In The Death of White Sociology, Joyce Ladner focused on what issue?

the treatment of the lives of African Americans as a social problem More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/chapter-2-sociology101/

Sara is giving a speech to her sociology class. Her central idea is “Why are consumers drawn to the violence in video games?” What is the problem with this central idea?

B) The central idea should be a complete declarative sentence. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/final-exam-spc-200/

What is the importance of a global perspective for sociology?

First, global awareness is the next logical step in the sociological perspective. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/intro-to-sociology-section-one-chapter-1/

Chapter 1 Which of the following was not a condition that led to the development of sociology?

the increasingly important role of religion More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/sociology-101-midterm/

Criminologists who devote themselves to the sociology of law engage in a number of different tasks. Which of the following is one of these tasks?

Researching the impact of legal change on society More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/essay-criminology-chapter-1-test/

When Peter Berger characterized the sociological perspective as ”seeing the general in the particular,” he meant that sociology help us:

see general patterns in the behaviour of particular people. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/society-the-basics-main-notes-for-chapter-1/

Which of the following are the key components of the definition of sociology

systematic study, the individual and society, and the consequences of social differences More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/chapter-1-4-study-questions/

Which of the following statements best reflects the connection between a sociological imagination and effective sociology?

Only when we develop this ability can we start to see larger trends in the world around us More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/essay-uncc-socy-1101/

Which of the following is not considered a characteristic of sociology?

strict, highly specific rules and guidelines about how to theorize about any particular topic More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/socio-exam-chapters-1-6/

Which of the following is not true about the global perspective in sociology?

although societies are interconnected, their social and economic systems remain very separated More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/exam-1-soci/

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SOC 210 FINAL – Flashcards 85 terms

Jacob Patel

85 terms

Preview

SOC 210 FINAL – Flashcards

question

According to symbolic interactionism, what is the relationship between the self and society?

answer

The self is shaped by society, but society is also shaped by the self.

question

Conflict theorists believe that arguments over values and beliefs have their roots in:

answer

struggles over scarce resources and power.

question

If you possess a sociological imagination and someone asks you to study unemployment rates in a city of fifty million people where fifteen million are unemployed, what would you conclude?

answer

We should consider the economic and political structures of the society.

question

In order to find links between the macro and the micro levels of analysis, what is a sociologist most in need of?

answer

a sociological imagination

question

Karl Marx believed that the economy was closely related to other social processes, including politics, values, beliefs, and norms. As a result, what did he also believe?

answer

The ruling ideas are the ideas of the ruling class.

question

What school of social theory believes that society is a stable system of structures, each of which contributes to the equilibrium of the whole?

answer

structural functionalism

question

What is the sociological imagination?

answer

the ability to understand the connections between biography and history, or the interplay of the self and the world

question

What is the link between feminist theory and conflict theory?

answer

Both seek not only to understand inequality, but also to remedy it.

question

Stricter control of the border between the United States and Mexico was implemented to curb illegal immigration, but it also made illegal immigrants more likely to stay in the United States for longer periods of time, because frequent border crossings became both dangerous and costly. The increase in the number of illegal immigrants who stayed permanently or semi-permanently is:

answer

a latent function of increased security.

question

Sociologists observe society:

answer

by studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence each other.

question

A closed-ended question is one that:

answer

limits the possible responses.

question

A famous social scientist tells you that the most important, though never totally successful, task in her research was to move from "total bewilderment" to "finding her feet" with the people she was studying. What can you say about this researcher?

answer

She's a qualitative researcher.

question

A recent sociological experiment sought to determine the exact role social support plays in the health of expectant mothers. To conduct the experiment, the researchers asked midwives to flip a coin each time they received a new client, and if it came up heads to try as hard as possible to put the client in contact with others who could provide social support. If the coin came up tails, the midwives would not discourage the woman from receiving social support but would not facilitate it either. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

answer

health

question

A sociologist uses a survey to study the attitudes of adults in the United States concerning premarital sex among teenagers. In this study, the target population consists of ____________, and the group that is asked the survey questions is called the ____________.

answer

all adults in the United States; sample

question

After formulating a general research question, what will a good researcher always do?

answer

review the literature in order to become familiar with earlier research that relates to his topic d. form a hypothesis

question

Lili is conducting a sociological research study on the underground music scene. She has just finished collecting data for the study. What is the next step Lili should take in the sociological research or approach or method?

answer

analyze data

question

In 2005 a commercial research firm carried out a study of hand washing in public restrooms. The researchers observed 6,336 individuals wash their hands, or not, in the public restrooms of major attractions in Atlanta, Chicago, New York City, and San Francisco. Ninety percent of the women observed washed their hands, compared with only 75 percent of the men. Interestingly enough, when asked via a telephone survey, 97 percent of women and 96 percent of men claimed they always washed their hands after using a public restroom. What disadvantage of survey research does this illustrate?

answer

Not all respondents provide honest self-reports, so survey research has comparatively less validity.

question

When Laud Humphreys was a sociology graduate student at Washington University in St. Louis, he wrote his dissertation on the "tearoom trade," anonymous homosexual encounters in the men's rooms of public parks. To gather data, he acted as a lookout for his subjects, but he also surreptitiously noted license-plate numbers as the men left, so he could get their names and addresses. The next year, he picked about 50 men from the "tearooms" and interviewed them in their homes, claiming to be performing a health survey. His descriptions of the interviews made it possible for many of the men (and their families) to recognize themselves when the dissertation was published. Why do many sociologists consider this research method to be unethical?

answer

It failed to protect the biographical anonymity of his subjects

question

The analysis of documents—such as medical records, photographs, diaries, letters, newspapers, and song lyrics—uses which of the following types of data?

answer

existing sources

question

While it is always important to ask clear and unambiguous questions regardless of the method you use, it is especially important to avoid confusion when conducting surveys. Why?

answer

When using survey research methods, the researcher is usually not present to clarify any misunderstandings.

question

Why are social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace so exciting to sociologists who study social networks?

answer

Researchers often seek answers to questions the data doesn't directly address.

question

When writing questions for a survey, researchers must avoid all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

open-ended questions.

question

When doing experimental research, why is it important to control for everything except the independent variable?

answer

so a clear conclusion can be drawn about what influences the dependent variable

question

Why are respondents often more comfortable addressing sensitive subjects on surveys than in other research contexts?

answer

They can answer in private.

question

You want to conduct some sociological research on whether people on social networking sites are less likely to meet in person as a result of their online community participation. What is the next step in the sociological research method?

answer

conduct a literature review

question

You're doing a research project on the effects of contemporary media. If your hypothesis is that "watching violence on television causes an increase in violent behavior," then what are your variables?

answer

violence on television and violent behavior

question

What is reactivity?

answer

the tendency of research subjects to change their behavior in response to being studied

question

Sociologists who conduct interviews can only gather data from a limited number of people because:

answer

interviews are too time consuming.

question

Researchers should try to avoid double-barreled questions, or questions that:

answer

a. allow for a wide variety of responses. Correct b. ask about multiple issues. c. have a hidden agenda. d. are vague or ambiguous. e. use emotional language that may bias the respondent.

question

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a:

answer

subculture.

question

According to sociologists, what are signs?

answer

anything designed to meaningfully represent something else

question

Countercultural groups like the hippies of the 1960s:

answer

rejected the norms of the dominant culture.

question

Designer labels on purses and athletic logos on shirts are both examples of:

answer

material culture.

question

How are informal norms enforced in everyday settings?

answer

a. signs b. culture wars c. multiculturalism d. folkways e. sanctions (Correct)

question

In the movie Mean Girls, students identified each other using categories like "jock," "cheerleader," "skater," and "nerd." Which theory would argue that such classification systems influence the way you see people?

answer

a. cultural imperialism b. cultural relativism c. subculture theory d. the Protestant ethic e. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (Correct)

question

Many colleges and universities require students to take classes on non-Western cultures. Why do these requirements exist?

answer

a. Colleges tend to value multiculturalism. (Correct) b. Many exchange students now study in America, and it's important to give them classes they like. c. Students are fascinated by exotic cultures. d. The parents of many new college students are demanding it. e. Many students will work in other countries.

question

Marginalized groups in American society—such as street punks, the homeless, and skateboarders—often engage in activities that offend or annoy most people. One of the reasons people get so annoyed is that members of these groups don't seem to care that they're the subjects of disapproval, which is to say:

answer

a. they're engaged in taboo activities. b. they're actively trying to form a new subculture. c. they're part of the dominant culture. d. they don't belong in the realm of mass or popular culture. e. they don't seem to care about negative sanctions. (Correct)

question

Norms that are not strictly enforced, such as etiquette in the cafeteria and the dress code for class, are referred to as:

answer

a. norms b. folkways (Correct) c. values d. laws e. taboos

question

The ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values, without reference to any other cultural standards is called:

answer

a. Marxism. b. cultural lag. c. ethnocentrism. d. variability. e. cultural relativism. (Correct)

question

The famous anthropologist Margaret Mead said that America is the best place to raise a female child. Her assertion is an example of:

answer

a. participating in culture wars. b. racism. c. cultural relativism. d. ethnocentrism. (Correct) e. preferring high culture to popular culture.

question

Unlike a folkway, a more is closely related to:

answer

a. taste publics and taste cultures. b. the dominant culture of a group. c. the core values of a group. (Correct) d. formal norms such as laws. e. high culture.

question

What do sociologists call it when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar?

answer

a. cultural imperialism b. social control c. cultural diffusion d. cultural leveling (Correct) e. ethnocentrism

question

What is the definition of "culture"?

answer

a. Culture includes the habits and lifestyle choices of a group of people. b. Culture includes customs and rituals, as well as tools and artifacts. c. Culture shapes and defines who we are. d. Culture encompasses every aspect of social life. e. all of the above (Correct)

question

What kind of norm is so deeply ingrained that the very thought of breaking it brings feelings of disgust or horror?

answer

a. a taboo (Correct) b. a federal law c. a folkway d. a more e. a negative sanction

question

Which of the following is NOT a subculture?

answer

a. Cubs fans b. German Shepherd owners c. the Ku Klux Klan (Correct) d. fans of electronic dance music e. surfers

question

When the dominant culture succeeds in imposing its values and ideas on all of society, it is known as:

answer

a. polysemy. b. cultural diffusion. c. relativism. d. hegemony. (Correct) e. cultural leveling.

question

Which of the following is one of the functions of symbolic culture?

answer

a. It poses a threat to the larger society. b. It helps people understand hegemony. c. It provides material signs of values and beliefs. d. It allows people to communicate. (Correct) e. It aids the proliferation of Western media.

question

Why is it hard to recognize that the values and beliefs of one's own culture are learned rather than innate?

answer

a. We are born with these values and beliefs. b. We learn values and beliefs slowly and incrementally. (Correct) c. It is human nature to accept one's own culture as superior. d. Values and beliefs are only taught in school. e. all of the above

question

According to Charles Cooley, there can be no sense of self without society.

answer

True

question

According to sociologists, an individual's genetic makeup will determine what kind of personality and character traits he develops in life.

answer

False

question

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, a distinct sense of self is developed in play through a process of "role-taking," where young children learn the guidelines and expectations associated with a variety of roles.

answer

True

question

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, children are born with a developed sense of self.

answer

False

question

Agents of socialization are mutually exclusive and do not overlap.

answer

False

question

Cases in which children have been raised in social isolation demonstrate that people are born with the instincts necessary to fully develop into a functioning human being.

answer

False

question

Charles Cooley did not believe that the self was created largely through social interaction.

answer

False

question

Colleges are examples of total institutions.

answer

False

question

Emotions are not fully determined by society, but they are social.

answer

True

question

Erving Goffman was considered to be a cynic.

answer

True

question

In the nature vs. nurture debate, both sides are partially right.

answer

True

question

Most of the time, individuals can count on those around them to support the version of the self that they project.

answer

True

question

Socialization generally ends by the beginning of adulthood.

answer

False

question

Sociology has developed a single comprehensive theory about how the self develops.

answer

False

question

Television is both a powerful and a covert agent of socialization.

answer

True

question

The individual's sense of self is largely created through social processes.

answer

True

question

The social setting can make a great deal of difference in how individuals interact with others.

answer

True

question

The term "total institution" refers to organizations that strip members of their previous identities in order to resocialize them.

answer

True

question

Unlike expressions given, expressions given off cannot be manipulated.

answer

False

question

When people move from one place, job, or life situation to another, they often undergo resocialization.

answer

True

question

A triad is more stable than a dyad.

answer

True

question

According to Emile Durkheim, all of the social groups to which an individual is connected impose norms, which place limits on the individual's actions.

answer

True

question

Bicycle races like the Tour de France have individual heroes but are actually team events.

answer

True

question

Bureaucracies are generally ineffective at achieving their goals because they constitute an iron cage of rules and regulations.

answer

False

question

Honor killing is sometimes practiced to protect the honor of a family in which a female relative has been assaulted or otherwise treated dishonorably.

answer

True

question

If two people worked together to make the test you are now taking, it would have been produced twice as fast than if it were written by one person.

answer

False

question

Our social networks consist of just our closest friends and family.

answer

False

question

Primary and secondary groups are distinct and unique from one another. There is no overlap.

answer

False

question

Proscriptions are norms about what we are supposed to do, whereas prescriptions are norms about what we are not supposed to do.

answer

False

question

Researchers who have replicated Solomon Asch's experiment in recent years have found almost exactly the same results.

answer

False

question

Secondary groups cannot be geographically dispersed.

answer

False

question

Sociologists have shown that even the likelihood that an individual will commit rape can be related to social influence.

answer

True

question

Strong identification with and loyalty to the in-group often results in discrimination against members of the out-group.

answer

True

question

The size of a group does not affect how it operates or what sorts of relationships are possible within it because group dynamics are the same regardless of group size.

answer

False

question

The statement "I am stardust, I am golden, I am billion-year-old carbon" would be an A-mode response on the Twenty Statements Test, in that the statement describes a person's physical appearance.

answer

False

question

There are many members of social groups who are not influenced by peer pressure.

answer

False

question

There is a social tie between me and my best friend's uncle even though I've never met him.

answer

True

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Introductory Sociology Sociology White Anglo Saxon Protestant

Writing Logically, Thinking Critically: Ch 1-4 – Flashcards 10 terms

Alexander Barker

10 terms

Preview

Writing Logically, Thinking Critically: Ch 1-4 – Flashcards

question

socially constructed

answer

not inherently true

question

Describe hedgehodges and foxes and their differences.

answer

Hedgehog: They know one big thing and view the world through a single lens, a dominant idea. They have a focused world view and strong convictions. Foxes: They base their view of the world on a variety of experiences and are less rigid, more pragmatic, and more aware of complexity and nuance.

question

What does writing break down into? (Hint: three stages)

answer

Writing is a process that breaks down into: creating, shaping, and correcting.

question

freewriting v.s. brainstorming

answer

Freewriting: Writing on a piece of paper continuously in sentences without jotting down ideas Brainstorming: Jotting down words, phrases, ideas to develop something into a project or paper.

question

All good writing of an explanatory or persuasive nature is built on a balance between three elements. What are those three elements?

answer

1) Knowledge of the subject or argument 2) Identified audience 3) Clearly defined purpose

question

Logos v.s. ethos v.s. pathos

answer

Logos: use of reason to persuade an audience Ethos: use of one's own charater and credibility to persuade an audience Pathos: Use of emotional appeals to persuade audience

question

What is the figure of speech that helps us understand one thing in terms of another?

answer

Metaphor

question

Strong metaphors create more powerful images than simple representation of facts and although it can reveal and express our thinking, what can it also do?

answer

Metaphors can shape our thinking.

question

What is an analogy and how is it different from a metaphor?

answer

An analogy is similar to a metaphor, but specifically, it compares two or more things. It is explicit, not as implicit and suggestive as a metaphor.

question

Define critical thinking in one sentence.

answer

Discerning or discriminating thought characterized by fairness and open-mindedness.

STUDY

Introductory Sociology Sociology

SOCL 2001 – Ch. 1 – Flashcards 20 terms

Kieran Carr

20 terms

Preview

SOCL 2001 – Ch. 1 – Flashcards

question

On Wednesday nights, Joshua attends meetings for Young Life, a Christian-oriented youth group, with his friends, and church on Sunday with his family. This is an example of shared _____ within Joshua's culture. · social status · doctrines · beliefs · schedules

answer

beliefs

question

Sociology is defined as the: a. Qualitative analysis of human phenomenon. b. Systematic study of society and social interaction. c. Quantitative analysis of social transgressions. d. Theoretical examination of life's origins.

answer

systematic study of society and social interaction

question

Which of the following men coined the term positivisim, and is widely considered the father of sociology? a. Auguste Conte b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Émile Durkheim

answer

Auguste Conte

question

Please define C. Wright Mill's sociological imagination: a. The theory that man evolved slowly over time. b. The process of analyzing human behavior based solely on statistics. c. A series of interviews asking subjects about their sleep habits and dreams. d. How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure.

answer

How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure.

question

5. While examining the recent mortgage crisis, a sociologist would consider all but which of the following factors? a. The number of U.S. economic analysts b. The American perception of debt c. The shifting class structure within the U.S. d. U.S. unemployment rates

answer

The number of U.S. economic analysts

question

6. The process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior (or the concept that the individual and society are inseparable) is referred to as: a. Dynamic equilibrium b. Latent functions c. Dramaturgical analysis d. Figuration

answer

Figuration

question

7. A paradigm can be defined as: a. Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them. b. The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion c. The consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated d. Social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

answer

Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.

question

8. Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational resources make admission difficult for the average student. Which perspective would Jeremy's argument fall under? a. Structural Functionalism b. Conflict Theory c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Behaviorism

answer

Conflict Theory

question

9. Alona is examining the impact of the 2011 Penn State scandal on student morale and school spirit by distributing number-scaled surveys in her Introduction to Sociology class. Alona is employing a _____ research method. a. Qualitative b. Pathos c. Logos d. Quantitative

answer

Quantitative

question

10. ____ believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production and greatly favored ____. a. Durkheim; Communism b. Max Weber; Positivism c. Karl Marx; Communism d. Comte; Antipositivism

answer

Karl Marx; Communism

question

11. Which theorist claimed that people rise to their proper level in society based solely on personal merit? a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Herbert Spencer d. Émile Durkheim

answer

Émile Durkheim

question

12. Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is examining the effect World of Warcraft has on the romantic relationships of middle-aged men in his metro area. Eleanor's analysis is _____, while Felix's analysis is _____. a. Micro-level; macro-level b. Macro-level; micro-level c. They are both macro-level. d. They are both micro-level.

answer

Macro-level; micro-level

question

13. _____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society. a. Symbolic Interactionists b. Conflict Theorists c. Structural Functionalists d. Social Individualists

answer

Structural Functionalists

question

14. Qualitative sociology can be defined as: a. In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data. b. Virtual interactivity, online polls, and online gaming. c. Door to door sales pitches, cold calls, and press conferences. d. Statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants.

answer

In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data.

question

15. Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project's ____ function, the second is an example of the project's _____ function. a. latent; manifest b. manifest; manifest c. manifest; latent d. latent; latent

answer

manifest; latent

question

16. Max Weber, Georg Simmel, and Karl Marx were all advocates of: a. Conflict theory b. Structural functionalism c. Capitalism d. Symbolic interactionism

answer

Conflict theory

question

17. After weeks of protest in Zuccotti Park, NYC's "Occupy Wall Street" divided into two camps: one composed of higher income protestors, and one composed of lower-income protesters. A ______ would be most interested in the relationship and nature of day-to- day exchanges between the two groups. a. Conflict theorist b. Structural functionalist c. Symbolic interactionist d. Feminist conflict theorist

answer

Symbolic interactionist

question

18. Weber's proposal of antipositivism influenced sociological researchers to ______ while examining different social worlds. a. Reject antiquated notions of privacy and consent b. Methodically predict situational outcomes c. Manipulate test subjects into answering difficult questions d. Gain a subjective understanding of human cultural norms

answer

Gain a subjective understanding of human cultural norms

question

19. According to Durkheim, which of the following is NOT a social fact? a. A religious belief b. A law c. A custom d. All of the above are social facts

answer

All of the above are social facts

question

20. Verstehen is defined by the text as: a. To maintain a moral conscience. b. To compare and contrast social facts. c. To understand in a deep way. d. To require proof of interpretation.

answer

To understand in a deep way.

STUDY

Criminal Justice Criminology Introductory Sociology Sociology

Intro to Criminal Justice – Flashcards 56 terms

Lewis Edwards

56 terms

Preview

Intro to Criminal Justice – Flashcards

question

3 part integrated definition of crime

answer

1) offense against society, prosecuted by public officials 2) Punishable under criminal law, as determined by "we the people" 3) Punishable by sanctions that bring about a loss of freedom

question

behavior that is considered to go against the norms of society, but is not always considered illegal (ex. tattoos)

answer

deviance

question

Most crime happens at what level?

answer

state

question

a form of government in which a written constitution calls for a division of power between one centralized government and various regional forms of government. (This is why laws can vary between states but can't contradict the federal laws).

answer

federalism

question

3 goals of the criminal justice system

answer

1) To control crime 2) To prevent/deter crime 3) To provide and maintain justice & public order

question

What are the triple C's?

answer

1) Cops 2) Courts 3) Corrections

question

who are the gatekeepers of the criminal justice system?

answer

cops

question

actual steps from an investigating a crime and apprehension of a suspect to the correctional phase. This is the "engine" process of the system.

answer

Formal

question

At every step, someone must use discretion. This is the grease of the system.

answer

Informal

question

model of why not all cases are treated the same

answer

Wedding Cake Model

question

the higher on the wedding cake the more _________(formal or informal) the system

answer

formal

question

model that states the rich and powerful decide what is criminal

answer

conflict model

question

model that states a majority of citizens in a particular society share the same values and beliefs and determine what is criminal

answer

consensus model

question

model that focuses on rights/fairness to the accused, relies heavily on the formal process, courts should determine guilt, compared to an obstacle course

answer

due process model

question

model that believes crime should be punished and repressed quickly and efficiently, compared to an assembly line, police determine guilt, relies on the informal system

answer

crime control model

question

scientific study of why people commit crime & what causes people to commit crime

answer

criminology

question

3 things criminologists study

answer

1) Theory 2) Methodology 3) Policy

question

an account or explanation of some observable phenomenon or event

answer

theory

question

another word for "school of thought" - this is a group of theories that attribute the same causal factors to one or more types of behavior

answer

paradigm

question

A ___________ has been found between age, drug use, and poverty & crime.

answer

correlation

question

crimes is the result of RATIONAL choices using a cost benefit analysis

answer

Classical School of Criminology/Choice Theories

question

man who wrote "Essays on Crime and Punishment", said free will is the sole cause of crime, and crime must be stopped through specific and general deterrence

answer

Cesare Beccaria

question

crime is caused by external factors beyond one's control

answer

Positivism

question

"father of criminology", published findings about physical characteristics determining who is a criminal

answer

Cesare Lombroso

question

weakness in the structure of society causes crime

answer

social structure theory

question

crime is the result of a person's interaction with their environment

answer

social process theory

question

crime occurs the most in communities where social institutions fail to exert control over the population and unfavorable conditions are pervasive

answer

Social disorganization theory/Concentric Zone theory

question

crime is the result of frustration felt by the people who cannot meet their personal and financial goals through legitimate means.

answer

Strain theory

question

term for a lack of social norms, normlessness, mismatch of norms

answer

Anomie

question

crime is the result of conflict between people who are fighting for resources and power...capitalism means that the rich and powerful make the laws

answer

conflict theory

question

society creates criminals by labeling them, this stigma causes the individual to be ostracized by their community, thus increasing the likelihood they will adopt their label

answer

labeling theory

question

people learn criminal behavior. we associate with different groups of people, and therefore anyone along the way can teach us criminal behavior

answer

learning theory

question

the study of the victim, why they were chosen, and their relationship to the offender

answer

victimology

question

to reduce the likelihood of victimization

answer

target harden

question

someone who commits crimes their entire life

answer

career criminal

question

crime committed over a specified period of time (often people age out of crime)

answer

criminal career

question

crime that is inherently and morally wrong in all civilized cultures

answer

Mala in Se

question

human made laws that are not necessarily morally wrong

answer

Mala Prohibita

question

What does UCR stand for?

