The History And Purpose Of Quality Management Essay Example
The History And Purpose Of Quality Management Essay Example

The History And Purpose Of Quality Management Essay Example

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  • Pages: 14 (3842 words)
  • Published: October 16, 2017
  • Type: Case Study
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Entire Quality Management ( TQM ) that became popular with all types of concern in the late seventiess and 1980s has its roots in earlier work by several direction minds. Feigenbaum popularized the term 'total quality direction ' in 1957. After that it was developed through the work of several 'quality gurus ' including Deming, Juran, Ishikawa, Taguchi and Crosby. TQM can be viewed as a logical extension of the manner in which quality-related pattern has progressed.

Originally quality was achieved by review - testing out defects before clients noticed them. Then the 'quality control ' ( QC ) construct developed a more systematic attack to non merely observing but besides work outing quality jobs. 'Quality confidence ' ( QA ) widened the duty for quality to include maps other than direct operations, such as Human Resources, Accounting and Marketing. Quality direction has besides made increasin

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g usage of advanced statistical quality techniques since 1980 's through Six Sigma procedure input-output betterment to present quality. Some administrations such as Ryanair, Toyota etc. suggests and favour TQM as an outstanding bend around scheme where as some administrations such as GE, GM, Honeywell etc. has attained success through puting down Six Sigma in all its functional ironss and procedures and they steadfastly believe and live Six Sigma.

Executive Summary

This study follows my decisions and understanding from readings and abstract from assorted dependable beginnings mentioned in the headings, footers and the dedicated citing portion of the study. The study introduce us the quality attacks followed by Ryanair and GE who are from different industry holding different orientations. The study besides suggests why Ryanair has tag on TQM and how inventions, alterations

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in concern environment and fight

are affected and later it is critically discussed that betterment is necessary in Ryanair 's quality direction to vie. Since the stylish extremum of TQM and Six Sigma, in general there has been some diminution in its position, yet, many of its thoughts included in this study, have become recognized quality pattern.

Contemplation in the Report:

My perceptual experience before I started my surveies and research into this capable affair, the Quality, was that `` the quality is found merely in the expensive and branded merchandises and that the Quality Control is the out put focused individual method of quality direction. '' My coach, Mr. Sotunde, the usher to Operations and Process Management by Slack N. and co writers, assorted readings from Quality and Business magazines have clarified me the construct of quality and how it can be managed efficaciously.

First, I learnt that the quality is a value in merchandise and/or service and it can be established by the clients ' outlooks that are to be matched with the existent merchandise and/or service. Second, quality can non be measured with monetary value entirely as monetary value is the major factor of companies ' scheme to work or to vie in the market and it is the fiscal factor to impact the profitableness. But, quality can be found in low monetary value merchandises or services every bit good such as in Value for Money goods and services or it is found as a value that a company can present in its merchandise or services for a justifiable monetary value.

I learnt that the quality map is non limited to the out put but it can

be practised through out the administration in to all its procedures to bring forth or supply goods and services of the consistent quality as per the outlooks of the clients. As it has to be practised universally it is the duty of all and the value of the quality should be understood and communicated within and outside the administration for illustration to the providers and distributers.

Additionally, there are assortments of attacks to the Quality that are practised by different administrations. Though holding similar maps, administrations in the same industry or in direct competition, it is seen that two different administrations follow different quality direction attack and both are successful in footings of the quality goods and services it produce or provide.

Establishing quality criterions and following/meeting them unfeignedly is non plenty for the administrations to remain longer on the border because they could be copied or imitated by our rivals or new entrants or clients ' quality outlook might alter. So, it is really much necessity for administrations that they make every attempt to better their quality facet. I have besides learnt that the quality attack developed within the administration such as TQM by Toyota and formalised Six Sigma by Motorola are hard to be copied precisely nightlong and if constructs adopted wholly than excessively one ca n't crush them in their ain game because they are invariably bettering their maps and procedure to stand out the clients perceptual experiences, maintaining them ever a measure in front. It is besides seen that quality criterions are formalised by administrations such as ISO and ISI and administrations help each other by associations such as EFQM to better the

quality facets in production or proviso of goods and services.

RYANAIR:

Ryanair, presently, Europe 's original and still largest low-fare, no frills air hose with work force of over 5,000 employees, around fleet of 250 aircrafts including new Boeing 737-800 aircrafts supply services to around 12m riders every twelvemonth to over 1,100 low-fare paths across 26 European states.

