecast prudent exchange. In any case, of all the Republican candidates, Cruz has gone the furthest. By definitively naming Gaffney, close by two other Center for Security Policy staff – Clare Lopez and Fred Fleitz – to his presidential fight bunch he has gone some way to deal with legitimizing a plan of feelings that had as of now been seen as grouchy or peripheral 16: The Guardian. “Ted Cruz campaign's anti-Muslim propagandists called ‘terrifying.” 2016 17: The Guardian. “Ted Cruz campaign's anti-Muslim propagandists called ‘terrifying.” 2016

In 2013, at an open meeting in New Jersey, Lopez marked all Muslims as jihadists. "At the point when individuals in genuine religions take after their doctrine they turn out to be better individuals yet its Hindus, Christians, and Jews. At the point when Muslims take after their precept they get to be jihadists," she said. The Guardian welcomed the Cruz crusade and Frank Gaffney to remark on the feedback of their relationship. However, neither reacted. Cruz's associations with Gaffney can be followed back at any rate to mid-2014, a year after he joined the US Senate. In January Cruz went to a Gaffney occasion called "American security and the Iranian bomb."

From March 2014, both men went to a

progression of national security summits held by the conservative site Breitbart, and a year ago Cruz talked in person at election occasion composed by Gaffney in South Carolina and was transmitted in by video at similar open gatherings in Iowa, New Hampshire, and Nevada. The presidential candidate has additionally been a visitor on Gaffney’s radio appears, "secure freedom radio", no less than three timesfootnoteRef:18: in April 2014, and February and September 2015. "It's not shocking that Cruz and Gaffney have turned out to be close in the recent years," said Stephen Piggott, senior exploration examiner at the Southern Poverty Law Center. "They have fundamentally the same world perspectives in trusting that radical Islam is the biggest issue that America confronts and that each Muslim is a potential terrorist."

Gaffney, Lopez, and Fleitz are not the only disputable figures among Cruz's new 23 active groups of remote arrangement guides. Additionally on the group is Lt Gen Jerry Boykin, previous undersecretary of defense for intelligence in the George W Bush administration. Since resigning from the military in 2007 Boykin has been frank in his hostile to Muslim suppositions. Like Gaffney, he has touted the fear inspired notion that the American government has been invaded by the Muslim Brotherhood and required the destruction of all mosques in the US.
In 2012, Boykin told the Family Research Council, of which he is currently a senior official, that "by the middle of the current century the continent of Europe will be an Islamic continent, and they can't turn around it, they can't stop itfootnoteRef:19. It is on account of they took Jesus out of their social orders, and it's been supplanted by

dimness." Nihad Awad, official chief of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, blamed Cruz for "stoking the flame" by lifting the suppositions of Boykin, Gaffney, and others to the level of trusted counsels.

Donald Trump: Supporting Islamophobia

Presidents Barrack Obama and George W. Bush introduced themselves as altogether different pioneers, yet like Bill Clinton and George H.W. Clinton before them, they comprehended and released no less than one obligation of their officefootnoteRef:20: flagging that no racial or ethnic gathering ought to ever turn into an object of national derision. For all the indefensible common freedoms mishandle over which President Bush managed after the 9/11 terrorist assaults, numerous focusing on Muslims and Muslim Americans, he vindicated himself honorably in the numerous open explanations in which he made it clear that the dominant part of Muslim Americans are tranquil, energetic individuals who should never to be badgering or hurt by extremists of any kind. 20: Beydoun, Khaled A. "Electing Islamophobia." Available at SSRN (2016).

President Obama, who has additionally transgressed indefensibly against the common freedoms of Americans, exceeds expectations in that same way and has constantly talked about race in a dependable way that underlines shared qualities, purposes, and humankind. For a more seasoned case of a political pioneer working in this custom, take a gander at George H.W. Bush examining unlawful migration in a level-headed discussion with Ronald Reagan:

Republican presidential competitors and various preservationist pioneers are separating themselves from Donald Trump's require an "aggregate and finish shutdown of Muslims entering the United States." Even previous Vice President Dick Cheney told radio host Hugh Hewitt, "I think this entire thought that some way or another we can say no more Muslims,

simply boycott an entire religion, conflicts with all that we remain for and put stock infootnote.

Be that as it may, Trump's hostile to Muslim talk didn't leave anywhere. Throughout the 2016 presidential crusade, Republican applicants have looked to invigorate moderate voters and shore up against dread certifications by condemning Muslims. Hostile to Muslim talk achieved its stature in the outcome of the Paris shelling and the presidential applicants keep on backing arrangements that would victimize Muslim settlers and displaced people and could have the impact of scaring the American Muslim group. The following is the exhaustive manual for the current year's hostile to Muslim supposition.

Donald Trump additionally denounced the Muslim for cheering the 9/11. "Hey, I watched when the World Trade Center come tumbling down. What's more, I viewed in Jersey City, New Jersey, where thousands and a huge number of individuals were cheering as that building was descending. A huge number of individuals were cheering," he said. He went ahead to depict these team promoters as "Middle Easterners."