answer

Uniform Crime Report

question

In the UCR, do type I or type II crimes occur more frequently?

answer

Type II

question

What does NIBRS stand for?

answer

National Incident-Based Reporting System

question

these interviews give the victim a voice

answer

Victimization surveys

question

no one under the age of ____ is counted in victimization surveys

answer

question

qualitative reports asking people about their past delinquent/criminal behaviors.

answer

self-report studies

question

the amount of undiscovered or unreported crime

answer

dark figures of crime

question

true or false: bail is a constitutional right

answer

false

question

true or false: no single theory can explain all crime

answer

true

question

the most common out of all crimes

answer

larceny/theft

question

the taking of personal property, money, or other asset by means of force or fear - an element or threat of violence is involved

answer

robbery

question

the unlawful entry of a structure with the intent to commit a crime

answer

burglary

question

known as "victim-less crimes" (ex. public drunkennes, prostitution, gambling, illicit drug use)

answer

public order crimes

question

most common form of correction, person does not have to go to jail

answer

probation

question

criminal may be released on _________ to finish the rest of their sentence in the community

answer

parole

question

a person is incarcerated in a _____ for shorter sentences/less serious crimes

answer

jail

question

a person is incarcerated in a ______ for longer sentences/more serious crimes

answer

prison

question

_____% of all causes are plead out, meaning a person will plead guilty and take the deal

answer

STUDY

Introductory Sociology Media Psychology Sociology Symbolic Interaction Approach

Essay: FUNCTIONS OF THE MASS MEDIA – Flashcards 26 terms

Julia Rush

26 terms

Preview

Essay: FUNCTIONS OF THE MASS MEDIA – Flashcards

question

Content vs Medium Functions of the Mass Media

answer

The media acts as both of these, based on specific content.

question

What is the "Content Function" of the mass media and give an example.

answer

The Content Function is the mass media's function to provide information to people. (Newspapers perform a content function when providing information about voting)

question

What is the "Medium Function" of the mass media and give an example.

answer

The Medium Function is the mass media's function to bring people together. (A film, watching family TV at the end of the day).

question

Manifest vs Latent Functions of the Mass Media

answer

There are both obvious and unintended functions of a media piece.

question

What is the "Manifest Function" and give an example.

answer

The Manifest function of the media is obvious, intended function. (Married couple listens to car radio in the morning to get information about the world)

question

What is the "Latent Function" and give an example.

answer

The Latent function is hidden, deeper, and even subconscious function of the media. (Married couple listens to car radio in the morning to avoid speaking to each other)

question

What are the "6 Effects of Mass Media on Society"? Society Normally Narcotizes Some Political Economy

answer

Status Conferral, Norms Values Traditions (NVT), Narcotizing, Social Cohesion, Services Political System, Services Economy

question

What is the societal function of "Status Conferral"?

answer

The mass media legitimizes the importance of various issues in the world, such as the Ebola or Watergate scandal.

question

What is the societal function of " Norms Values Traditions"?

answer

Passing on and reaffirming these norms, values, and traditions, the media has an "Homogenizing" affect on a society, "upholding the status quo". Such as the television show Cops, or Modern family.

question

How does the media "Homogenize"?

answer

The media gives same norms and values to everyone in that society.

question

What is the societal function of "Narcotizing"?

answer

A dysfunction that the media has, negatively influences our thought process, leaving us feeling apathetic, overloaded with info that doesn't support critical thinking. Rots our brain per say.

question

What is the societal function of "Social Cohesion"?

answer

The media brings us together, unites people on common base of knowledge, interests, and concerns.

question

What is the societal function of "Services the Political System"?

answer

Informs people about the government through the media news, and leaders send and receive political messages through media.

question

What is the societal function of "Services the Economy"?

answer

Media is filled with advertising, helps a capitalist economy to thrive.

question

What are the "8 Effects of the Mass Media on an Individual"? BUD Professionally Facilitated Some Erroneous Reports

answer

Guides Behavior, Guides Understandings, Develop Self Control, Professional Tool, Facilitates Social Interaction, Substitute for Social Interaction, Emotional Release, Ritualize our Lives.

question

How does the mass media affect an individual by "Guides Behavior"?

answer

Occurs both subconsciously and consciously, the media influences how one acts in daily life. (Taking an umbrella when the weatherman tells you it'll rain, how to act on a date)

question

How does the mass media affect an individual by "Guides Understandings"?

answer

The media influences what one thoughts/beliefs about our world. The mass media is a Social Construction of Reality.

question

What is "Mean World Syndrome"?

answer

TV is filled with violence, the more TV people watched, the more they were under the impression that the world was filled with violence.

question

How does the mass media affect an individual by "Develop Self Concept"?

answer

People identify with certain characters, who act as "Role Models." People see who they want to be, as well as see who they don't want to be.

question

How does the mass media affect an individual by "Professional Tool"?

answer

The media keeps one updated in his/her professional field, by reading journals, Linked In, etc.

question

How does the mass media affect an individual by "Facilitates Social Interaction"?

answer

The media gives people things to talk about, such as conversational topics for use in small talk situations.

question

How does the mass media affect an individual by "Substitute for Social Interaction"?

answer

An individual can vicariously connect with others through the media, such as feeling connection to Jimmy Fallon from his talk show.

question

How does the mass media affect an individual by "Emotional Release"?

answer

Media helps people to move from one powerful emotional state to another, especially the case with music and it's power to influence emotion.

question

How does the mass media affect an individual by "Ritualize Our Lives"?

answer

People matched their schedule with that of the media-evening news, gives people a sense of order, but is less apparent now due to the Internet.

question

SNNSPE (Societal Affects of Mass Media)

answer

Society Normally Narcotizes Some Political Economics

question

BUDPFSER (Affects of Mass Media on Individual)

answer

BUD Professionally Facilitated Some Erroneous Reports

STUDY

Ethnic Studies Introductory Sociology Sociology

Sociology Test 4 Test Questions – Flashcards 63 terms

Rosa Sloan

63 terms

Preview

Sociology Test 4 Test Questions – Flashcards

question

What are three characteristics of ethnicity?

answer

self-defined, fluid, cultural

question

A muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize and participates in a march protesting discrimination against muslim americans on campus. Over 300 muslim american students from area colleges show up to participate. What type of action is this representative of?

answer

collective resistance

question

Which of the following factors has NOT contributed to the development of black ghettos in the US?

answer

blacks preference to live with other blacks

question

"New" racism couches its rhetoric in terms of ______ between groups rather than _____

answer

cultural differences; physical differences

question

Ethnocentrism is ____

answer

the judgment of other groups by ones own standards and values

question

Jennifer Lee's interview on the changing racial makeup of the US indicates that "color lines" in our society are changing. According to Lee, what is the new color line?

answer

black-nonblack

question

____ refers to a movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the so-called dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants?

answer

Nativism

question

____ can be defined as the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity.

answer

Segregation

question

What is the main difference between Robert Park's and Milton Gordon's models of assimilation?

answer

Park's model assumes that all immigrants assimilate in the same pattern and reach the same outcome; Gordon's model includes multiple kinds of assimilation

question

Ray is very disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos are not supportive of women having successful careers. This is an example of____

answer

Prejudice

question

How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece?

answer

There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture

question

A pluralistic society is one in which ____

answer

numerous distinct cultures engage and coexist within one large sociocultural framework

question

According to the brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege in your text, which of the following examples is NOT a privilege generally associated with whiteness in the US?

answer

not having to worry about how to pay for college

question

In his interview with Conley, Jen'nan Read describes the differences between arab, an ethnicity, and muslim, a religious categorization. As a group, Arab-Americans were mostly unnoticed in the US until the terrorist attacks of 9/11. Since then Arab-Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination. What important sociological concept have Arab-Americans undergone as a group?

answer

racialization

question

Which ethnic group in the US experienced forced assimilation at the hands of governmental bureau established during the 1800s?

answer

Native Americaans

question

How was the "one-drop rule" related to laws forbidding miscegenation in the US?

answer

The one-drop rule developed out of anti-miscengenation laws because any offspring of a mixed-race union would be categorized as black

question

In the US, the one-drop rule lumped together anyone with any amount of "black blood" into one category, setting up an essentially binary racial system of black and white with little thought of other minorities, such as asians or native americans. Under Apartheid in South Africa, on the other hand, there were four racial categories; and in Brazil there are up to a dozen racial categories, depending on whom you ask. What conclusion can we draw from these difference in racial categories?

answer

Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place

question

Lisa is a Christian student who lives in Saudi Arabia. When she first moved to Saudi Arabia, she was sometimes denied service at restaurants for not wearing a headscarf. Now, when she leaves her apartment, she wears a headscarf. What is this an example of?

answer

Passing

question

___ is the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal human traits.

answer

Racism

question

A women whose maternal grandparents came to the US from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of___

answer

symbolic ethnicity

question

Why are Asians sometimes labeled a "model minority" group?

answer

compared to other minorities, the majority of Asians have achieved much success in the US in terms of educational achievement and income

question

The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from____

answer

the notion of social darwinism

question

Feminist argues that gender matters because ____

answer

it structures social relationships with people

question

Sexuality refers to

answer

desire, sexual preference, sexual ID, and behavior

question

Gender studies explores the relationship between

answer

nature and nurture

question

In western history, the binary sex system with which we are familiar ___

answer

replaced a "one-sex" model in the mid 18th century

question

biological determinism is

answer

a line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of biology

question

Which of the following statements offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences

answer

women are overrepresented in profession such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men

question

What does the example of the nadle in navajo tribes teach us about gender

answer

concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging

question

____ is a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity

answer

Patriarchy

question

Talcott Parsons sex role theory proposed that a healthy, harmonious society exists when women and men

answer

play distinctive roles that fulfill specific societal needs

question

Your intro sociology professor believes that gender roles serve a purpose in society to fulfill certain functions. What type of theoretical background is your professor espousing

answer

structural functionalism

question

Which of the following theories is associated with the idea that gender is a process-a product of our everyday social interactions

answer

microinteractionist theory

question

Which of the following statements is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies

answer

men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and workplace

question

some black feminists challenged the notion that

answer

all women experience oppression in the same way

question

How might a sociologist describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior

answer

homosexuality is a certain social ID, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social ID

question

Michel Foucault argued that the development of homosexuality as a social ID was related to

answer

the development of states and scientific disciplines and a desire in both arenas to monitor and categorize people and their behavior

question

The interview with Paula England highlights the changing gender dynamics of relationships for college students. According to ENgland, what is unequal about hook-up culture?

answer

Heterosexual males are not necessarily expected to satisfy the women they hook up with, but the reverse is not true

question

Which of the following jobs could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the US

answer

hotel maid

question

According to some sociologists, what happens when the number of women in a given profession starts to increase

answer

fewer men enter the profession and it eventually becomes dominated by women

question

while policies that overtly discriminate against women have mostly been removed from the workplace, covert barriers still exist. These covert barriers are often called___

answer

the glass ceiling

question

what does the term glass escalator mean

answer

mens comparatively quicker rise to leadership positions, especially in feminized jobs

question

"opting out" refers to a percieved trend among middle-class, career women to__

answer

leave the workforce and concentrate on being wives and mothers

question

Poverty can be defined

answer

a condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is severe enough that the individual in this condition cannot live society with dignity

question

which president decalred a "war on poverty" and over saw the creation of a wide range of programs intended to combat the causes, no just the consequences, of poverty

answer

Lyndon Johnson

question

according to the text, what question has been at the core of debate about poverty in america for the last 40 to 50 years

answer

does poverty cause social problems (such as crime, poor education outcomes, and divorce), or is poverty the result of such problems

question

The ___ theory suggests that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of middle-class or "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances

answer

culture of poverty

question

why did the negative income tax experiment lead to more women leaving marriages

answer

the guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man

question

The ___ as the label was conceived by journalist Ken Auletta, refers to people who not only are unable to take advantage of society has to offer but are also increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of society

answer

underclass

question

in his interview with the author, David Grusky explains why he thinks the notion of preverse incentives is old-fashioned. Which of the following is an example of a preverse incentive?

answer

entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken. In order to increase their chances of being accepted into the program, some students take easier classes the semester before applying in order to boost their grade point average

question

according to WIlliam Julius Wilson, how do factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination contribute to high rates of welfare-dependent, single-mother families?

answer

such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner

question

in What Money Can't buy, sociologist Susan Mayer challenged the common assumption that

answer

poverty directly causes poor health, behavioral problems, and many other problems for children

question

according to the bell curve thesis, what has a key impact on childrens outcomes

answer

genes

question

the Gautreaux Assisted Living Program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity study provided opportunities to explore

answer

the effects on families in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood

question

The Moving to Opportunity study found that children who moved from high-poverty to low-poverty neighborhoods experienced ___ outcomes on several indicators. Among families, there was ___ change in welfare use.

answer

better; minimal

question

In the US, the poverty line is established by

answer

estimating food costs on meeting minimum nutritional requirements and assuming that different types of families spend

question

which of the following is a criticism of how the poverty line is calculated in the US

answer

the formula does not reflect that housing now takes up much larger portion of family budgets

question

some theorists argue that there can never be an absolute definition of poverty because

answer

poverty is always relational-a person is not poor in isolation but rather in comparison to someone else

question

which of the following most accurately represents the relationship between poverty and child outcomes, according to two of the three theories reviewed in your text

answer

poverty-> conditions in the home-> parental behavior-> child outcomes

question

the main difference between the "no effect" paradigm and the material deprivation and parenting stress models of how poverty negatively affects children is that

answer

supporters of the "no effect" paradigm hold out little hope that much can be done to improve outcomes for poor children

question

the level of income inequality in the US is

answer

higher than that of all other advanced democracies

question

how has the timing of the transition to a free-market economy been used as one of several explanations for the great differences between the US and other advanced democracies in terms of inequality and poverty

answer

institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the US did

question

apart from the timing of the transition to free-market capitalism, what is NOT another factor about the US that your text cites as potentially responsible for the comparatively high levels of inequality

answer

the geographic size

STUDY

Introductory Sociology Sociology

CHAPTER 14: RACE AND ETHNICITY – Flashcards 11 terms

Julie Noel

11 terms

Preview

CHAPTER 14: RACE AND ETHNICITY – Flashcards

question

Although based on physical traits like skin color, the concept of "race" is constructed by society.

answer

true

question

3. Some "white" people actually have darker skin than some "black" people.

answer

true

question

4. Over past decades, an increasing number of people have been willing to define

answer

true

question

In most cases, race and ethnicity refer to the same thing.

answer

false

question

Being Greek, Italian, or Vietnamese involves a distinct ethnicity.

answer

true

question

36. The story about the class at New York's Bronx Community College explains that

answer

many people have mixed racial and ethnic ancestry.

question

37. Human beings are all members of

answer

a single biological species.

question

Why do sociologists consider the "scientific" racial types of Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negroid to be misleading and even harmful?

answer

All of these are correct.

question

42. Race refers to _____ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _____.

answer

biological traits; cultural traits

question

44. Which of the following concepts refers to a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?

answer

minority

question

In the United States, minorities typically have less

answer

All of these responses are correct.

STUDY

Capitalist World Economy Development Geography Introductory Sociology Sociology

Chapter 9-16 – Flashcards 56 terms

Robert May

56 terms

Preview

Chapter 9-16 – Flashcards

question

Compared to poverty in the United States, poverty throughout the world as a whole is more widespread and more severe.

answer

True

question

During the twentieth century, the standard of living in high-income countries, where the Industrial Revolution took place, increased dramatically.

answer

True

question

Global inequality is partly a problem of technology, and it is also a political issue

answer

True

question

According to dependency theory, poor countries have become dependent on rich nations because

answer

they sell raw materials to rich nations

question

Compared to poverty in the United States, poverty throughout the world as a whole is more widespread and more severe

answer

True

question

According to Walt Rostow, nations begin at the _____ stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of _____.

answer

traditional; high mass consumption

question

Which world region contains the largest percentage of the world's street children?

answer

Latin America

question

In Walt Rostow's model of economic development, the first stage before the modernization process begins is called "take-off stage."

answer

False

question

Modernization theory was created as a criticism of U.S. foreign policy

answer

False

question

In middle-income nations, average personal income is in the range of

answer

$2,500 and $12,000

question

In the world's lowest-income nations, two in ten children born die by the age of

answer

Five

question

In low-income nations, the majority of the people live in villages and small towns where farming is the most common way to make a living

answer

True

question

Modernization theory claims that

answer

the main causes of poverty involve culture and technology

question

In Walt Rostow's model of economic development, the first stage before the modernization process begins is called "take-off stage."

answer

False

question

The poorest 20 percent of the world's people live on just 2 percent of the world's income

answer

True

question

Some forms of marriage found in the world today amount to slavery

answer

True

question

Which type of slavery refers to one person owning another?

answer

Chattel slavery

question

Some forms of marriage found in the world today amount to slavery

answer

True

question

Although poverty continues, the world has ended the practice of slavery

answer

False

question

From a global perspective, economic productivity is lowest in precisely the regions where

answer

population increase is highest

question

Over the course of the last century, the extent of global economic inequality has

answer

Increased

question

3. Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as

answer

high-income countries

question

The concept of "neocolonialism" refers to the process by which

answer

multinational corporations exploit the economy of a poor country

question

Global inequality is partly a problem of technology, and it is also a political issue

answer

True

question

Typically, people in low-income countries do more physical labor, but they consume fewer calories than people in rich nations

answer

True

question

Of the roughly 1 billion people in the world who are living in absolute poverty, what percentage are women?

answer

70 percent

question

"Las Colonias" refers to settlement

answer

All of these are correct

question

8. Which type of slavery refers to one person owning another?

answer

Chattel Slavery

question

One of the countries listed below is NOT a high-income nation. Which one is it?

answer

South Africa

question

In past centuries, European nations colonized countries in

answer

All of these are correct

question

Which of the following is an important exception to male domination of the U.S. workplace?

answer

Women now own more than 10 million entrepreneurial businesses

question

Most cases of female genital mutilation occur in

answer

Africa

question

The concept of "comparable worth" means that

answer

people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work

question

Comparing the performances of female and male athletes over time shows

answer

women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances

question

In general, western states have a higher percentage of legislators who are women than southern states

answer

True

question

In the United States today, women working for income is the rule rather than the exception

answer

True

question

A majority of U.S. women in which of the following categories enter the labor force?

answer

All of these are correct

question

In the United States, on average, males live longer than females

answer

False

question

Women earn what share of all associate's and bachelor's degrees in the United States?

answer

59 percent

question

While playing in peer groups, girls are less likely to play the "win-lose" games favored by boys

answer

True

question

Which concept refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?

answer

Gender roles

question

The concept of gender refers to

answer

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

question

Sexual harassment is an important social issue because

answer

half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention

question

Minority women are more economically disadvantaged than white women

answer

True

question

What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males

answer

matriarchy

question

George Murdock found that, in the case of many tasks, what one society considers "masculine" another may consider "feminine.

answer

True

question

On average, young men show greater ____ ability than young women; young women show greater _____ ability than young men

answer

mathematical; verbal

question

On average, do women or men live longer?

answer

On average, women outlive men by about five years

question

The concept of "comparable worth" means that

answer

people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work

question

A social-conflict account of the history of gender stratification was developed by Friedrich Engels.

answer

True

question

A social-conflict account of the history of gender stratification was developed by Friedrich Engels.

answer

True

question

Today, women represent ______ of all students on college campuses across the United States.

answer

57 percent

question

Looking back over U.S. history, we see a general trend by which women

answer

Have gained opportunities and power

question

Traditional conceptions paint masculine and feminine in opposing terms

answer

True

question

Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages

answer

growing gender equality.

question

Liberal feminism seeks the elimination of gender itself

answer

False

STUDY

Introductory Sociology Sociology Strain Theory Of Deviance

soc ch 12 13 14 – Flashcards 82 terms

Ben Stevenson

82 terms

Preview

soc ch 12 13 14 – Flashcards

question

People with lower social standing in the US tend to be ______ on social issues and ______ on economic issues

answer

conservative; liberal

question

What Weber called the "routinization of chrisma" involves charismatic authority:

answer

transforming into some combination of traditional authority and rational-legal authority

question

A totalitarian political system

answer

concentrates power and closely regulates peoples lives

question

Max Weber defined power as

answer

the ability to achieve desired ends, despite resistance

question

The concept "oligopoly" refers to

answer

domination of a market by a few producers

question

Compared to socialist economic systems, capitalist economic systems are typically

answer

More productive

question

Sector generates raw materials directly from natural environment

answer

Primary sector

question

In 2013, what percent of worlds people lived in countries that can be considered politically "free"

answer

43%

question

Contrasted to socialist economic systems, capitalist econ systems typically

answer

Generate MORE social inequality

question

Which of Webers types of authority rests on extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion in followers

answer

charismatic authority

question

Which refers to economy based on computer technology

answer

Post industrial economy

question

Which of the following about Information Revolution is NOT correct

answer

There was a shift from farming to turning raw materials into finished products

question

Socialism is an economic system in which there is

answer

Collective control of production

question

What country best exemplifies a system of state capitalism

answer

Japan

question

In general, terrorism is the strategy favored by

answer

Weak organizations against a stronger foe

question

Terrorism has been called a new kind of warfare because

answer

It lacks clearly stated objectives and its not about controlling territory

question

The concept "global economy" refers to

answer

economic activity that moves across national borders

question

A conglomerate is

answer

a giant corporation composed of many smaller corporations

question

The post-industrial economy is defined by

answer

Service work largely based on computer technology

question

Socialist societies base their claim to democracy on

answer

Meeting the basic needs of all

question

Politics is a social instituion thats defined in terms of

answer

the distribution of power and societal decision making

question

Terrorism

answer

The use or threat of violence as a political strategy by and individual or group

question

ch 13

answer

...

question

Research shows that growing up in a single parent family

answer

can disadvantage children

question

Sociological analysis of religion is concerned with

answer

understanding patterns of religious activity and their affect on society

question

In the US a recent trend involving parenting is

answer

more adults are delaying having kids or remaining childless

question

Following Emily Durheim, we would define as profane things we understand

answer

In terms of their everyday usefullness

question

In the US romantic love

answer

-Is the reason most expect to marry -Not very stable foundation for marriage -May contribute to high divorce rate

question

Karl Marx believes that religion

answer

Supports social inequality

question

The family is a social influence

answer

found in every society

question

Industrial society's use which system to trace ancestry?

answer

Bilateral Descent

question

System of marriage that unites only 2 partners

answer

Monogamy

question

System if marriage that unites one woman with 2 or more men

answer

Polyandry

question

Reasons for rise in divorce rates in the US

answer

-Rising individualism -Romantic love often fades -More women are less econ. dependent on men

question

In the US family violence is

answer

Serious, often criminal problem

question

Regardless of race, families headed by single woman are

answer

at high risk for poverty

question

What are typically traits of marriage

answer

-legal relationship -sexual activity and child bearing -economic cooperation

question

Effect on industrialization on the number of children in typical families

answer

Families have fewer children

question

Religious organization that is well integrated into larger society

answer

Church

question

Todays baby boomers are often called the "sandwhich generation" because

answer

spend time caring for both children and aging parents

question

Cult

answer

Religious organization that is largely outside a societys cultural traditions

question

Describing the lives of working class women, Lillian Rubin said that the typical woman said she wanted a husband who

answer

had a steady job and was not violent

question

Social conflict and feminist theories explain that families perpetuate social inequality In US society though

answer

-inheritance of private property -encourageing patriarchy -passing on racial and ethnic inequality

question

Which is NOT a trait of religious fundamentalism?

answer

Accepting religious pluralism

question

Following Emily Durkheim, the ordinary elements of everyday life are considered to be

answer

Profane

question

The dominant residential form in the US?

answer

Neolocality

question

In the South, the largest number of protestants are of what denomination?