Harmonizing to the CEO, Michael O ' Leary, 'Our client service is about the most good defined in the universe. We guarantee to give you the lowest air menu. You get a safe flight. You get a usually on-time flight. That 's the bundle. We do n't, and wo n't, give you anything more. Are we traveling to state sorry for our deficiency of client service? Absolutely non. If a plane is cancelled, will we set you up in a hotel overnight? Absolutely non. If a plane is delayed, will we give you a verifier for a eating house? Absolutely non. '

GE: 

GE is a diversified substructure, finance and media company taking on the universe 's toughest challenges. From aircraft engines and power coevals to fiscal services, medical imagination, and telecasting scheduling, GE operates in more than 100 states and employs more than 300,000 people worldwide. Their concerns fuel the planetary economic system and better people 's lives. Their planetary research squad with more than 2,500 research workers working towards the following discovery, GE is positioned to continually introduce, invent and reinvent.

General Electric ( GE ) says that its committedness to quality is based on the thoughts of globalisation and instant entree to information, and merchandises and services that continue to alter the manner its clients conduct concern.

Their quality mission statement

reads, in portion, Today 's competitory environment leaves no room for mistake. We must run into our clients ' demands and unrelentingly look for new ways to transcend their outlooks.

Ryanair v/s GE

Quality Philosophy and attack:

For both Ryanair and GE, quality means the consistent conformity to clients ' outlooks by puting down the constructs of service quality, procedure direction, quality averment and quality flawlessness, but, their attack to quality direction is rather different.

Ryanair and TQM:

Ryanair offers value for money, point-to-point air travel and aims nil near to epicurean service. Quality proviso at Ryanair is intended from their point of position giving equal consideration to the outlooks and perceptual experiences of their targeted section for the menu it is offering and it is seen that Ryanair is presenting these outlooks by its on clip journeys, rider and luggage safety, good visual aspect and attitude of crews, the manner it meets the industry challenges and resolves the service failures. Since 1997, it has adopted and populating the entire quality direction to present its quality aims through its Lowest Fares and Passenger Service Charter. [ 6 ] The up to day of the month high spots ( non-exhaustive, for complete list please follow Appendix 1 ) from this charter saying their important committednesss are:

  • To offer the lowest menus at all clip on all paths.
  • To advise riders of known holds, cancellations and recreations.
  • To let reserve alterations.
  • To react rapidly to rider ailments and supply prompt refunds.
  • To take steps to rush up check-in.

The success and growing that Ryanair is presently basking is due to supplying the best value for money service as right first clip in all

its maps from booking the ticket to the luggage handling. It is universally understood within the administration that small excess attempt will convey large consequences and these attempts do non necessitate a immense investing in preparation. The Ryanair command its maps and processes through its industry benchmarking and puting its ain internal quality criterions. It uses Servicemail and other public presentation statistics to measure their place in their extremely competitory air power industry.

GE and Six Sigma:

Most of the GE concern sections are involved in big scale fabrication activities at a greater extent. In 1988 with a plan called Work-Out, GE started concentrating on quality issues that has helped them to open its corporate civilization to established thoughts from any one-fourth sing quality direction that subsequently created an environment that finally led to Six Sigma. Work-Out was used to place and extinguish unnecessary procedures and undertakings by development squads from multiple sections to happen a solution to a job. Now, Six Sigma is implanting quality believing into every degree of operation around the Earth. These uses statistical tools and systems to supervise and command procedures and maps to hold end products near to zero defects.

The three cardinal elements that GE focuses to their quality enterprises are clients, procedures and employees. Everything the company does in its pursuit for first quality focuses on these three indispensable elements. Customers are at the Centre of GE existence and they define quality by their outlooks of public presentation, dependability and other factors. To achieve the degree of quality that their clients require, GE conducts what it calls `` Outside-In Thinking '' .

Outside-In Thinking calls on GE to look at its

concern from its clients ' position. `` By understanding the dealing lifecycle from the client 's demands and procedures, we can detect what they are seeing and experiencing. With this cognition, we can place countries where we can add important value or betterment from their position, '' GE 's quality statement reads.

The employees are a cardinal to the quality attack and at GE, quality is embedded as the duty of every employee. Keeping this in head, all GE employees are provided preparation in the scheme, statistical tools and techniques of Six Sigma Quality. Variety of preparation classs are offered at different degrees including basic consciousness to Six Sigma ; basic tool debut to fit employees to take part on Six Sigma squads ; Master Black Belt, Black Belt and Green Belt Training for leader directors ; and Design for Six Sigma preparation.

Summing-up:

Both, Ryanair and GE are seeking to present transcending quality merchandises and services to both their internal and external clients, clearly understanding that quality is a consistent versatile activity holding both quantitative and non-quantitative properties such as re-visiting client? Yes/No. They have emphasised and communicated throughout the administration that quality is the duty of every person and through these duty they ensures that all procedures, inputs and end products, maintain and bring forth consistent collateral degree of quality merchandises and services.

Is TQM truly good for Ryanair?