Donald Trump as likewise required a database to enlist all Muslim. The debate began after a meeting with Yahoo News after a correspondent asked whether the nation would need to "enlist Muslims in some database, or note their religion on their ID." Trump didn't discount the thought, reacting, "Admirably, we must take a gander at a lot of things firmly." Earlier in the meeting, he clarified, "We must do things that we never did. Furthermore, some individuals will be disturbed about it; however I surmise that now everyone is feeling that security is going to run the show. What's more, certain things will be done that we

never thought would happen in this nation as far as data and finding out about the foe."

Another example where Donald Trump is seen advancing Islamophobia in a battle rally. At a Trump battle rally in Rochester, New Hampshire a man in a "Trump" shirt took the mouthpiece and saidfootnoteRef:22, "We have an issue in this nation. It's called Muslims." "When would we be able to dispose of them?" the man inquired. Trump reacted by saying, "We will be taking a gander at a variety of things. Many individuals saying that." 22: The Guardian. “Ted Cruz campaign's anti-Muslim propagandists called ‘terrifying.” 2016

No major presidential competitor in American history has fed the blazes of Islamophobia in the way Donald Trump has. In spite of the fact that Ted Cruz and different applicants, for example, Bobby Jindal (who has after dropped out) have advanced against Muslim promulgation and delirium about evacuees, Trump has raised the talk to levels we will unquestionably be instructing in political science classes decades from nowfootnote.

The present conservative freak-out about President Obama is that he went to a mosque in Baltimore to advance religious resilience. Donald Trump seized on that occasion to show up on Fox News and recommend that President Obama is covertly a Muslim, a conviction held by a significant number of his fans and viewers of Fox News.

As far as the Republican Presidential elections are concerned, an air of importance engulfing the race for Republican Presidential nominee. This comes from the understandable fact that it has been long; almost 12 years since Republican were in power or won any general election. They have suffered defeat as President Obama has defeated them

soundly; this gives them even an extra importance to win the 2016 presidential election.

Secondly, they are also seeking a triumvirate of the Republican president and also to have control of the Republican Senate and the in so doing they will have a House that can be able to repeal the Affordable Care Act. This has been something that the party has been trying to pass since its inception in the year 2010. As the cards look so much pretty and tempting, the common assumption is that this party will try its level best to be strong more unified than before in a bid to win the general election this roundfootnote.

The current election scenario in the Republican Party is proving to derail these expectations, as with the past, a front-runner candidate would have emerged from the pack of the moment we reach the spring. These experiences are proving to be crucial and as such, the party will head into the convection with a fractured base, having the worst rating and also the lowest favorability in the recent history.
It could deteriorate, there is a tenable danger of an outsider run if the current leader Donald Trump is denied the application by the gathering administration, whose intermediaries have made it liberally clear that Mr. Trump doesn't host the get-together's favoringfootnote.

This has normally set weight on the two different competitors in the race - moderate social champion Senator Ted Cruz and financial traditionalism advocate Gov. John Kasich – as any consequent rebound triumph by either man would be seen distrustfully by a noteworthy group of the basefootnote.

In spite of the depressing viewpoint, Republicans can take solace from the way

that the gathering's all around oiled race hardware and spurred voting base have flipped around the structured book and determinedly won the last two midterm decisions, and all the while, furnished the GOP with its biggest across the nation larger part subsequent to 1928. So reverberating was their triumph in 2014, the Republican Party is for all intents and purposes ensured to hold control of the House of Representatives until 2020! As it were, it is incautious to totally markdown the likelihood of one of the Republican presidential hopefuls being confirmed as the gathering's nineteenth and the country's 45th president next Januaryfootnote.

Bibliography

  1. Beydoun, Khaled A. "Electing Islamophobia." Available at SSRN (2016)
  2. Allin, Dana H. "Donald Trump's America." Survival 58, no. 2 (2016): 221-228.
  3. Campbell, James P. "Trump Nation Part 1: In Their Own Words." Available at SSRN 2750480 (2016).
  4. Lahoud, Nelly. The Jihadis' path to self-destruction. C. Hurst, 2010.
  5. Moosavi, Leon. "The racialization of Muslim converts in Britain and their experiences of Islamophobia." Critical Sociology 41, no. 1 (2015): 41-56.
  6. The Guardian. “Ted Cruz campaign's anti-Muslim propagandists called ‘terrifying.” 2016
  7. Kowalski, Jeremy. "The politics of Islamophobia: race, power and fantasy, by David Tyrer." Critical Studies on Terrorism (2016): 1-3.
  8. Green, Todd, and Laura Taylor. "Islamophobia: An Exploration of the West's Fear of Islam and Why This Matters." (2016).
  9. Dunn, Shannon. "Islamophobia, Hateful Speech, and the Need to Practice Democratic Virtues." Journal of Hate Studies 11, no. 1 (2016): 29.
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