answer

Baptist

question

Max Weber linked the rise of industrial capitalism to

answer

Calvinist religious doctrine

question

Family composed of one or 2 parents and their children

answer

Nuclear Family

question

According to stuctural functional approach, the family,

answer

Is important enough to be called the backbone of society

question

Jesse Bernard claimed women would be happier if men did not expect them to do all the house work

answer

True

question

In todays high income nations, children are

answer

an economic liability

question

Disengagement Theory

answer

Society remains orderly by disengaging older people from positions of responsibilty

question

Polytheism

answer

belief in many gods

question

Main purpose of marriage

answer

bearing and raising children

question

Endogamy

answer

Marriage between people of the same social category

question

A Charismatic leader is most likely to be found in a

answer

Cult

question

Activity Theory

answer

A high level of activity enhances personal satisfaction in old age

question

Gerontology

answer

The study of aging and the elderly

question

Family with parents, children, as well as other kin

answer

Extended family

question

Political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation

answer

Monarchy

question

Mounting research suggests that cohabitation

answer

may actually discourage marriage

question

Ch 14 From social conflict POV, capitalism fails to support human health because

answer

It makes quality of care dependent on income

question

Functions of schooling include

answer

-socializing the young -cultural innovation -help to integrate a diverse society

question

True about gender and health

answer

women generally have better health than men

question

Ideas about health can serve as a type of social control illustrated in idea that

answer

-a woman would risk health to goto college -a competitive way of life is healthy -homosexuality is "sick" even though its biologically natural

question

What disease is the biggest killer in todays high income nations

answer

Heart Disease

question

In the worlds poorest nations, life expectancy is as low as

answer

50 years old

question

Research shows college women believe

answer

being thin is the key to being attractive

question

In his structural functional analysis, Talcott Parsons claimed society responds to illness by

answer

using the "sick role" to relieve ill people of many daily responsibilites

question

How many of worlds people suffer from serious illness caused by poverty?

answer

1 Billion

question

Who of the US population has the highest life expectancy

answer

White women

question

Which of the following categories of US population has the highest dropout rate

answer

Hispanics

question

In Western Europe and North America, scientists began to understand the causes of infectious diseases at what poiint in history

answer

1850

question

In the US today, approx what % of people over the age of 25 have earned a 4 year college degree

answer

31 %

question

Approx. what % of US adults are overweight

answer

64 %

question

At what point in history had a majority of adults in the US earned a high-school diploma?

answer

the mid 1960's

question

Magnet schools encourage

answer

students to specialize in specific areas of study

question

As income-level goes up among families, we find that

answer

the share of children going to college goes up

question

According to Theodore Sizer, bureacracy harms schooling by

answer

-imposing uniformity on culturally diverse schools -emphasizing test scores anf other numerical ratings -expecting all students to progress at the same rate

question

In the US, the most widespread health problem related to eating is which of the following?

answer

Obesity

question

Which is an example of chronic illness

answer

Cancer

STUDY

Gender Studies Introductory Sociology Men And Women Relationships Between People Sex And Gender Sociology

chapter 8:gender – Flashcards 58 terms

Kaitlynn Baldwin

58 terms

Preview

chapter 8:gender – Flashcards

question

a statistical technique called "individual fixed effects" is sometimes used in the social sciences. this technique involves:

answer

a. comparing a particular outcome across time as some factor changes

question

Race, birth order, generational cohort, sex, and parental wealth are key sociological variables that are said to resist fixed effects because they:

answer

b. are relatively stable characteristics of an individual.

question

A statistical technique called "individual fixed effects" compares an outcome across time as some factor changes. All of the following are examples of this technique EXCEPT:

answer

d. analyzing whether vegetarians are less depressed than nonvegetarians by comparing the depression levels of vegetarians and nonvegetarians.

question

While the notion of sex refers to biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to:

answer

d. social characteristics.

question

Judith Lorber believes that gender is a social institution because it is:

answer

c. a major structure organizing our day-to-day experiences.

question

The study of gender is basically the study of how two spheres shape each other. What are the two spheres?

answer

c. nature and nurture

question

Dr. John Money claimed that a genetic male could be raised successfully as a girl. The David Reimer story showed that Money's claims were:

answer

a. wrong

question

Surgeons today recommend prompt surgery to make intersex children conform to an ideal of normal genitalia. About 90 percent of these surgeries:

answer

a. reassign an ambiguous male anatomy into a female one.

question

Why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?

answer

d. social discomfort and fear of difference

question

Many people believe sex to be an either-or situation (either male or female), but sociologists believe natural sex is:

answer

d. more of an ideal than an absolute.

question

John Gray, author of Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus (1992), takes the position that the different temperaments, emotions, and languages of males and females are rooted in:

answer

c. inborn differences.

question

The basic idea behind feminism is that women and men should be:

answer

c. accorded equal opportunities and respect

question

Although female circumcision is a custom in some societies, a structural functionalist might argue that this practice exists because it:

answer

c. fulfills some set of necessary functions.

question

Harvard-trained and world-renowned economist Deirdre McCloskey, who used to be named Donald, describes her journey across the invisible yet potent boundary of sex/gender in her memoir, Crossing. Which of the following is NOT one of the 20 differences she noted in the textbook?

answer

c. Donald was more alert to relationship details in stories than Deirdre.

question

If we apply our sociological imaginations to sex, gender, and sexuality, we might argue that:

answer

d. although biological differences exist between men and women, what we make of those differences is socially constructed and has changed through time and place.

question

Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex?

answer

c. the decision to raise a male infant born with a "small" penis (e.g., a phallus measuring less than 2 cm in length) as a female

question

All of the following terms characterize essentialist thinking EXCEPT:

answer

d. fluid and ambiguous

question

What you do in the social world should be a direct result of who you are in the natural world. This statement refers to:

answer

c. biological determinism

question

Bob and Sue paint their baby's room pink as soon as they find out that they are having a girl. They are beginning to provide the baby with what?

answer

d. gendered identity

question

By looking at anthropological findings in tribal societies, sociologists can see fluidity in gender, which helps us see that the boundaries within our own system of gender

answer

b. may not be stable

question

According to your text, hijras in India are a group of men who opt to have their penises surgically removed and renounce sexual desire and practice. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to your text?

answer

a. The hijra identity is secret, and no one can tell who is or isn't a hijra.

question

In Navajo tribes, there are three genders. Which of the following is NOT one of their gender categories?

answer

b. hijra

question

In the seventeenth century, Rubenesque women were considered beauties because when food was scarce, a plump woman was a sign of good health, wealth, and attractiveness. What was the catalyst that made food plentiful and changed the standard of beauty for women?

answer

a. industrialization

question

Michael Kimmel found that in the eighteenth century, the ideal man was very different than the modern-day ideal man. The ideal man in the 1700s was:

answer

d. a quiet and "nerdy" intellectual who enjoyed writing poetry.

question

Which of the following would NOT be considered a "positive" trait or characteristic for a man within today's hegemonic masculinity?

answer

c. emotional sensitivity

question

Hegemonic masculinity can best be described as:

answer

c. the dominant, privileged, and often invisible category of men at any point in history.

question

Sociologist Cynthia Fuchs Epstein coined the term deceptive distinctions to refer to the behavioral differences between men and women that arise because of the:

answer

b. different roles they come to occupy

question

Anthropologist Michelle Rosaldo believed women were usually lower in the stratification system because of their identification with what?

answer

d. domestic life

question

Under the sex/gender system, men universally perform the kinds of tasks that:

answer

b. are accorded higher value than those done by women.

question

Which theory might argue that "it is beneficial for society as a whole when men and women stick to their 'normal' roles"?

answer

a. Parson's sex role theory

question

According to Talcott Parsons, the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern society because it fulfills the function of reproducing workers and the division of labor ensures a stable society. What did Parsons call this theory?

answer

a. sex role theory

question

Freud describes a boy's experiences starting with heterosexual love for his mother, but soon realizing that he will be castrated by his father if he continues to have romantic feelings toward her. To resolve this, the boy rejects his mother and emulates his father. Freud referred to this as:

answer

b. oedipus complex

question

Feminist psychoanalyst Nancy Chodorow believes that if men share mothering with women, then:

answer

c. egalitarian relationships will be possible.

question

Carol Gilligan found that boys and girls played differently on the playground. In comparison to boys, girls tended to:

answer

c. play more cooperative and people-based games.

question

Which theoretical perspective argues that gender is a product of social interactions, and that by "doing gender" men and women create and contribute to the gendered patterns we see?

answer

d. symbolic interactionism

question

Black feminists essentially argue all of the following EXCEPT that:

answer

b. all women are in a similar boat and faced with the same hegemonic masculinity.

question

According to Robert Merton, "middle-range" theories are useful because they:

answer

a. connect our day-to-day experiences to larger social forces.

question

What is the term that refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior?

answer

b. sexuality

question

Prison rape is usually about power, and a man who commits a homosexual act within prison:

answer

b. does not necessarily view himself as a homosexual.

question

For the Sambia, taking in semen of older men by performing fellatio is the only way to:

answer

c. become "real" men

question

In cultures where scant resources are available, homosexuality is practical because:

answer

d. it keeps down the birthrate.

question

Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association listed homosexuality as:

answer

d. a mental disorder

question

Opponents of gay and lesbian couplings claim that homosexuality is "unnatural" because they believe sex should only be about:

answer

a. reproduction

question

What percentage of teenagers over the age of 14 admit that they have had sexual intercourse?

answer

c. just under 50%

question

What policy did the Bush administration and the group True Love Waits advocate for abstinence in teens?

answer

a. virginity pledge

question

Your text mentions several reasons why American teenagers are rapidly spreading STDs. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons?

answer

b. Teens believe if they don't climax they will not get an STD.

question

What term best describes a behavior or attitude where a person's sex is the basis for prejudicial discrimination and where sex may matter more than a person's performance or merit?

answer

b.sexism

question

Harvard president Larry Summers stated that at the highest levels of performance, men might have an innate advantage over women in scientific aptitude and that genetic differences could explain the scarcity of female "hard" scientists at elite universities. Journalists termed this:

answer

a. gendergate

question

Which statement is NOT true about girls as compared to boys?

answer

d. Infant females are at greater risk of death

question

Although women now outnumber men in terms of college enrollment, men still dominate which fields?

answer

b. math and physics

question

In comparison to boys, girls are more likely to:

answer

b. smoke cigarettes

question

In the classroom, compared to girls, boys are:

answer

a. more likely to interrupt (and to get away with it).

question

In the classroom, compared to boys, girls:

answer

a. are expected to better at reading

question

Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as:

answer

b. pink-collar jobs

question

What argument do Reskin and Roos use to support the reason women end up in lower-paid jobs?

answer

c. these jobs are not attractive to men

question

When token men enter feminized jobs, they enjoy a quicker rise to leadership positions. This is referred to as:

answer

b. glass escalator

question

Inappropriate jokes on the job and sexual bartering are both examples of:

answer

c. sexual harassment

question

What term refers to the invisible barriers women face when they enter more prestigious corporate worlds?

answer

a.glass ceiling

STUDY

Ethnic Studies Introductory Sociology Sociology

Sociology Final- Chapter 11 – Flashcards 25 terms

Lewis Edwards

25 terms

Preview

Sociology Final- Chapter 11 – Flashcards

question

The story about the class at New York's Bronx Community College explains that

answer

many people have mixed racial and ethnic ancestry.

question

Human beings are all members of

answer

a single biological species.

question

Sociologists define the concept of "race" as

answer

a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.

question

Typically, people who live in _____ perceive fewer racial categories than people who live in _____.

answer

the United States; Brazil

question

Why do sociologists consider the "scientific" racial types of Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negroid to be misleading and even harmful?

answer

- Every society's population contains a lot of genetic mixture. - Various racial categories are genetically very much alike. - The skin color of Caucasian people ranges from very light to very dark.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage?

answer

ethnicity

question

Race refers to _____ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _____.

answer

biological traits; cultural traits

question

A family leaves Russia and takes up residence in the United States, where they gradually lose Russian cultural traditions. Doing so, these people have modified their

answer

ethnicity

question

Which of the following concepts refers to a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?

answer

minority

question

Which of the following is the largest minority category within the U.S. population?

answer

people of Hispanic descent

question

In the United States, minorities typically have less

answer

-income -occupational prestige -schooling

question

A minority is defined as a category of people who are

answer

set apart by that society and subordinated or disadvantaged.

question

According to the most recent data, African Americans accounted for about what percentage of the U.S. population?

answer

13.1 percent

question

Four states currently have a "minority majority." Which are they?

answer

Texas, New Mexico, California, and Hawaii

question

Which of the following statements about prejudice is true?

answer

-Prejudice involves prejudgments. -Prejudice treats everyone in some category the same way. -Prejudice can be positive or negative.

question

You would be expressing a "stereotype" if you

answer

described everyone in some category in the same way.

question

In which of the following clusters of states do we find the least racial and ethnic diversity?

answer

Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire

question

Based on research using the social distance scale, you can correctly say that U.S. college students today

answer

-are less prejudiced than students were fifty years ago. -see less difference between minority categories than students did fifty years ago. -express greater prejudice toward Arabs than African Americans.

question

Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by

answer

frustration among disadvantaged people.

question

Authoritarian personality theory states that extreme prejudice is

answer

a trait of certain individuals with particular personalities.

question

According to Theodor Adorno's authoritarian personality theory, prejudiced people

answer

view society as naturally hierarchical.

question

A good example of the culture theory of prejudice is

answer

Bogardus's research on social distance.

question

Conflict theory states that prejudice is

answer

a tool used by powerful people to oppress others.

question

While prejudice is a matter of _____, discrimination is a matter of _____.

answer

attitude; action

question

Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that

answer

bias is built into the operation of social institutions.

STUDY

Gender Studies Introductory Sociology Social and Political Philosophy Sociology

sociology chapter 10 – Flashcards 50 terms

Malcolm Bright

50 terms

Preview

sociology chapter 10 – Flashcards

question

The concept of gender refers to a. the degree of inequality between men and women in a society. b. the secondary sex characteristics of individuals. c. the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male. d. patterns of sexual orientation.

answer

c. the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

question

The chapter argues that gender is not just a matter of difference in behavior, but also of differences in a. power, wealth, and privileges. b. power only. c. wealth only. d. privileges only.

answer

a. power wealth and privilages

question

Men and women a. differ physically in some limited ways. b. are different in that men are physically superior to women. c. are different in that women are physically superior to men. d. are physically equal.

answer

a. differ physically in limited ways

question

On average, young men show greater ____ ability than young women; young women show greater _____ ability than young men. a. intellectual; sensory b. mathematical; verbal c. verbal; mathematical d. sensory; intellectual

answer

b. mathematical; verbal

question

On average, do women or men live longer? a. On average, men outlive women by about one year. b. On average, women outlive men by about one year. c. On average, men outlive women by about five years. d. On average, women outlive men by about five years.

answer

d. on average,, some outlive men by about 5 years

question

Comparing the performances of female and male athletes over time shows a. little or no change in female-male differences in performance. b. male performances are improving faster than female performances. c. women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances. d. women now outperform men in most athletic events.

answer

c. women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances

question

The point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is to show that a. gender is rooted in biology. b. women can dominate men. c. cultures define gender in different ways. d. boys and girls must be raised by biological parents.

answer

c. cultures define gender in different ways

question

Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that a. all societies define masculinity in much the same way. b. all societies define femininity in much the same way. c. patterns involving gender are rooted in biology. d. traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another.

answer

d. traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another

question

In his global study of how societies view gender, George Murdock found a. little agreement as to feminine and masculine tasks. b. more men than women were likely to be engaged in farming. c. more women than men were likely to be engaged in farming. d. many tasks that were considered masculine by some societies were viewed as feminine by others.

answer

d. many tasks that were considered masculine by some societies were viewed as feminine by others

question

_______ refers to social organization in which males dominate females. a. patriarchy b. matriarchy c. monarchy d. oligarchy

answer

a. patriarchy

question

What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males? a. patriarchy b. matriarchy c. monarchy d. oligarchy

answer

b. matriarchy

question

Based on the map and discussion in the text, in which continent do women have the lowest social standing? a. Europe b. North America c. Africa d. South America

answer

c. africa

question

Throughout the life course, gender shapes a. human feelings only. b. human thoughts only. c. human actions only. d. human feelings, thoughts, and actions.

answer

d. human feelings thoughts and actions

question

Which concept refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex? a. primary sex characteristics b. sexual orientation c. gender roles d. secondary sex characteristics

answer

c. gender roles

question

According to Janet Lever's observations of children at play, a. gender has little effect on young children. b. girls spend much more time at play than boys do. c. boys favor games with clear winners and losers. d. boys favor games that encourage communication and cooperation.

answer

c. boys favor games with clear winners and losers

question

Today, women represent ______ of all students on college campuses across the United States. a. 37 percent b. 57 percent c. 77 percent d. 97 percent

answer

b. 57%

question

The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that a. women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance. b. beautiful women can dominate men. c. women prefer men who are physically attractive. d. women today are as physically attractive as today's men are.

answer

a. women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appeareance

question

Approximately what percentage of U.S. women are working for income today? a. 20 percent b. 30 percent c. 40 percent d. 60 percent

answer

d. 60%

question

Which factor has helped increase the share of women in the paid labor force over the course of the last century? a. the increase in the number of people working on farms b. a rising divorce rate c. the increasing size of U.S. families d. the fact that working women earn more than working men

answer

b. a rising divorce rate

question

A majority of U.S. women in which of the following categories enter the labor force? a. married women with no children b. single women with no children c. divorced women with no children d. married, single, and divorced women with children.

answer

d. married single and divorced women with children

question

In today's U.S. work force, a. men and women have the same types of jobs. b. women and men receive the same pay. c. women are concentrated in several categories of jobs. d. a majority of working women hold "pink collar" jobs.

answer

c. women are concentrated in several categories of jobs

question

The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to a. the barrier that prevents women from reaching the top. b. the fact that women's dreams are easily broken. c. the fact that cleaning the home is all most women do. d. the barrier that keeps women in service work.

answer

a. the barrier that prevents women from reaching the top

question

In which job categories are the workers mostly women? a. physicians b. corporate managers c. college professors d. elementary school teachers

answer

d. elementary school children

question

An important exception to male domination of the U.S. workplace is that a. women now own more than 8 million entrepreneurial businesses. b. women hold 80 percent of pink-collar jobs. c. most college and university faculty are women. d. a majority of corporate executives are women.

answer

a. women now own more than 8 million entreprenural businesses

question

The concept of "comparable worth" means that a. women should hold political offices in proportion to their numbers in the population. b. people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work. c. the market system should determine the pay for any job. d. all jobs should be rewarded equally.

answer

b. people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work

question

In the United States in 2011, women in the labor force working full time earned _______ to every dollar men earned. a. 97 cents b. 87 cents c. 77 cents d. 57 cents

answer

c. 77 cents

question

The factor which accounts for the greatest share of the difference in the earnings of working women and men in the United States is a. differences in education. b. differences in family responsibilities. c. gender discrimination in the workplace. d. the type of work men and women do.

answer

d. the type of work men and women do

question

According to recent research, approximately what share of our country's 400 richest people are women? a. 71 percent b. 51 percent c. 31 percent d. 11 percent

answer

d. 11%

question

The category of the U.S. population in which women do most of the housework is a. unemployed people. b. unmarried people. c. people with no children. d. employed, married, people who have children.

answer

d. employed married people who have children

question

When it comes to gender and schooling, a. boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with a learning disability. b. more girls than boys are placed in special education classes. c. most disciplinary problems in schools involve girls. d. disciplinary problems in schools involve boys and girls equally.

answer

a. boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with a learning disability

question

Women earn what share of all associate's and bachelor's degrees in the United States? a. 39 percent b. 49 percent c. 59 percent d. 69 percent

answer

c. 59%

question

As of 2011, women held about what share of seats in Congress? a. 19 percent b. 39 percent c. 59 percent d. 79 percent

answer

a. 19 %

question

In which of the following nations does the political power of women come closest to that of men? a. United States b. Norway c. China d. Cuba

answer

b. norway

question

Women have served in the U.S. armed forces a. since World War II. b. since the Vietnam War. c. since the Persian Gulf War. d. since colonial times.

answer

d. since colonial times

question

What is at the heart of the controversy over women's participation in the military? a. Women score lower than men on military intelligence (IQ) tests. b. Women cannot operate high-tech equipment as well as men. c. Women have only recently joined the U.S. armed forces. d. Women are seen as nurturers rather than people who kill.

answer

d. women are seen as nurtures than people who kill

question

At every class level a. women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do. b. women and men have equal amounts of income, wealth, education, and power. c. men outnumber women. d. women see themselves as a minority.

answer

a. women have less income wealth education and power than men do.

question

If you could end violence against women in one setting, doing so in which of setting would reduce this type of violence the most? a. the workplace b. the home c. public places d. college campuses

answer

b. the home

question

In what percentage of rapes and attempted rapes on college campuses does the woman know her attacker? a. 5-10 percent b. 25-30 percent c. 65-70 percent d. 85-90 percent

answer

d. 85-90

question

Sexual harassment became an issue in the United States in a. the 1990s. b. the 1960s. c. the 1890s. d. the 1780s.

answer

a. 1990's

question

Most cases of female genital mutilation occur in a. Latin America. b. the United States. c. Africa. d. Asia.

answer

c. africa

question

Sexual harassment is an important social issue because a. it actually targets men more often than women. b. half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention. c. it almost always involves blatant threats. d. it almost always leads to violence.

answer

b. half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention

question

Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages a. men to take control of the workplace. b. growing gender equality. c. women to have more children. d. a breakdown of social stability.

answer

b. growing gender equality

question

Talcott Parsons described gender in terms of a. power differences. b. complementarity. c. violence. d. the sexual objectification of women.

answer

b. complementarity

question

Talcott Parsons explained that males tend to exhibit _____ behavior, while females are more _____. a. instrumental; expressive b. expressive; instrumental c. egalitarian; hierarchical d. rational; emotional

answer

a. instrumental ; expressive

question

A main idea of multicultural feminism is that a. people should seek the elimination of gender itself. b. minority women are better off than non-minority men. c. feminism finds little support among minority women. d. while all women face disadvantages, the life experiences of women differ according to their race, ethnicity, and class position.

answer

question

Engels claimed that men's desire to control their property brought about a. educational reform. b. widespread use of birth control. c. monogamous marriage. d. the rise of industry.

answer

c. monogamous marriage

question

According to intersection theory, ___________ is a source of social disadvantage. a. only gender b. only race c. only class d. gender, race, and class

answer

d. gender, race, and class

question

When did feminism begin as a social movement in the United States? a. during the colonial era b. in the 1840s c. in the 1940s d. in the 1980s

answer

b. in the 1840's

question

Feminists do not support a. ending gender stratification. b. ending sexual violence. c. weakening the importance of gender in people's lives. d. limiting sexual freedom.

answer

d. limiting sexual freedom

question

Which type of feminism accepts the basic organization of U.S. society, but seeks to give women the same rights and opportunities as men? a. liberal feminism b. socialist feminism c. radical feminism d. structural-functional feminism

answer

a. liberal feminism

STUDY

Sociology

Ch 8-11 – Flashcard 100 terms

Sean Hill

100 terms

Preview

Ch 8-11 – Flashcard

question

A caste system is defined as

answer

social stratification based on ascription, or birth.

question

According to Davis and Moore, a system of unequal rewards increases productivity by

answer

All of these are correct.

question

According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves

answer

class conflict.

question

Based on what you know about occupational prestige, which of the following statements is correct?

answer

Occupational rankings are similar in all high-income nations.

question

Being in the upper-upper class is usually the result of _____; being in the lower-upper class is more a matter of _____.

answer

birth; achievement

question

Comparing societies in history and around the world, we see that social stratification may be universal, but ______________ varies from one society to another.

answer

All of these are correct

question

Ideology, or cultural beliefs that support social stratification, is found in

answer

both class and caste systems.

question

In 2010, about what share of the U.S. population was officially counted as poor?

answer

15.1 percent

question

In 2010, the median income for U.S. families was

answer

$60,395

question

In the United States, which age category has the highest poverty rate?

answer

children and young adults under twenty-four years of age

question

Looking around the world today, income inequality is greatest in which of the following regions?

answer

Latin America

question

People of low social position are more liberal on _____ issues and more conservative on _____ issues.

answer

economic; social

question

Read the four statements below. Which is NOT a reason given in the text for why a socialist revolution never took place in capitalist societies as Marx predicted?