Ryanair 's concern scheme is based upon the merchandise orientation for its air travel and quality scheme as the client orientation. Ryanair is invariably seeking to maintain its costs every bit low as possible to reassign benefits of cost nest eggs to it 's rider in the signifier of

low menus. The common misconception is that the quality comes for monetary value. Critically, it can be argued that quality can be delivered for the low monetary value service as good, instead once more to state merely, " Quality in Price '' .

In these past 25 old ages, Ryanair has good balanced the outlooks and perceptual experiences by presenting radical and advanced ways of supplying low menu air travel. Keeping its mark market in Centre, they have defined and communicated the quality of their services in their ain footings. Ryanair 's clients know what they will acquire and their occupation is to present these outlooks at its best by pull offing each and every, direct and indirect procedures that are related to the riders which are subsequently judged by rider 's experience. Ryanair 's attack to its quality direction as different from other successful administrations such as GE has serious deductions on its inventions, altering concern environment and competition.

Inventions in Ryanair:

Puting an advanced idea into speedy action is the nucleus competency of Ryanair. Most of the Ryanair advanced thoughts have brought the revolution in the manner people perceived going by air. For many successful companies such as GE, inventions has cost them fortune and these costs were recovered from clients in the higher monetary values, but, for Ryanair inventions were implementing a simple thoughts conveying extra grosss that in bend profiting clients in last monetary value tickets.

First, with its bend around scheme of mid 1990s, Ryanair, apart from no frills has introduced no category, individual theoretical account air trades. These fleets of 100s of aircrafts were ordered frequently and bought at a heavy price reduction.

The overhead cost of preparation and cleansing were brought down to nominal because of these standardized aircrafts. The focal point and resources were diverted to present new paths, increasing client base and harnessing quality factors in its proviso of services.

From 2000 and onwards it started utilizing the e-commerce tools and web sites for online engagement, check-in and ratting clients about the particular offers on its tickets. Ryanair was foremost to publicize 3rd parties advertizement on its embarkation base on balls and flights. The client service were improved by debut of web application, Bing, that updates air menus straight to its client 's computing machine and by implementing a Servicemail, a point of contact and response for clients. Servicemail is so extended to roll up informations sing client picks, penchants, tendency analysis and mensurating KPIs.

In future:

The menu charged by Ryanair reflects the monetary value of going from point A to B. It offers other accessory services such as in flight repasts, drinks, luggage costs etc. at a charge for those who want it. The permanent airy CEO, O'Leary has a vision that in coming old ages travel by Ryanair will be free and all its gross will be streamed by supplying accessory services, 3rd party advertizements, vacations, insurance, hotels and connexions engagements sold through Ryanair web site.

Change:

TQM attack adopted by Ryanair is a flexible attack to a alteration in external fortunes as it has to merely concentrate 'do new thing at its best but at lower cost ' .

Customers:

Ryanair is a focussed cost leader and open to client weariness so it has to understand that in the long tally it has to travel along with the

gustatory sensation of the client that might be affected by force per unit area groups, regulators, EU and other regional authoritiess. Presently, Ryanair is managed by an aggressive attack to capture market and in future it might necessitate strategic rethinking, but, its attack to quality can remain the same to lure and fulfill riders.

Suppliers:

The advantage to Ryanair is that within UK and Europe, each major part of the states has more than one airdrome, which can suit Ryanair at competitory rates on landing and handling fees, go forthing Ryanair with the upper manus. The traffic at these secondary airdromes is low increasing the quality degree of airdrome handling services and on-time goings enjoyed by the riders. The other providers are caterers, care and fix contractors. It is natural that Ryanair must be pull offing its providers ' relationship through service degree understandings with a backed brawny compensation for the breach of service term.

EU and Local Governments:

The growing of the Ryanair rooted due to EU 's deregulating of the air power industry. EU tribunal determination can negatively impact upon the manner Ryanair is working. For case, Ryanair was forced to return against its non-refund policy for flight cancellations due to Icelandic volcanic eruptions and was charged 3m Euros by Italian Government for non assisting riders after its flight cancellations. To remain in concern and avoid mulcts Ryanair has to follow with such ineluctable ordinances but it could non impair its quality attack as others excessively have to follow.

Quality and Competitiveness:

Of class, quality merchandises and services are the competitory advantage and Ryanair keenly has laid down this facet into it air flights and paths. The key to

success of Ryanair is implementing different selling schemes over a period of clip to last the cut pharynx competition in the air power industry. Ryanair is recognised as the most punctual flight from Dublin to London and Ryanair is top rated against its close rivals such as EasyJet, Virgin and British Airways.

"Peoples made it possible '' statement is true for Ryanair because the success of Ryanair is behind its crew members as they are in the direct contact with the riders. Ryanair has non spent much on the preparation but is paying modestly to its crew and this has encouraged them to act every bit cheerily as possible on the flights.