answer

Wealth is no longer concentrated in the hands of a few

question

Relative poverty

answer

is found everywhere

question

Social stratification is a concept that refers to

answer

ranking categories of people in a hierarchy

question

The concept "conspicuous consumption" refers to

answer

the practice of buying things to make a statement about one's social position

question

The concept "feminization of poverty" refers to the fact that, in the United States

answer

women make up an increasing percentage of the poor

question

The concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification

answer

based entirely on personal merit

question

The concept of structural social mobility refers to

answer

change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself

question

The idea that social inequality benefits society is associated with the

answer

structural-functional approach

question

The idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with the

answer

social-conflict approach

question

The total amount of financial assets, minus any debts, is referred to as

answer

wealth

question

Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification

answer

gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others

question

Which of the following concepts refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime?

answer

intragenerational social mobility

question

Which of the following statements about homelessness is TRUE?

answer

One-third of all homeless people consist of families

question

A majority of the world's people live in

answer

middle-income nations

question

Absolute poverty is

answer

life threatening

question

According to Anti-Slavery International, about how many men, women, and children live today in conditions that amount to slavery?

answer

200 million

question

According to Walt Rostow, nations begin at the _____ stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of _____

answer

traditional; high mass consumption

question

According to dependency theory, poor countries have become dependent on rich nations because

answer

they sell raw materials to rich nations

question

Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by

answer

explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries

question

For the world as a whole, about how many people suffer from chronic hunger that leaves them less able to work and places them at high risk of disease?

answer

925 million

question

If you were applying modernization theory to the problem of global poverty, you might expect rich nations to aid the economic development of poor nations by

answer

All of these are correct

question

In middle-income nations, average personal income is in the range of

answer

$2,500 and $12,000

question

In poor countries, the disadvantages women face relative to men are

answer

greater than in rich nations

question

In poor nations, poverty is_____ than in the United States

answer

more widespread and severe

question

Modernization theory identifies which of the following as the greatest barrier to economic development?

answer

tradition

question

One criticism of dependency theory is that it

answer

treats global wealth as a "zero sum" so that one country benefits only at the expense of another.

question

Over the course of the last century, the extent of global economic inequality has

answer

increased

question

Taken together, the sociological approaches to global poverty show us that poverty is

answer

All of these are correct

question

The concept of "colonialism" refers to the process by which

answer

some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others

question

The concept of "neocolonialism" refers to the process by which

answer

multinational corporations exploit the economy of a poor country

question

The global region that has made the greatest strides out of poverty is

answer

Asia

question

The poorest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income?

answer

2 percent

question

What concept refers to a global economy in which multinational corporations exploit people in low-income nations?

answer

neocolonialism

question

Which theoretical approach claims that rich nations of the world are "overdeveloped" while poor nations are "underdeveloped"?

answer

dependency theory

question

Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts?

answer

debt bondage

question

Which type of slavery refers to one person owning another?

answer

chattel slavery

question

With regard to the role of rich nations, dependency theory

answer

claims rich nations are to blame for global poverty

question

While modernization theory focuses on _____, dependency theory focuses on _____.

answer

production of wealth; distribution of wealth

question

A majority of U.S. women in which of the following categories enter the labor force?

answer

All of these are correct

question

According to intersection theory, which of the following is a source of social disadvantage?

answer

All of these are correct

question

Approximately what percentage of U.S. women are working for income today?

answer

60 percent

question

As of 2011, women held about what share of seats in Congress?

answer

17 percent

question

For which of the following categories of the U.S. population is it true that women do most of the housework?

answer

All of these are correct

question

Comparing the performances of female and male athletes over time shows

answer

women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances

question

In his global study of how societies view gender, George Murdock found

answer

All of these are correct

question

In today's U.S. workforce,

answer

women are concentrated in several categories of jobs.

question

In what percentage of rapes and attempted rapes on college campuses does the woman know her attacker?

answer

85-90 percent

question

In which of the following job categories are the workers mostly women?

answer

elementary school teachers

question

Looking back over U.S. history, we see a general trend by which women

answer

have gained opportunities and power

question

Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that

answer

traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another

question

On average, do women or men live longer?

answer

On average, women outlive men by about five years.

question

On average, young men show greater ____ ability than young women; young women show greater _____ ability than young men.

answer

mathematical; verbal

question

Sexual harassment is an important social issue because

answer

half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention

question

The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that

answer

women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance

question

The concept of "comparable worth" means that

answer

people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work

question

The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to

answer

the barrier that prevents women from being promoted

question

The concept of gender refers to

answer

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male.

question

Throughout the life course, gender shapes

answer

All of these are correct

question

Today, women represent ______ of all students on college campuses across the United States

answer

57 percent

question

What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males?

answer

matriarchy

question

Which type of feminism links the social disadvantages of women to the capitalist economic system?

answer

socialist feminism

question

Women have served in the U.S. armed forces

answer

since colonial times

question

Which type of feminism seeks to end patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender itself?

answer

radical feminism

question

A good example of the culture theory of prejudice is

answer

Bogardus's research on social distance

question

A minority is defined as a category of people who are

answer

set apart by that society and experience subordination (disadvantage)

question

A national civil rights movement, which ended most instances of lawful discrimination, took place during

answer

the 1950s and 1960s

question

According to Theodor Adorno's authoritarian personality theory, prejudiced people

answer

view society as naturally hierarchical

question

According to the most recent data, African Americans accounted for about what percentage of the U.S. population?

answer

13 percent

question

Assimilation refers to the process by which

answer

minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

question

Based on research using the social distance scale, you can correctly say that U.S. college students today

answer

All of these are correct

question

Conflict theory states that prejudice is

answer

a tool used by powerful people to oppress others

question

Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton documented which of the following patterns in U.S. inner cities?

answer

hypersegregation

question

Four states currently have a "minority majority." Which are they?

answer

Texas, New Mexico, California, and Hawaii

question

From which world regions do most of today's U.S. immigrants come?

answer

Latin America and Asia

question

In the United States, minorities typically have less

answer

All of these are correct

question

Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that

answer

bias is built into the operation of social institutions

question

Native Americans gained the right to U.S. citizenship in

answer

1924

question

People who are called "WASPs" have ancestors from which country?

answer

All of these are correct

question

Race refers to _____ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _____.

answer

biological traits; cultural traits

question

Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by

answer

frustration among disadvantaged people

question

The Hispanic population of the United States is

answer

concentrated in the West, Southwest, and southern Florida

question

The United States is NOT truly pluralistic because

answer

racial and ethnic categories do not have equal social standing

question

The concept "white ethnics" refers to

answer

non-WASPs of European ancestry

question

The idea that prejudice and discrimination form a vicious circle means that

answer

prejudice and discrimination reinforce each other

question

The killing of people in the Darfur region of Africa is a recent example of

answer

genocide

question

What Gunnar Myrdal called the "American dilemma" was

answer

the denial of basic rights to African Americans by a so-called "democratic society."

question

Which of the following concepts refers to a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?

answer

minority

question

While prejudice is a matter of _____, discrimination is a matter of _____.

answer

attitude; action

STUDY

Psychology Sexology Sociology

Exam 4- Study Guide – Flashcards 25 terms

Jacob Patel

25 terms

Preview

Exam 4- Study Guide – Flashcards

question

what is the term for the perception of oneself as male or female?

answer

gender

question

Gender is well established by the time children are...

answer

preschool age

question

The prevailing ------- decades ago was that premarital sex was considered permissible for male but not for females

answer

double standard

question

According to current norms, if sexual intercourse occurs within the context of a long-term, committed, or loving relationship it is called...

answer

permissiveness with affection

question

The tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, and religion is referred to as

answer

homogamy

question

LGBT teens are ------ times more likely to experience depression than heteronormative teens.

answer

6 times

question

------ LGBT youth feel unsafe at school.

answer

6 out of 10

question

The most powerful predictor of positive adjustment for LGBT you is :

answer

parental acceptance

question

Around ------- of adolescent boys have had at least one same-sex sexual encounter.

answer

25 percent

question

Although there is much variation, the common path to "coming out" is:

answer

feeling different, confusion, self acceptance

question

What is the term for play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 year olds?

answer

functional play

question

what type of play involves action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with eachother?

answer

parallel play

question

Adolescent boys typically organize their social groups based on -------.

answer

power or status

question

A remarried couple that has stepchildren from previous marriages living with them is called a

answer

blended family

question

couples in middle age that must fulfill the needs of both their children and their aging parents are called

answer

sandwich generation

question

What is the name of the best-known program designed to promote future academic success that was born in the 1960s when the US declared war on poverty?

answer

head start

question

The unemployment rate for high school dropouts is:

answer

50%

question

Differences in gender distribution and achievement across subject areas (such as stem disciplines) reflect which of the following?

answer

gender stereotypes

question

Two reasons why older, nontraditional students attend college are:

answer

technological advances, advancing knowledge, understand aging, avoid losing job

question

The italian schooling system that promotes learning through child-centered, experiential learning is called:

answer

monistory

question

------- refers to the changes and adjustments that occur when groups of different people come into sustained firsthand contact.

answer

acculturation

question

adopting the values and beliefs of the majority culture, while being weakly identified with your own culture is:

answer

assimilation

question

the extent of identification with ones ethnicity increases with:

answer

age

question

US teens spend about ------ hours a day on media

answer

6.5 hours

question

The primary reason for a "cultural divide" in the US is based on:

answer

Social Economic Status

STUDY

Comprehensive Health Care Formal And Informal Introductory Sociology Religion Sociology Sociology Of Religion

Sociology Ch. 13 – Flashcards 134 terms

Matilda Campbell

134 terms

Preview

Sociology Ch. 13 – Flashcards

question

Education

answer

A social institution that transmits attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, values, norms, and skills to its members through formal, systematic training

question

Schooling

answer

Formal training and instruction provided in a classroom setting

question

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

answer

An index of an individual's performance on a standardized test relative to the performance of others of the same age

question

Hidden curriculum

answer

School practices that transmit nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs that legitimize economic inequality and fill unequal work roles

question

Credentialism

answer

An increasing emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills, educational attainment levels, or job qualifications

question

Tracking

answer

Also called streaming or ability grouping, this involves assigning students to specific educational programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability

question

Religion

answer

A social institution that involves shared beliefs, values, and practices related to the supernatural that unites believers into a community

question

Sacred

answer

Anything that people see as mysterious, awe-inspiring, extraordinary and powerful, holy, and not part of the natural world

question

Secular

answer

Anything that is not related to religion

question

Religiosity

answer

Refers to the ways that an individual demonstrates his or her religious beliefs; Multidimensions, how much you are attached to your church

question

Cult

answer

A religious movement that is devoted to beliefs and practices that are outside of those accepted by mainstream culture and society

question

New religious movement (NRM)

answer

Term used instead of cult by most sociologists

question

Charismatic leader

answer

A religious leader whom followers see as having exceptional or superhuman powers and qualities

question

Sect

answer

A religious group that has broken away from an established religion

question

Denomination

answer

A subgroup within a religion that shares its name and traditions and is generally on good terms with the main group

question

Church

answer

A large established religious group that has strong ties to mainstream society

question

Secularization

answer

A process of removing institutions such as education and government from the dominance or influence of religion

question

Fundamentalism

answer

The belief in the literal meaning of a sacred text

question

Civil religion

answer

Sometimes called secular religion; practices in which citizenship takes on religious aspects

question

Protestant ethic

answer

A belief that hard work, diligence, self-denial, frugality, and economic success will lead to salvation in the afterlife

question

False consciousness

answer

An acceptance of a system of beliefs that prevents people from protesting oppression

question

Ritual

answer

Sometimes called a rite; A formal and repeated behavior in which the members of a group regularly engage

question

What are the changes in U.S. education?

answer

-Expansion of universal education -Flourishing community colleges -Increase in student diversity -Increase in public higher education

question

how has U.S. educational attainment changed from 1940-2011?

answer

-great increase in high school completion or higher -slight increase in bachelor's degree or higher -decrease in less than high school completion

question

How does functionalism view education?

answer

-emphasizes the benefits of education. -It looks at how education fits with the rest of society and help meet society's needs.

question

What are the manifest (open, intended, and visible) functions of education?

answer

-Socializing children -Transmitting knowledge and culture -Increasing cultural integration -Encouraging cultural innovation -Allowing upward mobility and benefitting taxpayers

question

Which level of degree earns the most in his/her lifetime?

answer

1. Professional 2. Doctoral 3. Master's

question

What are the latent (hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended) functions of education?

answer

-Providing child care -Matchmaking -Decreasing job competition -Creating social networks -Creating business opportunities

question

How does conflict theory view education?

answer

-addresses the ways in which education perpetuates social inequality. -It asks why education benefits some people more than others.

question

Which race and ethnicity has the highest percentage of a college degree or higher? Has there been any change since 1970?

answer

1. Asian/Pacific Islander 2. White 3. Black 4. Latino (used to be Latino then Black)

question

Educational attainment varies by ____________

answer

race and ethnicity

question

One of the best predictors of educational attainment is

answer

Social class

question

What reinforces and reproduces the existing class structure?

answer

Access to capital

question

Economic capital

answer

Income and monetary assets

question

Cultural capital

answer

Social assets such as education and attitudes

question

Social capital

answer

Social networks

question

What do schools use to maintain the status quo?

answer

Standardized tests and social control

question

Gatekeeping refers to controlling

answer

The access to education and jobs

question

What are some gatekeeping methods?

answer

IQ tests, SAT, and advanced placement classes

question

About _______ percent of Americans have attained at least a college degree

answer

question

How do schools in low-income and working-class neighborhoods foster hidden curriculum?

answer

They stress obedience, following directions, and punctuality

question

How do elite private schools foster hidden curriculum?

answer

They encourage leadership, creativity, and people skills

question

What happens as more people obtain a college degree?

answer

Its value diminishes

question

Legacies

answer

The children of alumni who get into colleges regardless of their accomplishments or abilities

question

How do feminist theorists view education?

answer

They consider how gender affects education

question

How do men's and women's literacy rates compare?

answer

In almost every country, women's literacy rates lag behind those of men.

question

Does gender create big gaps in the US?

answer

social class and race/ethnicity create bigger gaps than gender

question

How do women's and men's college graduation rates compare?

answer

US women have higher college graduation rates than men

question

Where do women lag behind in the educational world?

answer

In STEM courses: science, technology, engineering, and math

question

Women are largely underrepresented in all of the following fields except

answer

Psychology

question

Labeling is often based on tracking and can lead to

answer

A self-fulfilling prophecy

question

How does educational attainment change between genders?

answer

-Equal as high school graduates -More women with associates degrees, bachelors degrees, and Masters degrees -more men with professional and doctoral degrees

question

How does symbolic interaction view education?

answer

considers how social contexts affect the process of education.

question

What happens when tracking is based on stereotypes?

answer

Labeling results

question

Self-fulfilling prophecy

answer

Students achieve what is expected of them

question

Student engagement

answer

How involved students are in their own learning

question

How does parental involvement affect student achievement?

answer

It has a strong and positive effect

question

Which students are the least likely to be engaged?

answer

Low-income, minority students

question

How many hours per week do full-time college students study compared with those in 1961?

answer

14 compared with 24 in 1961

question

In what subjects do students from other countries outperform US students?

answer

Science and math

question

Where does the US educational system rank in the world?

answer

26th

question

Do US schools have shorter or longer school days?

answer

Shorter

question

What do many US schools suffer from?

answer

Inadequate funding

question

Are students prepared for college?

answer

According to most college faculty, no

question

What do many US teachers have to face?

answer

Teaching outside of their field

question

How much do public school teachers?

answer

Less than employees in other occupations

question

What percent of Americans ages 16 to 24 are high school dropouts?

answer

question

What percent of dropouts are foreign-born youth?

answer

20%

question

What percent of children who live in poverty don't graduate?

answer

22%

question

How have high school dropout rates changed from 1972-2009?

answer

Decreased across all race and ethnicities

question

Grade inflation

answer

The number of students earning "A" grades is increasing while performance on standardized tests is decreasing

question

Why does grade inflation happen?

answer

Teachers and professors experience pressure to inflate grades

question

What results from grade inflation?

answer

Students are given an exaggerated and unrealistic sense of their ability and accomplishments

question

How many high school students admit to cheating on tests?

answer

60%

question

How many college students say they have cheated?

answer

Between 50 to 75%

question

Spirituality

answer

A personal quest connected to a reality greater than self

question

How do cults usually organize?

answer

Around a charismatic leader whom followers see as having exceptional or superhuman powers and qualities

question

How are sects started?

answer

Usually by dissatisfied members of the original group

question

Which religious organization is typically bureaucratically organized?

answer

Churches

question

Which religious organization has formal worship services?

answer

Churches

question

Which religious organization accommodates themselves to the larger society?

answer

Denominations

question

Which religious organization sees other groups as valid?

answer

Denominations

question

Which is the largest religion worldwide?

answer

Christianity

question

Which is the second largest religion worldwide?

answer

Islam

question

Which is the third largest religion worldwide?

answer

Hinduism

question

Which is the fourth largest religion worldwide?

answer

Buddhism

question

Which is the fifth largest religion worldwide?

answer

Judaism

question

What percent of persons worldwide are nonreligious or atheist?

answer

16%

question

What percent of Americans believe in God?

answer

92%

question

What percent of Americans say they are deeply religious?

answer

72%

question

What percent of Americans say that religion is important in their lives?

answer

55%

question

What percent of Americans attend religious services at least once a week?

answer

44%

question

What religious affiliations are the greatest in the United States?

answer

Christian (Protestant, Catholic, Mormon), Jewish, Muslim, Other

question

Which sex tends to be more religious?

answer

Women

question

Which age tends to be more religious?

answer

Older Americans

question

Which race/ethnicity tends to be less religious?

answer

Whites

question

Which social class tends to be more religious?

answer

Lower classes. As income increases, the importance of religion decreases

question

Has attendance at religious services increased or decreased?

answer

Decreased

question

Do more or less people report religion as important in their lives?

answer

Fewer

question

Is fundamentalism increasing or decreasing in the US and worldwide?

answer

Increasing

question

How does functionalism view religion?

answer

It considers the benefits of religion

question

What are the benefits of religion?

answer

Belonging and identity Meaning, purpose, and emotional comfort -Social services -Social control

question

Who coined the term and argued that the rise of the Protestant ethic was necessary for the rise of capitalism?

answer

Max Weber

question

Which one of the following is not a good example of civil religion?

answer

Singing Christmas carols at religious activities

question

For ______, religion is a community that is unified by its symbols and shares a worldview

answer

Symbolic interactionists

question

Religion usually supports _________ but can be used to push for _________

answer

The status quo; social change

question

What are dysfunctions of religion?

answer

-Conflict between groups -Justifying attacks -Allowing abuse -Increasing anxiety about death

question

How do you conflict theorists view religion?

answer

argue that religion promotes social inequality

question

Which perspective agrees with "Religion often promotes strife through the differentiation of 'we' and 'them.'"?

answer

Conflict theorists

question

Which perspective agrees with "Religion can promote prejudice and discrimination"?

answer

Conflict theorists

question

Which perspective agrees with "Religion can encourage violence"?

answer

Conflict theorists

question

How did Marx view religion?

answer

As a form of false consciousness

question

How do you feminist theorists view religion?

answer

argue that religion subordinates and excludes women.

question

Which perspective agrees with "Most religions are patriarchal, emphasizing men's experiences and women as subordinate."?

answer

Feminist theorists

question

Which perspective agrees with "religious texts have been interpreted and manipulated in a patriarchal manner"?

answer

Feminist theorists

question

Which perspective agrees with "women are excluded from leadership positions in the church"?

answer

Feminist theorists

question

Which religious groups are now allowing women to be clergy?

answer

Many Protestant denominations, but they often are limited in power

question

How do symbolic interactionists view religion?

answer

study the ways in which religion provides meaning in everyday life.

question

Which perspective agrees with "Religion is a social product that is taught through symbols, rituals, and beliefs"?

answer

symbolic interactionists

question

Symbol

answer

Something that stands for something else

question

Belief

answer

Conviction about what people think is true

question

What does religion and education have in common? What separates them?

answer

Both socialization Education is based on facts while religion is based on faith and ideologies

question

Where does religion fit in the AGIL model?

answer

I for Integration (Social Subunit by Norm Means) and L for Latency (Cultural Subunit by Ideology-Value Means)

question

Where does education fit in the AGIL model?

answer

G for Goal Attainment (Personality Subunit by Status Means)

question

Is religion part of Thinking, Doing or Having culture?

answer

Thinking

question

How many different types of religion are there in the world?

answer

10,000

question

Which areas in the world are secular?

answer

Europe

question

Which areas in the world are religious?

answer

Africa, Asia, Latin America

question

Religious preference in US

answer

Catholic Baptist Other Protestant None Methodist

question

Religion affiliation

answer

The group of religious behavior you belong to (don't have to be religious)

question

Which religion in the US is growing from immigrants coming from unsettled areas?

answer

American Muslims

question

What religions are Arabs?

answer

Catholic, Muslim, Orthodox, Protestants

question

What is the US distribution of religions?

answer

Southern states-Baptist Western states-Lutheran Southern border-expect Catholic but move a lot Utah-Mormons

question

Who was the first person to classify religious organizations into four categories based on size, tolerance, acceptance, and relation to government?