There are concerns raised from some unsated clients and dissenter that the accessory services provided by Ryanair are priced high and are of hapless quality. Ryanair should cover with this issue every bit early as possible as the success of entire quality direction lies upon presenting quality in all facets of its activities. Despite all cutting corners to salvage on ticket monetary values, more and more people are winging

Ryanair, which, in the terminal, might be the ultimate proof of O'Leary 's appraisal of what travelers truly want and how Ryanair is presenting it. However, TQM is non the terminal in itself. Ryanair should continuously endeavor upon bettering its quality criterions that can assist them to farther cut down costs, addition grosss, cut down hazards and better the manner it helps handle ailments and disgruntled riders.

Bettering Quality in Ryanair

The ultimate purpose of operations and procedure direction is the public presentation betterment and Ryanair should see this as an ultimate aim to better its quality aims of

on clip flights, velocity, accessory services and dependableness. Despite of all attempts to pull off its quality, Ryanair is seen and blamed that it sacrifices the quality in chase of understating costs and that it fails to aline the involvements of its rider 's well. These issues could be addressed by puting the minimal public presentation criterions and surpassing them, every bit good said, 'promise small and present above outlooks ' .

One manner Ryanair could win its end to go universe 's biggest and cheapest airliner is by alining all its maps within the administrations to perpetrate to quality degrees and holding the quality deliverables with its contractors. 'Kaizen ' aka Continuous Improvement if adopted could intermix good with the current TQM attack followed by Ryanair, nevertheless, this could impact the inventions, alteration and current competitory place in a favorable mode. Kaizen involves concentrate on little but ne'er stoping betterments that will go portion of normal civilization for all operations.

Inventions:

We are cognizant that since 1997 Ryanair 's rider base is turning at a enormous 20 % norm every twelvemonth and it still has an appetency for growing and market to spread out. It has become progressively of import that Ryanair addresses the betterment issue in its quality direction to fulfill this increased demand, figure of new paths, finishs and growing chances with Kaizen. Ryanair could widen or delegate the duty towards quality betterment to the regional processes proprietors impacting riders ' quality perceptual experience. These processes proprietors would place the public presentation spreads and urge actions to carry through them by advanced actions or lend thoughts for farther analysis. A close contact is required with

the crew members who will convey them the narratives or experience they had with clients and how they overcame the demands or jobs of different clients.

We have Servicemail as a point of client contacts and correspondences, but, we may necessitate a system for internal communications that could be called a Central Information System ( CIS ) . Through CIS every crew squads, employees and contractors as a thin system, straight submit cardinal thoughts, narratives, experience to their several procedure proprietor, who in bend filter the messages and re-post it that shall be obligatorily viewed, shared, commented and recommended upon by all regional procedure proprietors for farther analysis that may affect the PDCA rhythm or DMAIC rhythm attack.

This simple CIS should non be much as it could be readily available or produced upon demand by the tendering procedure. Assuming that bulk of them are computing machine literate and CIS really user friendly will necessitate au naturel minimal costs for informing or preparation. The most conducive squad or procedures should be measured with procedure excellence index aka EPI and rewarded on quarterly footing.

The other direct and simple attack for betterment is to go around a post card size clean signifier on flight with two columns to name down by rider 's - good about and dissatisfied about going with Ryanair. The employees should be encouraged to place and frontward negative feedbacks merely utilizing CIS with a assurance and surety that they will non be judged in any instance against negative feedbacks and that the signifiers will be used for general betterment of quality criterions as a whole.

Change and Competitiveness:

The improved quality agencies increased gross and net incomes

due to increased turnover. The Kaizen attack in low cost EU and UK Airline service section will place, separate and advantage Ryanair from its rivals.

If, Ryanair act now and to the full implement Kaizen by December 2011 so they could go a cost-cum-service leader, a to the full advanced airliner, with the cheapest menus merely covering quality cost of travel and indictable accessory quality efficient services with a minimal premium for those who want them. This development will assist Ryanair to go a universe 's popular trade name and will advantage Ryanair in 2012 when the figure of international riders will increase more than double due to London Olympics.

In many cases Ryanair was criticised by the regulators and rivals for non giving any or adequate quality in riders ' safety and accessory services. Now, with Kaizen all will be reversed and Ryanair will be considered as the industry leader puting the industry landmarks for benchmarking.

Ryanair has publically announced that by 2014 it will come in the long draw finishs market and this will necessitate them for a parallel strategic thought as this section will convey new challenges in footings of quality direction. These paths are proposed to be individually managed, possibly with most traditional signifier of flights and some compulsory on board services which will necessitate Ryanair to set up new service criterions. There is a range of success in this section if it can efficaciously widen and utilize of so good working Servicemail, CIS and other critical success factors such as trade name, monetary value and good established quality criterions utilizing Kaizen.

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