answer

Yinger

STUDY

Introductory Sociology Scientific Management Approach Social Conflict Approach Emphasizes That Sociology Symbolic Interaction Approach To Sexuality

sociology #2 – Flashcards 167 terms

Alden Wolfe

167 terms

Preview

sociology #2 – Flashcards

question

two or more people who identify and interact with one another

answer

social group

question

temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact

answer

crowd

question

primary groups

answer

all of the above

question

every society's most important primary group

answer

family

question

secondary group

answer

impersonal and engages in some specific activity

question

Not a characteristic of secondary groups

answer

personal orientation

question

we see the ...... as a means to an end, and ..... as a end itself

answer

secondary group; primary group

question

group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks

answer

instrumental leadership

question

group leadership that emphasizes collective well-bing

answer

expressive leadership

question

type of leadership style that takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told

answer

authoritarian leadership

question

type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens

answer

democratic leader

question

type of leader downplays their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own

answer

laissez-faire leaders

question

"shock generator" showed

answer

people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals

question

Not an expression of groupthink

answer

the group seeks diverse members and ends up with being unable to reach consensus

question

social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions

answer

reference group

question

type of social group that command's a member's esteem and loyalty

answer

in-group

question

social group toward which a person feels competition or opposition

answer

out-group

question

triad

answer

social group with three members

question

social group open to any and all people as new members

answer

all of the above

question

typically true of a social network

answer

networks are fuzzy groups made up of people we know of rather than those we know well

question

formal organizations

answer

large secondary groups with goal orientation

question

maximum securtiy prison would be what organizations

answer

coercive organization

question

formal organization people join to obtain money and other material benefits

answer

utilitarian organization

question

not a trait of bureaucrazy

answer

favoring family members over strangers

question

all factors outside an organization that affect the organizations operation

answer

organizational environment

question

harmful effect of formal organizations

answer

organizations create alienation

question

keeping a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is

answer

bureaucratic ritualism

question

tendency of bureaucratic organizations to keep themselves going

answer

bureaucratic inertia

question

iron law of oligarchy

answer

bureaucracy always means the few rule the many

question

idea behind scientific management

answer

applying scientific principles can make a business more efficient

question

mcdonaldization of society

answer

mcdonalds organization principles coming to dominate all of society

question

reason to study sexuality from the sociological perspective

answer

all of the above

question

biological distinction between males and females

answer

sex

question

deeper voices in males

answer

secondary sex characteristics

question

comparative research

answer

although sex has a biological foundation sexual practices vary from place to place as culture

question

importance of alfred kinseys research on sexuality

answer

showing that people were less conventional than most people thought

question

when was sexual counterrevolution

answer

1980

question

effect of sexual counterrevolution

answer

to encourage people to limit their numbers of sexual partners or, to abstain from sex entirely

question

research on attitudes towards premarital sex tells us

answer

the public is more accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago

question

....... of married men,........ of married women, remain faithful

answer

75; 90

question

little or no attraction to people of either sex

answer

asexuality

question

sexual orientation is rooted in

answer

human biology, although social experience plays some role

question

......of men.......of women in us claim that they have a homosexual identity

answer

2.8' 1.4

question

homophobia

answer

fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bi

question

people to oppose pornography argue that

answer

all of the above

question

prostitution is most common in

answer

poor nations where women have fewer economic opportunities

question

a reason not to view prostitution as simply a matter of personal choice involving adults

answer

all of the above

question

statement about rape not true

answer

in most cases of rape the victim does not know the attacker

question

widespread, false idea about rape

answer

women who are raped must have encouraged their attackers

question

society needs to regulate human sexuality

answer

structural-functional approach

question

the more global our view of sexuality

answer

the more variety we see in the meanings people attach to sexuality

question

norm stating that people remain virgins until marriage

answer

has become weaker

question

symbolic-interaction approach to sexuality topic

answer

how individuals in various settings engages in different sexual behavior and attach different meanings to sexual activity

question

not consistent with the social-conflict approach

answer

the process of reality construction is highly variable so that one groups views of sexuality may well differ from another

question

criticism of the social-conflict approach's view of sexuality

answer

all of the above

question

the recognized violation of cultural norms

answer

deviance

question

crime differs from deviance in that crime

answer

refers to a violation of norms enacted into law

question

biological approaches offer

answer

a very limited understanding of crime

question

value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because

answer

very few people experience an unsuccessful socialization

question

functions of deviance noted by emile durkheim

answer

all of the above

question

process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them

answer

innovation

question

low-paid, compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong

answer

ritualist

question

cloward and ohlin extended mertons theory of deviance stating that crime

answer

reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity

question

the code of the streets

answer

in jail or worse

question

labeling theory

answer

deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do

question

powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity

answer

stigma

question

medicalization of deviance

answer

all of the above

question

edwin sutherlands differential association theory links deviance to

answer

the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior

question

control theory suggests which of the following categories of people would be most likely to engage in deviance

answer

youngsters who hand out waiting for something to happen

question

what society labels as a deviant is based primarily on

answer

differences in power between various categories of people

question

crime committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupations

answer

white-collar crime

question

illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf

answer

corporate crime

question

organized crime

answer

any business that supplies illegal goods or services

question

hate crime

answer

criminal act motivated by race or other bias

question

gender figures into the study of deviance because

answer

every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males

question

a crime is composed of which two components

answer

the act and criminal intent

question

criminal statistics gathered by federal bureau of investigation reflect

answer

offenses known to the police

question

the actual amount of crime in the us is about..... what official reports indicate

answer

three times greater than

question

men who represent about half the us population account for about........ of all the arrests for property crime

answer

67 percent

question

the us men account for about....... of all arrest for violent crime

answer

about 82 percent

question

factors that explain the high crime rate in the us

answer

our emphasis on individual economic success which weakens the social fabric

question

oldest justification for punishing an offender

answer

retribution

question

if a parent threatens a child with punishment in order to discourage wrongdoing the parent is using punishment to accomplish what

answer

deterrence

question

criminal recidivism

answer

later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes

question

advantages of community-based corrections

answer

all of the above

question

social stratification

answer

gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others

question

not true about stratification

answer

a family's social standing typically changes a great deal from generation to generation

question

social stratification may involve differences in

answer

all of the above

question

person who moves from one occupation to another that provides about the same level of rewards

answer

horizontal social mobility

question

societies that have caste systems have economies that are

answer

agrarian

question

ending of apartheid in south africa has led to

answer

society becoming a meritocracy

question

the historical replacement of caste systems with class systems

answer

replaces one find of inequality with another

question

meritocracy refers to social stratification

answer

based entirely on personal merit

question

college professor with advanced degrees

answer

low status consistency

question

historical practice in england of passing property to only the first born male descendant

answer

the law of primogeniture

question

structural social mobility

answer

change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself

question

accurately describes the peoples republic of china

answer

a new set of social classes is gradually emerging

question

compared to other high income nations the us has

answer

more social inequality

question

davis-moore thesis

answer

more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them

question

capitalism "reproduces the class structure"

answer

society operates so that class differences are carred from one generation to the next

question

work involving mostly mental activity

answer

white-collar work

question

social position is based on a person's

answer

all of the above

question

weber envisioned inequality in terms of

answer

a socioeconomic status hierarchy

question

common micro lever pattern involving social interaction

answer

people tend to socialize with others of about the same social position

question

laura wears an expensive dress to impress her friends

answer

conspicuous consumption

question

idea that social inequality benefits society is associated with

answer

structural-functional approach

question

idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with

answer

social-conflict approach

question

which society comes closest to being egalitarian

answer

hunting and gathering

question

income inequality is greatest in which of the following regions

answer

latin america

question

in the us economic inequality has been

answer

decreasing

question

us is middle class because

answer

we have no history of nobility, as in europe

question

earnings from work or any investment

answer

income

question

the richest 20 percent of the population ear about...... times as much as the poorest 20 percent

answer

question

total amount of financial assets minus any debts

answer

wealth

question

richest 5 percent of us families own about what percentage of privately owned property

answer

question

the wealthiest 1 percent of us fams controls about...... of the nations privately held wealth

answer

question

occupational prestige

answer

occupational rankings are much the same in all high income nations

question

about...... of the richest people in the us gained at least some of their fortune from inheritance

answer

two thirds

question

in 2007 about.......of us adults over the age of 25 were college graduates

answer

question

what factors affect social position in the us

answer

all of the above

question

in us median income for african american families is about..... as much as that for non hispanic white families

answer

question

40 to 50 of us population falls within

answer

middle class

question

contains the lease amount of racial and ethnic diversity

answer

the upper upper class

question

which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat

answer

working class

question

people of low class position

answer

all of the above

question

most likely to be liberal on a social issue

answer

rich, highly educated people

question

people of low social position are more liberal on.... issues and more conservative on...... issues

answer

economic; social

question

intergenerational social mobility refers to change in social position

answer

by children in relation to their parents

question

change in social position during a persons lifetime

answer

intragenerational social mobility

question

during the last twenty years which category of the us population has experienced the largest gains in average income

answer

the highest paid 20 percent

question

true about social mobility in the us

answer

all of the above

question

relative poverty

answer

is found everywhere

question

in 2007 what share of us was poor

answer

12.5

question

which age category has the highest poverty rate

answer

children

question

most poor people in the us are

answer

non hispanic whites

question

feminization of poverty

answer

women make up an increasing percentage of the poor

question

percentage of all poor families in the us headed by a single women

answer

question

in us an increasing percentage of the poor are

answer

single women and their children

question

the cause of poverty lies in

answer

too few available jobs

question

how many people in us were homeless for some time during 2005

answer

754,000 although the real number could be several times higher

question

true statement about homeless

answer

one third of all homeless people are entire familes

question

death of 52 workers in bangladeshi shows

answer

the loves of the worlds poor are far worst than many people in the us realize

question

the wealthiest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income

answer

question

the poorest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of global income

answer

question

high income countries that are 22 percent of the worlds population enjoy about how much of the worlds income

answer

question

in poor nations poverty is.... than in the us

answer

more widespread and severe

question

the majority of the worlds people live in

answer

middle income nations

question

in lowest income nations, half of all children born die by age

answer

question

about how many people suffer from chronic hunger

answer

1 billion

question

absolute poverty

answer

life threatening

question

region contains the largest percentage of the worlds street children

answer

latin america

question

of 1 billion poverty people how many are women

answer

question

type of slavery that refers to one person owning another

answer

chattel slavery

question

type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts

answer

debt bondage

question

applying modernization theory to global poverty you might point to which of the following traits of low income nations

answer

all of the above

question

colonialism

answer

some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others

question

global economy in which multinational corporations exploit people in low income nations

answer

neocolonialism

question

if you were applying modernization theory to the problem of global poverty you might expect rich nations to aid the economic development of poor nations by

answer

all of the above

question

some critics claim that modernization theory

answer

ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations

question

dependency theory differs from modernization theory by

answer

explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries

question

andre frank states that poor nations

answer

were underdeveloped or made poor by rich nations

question

while modernization theory focuses on..... dependency theory focuses on......

answer

all of the above

question

what nations are the core of the world economy

answer

high income nations

question

what did wollerstein not consider to be a cause of dependency

answer

lack of integration into the world economy

question

over the course of the last century the extent of global economic inequality has

answer

increased

question

global region that has made the greatest strides out of poverty

answer

asia

question

the sociological approaches to global poverty show us that poverty is

answer

all of the above

STUDY

Gap Between Rich And Poor Introductory Sociology Sociology Sociology of the Family

Sociology ch. 13 & 14 – Flashcards 25 terms

Emily Kemp

25 terms

Preview

Sociology ch. 13 & 14 – Flashcards

question

A system of marriage that unites one woman with two or more men is called

answer

polyandry

question

A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called

answer

a nuclear family

question

Secularization refers to which of the following

answer

the historical decline in the importance of the sacred

question

Sociological analysis of religion is concerned with

answer

understanding patterns of religious activity and their effect on society

question

A system of marriage that unites two partners is called

answer

monogamy

question

Which of the following religious organizations began as a cult?

answer

A) Islam B) Christianity C) Judaism Correct Response: D) All of these are correct

question

Karl Marx believed that religion

answer

supports social inequality

question

Guided by the symbolic-interaction approach, sociologists examine what about religion

answer

A) how various rituals sharpen the boundary between the sacred and profane B) how religion gives our existence a measure of security and meaning C) the use of ritual and religious meaning to strengthen social ties such as marriage Correct Response D) All of these are correct

question

Religion is a social institution that is BEST defined as involving

answer

beliefs and practices concerning what is sacred

question

The family is a social institution that is found in

answer

every society

question

People over the age of twenty-five now account for about what percentage of all people in degree granting programs?

answer

40 percent

question

Which of the following concepts refers to the practice of including people with disabilities in regular educational classes and programs?

answer

mainstreaming

question

Comparing school performance, researchers have found that the main cause of the achievement gap between rich and poor children is

answer

differences in home environments

question

In 2009, men accounted for what share of all U.S. undergraduate college students?

answer

43 percent

question

Which of the following correctly states the effect of additional schooling on average income?

answer

Earning a high school diploma and earning a college degree both raise income levels

question

The functions of schooling include

answer

A) socializing the young B) cultural innovation C) helping to integrate a diverse society Correct Response D) All of these are correct

question

In low-income nations, MOST education is a matter of

answer

what families and other community members teach their children

question

The problem of functional illiteracy means that

answer

many young people leave school without having learned basic skills.

question

In the United States today, what percentage of people over the age of twenty-five have earned a four-year college degree?

answer

30 percent

question

Education is the social institution by which society provides people with important knowledge, including

answer

A) job skills B) basic facts and information C) cultural norms and values Correct Response D) All of these are correct

question

The concept of sacred refers to

answer

seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary

question

Social conflict and feminist theories explain that families perpetuate social inequality in U.S. society through

answer

A) inheritance of private property B) encouraging patriarchy C) passing on racial and ethnic inequality Correct Response D) All of these are correct

question

According to the structural-functional approach, the family

answer

is important enough to be called the backbone of society

question

A family that includes parents, children, and other kin is called

answer

a nuclear family

question

Which of the following is a latent function of schooling?

answer

providing child care

STUDY

Introductory Sociology Sociology

Sociology 273 Final Exam – Flashcards 49 terms

Collin Foley

49 terms

Preview

Sociology 273 Final Exam – Flashcards

question

"Take the Rich off Welfare" by Mark Zepezaur (S&C Ch.1)

answer

- welfare is monetary assistance for the poor, sponsored by government taxes - welfare programs are often the first cut during budget slimming - wealthfare people are less visible to us --> wealthfare is money porovided to people who are already wealthy (bailouts, etc.) - either way the government is giving money to a certain group --> we resent welfare, we don't see wealthfare - the author is presenting an argument that the U.S. public routinely complains about people receiving government aid through welfare, but has not idea about the incentives that people on wealthfare get - agricultural subsidies and the issue of what counts as a "farm" --> farms are turning into huge food production monoliths - agribusiness subsidies: if you have excess production you get price supports in the form of the government buying it (one type of wealthfare) --> production quotas can be instilled on certain farms and products --> support for the tobacco industry despite its dangers to health - crop insurence and deficieny payments --> you are paid when things don't grow - the original reason for subsidies was to make food cheaper so that people could afford it, but that did NOT happen - the land for farming has become overvalued --> the single biggest contributor to the cost of our food is land prices because arable land is limited - agribusiness is now mostly a corporate model --> led to serious deterioration of the environment (poisoning of lakes, streams, etc.) - anti-smoking groups were demonized for years but the government still supports farmers growing tobacco - land is too expensive now for small farmers to afford it, but big corporations are able to afford it just fine

question

"Tax Cheats and Their Enablers" by Robert S. McIntyre (S&C Ch.2)

answer

- tax cheating includes tax evasion, shelters, dodging - the farming industry has many legal tax loopholes - there are audits of income taxes, but it's what people call an "audit lottery" --> there is so littel chance of being audited - corporate shelters exist in part because big corporations have lobbying power in Congress --> allowed to break into subsidiaries and move profit to their least taxed areas --> there are multiple tax evasion policies - corporations trying to avoid taxes due to greed, not wanting to be expected to pay all the time, the U.S. mindset of being very mericratic (being a meritocracy) - it is very significant that Walmart just raised their minimum wage freely, because other companies are likely to follow - the interconnectedness of companies (people on multiple boards) can then lead to price setting and companies having increased political power - corporations do a lot of tax dodging --> far too many investors and business owners are tempted to understate their gross business receipts or overstate their expenses, move their investments offshore, fail to report capital gains accurately, etc. - Reagan passed the Tax Reform Act, which replaced most of the 1981 enacted tax breaks along with many others in exchange for lower tax rates

question

"The Commercial" by Neil Postman and Steve Powers (S&C Ch. 3)

answer

- commercials are the backbone of non-public television, they reflect the values of our society - the main source of news for U.S. residents is television, and this allows commericials to make a lot of money - the main point of a commercial is to make you want to buy a product --> they are selling a solution to some problem - commericals often use a parable format --> quick solution to your problem - "The beauty of commercials is that we the public don't analyze them." - commercials are the backbone of non-public television - they represent a lot of money and social values --> what matters is the size and demographic of your audience (age, race, ethnicity, etc.) --> advertising towards females focuses on beauty, attractiveness, etc. - commercials provide a vision of how you should look, and many of us fall for that vision - there is a huge amount of money invested in commercials, but there is also a huge payback a large part of the time - use of the parable format: there is a problem, some product comes along, you have a solution to your problem - non-avid consumer: somebody considered kind of "other," close to nature, groups such as the Amish, anarchsits, tiny house movement, etc.

question

"Water for Profit" by John Luoma (S&C Ch.4)

answer

- the foucus is on an increasingly strong trend to privatize water - the underlying principle issue is that water is a public good - the problem in the U.S. is that we provide relatively cheap, clean water as a public good , so why would we want to privatize that? - politically, municipalities are being pushed to consider privatization before upgrades are able to be made - if tight supervision of water supplies is possible, why would you privatize it? - the biggest goal of companies who privatize water is to make a profit - many people are opposed because it puts a monopoly on a public good - privatizing does not necessarily work but there is a big push for it in the U.S. - Atlanta turned its municipal water system over to a global company and havoc ensued --> fire hydrants were cut off for weeks, water mains leaked without repair for weeks, more than 5 boil alters were issued to neighborhoods --> this was supposed to usher in a new era of privatized public goods, but did not go very well - two huge questions: should water be controlled for profits and can multinational companies actually deliver what they promise? - Vivendi Universal and Suez are French conglomerates that manage water for 230 million people throughout Europe and the developing world --> they are now targeting America, where 85% of people get water regulated by the government --> they argue that only "corporate efficiency" can rescue the nation's aging waterworks - Atlanta is now suing United Water --> citing illegal chemical levels, maintenance issues, and fired 25% of staff - in the developing world, water prices have been hiked up --> in Bolivia, some residents experienced up to 35% and have been spending up to 20% of their income on water --> this led to riots and people were killed, eventually the government voided the contract

question

"Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America" by Barbara Ehrenreich (S&C Ch.5)

answer

- in the summer of 1998 Ehrenreich leaves behind her middle-class life and decides to try to live for a summer as a low-wage worker - posits herself on applications as a divorced woman who never finished college and whose work experience is mostly housekeeping jobs in private homes - her first issue is finding a place to live that she can afford --> at an estimate of $7 an hour for pay at whatever job she will get, she can afford something that is $500 a month, or $600 if she really stretches her budget - she ends up having to a rent a cabin behind a man's trailer in a swampy area that is a 45-minute drive from Key West, where she hopes to work - according to her estimates about costs of living, child care, etc., low-wage work is not a solution to poverty and may not even be a solution to homelessness - she applies for 20 jobs, but only one calls her back --> the want ads are not a reliable measure of the actual jobs available at any given time --> these ads are the employers' "insurance policy" against the relentless overturn of the low-wage workforce --> finding a job is often a matter of being at the right place at the right time - she gets hired at a the restaurant (Hearthside) of a local hotel chain - she discovers that many of the workers feel a compassion towards their regular customers, who are all working class --> many of them will dip into their own pay and tips to help feed customers who are out of work - they are often berated by management for gossiping, drug use, etc. --> threatens to take their break room away, they can't eat at the restaurant when they are off-duty, etc. - housing is the principle source of disruption in many of their lives because they can't afford a regular apartment --> some live in a flophouse with roommates for about $250 a week, some live with their parents, some live in an apartment shared by more than 4 people, some live on their boats, some stay in a hotel across the street for $60 a night, and some don't have a home and live in their vans behind stores - the biggest issue is that you need to put down payments on apartments and there's no money left to save for that so many people have to find other living situations - because they earn so little money, and because the places they live don't have storage areas for food, they have to survive on fast food or stuff that can be microwaved at a convenience store - no money for health insurance, so many go without the prescription drugs they need - other issues come into factor, such as gas, etc.

question

"Generation Broke: The Growth of Debt among Young Americans" by Tamara Draut and Javier Silva (S&C Ch.6)

answer

- the average credit card debt of Americans between the ages of 25-34 has increased by 55% between 1992 and 2001 --> self-reported household average of $4,088 - this age's bankruptcy rate grew by 19% over the same period --> by 2001, 12 out of every 1,000 young adults were filing for bankruptcy - young adults now have the second highets rate of bankruptcy, just after those aged 35-44 - the major adult costs (housing, child care, health care) have increased dramatically over the past decade --> the rising unemployment, slow real wage growth, and skyrocketing tuition and resulting student loan debt all erod the economic security of today's young adults - the newly-deregulated credit industry began aggresively marketing to young people on college campuses, and deregulation brought higher rates and fees, so young adults find it very difficult to get out of debt - nearly 7 out of 10 young Americans have one or more credit cards --> this level is unchaned since 1992 --> compared to the population as a whole, young adult cardholders ar emore likely to be in debt --> 71% revolve their balances - all but the lowest-income young households experience dramatic increase in credit card debt over the decade --> debt rose 37% among moderate-income young adults earning between $10,000-$24,999 --> middle-income young adults earning between $25,000-$49,999 experience 65% increase in debt --> upper-middle-income young adults with incomes between $50,000-$74,999 experience a 55% increase in debt - debt service-to-income ratio (the amount of income devoted to debt payments): steadily rising for young adults since 1992; the average ratio in 1992 was 19, while in 2001 it had risen to 24% --> the average indebted young American spends nearly a quarter of every dollar earned servicing debt --> this ratio only accounts for outstanding mortgage and consumer debt, leaving out stuff like rent, auto lease payments, etc. - debt hardship: a family spending more than 40% of their income on debt payments is considered in a state of debt hardship --> over 13% of young adults experience debt hardship, which is twice the percentage of 1992 --> low-income households are the most likely to be in debt hardship, but middle-income young adults are also experiencing higher levels of debt hardship --> many young adults aer struggling to make payments - factors driving debt: slow real wage growth, under- and un-employment, student loan debt, aggressive marketing to college students, rising housing and transportation costs, the cost of being uninsured, child care costs

question

"Retirement's Unraveling Safety Net" by Dale Russakoff (S&C Ch.7)

answer

- many companies wove a safety net for the war generation that included long-term employment, pension security, and retiree health insurance --> this safety net has been unraveling since then, and it directly tied to the current debate over Social Security - the younger generations are faring worse and worse --> in particular, younger generations have worsening prospects for retirement - until now financial planners have likened retirement to a three-legged stool composed of employee pensions, personal savings, and Social Security --> the savings leg is almost gone for the current generation, and the benefits that one can expect to see from Social Security are decreasing - the War Generation: many people who came to adult age during the war years had protections built in by the government and businesses --> because of the war, companies had wartime wage controls so that most employers provided pensions and health insurance --> many jobs came with a home --> Paugh was on the company baseball team, so he was exempt from layoffs after the Korean War --> he gets pension and large Social Security benefits from spending 41 years with the same employeer --> he is very thrifty, which was instilled in him during the war --> retired with lifetime health insurance from his employer - the Boomers: only the lucky ones from the Boomer generation can reire with full pensions and lifetime health insurance --> many have had to find work after their jobs are eliminated through the reorganization of companies, and they lose any prospect of health insurance or retirement pensions --> they face the challenge of providing for grown-up children (ages 18-24) who still live at home --> many have save and invest in their 401(k)s, but they are nowhere close to having enough savings to sustain them in retirement - the Grandchildren: much of the younger generation does not expect to have any type of retirement security --> companies are sold and bought so often that many expect to have to adapt and expect to not work at the the same job for the entire lives --> cradle-to-grave security and loyalty are no longer feasible for this generation --> retirement experts say that for grandchildren the three-legged stool only have the two legs of Social Security and 401(k)s (which are the merger of pensions and savings) --> many can't put too much money into their 401(k) due to other living expenses --> many of them expect that they will never be able to afford a house

question

"The Squandering of America" by Robert Kuttner (S&C Ch.8)

answer

- subprime is thebroad term for credit extended to people who would not ordinarily qualify for loans, either because their income is too low to meet the anticipated payments or because of poor credit history - early 2000s: mortgage lenders introduced even more complex variants on traditional home mortgages, such as mortgages with no down payment, low "teaser" rates that rose after a brief period of time, and ones that did not require a credit check --> an estimated 60% of subprime loans required no income verification or only the most cursory check - by 2007, the subprime mortgage lending sector began incurring huge losses, bringing heightened risks to the $65 trillion mortgage securities market - mortgage companies made these loans because they did not bear most of the risk --> these mortgages were sold off as soon as the loan closed and packaged as securities known as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) --> the securities rates of return supposedly aligned closely to the risk - subprime loans increased more than twelvefold --> between 2005 and 2006, the value of high-risk mortgage securities more than doubled - when the subprime sector got into serious difficulty in early 2007, the interest rates were flat or falling --> due to lax standards, an increasing number of borrowers had undertaken larger obligations than they could financially bear --> subprime lenders looking for quick profits had increased the risk of defaults --> by 2007, 15% of subprime loans were in default --> mnay risked not being able to afford their payments at the end of the teaser period - most companies on Wall Street did not bear the full risks since they were middlemen and the securities were sold off to investors such as pension funds - subprime mortgage originators revealed that they were heavily financed by hedge funds - early warnings of this were unfolding in 2005 and 2006, but the regulatory agencies did nothing --> mortgage companies are not directly regulated by the federal government --> the Federal Reserve had residual authority to mount investigations but did not - in principle, the secondary mortgage market polices the standard, but the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight had little interest in the subprime problems - Congress didn't investigate until the spring of 2007, but the Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) defended its members by using the low-income home buyer as its poster child, yet the only goal of these loans was to make them middleman rich

question

"Increasing Inequality in the United States" by Dean Baker (S&C Ch.9)

answer

- inequality in the United States has increased hugely over the last quarter century, as there has been a shift from labor income to profits, and an upward redistribution from low wage earners to high wage earners - this upward redistribution has been largely driven by deliberate policy decisions --> trade and immigration policies have been designed to subject workers at the middle and bottom of the wage distribution to international competition, while leaving the highest paid workers such as doctors, lawyers, accountants largely protected - the Federal Reserve Board's anti-inflation policies disproportionately affect the wages and employment prospects for less-educated workers - as the Fed raises the interest rate to slow the economy, the people that suffer most are those at the middle and the bottom of the wage distribution - government labor-management policy has become much more tilted towards management - for practical purposes, it is now legal to fire workers for organizing a union - the soaring cost of the United States health care system disproportionately affects lower and middle-income workers - the wealth gap is now wider than at any time since the Great Depression --> poor children are much worse off than other industrialized nations

question

"From Poverty to Prosperity: A National Strategy to Cut Poverty in Half" by Center for American Progress (S&C Ch.10)

answer

- February 2006: the Center for American Progress convened a group of experts to examine the causes and consequences of poverty in America --> calls for a national goal of cutting poverty in half in the next ten years and provides a strategy to reach that goal - Task Force on Poverty established in the wake of Hurricane Katrina --> Katrina revealed that racial and economic disparities in New Orleans were enormous - 37 million Americans live below the official poverty line --> millions more struggle each month to pay for basic necessities or run out of savings when they lose their job or have a health emergency - povery imposes huge costs on society through the lost potential of children, lower worker productivity and earnings, poor health, increased crime, and broken neighborhoods - many low-income and middle class Americans are concerned about uncertain job futures, downward pressure on wages, and decreasing opportunities for advancement in a globalized economy - we should expect adults to work and young people to stay in school and not have children before they are able to care for them --> we should also expect that jobs be available to those who want to work, that full-time work provides a decent standard of living, that children grow up in conditions that let them reach their full potential, and that a nation of opportunity should be a nation of second chances - dramatic periods of poverty reduction in the U.S.: between 1959 and 1973 the poverty rate fell from 22.4% to 11.1% --> between 1993 and 2000 the poverty fate fell from 15.1% to 11.3% --> this was due to near-full employment economy, sound federal and state policies, individual initiative, supportive civic institutions and communities, and a sustained national commitment - in the last 6 years, the number of poor Americans has grown by 5 million, the federal minimum wage has remained flat, and funding for key federal programs that help epople get and keep jobs has been stagnant or cut - facts on poverty: 1 in 8 Americans lives in poverty --> nearly 1 in 3 Americans is low-income with an income below twice the poverty line --> 1 in 20 Americans lives in extreme poverty, with an income below half of the poverty line --> nearly 1/5 of children are poor --> minorities are much more likely to be poor than are whites --> immigrants are poorer than natives --> women are more likely to be poor than men --> work among poor families grew dramatically during the 1990s --> poverty rates are highest in urban and rural areas, but in the largest metropolitan areas, more poor now live in the suburbs than in the central cities --> more poor people live in the South than in any other region --> millions of Americans will spend at least one year in poverty at some point in their lives --> poverty in the U.S. is higher than in many other developed nations - poverty violates our fundamental principles as a democratic nation and as ethically conscious individuals - one cannot fully participate in society and help shape the decisions of our government and its priorities if confined to abject poverty - it is estimated that allowing our children to grow up in persistent pvoerty costs our economy $500 billion annually in lost adult productivity and wages, increased crime, and higher health expenditures

question

"Day by Day: The Lives of Homeless Women" by Elliot Liebow (S&C Ch.11)

answer

- many women complain that they cannot get any sleep in the shelter due to too much noise and they can never get a full night's rest because they have to be up at 7am --> it was hard to get up that early every morning because they never had the joys of sleeping in - another issue about shelters is finding storage or enough space for their stuff and theft was common in shelters --> the longer a woman was homeless, then the less stuff she eventually has because she can't carry everything - many women spend almost 25% of their income on storage units alone

question

"As Rich-Poor Gap Widens in the U.S., Class Mobility Stalls" by David Wessel (S&C Ch.12)

answer

- it is a myth that Americans with ambition can go from rags to riches --> Americans are no more or less likely to rise above or fall below their parent's economic class than they were 35 years ago --> shows that class mobility is stalling - research proves that 60% of parent's advantage in income is passed to their children - many politicians argue that increasing minimum wage will hurt economic growth - a child starting in poverty in Europe and Canada has better chance at prosperity than one in the Americas --> more specifically, the U.S and Britain are the least mobile societies - intergenerational mobility has not changed dramatically over the last two decades - research proves that IQ is not a big factor in determining economic success --> race is a significant reason why children's economic success mirrors their parents'

question

"The Roots of White Advantage" by Michael K. Brown, et. al. (S&C Ch. 13)

answer

- we are trying to find out why, even after the Civil Rights Movement, blacks are still held in the underclass --> the root of the problem goes back to the most recent benchmark, which was the New Deal - three laws passed in the 1930s were instrumental in generating the current pattern of racial stratification: Social Security Act, Wagner Act, and Federal Housing Act --> these policies were intended to help people but they still ended up discriminating - Social Security Act: domestic and agricultural workers were not covered by the act and therefore many blacks were not included --> Social Security bill was a "sieve with holes just big enough for the negroes to fall through" --> the act hurt blacks because unemployment compensation and old-age insurance rewarded long-term stable jobs rather than intermittent jobs, this caused white people to gain the benefits and blacks not to because of labor market discrimination and the seasonal nature of agricultural work --> even today black workers receive lower Social Security benefits on average but pay a higher proportion of their income towards Social Security than white workers --> labor discrimination forced many African Americans into welfare - Wagner Act: labeled Magna Carta of labor movement, but it was the Magna Carta of white labor movement and failed to include blacks --> unions didn't accept black workers and it encouraged organized labor to exclude those who didn't belong to a union --> banned strikebreaking, which was a tool used by black workers to get into northern industries --> black workers had to do the low-wage, unskilled jobs, and then after the technological advanes of WWII, they were unemployed, and therefore unemployment was caused by black workers being excluded from unions in the first place - Federal Housing Act: the FHA and Veteran's Association boosted white people tremendously, as these organizations built almost half of all suburban housing in the 1950s and 1960s --> FHA loans were greater in the suburbs than in the cities as blacks in the cities were usually denied loans or had more unfavorable terms --> housing subsidies caused the white exodus to the suburbs --> the FHA guidelines were incredibly racist in nature, as segregated neighborhoods would receive better loans, and there was less investment in black communities --> the 1946 Hill Burton Act led to "separate but equal", and almost $37 million of federal money had been used to promote segregation in neigborhoods by the time this clause was struck down in 1983 - these policies caused huge accumulation of wealth amongst whites and huge de-accumulation of wealth amongst blacks --> by this time today, whites possess substantially more property and financial assets than blacks do, and the root of this issue came from these government aid policies

question

"Schools and Prisons: Fifty Years after Brown vs. Board of Education" by Sentencing Project (S&C Ch.14)

answer

- no institution has changed more since Brown v. Board of Education than the criminal justice system and it profoundly affects African Americans - there is unprecedented growth in the prison system, with 9 times as many African Americans in jail as there were in 1954 --> especially prominent amongst African American men - 1 in 21 black men is incarcerated on any given day --> for black men in their 20s, that figure is 1 in 8 - black women also have a high likelihood of going to prison, 6 times higher than white women - there are 8 factors for the increase that lie within and outside the criminal justice system: crime rates, rising imprisonment, war on drugs, crack/cocaine sentencing, school zone drug laws, "3 strikes" and habitual offender policies, inadequate defense resources, and zero tolerance policies - crime rates: crimes rates have increased in general, and especially in the black community due to increased concentrated poverty - rising imprisonment: since 1970, there has been a rise in imprisonment throughout the country in general --> this is due to a new "tough on crime" approach by the public and politicians - war on drugs: there is a higher rate of imprisonment due to drug offenses, even though there has not been a large increase in the amount of drugs used --> blacks are arrested disproportionately because drug problems are more likely to be addressed through the criminal justice system in communities with low resources --> in contrast, communities with substantial resources (like the suburbs) address drug problems as a public health problem and use prevention and treatment approaches - crack/cocaine sentencing: federal legislation puts way harsher punishments on crack-cocaine offenders than on powder cocaine users, even though crack is a derivative of powder cocaine --> persons convicted of selling 500 grams of powder cocaine are sentenced to five years in prison, for crack-cocaine it is the same sentence for only 5 grams --> enforcement of these laws results in blacks constituting 83% of crack defendents, even though 2/3 of cocaine users in general are white - school zone drug laws: there are increased penalties for drug offenses that occur near schools --> for blacks this is problematic because most of their schools are in urban areas and are a lot closer to their homes, whereas white people often live in suburbs where schools are much further from their homes - "3 strikes"/habitual offender policies: harsher prison sentences on previous offenders exerts disproportionate effect on African Americans --> non-violent offenses that would have only gotten a few years' sentence turn into 25 years or more because of previous convictions - inadequate defense resources: the defense counsel is a guaranteed right to anyone charged, but the people who work for the public defense are often highly inadequate --> many attorneys hired by the state are overworked and are paid little to nothing for it --> African Americans are on average much poorer, so they get hit the hardest by this - zero tolerance policies: schools are now focusing on zero tolerance policies for violation of their rules, and this gets people in trouble for menial things such as water pistols or advil --> it makes expulsion and suspension more common, resulting in more high schools dropouts, a disproportionate amount of which are black (and then Latino) - these issues affect not only black prisoners, but their families --> 1 in 14 black children have a parent in prison on any given day --> a large amount of the black population can't vote because they are in jail or have been priorly convicted

question

"At Many Colleges, the Rich Kids Get Affirmative Action" by Daniel Golden (S&C Ch.15)

answer

- rich kids get into college because the colleges want access to their families' wealth --> this is not always a full bargain, sometimes it's called a "development admit" where the child is admitted even though they are not up to standards but will likely develop while in college - many schools consider parental wealth when making decisions, one exception is MIT - Duke makes this such a normal practice that there is a system to it --> Duke aggressively tries to snare donors through admissions breaks --> Duke takes about 120 underqualified students each year strictly based on the fact that their parents are wealthy, the original list is about 500 and it is narrowed down to 120 - this trend increases the white majority at colleges because it is largley known that many rich students will be white

question

"They Take Our Jobs!" by Aviva Chomsky (S&C Ch.16)

answer

- immigrants are deprived of many of the rights that are automatically given to U.S. citizens including the right to vote, so elected officials and the general public can often discriminate them and marginalize them with little to no repercussion --> even though immigrants contribute to society as much as the rest, they are not eligible for rights that more than 90% of the U.S. population enjoys - Mexico is the largest source of foreign-born immigrants, and over half of all immigrants come Mexico, Central American, and Latin America --> 18% of immigrants come from Asia - immigration rose dramatically in the 1990s - immigrants today are often blamed for issues with the U.S. economy --> this is a myth, as they pay the same taxes that everyone else does --> those who work informal jobs are the same as citizens who work untaxed informal jobs (babysitting, lawn-mowing, etc.) --> many immigrants actually work in the formal economy, and many illegal immigrants get through with fake Social Security numbers - illegal aliens are the only ones who lose from their work --> they contribute $7 billion annually to Social Security but never see any of it returned to them - immigrants actually contribute more to the public sector than they use, so they are not actually a drain on our economy - the only thing immigrant households use more than others is food assistance programs, but these are often used to get free school lunches for their children who are U.S. citizens - first-generation immigrants pay more taxes at a federal level than the services that they use --> the more generations you go, the greater they bring in because of increased education and better wages (?) - the use of immigrants is more beneficial to businesses, and illegal aliens are especially preferred as businesses can pay them very low wages --> the constant flow of illegal aliens to the U.S. causes their children to live below the poverty line (39% to be specific) - as long as there continues to be a group of "illegal people," U.S. policies guarantee that there will be a permanent underclass

question

"The Conundrum of the Glass Ceiling" by The Economist (S&C Ch.17)

answer

- "glass ceiling" coined to describe the apparent barriers that prevent women from reaching the top of the corporate hierarchy - in 1995, the Class Ceiling Commission published its recommendations --> it said the barrier was continuing to deny untold numbers of qualified people the opportunity to compete for hold and hold executive level positions --> found that 45.7% of America's jobs and more than half of master's degrees were held by women, but 95% of senior managers were men --> female managers' earnings were on average only 68% of their male counterparts' - in 2005, women acount for 46.5% of America's workfoce and less than 8% of its top managers --> female managers' earnings now average 72% of their male colleagues' - Booz Allen Hamilton, a consulting firm that monitors departing chief executives in America, found that in both 1998 and 2004, 0.7% of them were women - the picture is similar in other countries --> there were no women featured in Fortune magazine's list of 25-highest paid CEOs in Europe --> in Japan, until 20-30 years ago, it was unacceptable for a woman to stay in the office after 5 PM - a sample of British quoted companies found that 65% had no women on their board at all in 2003 --> no British woman has yet headed a big British company, as the women who do are from eiher the U.S. or Canada usually - diversity programs and "Women in Leadership" conferences are often held by major companies that have little to no women in their top ranks - companies no longer see the promotion of women solely as a moral issue of equal opportunity and equal pay --> research has shown that there is a strong correlation between financial performance and women in top executive positions - for some companies the push towards greater diversity has come from their customers - other companies don't reflect their customer base at all --> Proctor & Gamble (P&G), which produces Pampers, Tampax, and more, has 93% of its corporate officers as men, and only two women serve on its board in non-executive positions - many companies are motivated by a desire to broaden the pool of "talent" they can choose from, as they worry about ageing populations in the developed world --> management consulting firms try to hold on to their women employees but cannot accomodate maternity leave, and therefore lose twice as many women from the middle rungs of its career ladder - a 2002 survey of top executives in American multinationals did show that women were less ambitious: 19% of men aspired to be CEO, while only 9% of women did --> 43% o women hoped to join a senior management committee, which is closer to the 54% of men that did - three main explanations by women for why so few of them reach "C-level" jobs: exclusion from formal networks (jock-talk, late-night boozing, strip clubs), pervasive stereotyping of women's capacity for leadership, lack of role models - another reason suggested: flattening of organizations in recent years lead to layers of management have been stripped out which means that promotions are now far steeper than they used to be, leaving fewer opportunities for people to re-enter the workforce at higher levels --> many women inevitably need to take time of during their careers to care for children - many women are also withdrawing from jobs to care for elderly parents at a point when they are on the cusp of the higher echelons --> many women bail out of corporate life to become self-employed consultatns and entrepreneurs, where they have greater freedom and autonomy to manage their lives - women often have to take care of the household and therefore are twice as likely to work part-time - across sectors, women lost 37% of their earning power when they spent three or more years out of the workforce - women with MBAs are quickly dropping out of the workforce --> 1 out of every 3 qualified women is not working full-time - opportunities for flexible working are particularly helpful in keeping women in the workforce --> mentoring is also helpful

question

"Drawing the Line: Sexual Harassment on Campus" by Catherine Hill and Elena Silva (S&C Ch.18)

answer

- most college students (89%) say that sexual harassment occurs among students at their college, and 1/5 (21%) say that peer harassment happens often - 2/3 of students (66%) say that they know someone personally who has been sexually harassed - students generally indicate that verbal and visual kinds of sexual harassment are common, but incidents involving contact or physical threat are not rare - 41% of students admit to sexually harassing someone --> in most cases, they say that thought it was funny, the other person liked it, or it is just a part of life at school - unwanted comments, jokes, gestures, and looks are the most common type of sexual harassment on campus --> about half of college students have been the target of unwanted sexual comments, jokes, gestures, or looks and a similar number know someone else who has experienced it - more than 1/3 of studnets know someone who has been called gay, lesbian, or a homophobic name - physical forms of harassment are prevalent --> 1/4 of colelge students hav ebeen touched, grabbed, or pinched in a sexual way, and nearly 1/3 know someone who has experience this - other common types of sexual harassment include flashing or mooning, intentionally brushing up against someone in a sexual way, and spreading sexual rumors about individuals - the percentage of college students experiencing some types of sexual harassment is relatively low, but that still means that the number of implied incidents is quite high when looked at nationwide - both male and female students are harassed --> female students are more likely to experience sexual harassment that involves physical contact --> more than 1/3 of females and males experience sexual harassment during their first year - LGBT stduents are more likely to be harassed than heterosexual students --> they are at higher risk for both contact and noncontact types of sexual harassment --> more likely to be harassed by peers, teachers, and school employees - white college students are more likely than black and Hispanic students to experience sexual harassment --> white students are more likley to experience verbal and other noncontact forms of harassment, to be flashed/mooned, or to be called a homophobic name --> students are equally likely to experience physical or contact sexual harassment regardless of race/ethnicity - student-to-student harassment is the most common form of sexual harassment on campus --> more than 2/3 (68%) say that peer harassment happens often or occasionally and more than 3/4 (80%) of students who have been harassed have been so by a student or former student - 1/5 of students (18%) report sexual harassment of undergraduates by faculty and staff --> only 25% of students say that faculty and staff never harass students --> about 7% of harassed students have been harassed by a professor - sexual harassment by faculty is more likely to be reported by students than sexual harassment by their peers - men are the most common harassers of both females and other men --> the least common type of sexual harassment is female-to-female (less than 10% have been harassed by another woman) --> males are most commonly harassed by a group of men or group of men and women - a relatively large number of students (13% total) do not know who harased them, suggesting that some incidents are conducted anonymously - about 1 in 4 college students admit to harassing someone, largely noncontact harassment, usually unwanted sexual comments, jokes, looks, or homophobic remarks - more than half of male college students admit that they have sexually harassed someone in college, and 1/5 admit to harassing someone often --> 1/5 say that they have physically harassed someone - almost 1/3 of female students admit to committing some type of harassment - many students who admit to harassing others have been harassed themselves - male students are more likely than female students to think sexual harassment is funny --> white students are more likely than black students to say they harasseds someone because they though it was funny --> black students are more likely than white students to say they harassed because they thought the person liked it - the majority of female students say that they have felt very upset about their experience, compared to only 1/3 of male students - female students are more likely than male students to feel embarassed, angry, less confident, afraid, confused, or disappointed due to sexual harassment --> female students are also more likely to worry about sexual harassment --> LGBT students are more likely to be upset than heterosexual students - female students are more likely than males to have their educational experience disrupted by sexual harassment --> LGBT students are especially likely to have their educational experience disrupted by harassment - only about 7% of students actually report the incident to a college employee, while most confide in their friends or tell no one

question

"Learning Silence" by Peggy Orenstein (S&C Ch.19)

answer

- set at Weston Middle School in Weston, California --> town's sole middle school and it serves nearly 900 students a year from the disparate population - "hidden curriculum": the unstated lessons that students learn in school --> the running subtext through which teachers communicate behavioral norms and individual status in the school culture, the process of socialization that cues children into their place in the hierarchy of larger society --> recently applied to the ways in which schools help reinforce gender roles, whether they intend to or not - young girls, such as Amy Wilkinson, are very "bold" and talkative outside of the classroom, talking often and interacting with others while waiting for class to start - in class, many girls adopt the feminine pose of crossed legs, folded arms across chest, hunching forward to their desks --> the boys sprawl in their chairs, stretching their legs, taking up the available space - the teacher often has multiple power struggles with the boys in the class throughout the day --> when female students such as Allison raise their hand, they are often ignored by the teacher, who is arguing with the boys - most of the boys shout out the answers to the questions without being called on --> when the boys are ignored in favor of other students, they often shout over the other students' answers - when the girls in the class speak, they follow the rules such as raising their hand and waiting their turn --> many girls choose to answer the easiest, lowest-risk questions in order to not be embarassed --> the girls' stabs at public recognition depend on the boys' largesse --> when girls try to answer more complicated questions, the boys become territorial and shout them down - the teachers don't say anything to condone the boys' behaviors, but their actions do --> boys insist on and receive attention even when the teacher tries to shift it elsewhere - girls in the schoolyard pretend to be disgusted by spiders, bugs, etc. that the boys bring to them because they know that guys like it if they act all "helpless and girly" - in schools, girls opt out or are pushed out of science at every stage of advancement --> science laboratory groups at schools can become a microcosm of unintended lessons about gender - clear passive resistance to participation by the girls that went unquestioned by the science teacher --> the teacher doesn't seem to notice that boys participate much more actively than girls - for the "Cartesian Diver" experiment, the one boy in the group performs the experiment while the two girls watch and occassionally offer encouragement, but no criticism --> in another group of two girls and one boy, the boy watches over the girls' shoulders and taunts them when they don't get it right --> when another group of two girls can't get it right, they default to asking for a boy's help rather than asking the many girls seated nearby

question

"Beyong the "M" Word: The Tangled Web of Politics and Marriage" by Arlene Skolnick (S&C Ch.20)

answer

- marriage entered presidential politics for the first time as a farce --> Dan Quayle's June 1992 attack on the television character "Murphy Brown" for having a child outside of wedlock - in the wake of the Los Angeles riots, Quayle addressed the Commomwealth Club in San Francisco, citing that the "social anarchy" that the country was witnessing was a direct result of the breakdown of the family structure in the U.S. --> the poverty at the root of the disorder was a "poverty of morals" - at the end of his speech, Quayle denounced Murphy Brown and her Hollywood creators for mocking fatherhood, glamorizing single motherhood, and thereby encouraging family disintegration among the poor - this attack launched a media frenzy and many late-night talk show jokes - the Thirty Year Detour: blacklash of Quayle's attack turned into a large political issue with politicians and the Clinton administration referring to two-parent households as the best anti-poverty program --> pundits and politicians stated that single-parent households were the root cause of all poverty, crimes, drug use, juvenile violence, and failing schools - in the early 1990s marriage became a major combat zone for culture wars --> poverty, welfare, sexuality, divorce, and gay rights --> 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) stated that governments could not consider same-sex relationships as marriage even if some states do --> the "marriage movement" led to negative stigma around single-parent homes primarily by religious and economic conservatives, and they never faced a coherent opposition - Home Economics: many worries about marriage are rooted in economic concerns, which factors into societal concerns about growing economic inequality and insecurity --> no one has focused on the implications of the new economic landscape (widening gaps between middle and high income households) --> conservatives and the media talk about women that "opt out of motherhood" and enter the workforce, but the vast majority of mothers in the U.S. currently work - the (New) Trouble with Marriage: shift in gender relations --> there is a global movement, not just in America --> women in the workforce, movement began in the 1890s, but in the 1970s it became far more common and reaching a "tipping point" --> scholarly assumption that the growth of feminism will decrease the interest in marriage in both males and females (though this has been found to be untrue) - What About Divorce?: marriage movement insists that rising divorce rates since the 1950s clinch the case that Americans no longer value lifelong marriage --> the divorce rates actually peaked in '79 and '81 and have decreased since then --> researches have suggested that divorce rates are due to the high expectations that many Americans bring to marriages --> gay marriage has strengthened marriage

question

"The Kids Aren't Alright" by Sharon Lerner (S&C Ch.21)

answer

- government spending on childcare hasn't increased despite the number of women on welfare and the price of care relative to earned wages --> 4 out of 10 single mothers who pay for child care spend more than half of their income on it - some mothers put the costs of child care on their credit cards and some declare bankruptcy --> some don't work at all in order to care for their children, which means that they have no income - parents who receive help paying for childcare are more likely to be employed and to have higher incomes --> preschoolers often require one-on-one attention - Florida may offer some of the starkest examples of low-quality child care because of the rates providers are paid for subsidized kids, which are low throughout the state - there is a chronic shortage of qualified people with the patience, skills, and willingness to work with young children --> it is not unusual for one lone adult to be in charge of an absurd number of young children - in Florida, one child care worker can legally look after as many as 11 2-year-olds, 15 3-year-olds, or 20 4-year-olds --> there is no pool of substitute teachers in these schools --> even the best run centers struggle to find qualified adults to hire - most Florida workers make minimum wage, a salary of $14,000 a year, for full-time work - Florida has high poverty issues, but childcare would be an easy problem to solve - it would take $30 billion per year to boost the quality of childcare and guarantee to help pay for it for everyone with an income below 2x the federal poverty level --> another option would be to spend more per capita on children, such as countries like France do

question

"More Than Welcome: Families Come First in Sweden" by Brittany Shahmehri (S&C Ch.22)

answer

- children in Sweden are not considered merely a lifestyle choice, but are seen as citizens in their own right --> children in Sweden are seen as people, not property - family policy is very much about creating a better system for men and women who choose to have families, but at its core family policy is very much about the children - family policy includes ensuring healthcare coverage, making sure children have enough to eat, and keeping children free of the risks that inevitably accompany poverty - in Sweden, every child is entitled to be home with his or her parents for the first full year of their life - parents are legally entitled to reduce hours at their current jobs until their children reach the age of 8, and can take up to 60 paid days a year to care for sick children

question

"A World of Wounds" by James Gustave Speth (S&C Ch.23)

answer

- there has been a population explosion recently --> the world population has increased 4x in the past century, but the world economic output has increased 20x - 20th century growth has brought enormous benefits in terms of health, education, and overall standard of living --> these gains have been purchased at a huge cost to the environment, and have resulted in enormous environmental deterioration - after WWII, the chemical and nuclear industries emerged, giving rise to a vast armada of new chemicals and radioactive substances --> many of these chemicals are biocidal even in small quantities and some with the potential to accumulate in biological systems or in the atmosphere - there have been extreme losses in the world's natural resource base - somewhere between a third to a half of the world's forests are now gone - 24% of mammals, 25% of reptiles, and 30% of fish species are now threatened - the 20th century expansion is significant because it has pushed human enterprise and its effect to a planetary scale --> human influences on the environment are everywhere, affecting all natural systems and cycles --> human activites have significantly depleted the Earth's atmospheric ozone layer - in part due to the use of fossil fuels in the 20th century, CO2 levels in the atmospheric are at the highest they have been in the past 420,000 years - humans have unwittingly embarked upon a brand experiment with our planet --> the outcome of this experiment is unknown, but it has profound implications for all life on Earth

question

"Diamond: A Struggle for Environmental Justice in Louisiana's Chemcial Corridor" by Steve Lerner (S&C Ch.24)

answer

- Diamond is town located near a huge Shell complex in Louisiana --> there are streams of chemicals pouring out of the vast plant similar to the chemicals that are used in factories throughout the U.S. --> town is sandwiched between two giant plants - terrible cost of introducing heavy industry into a residential neighborhood --> there were many signs both in the homes of Diamond residents and in the residents themselves that Diamond was not a safe place to live --> many residents of Diamond suffer from asthma, as well as respiratory issues, allergies, and skin problems - there have been periodic explosions at the plants that sit on either side of Diamond --> few of those who live in Diamond stay because they want to - in the summer of 1973, the Shell chemical pipeline sprang a leak --> a young man started a lawnmower, and it exploded, ultimately killing him and others --> people began to realize how dangerous it was to live there - fear of additional explosions continued to plague the residents for years - when asked how much families were paid in compensation for their losses due to the explosions, the Shell officials say that they have no record of it --> the residents of Diamond claim that one family was paid $3,000 for the burned house and lawn, and the family of Leroy was paid $500 - the "Big Bang" that occurred in Diamond was not a cosmic event that occurred light years away, it was right next door --> on May 4, 1988 at 3:40 AM, there was a catalytic cracking unit at the Shell refinery that blew up, killing 7 Shell workers and injuring 48 other people --> many people left Diamond for good after this - this left people with a bad case of the nerves and severe fear of a future explosion - an older woman prays to God that the Shell officials will move her so that she can have a few years of peace --> her government check is only $525 a month, which is not enough to move out on, and nobody will buy her home in Diamond - people want to get out because they know what has happened and don't want their children to grow up in it

question

"Smoke, Mirrors, & Hot Air: How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco's Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science" by Union of Concerned Scientists (S&C Ch.25)

answer

- the Union of Concerned Scientists created a report that offers the most comprehensive documentation to date of how ExxonMobil has adopted the tobacco industry's disinformation tactics, as well as some of the same organizations and personnel, to cloud the scientific understanding of climate change and to delay action on this issue - ExxonMobil funneled nearly $16 million between 1998 and 2005 to a network of 43 advocacy organizations that seek to confuse the public on global warming science --> they have raised doubts about even the most indisputable scientific evidence - ExxonMobil has been able to amplify and prop up work that has been discredited by reputable climate change scientists - ExxonMobil built a vast echo chamber of seemingly independent groups with the express purpose of spreading disinformation about global warming - it is shameful that ExxonMobil has sought to obscure the facts for so long when the future of our planet depends on the steps that we take now and in the coming years --> the burning of oil and other fossil fuels results in additonal atmospheric carbon dioxide that blankets the earth and and traps heat --> the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased greatly over the last century and the global temperatures are rising as a result - ExxonMobil needs to be held accountable for its shameful disinformation campaign regarding global warming

question

"Domestica" by Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo (S&C Ch.26)

answer

- the issue of nanny/housekeeper jobs for immigrant women --> they can never feel at home in these houses, there is alway something invisible that reminds them that it is not their house - there is no clear line between work and non-work time, and the line between job space and private space becomes blurred - some employers restrict the ability of their live-in employees to receive telephone calls, entertain friends, attend evening ESL classes, or see their boyfriends during the workweek - the indignities of food and access to food are deeply felt --> some employer families readily share access to all food, but other keep certain high price food items off-limits - the issue of food symbolizes the way that many Latina domestic workers feel about their live-in jobs --> it symbolizes the extent to which the families they work for draw the boundaries of inclusion or exclusion --> it marks the degree to which these families see the nanny/housekeeper as human beings who have basic human needs - these workers earn less than minimum wage for working marathon hours --> once they experience it, most women are repelled by live-in jobs - the lack of privacy, the mandated separation from family and friends, the round-the-clock hours, the food issues, the low pay, and the constant loneliness prompt most Latina immigrants to seek other job arrangements - being treated as though one is invisible is a complaint commonly voiced by domestic workers of color who are employed by white families

question

"Reconnecting Disadvantaged Young Men" by Peter Edeleman, Harry J. Holzer, and Paul Offner (S&C Ch.27)

answer

- there are 2-3 million youths aged 16-24 years old who are without postsecondary education and are "disconnected" - "disconnected" means they are not in school and have been out of a job for substantial period of time

question

"The Underclass Label" by Herbert J. Gans (S&C Ch.28)

answer

- the terms and words that are used to describe the poor often question their morality and are a part of the reason why they can't escape poverty - words like "underclass" distance intellectuals from the poor and contribute to the idea that poverty is largely their fault

question

"Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform" by Sharon Hays (S&C Ch.29)

answer

- demonizing of welfare mothers implicitly allows Americans to wash their hands of that population - mainstream America considers welfare mothers to have different values, beliefs, and practices than its own --> in reality, these mothers do share the values of mainstream America, but they are forced to live in an unjust society - from their first interaction with the welfare system, welfare mothers must be looking for employment, training for a job, or holding a position in which they receive monetary compensation - some Americans, especially those who consider themselves socially and fiscally conservative (aka those who endorse a residual view of welfare) attack recipients of assistance by blaming the state of poverty in the U.S. on welfare cheats and those who freeload off the hard-working taxpayer - the TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) program includes provisions that are in some ways even harsher than former policies - after 5 years, all welfare recipients are expected to be self-sufficient, no matter how destitute they might be --> they will remain ineligible to receive welfare assistance for the rest of their lives - we need major welfare reform --> the cycle of poverty will remain in place until we create policies that empower the impoverished, instead of gluing the population to a limp net that is set far too low

question

"The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America" by Jonathan Kozol (S&C Ch.33)

answer

- there are deteriorating conditions under which we educate the poor and minority populations in the U.S. --> they are trapped, almost uniformly, in old schools that are overcrowded, in poor repair, with scanty teaching materials and disgraceful toilets, and are staffed by under-qualified teachers - black and Hispanic students are concentrated in low-income schools where they make up the majority of the student population - during the 1990s, the proportion of black students in majority white schools decreased to a level lower than any year since 1968 - desegregation efforts produced lackluster academic results, and the schools lost their district neighborhood character --> one would think it would be important to consider whether the results are indeed lackluster and whether retaining neighborhood characteristics is valuable - increasing emphasis on testing --> resultant pressures on young children, teachers, and principles --> drastic effect that failures on these tests can have for a school and its staff have badly thinned out education in schools for the poor and minorities - schools are neglecting subjects like history, social science, geography, music - expenditure in NYC has risen by 2/3 since 1991, with no obvious educational effects --> in New York state, the litigation has now resulted in a judicial requirement that school expenditure in NYC be increased by something like 40%

question

"Class Conflict: The Rising Costs of College" by Ellen Mutari and Melaku Lakew (S&C Ch. 34)

answer

- many students are forced to work full-time jobs while attending school --> the rising costs of education coupled with the lack of ability to get grant money makes it difficult to pay for school - universities are getting less funding from the state, and students are forced to pay the difference - many students graduate with a significant amount of debt, and many lack access to education which causes society to be stratified

question

"Schools as Scapegoats: Our Increasing Inequality and Our Competitiveness Problems are Huge - But They Can't Be Laid at the Door of Our Education System" by Lawrence Mishel and Richard Rothstein (S&C Ch.35)

answer

- education is always the answer to the world's problems - rising workforce skills can make American firms more competitive --> better skills, while essential, are not the only source of productivity growth - the honesty of our capital markets, the accountability of our corporations, our fiscal policy and currency management, our national investment in R&D and infrastructure, and the fair-play of the trading system (or its absence) also influences whether the U.S. economy reaps the gains of America's diligence and ingenuity - the singular obsession on schools deflects political attention from policy failures to other realms - our problem is not education, but discrimination, inequality, and lack of regulation, etc. - education as the cure-all to everything around us, but this exaggerates the role of schools in the economy and conflates two issues: how American firms increase productivity to compete with the world and how the fruits of U.S. productivity growth have been distributed and how that explains rising inequality - after decades, the education as panacea argument is being overwhelmed by contradictory evidence --> the modern obsession with schools as a cause and cure of our economic problems began with Reagan and his report "A Nation at Risk" - some economists insist that there is an upside to income inequality in that in makes people want to go to college --> they warn that raising taxes on high-income households and reducing them on low-income households is tantamount to a tax on going to college and a subsidy for dropping out of school --> in this way of thinking, preserving Bush-era tax cuts is a way to stimulate college enrollment - we need to work to improve schools for the middle class --> we have an urgent need to help more students from disadvantaged families graduate from good high schools --> if they can, our society will become more meritocratic, with children from low-income and minority families better able to compete for jobs with children from more priviledged homes - the biggest threat to the next generation's success comes from social and economic policy failures, not from schools --> enhancing opportunities requires much more than school improvement - skills matter, but a poorly educated workforce cannot explain why the wages of workers in the middle have grown more slowly in recent years than workers at the lower end of distribution, even though of the two groups workers in the middle are better educated - no rebalancing of labor force can restore a more equal distribution of productivity gains without government intervention and changes in private sector behavior

question

"Hired Education" by Jennifer Washburn (S&C Ch.36)

answer

- research at institutions of higher education are no longer funded by the government, but instead by industries, which encroaches in the impartiality of the studies - when funded by industry, 98% of research done is in favor of the product, as opposed to only 78% when funded by the government - conflict of interest is a big problem in university research --> many drugs have been pulled because of this

question

War & Peace Section, Smith Atlas Book

answer

- overview: the number of armed conflicts has (generally) decreased --> there is less war and less lethal war specifically than before, but wars still cause long-term economic damage and result in a lot of refugees --> a country is not peaceful until it can have conflict without violence, and to achieve this people need to be involved in shaping the way that they are governed --> this does not look feasible because of the large number of people living in countries with political and social instability and large-scale criminal violence - War in the 21st Century: since 1989 there has been substantial peace, but there is also a lot of awareness about the issues surrounding armed conflict --> there were 50 wars in 1990 and 30 in 2012 --> in general North America and Europe have only fought wars outside of their national borders while Africa and Southeast Asia have experienced war within their borders --> even with wars declining, the number of wars in which the state is not a participant have increased --> non-state wars happen when the state's ability to impose order is weak --> local leaders gain power by controlling key economic activities and using soldiers to carry out their own desires that often violate human rights abuses --> the most common abuse perpetrated by militias is the recruitment of child soldiers - Military Muscle: the top 5 armed forces as of 2011 are China, North Korea, USA, India, Russia --> the U.S. holds the most nuclear warheads and is still the top military spender in the world - The New Front Line: drones and special forces are used for the most powerful attacks --> terror attacks are the best tactical option for the less powerful but more determined groups --> there is a race for cyber supremacy - Casualties of War: the casualities of war are always reported as lower than they actually are --> about 600,000 deaths have been recorded as directly caused by violent conflicts from 2000-2010 --> there is a significant amount of death caused by other factors of war including disease, malnutrition, and poverty, but most deaths occur from armed conflict --> regionally Sub-Saharan African has the highest death toll from violent conflict (from 2000-2010) - Refugees: 30 million refugees are unable to return to their homes because of war or repression --> refugee families can be displaced for several generations --> over 85% of refugees, displaced people, and stateless people come from just 8 countries - Peacekeeping: there are about 100,000 peacekeepers in the UN --> 5 South Asian countries provide 33% of all UN peacekeepers --> the number of peacekeeping missions has been increasing over the last decade - Global Peacefulness: the Global Peace Index focuses on what countries do right to make peace possible in their states

question

The Health of the Planet Section, Smith Atlas Book

answer

- overview: people usually use the justifications of complacency and alarmism when talking about the environment because they don't know/understand all the research --> the Phillippines is one country in which the right to live in a supportive natural environment is inscribed in the constitution --> in the end the government must take action to protect the environment because it is the only entity with enough resources to have a real impact - Warning Signs: scientists can't always be sure on research about the risks because they are future-facing risks and some key information, such as number of species, is not complete --> 304 million people were affected by disasters in 2010 and 304,000 were killed --> the changing environment is causing severe unlikely natural phenomena to occur and is hurting humans a well as animals - Biodiversity: plant and animal species are slowly being lost and in some places the rate is accelerating --> the world lost 3% of forest cover from 1990-2010, and the lost forest was largely rainforest --> Brazil has lost the most forest area and China has gained the most forest area - Water Resources: there are two types of water scarcity, over-withdrawal (taking out water faster than it can be replenished) and inadequate infrastructure for delivering clean water --> it is estimated that by 2025, 2/3 of the world will be experiencing shortages of clean water --> 70% of all water is used for agriculture - Waste: people are now starting to realize that the way we dispose of waste is important for both life and nature --> countries have passed laws to regulate the use of plastic bags - Energy Use: most energy comes from coal, oil, gas, and uranium, all of which emit a lot of carbon dioxide --> other forms of energy production have pros and cons, such as nuclear energy producing harmful waste and wind, water, and solar not producing enough energy --> from 1970-2011, the human population nearly double while the amount of cars grew fivefold --> the U.S. uses the most energy in the entire world - Climate Change: climate change has surely been caused by excess greenhouse gas emissions --> international climate change talks aim at controlling emissions to a max of 450 ppm --> many scientists argue that emissions needs to be kept at 350 ppm, a level already exceeded - Planetary Boundaries: developed at the Stockholm Resilience Centre, it is an attempt to deal with gaps in knowledge about how far we can go before the consequences of our environmental impact get too serious past our understanding of the risks --> we have crossed three boundaries, biodiversity, climate change, and the nitrogen cycle

question

Galeano, Seminar on Ethics, "Practicum: How to Make Friends and Succeed in Life" (p.133-159)

answer

- crime is the mirror image of order --> criminals who fill the jails are poor and almost always use small arms and crude methods - Queen Victoria was the greatest drug trafficker of the nineteenth century --> under her rule, opium became the most valuable commodity of imperial trade - the richest countries in the world are Switzerland and Luxembourg, two small countries with large financial markets --> little is known about miniscule Luxembourg, but Switzerland is known for the famous marksmanship of William Tell, the precision of its watches, and the discretion of its bankers - Swiss banks clean money and hide it for bad people - some praise Uruguay by calling it the "Switzerland of America" - "you don't need to be a poli-sci major to realize that political speeches usually have to be read backward for their real meaning" - in the U.S., candidates buy favors in the form of donations and funding --> only 2 percent of North Americans believe that their candidates have high morals - the Haitian people did not elect or even cast a single vote for the directors of the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank, but that's who decides the fate of every dollar that enters Haiti's public coffers --> as in all other poor countries, the veto is more powerful than the vote, as the democratic vote proposes and the financial veto disposes - governments govern less and less, and the people who voted for them feel less and less represented by them - in the 1980s, Great Britain became the model for Europe and Chile became the model for Latin America --> in those two countries, inequality is greater than in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal - German companies are prohibited from paying bribes to Germans - the main enemy of open society is no longer the Communist but the capitalist threat

question

Galeano, Seminar on Ethics, "Lessons for Resisting Useless Vices" (p.163-179)

answer

- unemployment sends the crime rate soaring and humiliating wages spike it higher still - in industrialized countries, unemployment remains high and contributes to increasing social inequality --> in so-called developing countries, both unemployment and povery have risen spectacularly - in the U.S. there is much less unemployment than in Europe, but the jobs are temporary, poorly paid, and without benefits - fear of unemployment allows a mockery to be made of labor rights --> the eight-hour day no longer belongs to the realm of law but to literature instead, where is shines "among other works of surrealist poetry" - Americans hate foreigners who come and work for cheap - Haiti was the first country to abolish slavery - workers outside the law put in more hours, earn less, get no benefits, and are not covered by labor legislation won through long, hard years of union struggle - "in the upside-down world, education does not pay" --> teachers in Uruguay don't get paid well

question

Galeano, Master Class on Impunity, "Case Studies" and "Hunters of People" (p.185-211)

answer

- major characters: oil industry, military, the chemical industry, crime as an industry - re-interpreting the factual truth of these lessons from what we learned in the press - Shell and Chevron operating in Nigeria: violted nature and poorer peoples/countries --> the "hanged writer environment": the hanged writer was a part of the Ogoni people of the Niger River Delta --> Shell's general manager in Nigeria (Achibi?) supported military government because commercial companies needed "stable environments" - democratice countries have a voice and regulations, while the military dictatorships don't, so Shell and Chevron prefer those --> the people who did resists in Nigeria were hanged, and it ultimately amounted to genocide - the U.S. responded by suspending arms sales to Nigeria --> tells us that they were providing arms to the military dictatorship in the first place --> the contracts of selling these weapons continued anyway due to an addendum to the original contract, the U.S. sells about half the weapons in the world and buys about half of the oil we consume (Shell and Chevron split oil harvests from Nigeria) - "The Price of Poison (1996)": the island of Curacoa was thought to have "healing breezes," but Shell set up a huge refinery on the island and showered posion on the island until the local authorities shut it down --> experts calculated $400 million to pay for damages to the environment (not counting damages to people) --> Shell bought impunity for $1 by selling to refinery to the government and receiving complete exoneration from responsibility - "The Blue Butterfly (~1994)": Chevron was original Standard Oil of California, it started an ad campaign about what they were doing to protect the environment, which was to build a sanctuary for the blue butterfly --> the sanctuary costs about $5000 to build, and was set up next to El Segundo, one of the worst sources of water/air/land pollution in California - "The Blue Stone in Brazil (1987)": one of the greatest nuclear catastrophes in histry --> ragpickers found a metal tube that had a stone of blue light that turned the air blue (Cesium-137), they rubbed their skin with it and it turned into a disaster, but there was no media coverage --> people suffered from medical conditions all over, and Cuba provided free medical care to the people --> the Chief of Federal Policies was quoted saying that nobody was responsible for the disaster - "Buildings Without Feet (ongoing)": an earthquake occurred in Mexico City in 1985, and thousands of buildings collapsed --> the newery buildings didn't have the required flexible building materials --> nothing happened to the officials, engineers, and developers of these buildings, or the inspectors who looked the other way - "Green, I Want You Green": environmental companies are making more money than the chemical industries, saving the environment is the most brilliant enterprise of the very companies who are trying to destroy it --> damage to Louisiana and Mississippi from oil spills, Dawn dish detergent went in to rehabilitate wildlife, but the irony is that Shell was responsible for the spill --> General Electric owns four of the companies that most poision the air, but is also the largest U.S. producer of equipment for air pollution control --> Dupont Chemical Co. is the largest producer of toxic waste, but it also developed services for incineration and disposal of toxic waste --> Westinghouse sells nuclear weapons and millions of dollars worth of equipment to clean up its own radioactive waste - "Sin and Virtue": the ones who produced land mines are now the ones who are being paid to remove them --> 100 million+ land mines are spread throughout the world, half of the victims are children and some of the mines are shaped like trinkets that children would pick up --> removing the mines has become a very lucrative business --> Vernon Joint was charged with cleaning Mozambique and Angola of mines that he invented for South Africa's army, and he is sponsored by the UN - Pinochet: Chilean dictator --> from 1982-1991, the U.S. had trained Latin American military officers in the arts of threat, extortion, torture, kidnapping, and murder at the School of the Americas in Fort Benning, Georgia and at the Southern Command in Panama - like business, crime pays, but only when it's done on a grand scale --> the top brass who gave orders to kill so many people in Latin America are not in jail for murder even though "their service records would make gangsters blush and criminologists go bug-eyed" - the Argentine military dictatorship had a habit of sending many of its victims to the bottom of the ocean - impunity is the child of bad memory, all dictatorships that have ever existed in Latin America know this well

question

Galeano, Master Class on Impunity, "Exterminators of the Planet" and "The Sacred Car" and "The Right to Rave" (p.215-337)

answer

- exterminators of the planet: masters of war and masters of industry - militaries and companies that produce weapons are closely tied --> agreements, international accords, etc. allows the U.S. to have access to other countries' resources (the language of power) --> promotes consumerism in the name of development, diverts responsibility from the U.S. and U.S. consumers - large corporations make the planet sick and sell the medicine to make it well, especially the fast food industry and the pharmaceuticals industry - environmental experts: the "bubble wrap of ambiguity" --> a lot of environmental experts can look at the same issue and give different reasons for it and different opinions regarding the extent of the damage - the world's health is suffering because the mantra is "we're all responsible," but 1/4 of humanity commits 3/4 of the crimes against nature - differences between the North and South in use of resources and access to them: North America consumes 10x the energy of South America, has 19x the amount of aluminum in its water - global suicide is being perpetrated by the most prosperous members of the human species, they find their identities in ostentation and waste - Galeano considers the giants of oil, nuclear energy, and biotechnology to be some of the worst offenders - max production, max costs, open markets, high profits all very important to big industries - poor people and countries suffer the most from the production of weapons, stell, aluminum, automobiles, pesticides, and plastics --> Lawrence Summers and the idea of taking the risk out of the U.S. and placing it elsewhere - each inhabitant of the North consumes 10x as much energy, 19x as much aluminum, 14x as much paper, and 13x as much iron and steel as someone in the South --> the average North American puts 22x as much carbon in the air as an Indian - "those who suffer most from this punishment are the poor - poor people and poor countries condemned to expiate the sins of others" - Lawrence Summers: economist with a degree from Harvard and a post high in the World Bank hierarchy --> in an internal document leaked by mistake, Summers proposed that the World Bank encourage the migration of toxic waste towards less developed countries for reasons of economic logic that had to do with the "comparative advantages" that those countries enjoy --> the advantages turned out to be pitiful wages, vast expanses where there is still room for polluting, and the low incidence of cancer among the poor (who have a habit of dying young from other causes) - at the end of 1984 in the city of Bhopal, India, 40 tons of deadly gas leaked from a pesticide factory run by the chemical company Union Carbide --> the gas spread through the shanty towns, killing 6,600 and harming another 70,000, many of whom died shortly after or were maimed for life --> Union Carbide in India did not abide by any of the security regulations that it must adhere to in the U.S. - the rich countries grouped in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development cooperate in economically developing the South by sending it radioactive garbage and other toxic expressions of kindness - there are no longer edible fish in the half of the rivers in China - in the U.S., public transportation has been eliminated in virtually all cities and only counts for 5% of all transportation - the U.S. has the greatest concentration of cars and the greatest quantity of weapons --> "six, six, six": of every six dollars spent by the average North American, $1 is for the car; of every six hours of life, one is spent traveling in the car or working to pay for it; and of every six jobs, one is directly or indirectly related to the car, and another to violence and its industries - every year cars kill and wound more people in the U.S. than U.S. soldiers killed and wounded in Vietnam

question

Loeb, Only Justice Can Stop a Curse, Intro (p.415-422)

answer

- it is easy to become "pickled in horrors" --> difficult for one person to make an impact - offers suggestions so that we don't become mired in rage - urges "defiant generosity": people in the U.S. are not raised to be defiant in a generous manner --> only those who work hard enough get a reward, focus on individualism, belief in U.S. exceptionalism - we should model ourselves after the Book of Noah - Williams encourages us to find a language that opens hearts rather than closes them --> nine women in her immediate family have masectomies due to radiation, linked to cancer from bomb testing - see a world where all of us work to create bridges among our different cultures in the U.S. --> respect for our fellow human beings and the planet that usstains us

question

"Only Justice Can Stop a Curse" by Alice Walker

answer

- famouse black feminist/humanist writer/thinker - belief that humans are fundamentally good - even the smallest acts of justice are important - she tells a story about a white companion in the Civil Rights struggle --> she was at first annoyed that he was co-opting the struggle, but then she realized that he was just offering his protection as a white mean

question

"The Clan of One-Breasted Women" by Terry Tempest Williams

answer

- Williams is a Mormoan women from Utah - her family has a high rate of breast cancer (and other cancers) --> 9 women in her family have had masectomies - Williams believes that the high rate of cancer in her family is due to atomic testing in Nevada - idea that activism is better than complacency --> she was arrested for trespassing at a nuclear testing site

question

"Next Year in Mas'Ha" by Starhawk

answer

- Mas'Ha is a peace camp at the Israel/Palestine border - it is a place where people are actually communciating cross-culturally - in risk of being torn down

question

"The Gruntwork of Peace" by Amos Oz

answer

- he is part of a team that drafts Israel/Palestine peace deals - struggles to write legislation that will aid in the peace process - it is up to the world leaders to use the work of the people tirelessly communicate, strive, and write for peace

question

"No Future Without Forgiveness" by Desmond Tutu

answer

- Desmond Tutu is a Nobel Peace Prize recipient --> he was the first black Anglican Archbishop in South Africa, and he is generally awesome - speaks about Rwanda facing the question of whether to use punitive or restorative justice after the Hutu/Tutsi conflict - the Tutus speak of reprisal violence --> oppressed people oppressing the people - Tutsis were favored by the British colonialists, but then they achieved independence the Tutsis oppressed the Hutus - Tutu was involved in a restorative justice process in post-apartheid South Africa through the Truth and Reconciliation Commission --> he says that this type of justice should be the model for the rest of the world because we need to understand and forgive people and actually move on from our conflicts --> it is better to give amnesty than put perpetrators in prison

question

The Circuit

answer

- the family moves from Mexico to California for work - they continuously move around, taking different jobs on different farms (strawberries, grapes, etc.) --> this makes the narrator (Francisco) and his older brother (Roberto) unable to have a normal education --> they never stay at one school for long - the narrator is very smart and works hard to do well and catch up with the English-speaking children in his class - the immigration officials find out about the family's illegal status and come to Francisco's school to take him away

question

When the Emporer Was Divine

answer

- Berkeley, Spring 1942: moving during the war, killed the dog and buried it in the backyard, two kids (boy and girl), moved using the train, passing through Nevada, girl didn't sleep on the train a lot because the train was hot af, father was arrested so he is not with them, train entered Utah - 1942 late summer in Utah: lived in barracks in desert, schools opened in October, weren't allowed to mention the Japanese emporer at the camps, dad got taken away in December right after Pearl Harbor (loyalty hearing), the mom used to live in Japan, got really cold in the desert, the mother stopped eating much, in February the army recruiters came around and handed out a loyalty questionnaire, summer came around and they began making streets and having street signs which indicated that they weren't leaving for a while - coming back after the war: came back after 3 years and 5 months, many people had lived in their house while they were away, they configured themselves in the house the same way they configured themselves in the barracks, the war was seen as an interruption and nothing more, the father had yet to join them, the war relocation authority sent every person home with train fare and $25 in cash, soldiers began coming home, students and teachers were nice to the children but the students also wouldn't sit with them during lunchtime or invite them over to play, the children had to apologize for doing the most minute things because they had to not draw attention to themselves, they were often seen as the enemy after coming back home, they tried to go everywhere and see everything to make up for the time they lost at camp - November: they start saving money and penny-pinching, the mom tries applying to jobs but no one will hire her because she's Japanese, they get a telegram from their father saying that he has been released and will leave Santa Fe on Friday and will arrive on Sunday, when their father returns they see that he has changed a lot, he never speaks to them about the time he was away/his arrest/politics, the company that hired the father before the war was liquidated, no one else wants to hire the father because he is old and unhealthy and just came back from a camp for dangerous enemy aliens, the father starts spending more and more time alone in his room, the father always has the same dream where it is 5 minutes past curfew and he is trapped outside on the wrong side of the fence and he wakes up screaming - End: book ends with the father's confession when the FBI took him in, he is basically forced to confess to all of the things that the Americans think the Japanese are doing

question

Walk Out

answer

- focuses on Latino high school students in Los Angeles - they focus on the idea that "the declaration teaches us that we are equal, but the school system teaches us that we aren't" - LA schools were extremely segregated in the 1970s because they were districted by neighborhood and therefore by financial situation and ethnicity - there is clear school segregation based on where you live because the property taxes fund the schools - the U.S. wasn't okay with bilingual education at the time --> claimed it was a communist threat, but those two words are rooted in fear - "what we know is us, what we don't know, we don't care about which is everyone but us"

question

Rogue Justice

answer

- CNN investigation of the NC SBI and the stories of Greg Taylor and Floyd Brown - Greg Taylor (from Raleigh, NC) convicted of murdering a prostitute: Taylor decided to get high with his dealer one night and got his truck stuck in a cul de sac in some mud --> they saw the dead body of a prostitute but didn't call the police because they were high --> the next day he went back to retrieve his car and was confronted by the police and told them what he knew --> the police gave him the option to either be a witness or a defendent --> being a witness meant he had to pin the murder on his dealer or he would go down for the crime --> he cooperated with police and offered up hair samples, but he refused to pin the murder on his dealer - the court case: they reported that Taylor had the victim's blood on his car --> they also claimed they had his DNA and they used a fake testimony that claimed that Taylor was with the prostitute that night, a police dog that smelled his scent on her, and a jailhouse snitch --> he was convicted of murder and spent 17 years in prison --> his appeal went all the way to the Supreme Court - the investigation: mulitple inconsistencies --> there were no fingerprints/fibers from her in his car, there were bloody fingerprints on the victim's body, the jailhouse snitch was lying, the witness was a prostitute who had her charges dropped, the police dog was untrained - NC Center for Actual Innocence: dedicated to investigating post-conviction claims of innocence by under-represented NC inmates --> the 8 members voted unanimously that he was innocent --> they had access to records that proved his innocence that the original defense had not had --> there was a file in the SBI report which included bench notes, the notes showed that even though the court claimed there was blood on the car, tests showed that it wasn't blood --> the blood sample was referenced over 1000x during the trial --> Duane Deaver was the blood stain analyst who noted that he couldn't scientifically prove that it was blood, but he couldn't say anything during the trial because it was against policy --> he eventually testified that it wasn't blood during Taylor's re-trial --> Taylor was offere the chance to be released, but he refused to do so without a trial to prove his innocence, which did happen --> his trial shed light on the inconsistencies in the SBI - Floyd Brown (from Wadesboro, NC): black man with the IQ of a 7-year-old --> everyone in the community knew him and loved him --> on July 16, 1993, an SBI agent took him to jail on charges of murdering and killing an 80-year-old woman --> the ones who knew him claimed that he would never commit this type of crime --> the suspect was a black man and Brown did not match his description, but he was taken in anyway due to a false "confession" - the confession: reported to have been written verbatim --> 6 page long confession detailing the crime, was written in first person --> this was the only evidence that was lodged against Brown --> due to his lack of competence, he was deemed unable to stand trail and sentenced to a mental facility where was locked up for 14 years - the inconsistencies: Brown does not have the communication skills to reflect what was written in the report --> the only thing Brown wrote was his own signature, where he signed his name incorrectly --> the report cited a time and address where Brown committed the murder, but Brown was unable to tell time or cite addresses --> he was charged based only on a fictional confession --> prosecutors withheld evidence that proved Brown was innocent - after: Brown still doesn't understand what happened, lives at him with a full-time caretaker and works as a school janitor, is currently being helped to sue the state of NC, Isley (who wrote the confession) has since been promoted - SBI: has many more conflicts of interest in cases similar to this, there should be individual science-based organizations that are paid to just tell the truth, 200+ reports have been found where the testimony does not correspond with lab results, the SBI lacks objectivity

STUDY

Gender Studies Introductory Sociology Sex And Gender Sociology

Soci Quiz 8 GENDER – Flashcards 42 terms

Alice Rees

42 terms

Preview

Soci Quiz 8 GENDER – Flashcards

question

Although a binary sex system imposes order in the world and helps us make sense of a complicated mass of populations, it also:

answer

limits our ability to accept difference.

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Which theoretical perspective assumed that every society had certain structures that existed to fulfill some set of necessary functions?

answer

structural functionalism

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By looking at anthropological findings in tribal societies, sociologists can see fluidity in gender, which helps us see that the boundaries within our own system of gender:

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may not be stable.

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Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is important because:

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it viewed sexuality as falling on a continuum, thus challenging the psychiatric claim of homosexuality as "abnormal."

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Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as:

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pink-collar jobs.

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Sociologist Cynthia Fuchs Epstein argues that deceptive distinctions are those sex differences that arise out of the roles individuals occupy, rather than from some innate force. Which of the following is NOT an example of deceptive distinctions?

answer

a girl who is a cheerleader and acts unanimated and unenthusiastic

question

What argument do Reskin and Roos use to support the reason women end up in lower-paid jobs?

answer

These jobs are not attractive to men.

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Gender structures social relationships between people unequally. This is a statement that would be supported by which group?

answer

feminists

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Patricia Hill Collins claims that gender intersects with race, class, nationality, and religion. Which group has made the case that early liberal feminism was largely by, about, and for white middle-class women?

answer

black feminists

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Although women now outnumber men in terms of college enrollment, men still dominate which fields?

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math and physics

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Michael Kimmel found that in the eighteenth century, the ideal man was very different than the modern-day ideal man. The ideal man in the 1700s was:

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a quiet and "nerdy" intellectual who enjoyed writing poetry.

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answer

sex role theory

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Surgeons today recommend prompt surgery to make intersex children conform to an ideal of normal genitalia. About 90 percent of these surgeries:

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reassign an ambiguous male anatomy into a female one.

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Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association listed homosexuality as:

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a mental disorder.

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Which theory might argue that "it is beneficial for society as a whole when men and women stick to their 'normal' roles"?

answer

Parson's sex role theory

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What term refers to the invisible barriers women face when they enter more prestigious corporate worlds?

answer

glass ceiling

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In the classroom, compared to boys, girls:

answer

are expected to be better at reading.

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Which theoretical perspective argues that gender is a product of social interactions, and that by "doing gender" men and women create and contribute to the gendered patterns we see?

answer

symbolic interaction

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Why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?

answer

social discomfort and fear of difference

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According to Judith Lorber, differences between the sexes are not easy to explain because gender isn't natural, but rather is:

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a social institution.

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All of the following examples call into question the two firm categories of sex and gender that dominate our thinking EXCEPT:

answer

the existence of male/female teams in sports.

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It is argued in your text that gender structures social relationships by giving men the advantage in society. Which of the following is LEAST likely to happen?

answer

When men enter female-dominated occupations, they often become victims of sexual harassment.

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Feminist psychoanalyst Nancy Chodorow believes that if men share mothering with women, then:

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egalitarian relationships will be possible.

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When token men enter feminized jobs, they enjoy a quicker rise to leadership positions. This is referred to as:

answer

glass escalator

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While the notion of sex refers to biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to:

answer

social characteristics.

question

What argument do Reskin and Roos use to support the reason women end up in lower-paid jobs?

answer

These jobs are not attractive to men

question

Your text mentions several reasons why American teenagers are rapidly spreading STDs. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons?

answer

Teens believe if they don't climax they will not get an STD.

question

If we apply our sociological imaginations to sex, gender, and sexuality, we might argue that:

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although biological differences exist between men and women, what we make of those differences is socially constructed and has changed through time and place.

question

Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as:

answer

pink-collar jobs.

question

Under the sex/gender system, men universally perform the kinds of tasks that:

answer

are accorded higher value than those done by women.

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Feminist philosopher Elizabeth Grosz proposed that we view the relationship between sex (the natural) and gender (the social) as existing on a Möbius strip because:

answer

sex and gender are two sides of the same coin and are thus inseparable.

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The study of gender is basically the study of how two spheres shape each other. What are the two spheres?

answer

nature and nurture

question

Similar to hegemonic masculinity, social problems that exist within a dominant group in a society tend to be:

answer

invisible because it is regarded as the norm.

question

What is the term that refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior?

answer

sexuality

question

In the classroom, compared to boys, girl

answer

are expected to be better at reading

question

Surgeons today recommend prompt surgery to make intersex children conform to an ideal of normal genitalia. About 90 percent of these surgeries:

answer

reassign an ambiguous male anatomy into a female one.

question

All of the following examples call into question the two firm categories of sex and gender that dominate our thinking EXCEPT:

answer

the existence of male/female teams in sports.

question

answer

sex role theory

question

Carol Gilligan found that boys and girls played differently on the playground. In comparison to boys, girls tended to:

answer

play more cooperative and people-based games

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The basic idea behind feminism is that women and men should be:

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accorded equal opportunities and respect.

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Hegemonic masculinity can be best described as:

answer

the dominant, privileged, and often invisible category of men at any point in history

question

According to Robert Merton, "middle-range" theories are useful because they:

answer

connect out day-to-day experiences to larger social forces

STUDY

American And French Introductory Sociology Sociology

Sociology Chapter 1 : the Sociological Perspective – Flashcards 186 terms

Jacoby Flores

186 terms

Preview

Sociology Chapter 1 : the Sociological Perspective – Flashcards

question

Sociology

answer

The systematic study of human society, culture and relationships on a group level

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Sociological Perspective

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seeing the general in the particular **sociologists look for general patterns in the behavior of particular people

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Social Institutions

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major structures made up of groups or ideas that influence peoples daily lives, views of the world or integration into society

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Examples of social institutions

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a. religious groups b. schools c. families d. political organizations

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Careers in sociology

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a. work at colleges b. school/hospital (clinical sociologist) c. sociology can benefit almost any career

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Social psychologist

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a person whose career is directly helping to improve peoples lives using sociological concepts.

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August Comte

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came up with the term - Sociology (1838)

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3 Stages of Society

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1. Theological Stage 2. Metaphysical Stage 3. Scientific Stage

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Theological Stage

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people viewed the world and events in that world as a direct expression of the will of the gods. i.e. bad weather =angry weather gods

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Metaphysical Stage

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people viewed the world and events as natural reflections of human tendencies i.e. still believed in gods abstractly, but believed problems in the world were d/t defects in humanity (astrology) **considered the transition stage**

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Scientific Stage

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people view the world and events as explained by scientific principles

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Positivism

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the belief that societies have their own scientific principles and laws, just like physics or chemistry.

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Sociology's 4 Theoretical Perspectives

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1. Stuctural-Functional Theory 2. Social Conflict Theory 3. Feminism 4. Symbolic Interactionism

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Theory

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a statement of how and why specific facts are related **theories attempt to explain why groups of people choose to perform certain actions and how societies function or change in a certain way.

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global perspective

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the study of the larger world and our society's place in it

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high income countries

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nations with the highest overall standards of living

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middle-income countries

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nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole

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low-income countries

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nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor

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sociological imagination

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(C. Wright Mills) the ability to see our private experiences and personal difficulties as entwined with the structural arrangements of our society and the historical times in which we live i.e unemployment d/t poor economy.

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Structural-functional approach

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framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

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theoretical approach

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a basic image of society that guides thinking and research

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social structure

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any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

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social functions

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the consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole

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manifest functions

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the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

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latent functions

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the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

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social dysfunction

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any social pattern that may disrupt operation of society

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social-conflict approach

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a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

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gender-conflict approach

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a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men

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feminism

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support of social equality for women and men

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race-conflict approach

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a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories

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macro-level orientation

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a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole

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micro-level orientation

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a close-up focus on social interaction on specific situations

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symbolic-interaction approach

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a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals *micro-level approach

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stereotype

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a simplified description applied to every person in some category

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According to sociologists, human behavior reflects our personal "free will." T or F

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False

question

Sociology is defined as the systematic study of human society. T or F

answer

True

question

Sociologists focus only on unusual patterns of behavior.

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False

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Using the sociological perspective, we would conclude that people's lives are mostly a result of what they decide to do.

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False

question

College students in the U.S. tend to come from families with above-average incomes.

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True

question

Durkheim documented that categories of people with weaker social ties have lower suicide rates.

answer

False

question

In the United States, African Americans have a higher suicide rate than whites.

answer

False

question

People with lower social standing are usually more likely to see the world from a sociological perspective than people who are well off

answer

True

question

In the United States, men have a higher suicide rate than women.

answer

True

question

A global perspective has little in common with a sociological perspective.

answer

False

question

U.S. sociologist C. Wright Mills argued that times of social crisis foster widespread sociological thinking.

answer

True

question

C. Wright Mills claimed that, most of the time, people must learn to take responsibility for their own problems.

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False

question

Studying other societies is a good way to learn about our own way of life

answer

True

question

Societies around the world are more interconnected than ever before.

answer

True

question

Based on the work of Barbara Ehrenreich, who tried to live by working at low-wage jobs, we should expect most people in such jobs to be able to move ahead to better paying work.

answer

False

question

Sociological research may be interesting, but it is of little use in shaping public policy, including legislation.

answer

False

question

The sociological perspective reveals the truth of the "common sense" beliefs we tend to take for granted.

answer

True

question

Understanding how society operates benefits only the most privileged people.

answer

False

question

Sociology is useful training for any job that involves working with people.

answer

True

question

Revolutionary changes in European societies sparked the development of sociology

answer

True

question

The term "sociology" was coined by Emile Durkheim in 1898.

answer

False

question

As a discipline, sociology first took root in France, Germany, and England.

answer

True

question

Ancient philosophers, including Plato, were primarily interested in imagining the "ideal" society rather than studying society as it really is.

answer

True

question

The last of Comte's three stages is the metaphysical stage, in which people know the world in terms of God's will.

answer

False

question

Among all academic disciplines, sociology is one of the youngest.

answer

True

question

Auguste Comte was a positivist who believed that there were laws of society in the same way that there are laws of physics that describe the operation of the natural world.

answer

True

question

The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that society reflected the basic goodness of human nature.

answer

False

question

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

answer

suggested that society reflected not the perfection of God so much as the failings of a selfish human nature

question

W.E.B. Du Bois translated the writings of Auguste Comte from French into English.

answer

False

question

Sociologists test their theories by gathering facts in order to confirm, reject, or modify them.

answer

True

question

The structural-functional, social-conflict, and symbolic-interaction approaches are three basic theoretical approaches in sociology.

answer

True

question

According to Robert K. Merton, social patterns are always good and have the same effect on all members of a society.

answer

False

question

Rarely are people aware of all the functions of any social structure.

answer

True

question

To say that a social pattern is "dysfunctional" means that it has more than one function for the operation of society.

answer

False

question

Keeping young people out of the labor market is one latent function of higher education.

answer

True; an unintended consequence

question

The manifest functions of our society's reliance on personal automobiles include tens of thousands of deaths each year in traffic accidents.

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False; not an intended consequence

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The goal of the structural-functional approach is not simply to understand how society operates, but to reduce social inequality.

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False

question

In the United States, secondary schools place students in college preparatory tracks that partially reflect the social background of their families.

answer

True

question

W.E.B. Du Bois wrote a classic study of the African American community in Philadelphia.

answer

True

question

Both Karl Marx and W.E.B. Du Bois carried out their work following the structural-functional approach.

answer

False

question

Both feminism and the gender-conflict approach highlight ways in which women are unequal to men.

answer

True

question

Both Jane Addams and Harriet Martineau are remembered today because they were married to important sociologists.

answer

False

question

Like the gender-conflict approach, the race-conflict approach is concerned with social inequality.

answer

True

question

The symbolic-interaction approach is a micro-level orientation.

answer

True

question

The focus of the symbolic-interaction approach is how society is divided by class, race, and gender.

answer

False

question

Social-exchange analysis is one micro-level approach to understanding social interaction.

answer

True

question

social-exchange analysis

answer

social interaction is guided by what each person stands to gain or lose from the interaction

question

Sociological research shows that all categories of people have had the same opportunities to participate in sports.

answer

False

question

Stacking" in sports is the pattern by which people of one racial category disproportionately play in favored positions.

answer

True

question

The meaning people find in competitive sports would be one focus of a symbolic-interaction approach.

answer

True

question

A symbolic-interaction analysis focuses on how social interaction in any everyday life setting involves social inequality

answer

False

question

Sociological generalizations are the same as simple stereotypes.

answer

False

question

What might a sociologist say about people's selection of marriage partners? a. People marry because they fall in love. b. When it comes to romance, it's all a matter of personal taste. c. Typically, a person marries someone of similar social position. d. When it comes to love, opposites attract.

answer

question

What does the idea that the social world guides our actions and life choices just as the seasons influence activities and choice of clothing describe? a. the basis of what philosophy calls "free will" b. the essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology c. the fact that people everywhere have "common sense" d. the fact that people from countries all around the world make mostly identical choices about how to live

answer

question

Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"? a. sociology b. psychology c. economics d. history

answer

question

Peter Berger describes using the sociological perspective as seeing the ______ in the _______. a. good; worst tragedies b. new; old c. specific; general d. general; particular

answer

question

By stating that the sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar," the text argues that sociologists a. focus on the bizarre elements of society. b. reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives. c. believe that people often behave in strange ways. d. believe that even people who are most familiar to us have some very strange habits.

answer

question

Three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of a. only age, because college students tend to be young. b. only class, because college students tend to come from families with above-average incomes. c. only our place in history, because a century ago going to college was not an option for most people. d. age, class, and our place in history, because of these are all ways in which society guides college attendance.

answer

question

The chapter's sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects a. only her preference for family size. b. how many children she can afford. c. whether she lives in a poor or a rich society. d. simply the desires of her husband.

answer

question

According to Emile Durkheim, people with a higher suicide rate typically have a. more clinical depression. b. less money, power, and other resources. c. lower social integration. d. greater self-esteem.

answer

question

The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was a. Robert K. Merton. b. Auguste Comte. c. Emile Durkheim. d. Karl Marx.

answer

question

In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following? a. white males b. African American males c. white females d. African American females

answer

question

Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of the United States than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be a. higher in urban areas. b. higher in rural areas. c. high in both urban and rural areas. d. low in both urban and rural areas.

answer

question

Sociologists use the term "social marginality" to refer to a. people who have little understanding of sociology. b. people who have special social skills. c. people who are defined by others as an "outsider." d. people who are especially sensitive about their family background.

answer

question

If marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would expect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective? a. the wealthy b. disabled persons or people who are a racial minority c. politicians d. the middle class

answer

question

Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would expect the sociological imagination to be more widespread in a population a. during times of peace and prosperity. b. among the very rich. c. among very religious people. d. during times of social crisis.

answer

question

C. Wright Mills claimed that the "sociological imagination" transformed a. common sense into laws of society. b. people into supporters of the status quo. c. personal problems into public issues. d. scientific research into common sense.

answer

question

The United States falls within which category of the world's nations? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. None of the above is correct.

answer

question

Which of the following categories contains countries in which average income is typical for the world as a whole and in which people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. None of the above is correct.

answer

question

The nations of Western Europe, Israel, Japan, and Australia fall into which of the following categories of countries? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. None of the above is correct.

answer

question

Almost all of Latin America and Asia falls within which of the following categories? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. very rich nations

answer

question

The text presents a portrait of a "global village." Which of the following statements about this village is true? a. More than half the people are North Americans. b. More than half the people are rich. c. More than half the people are Asians. d. More than half the people do not get enough to eat.

answer

question

Read the following statements. Which one is TRUE? a. Because the United States is so rich, there is little reason for us to learn about other nations. b. Gaining a global understanding is important for college students because most new U.S. jobs involve international trade. c. There is no longer very much poverty in the world. d. People the world over have ways of life that are mostly the same.

answer

question

About 1.4 million immigrants enter the United States each year and many (including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gloria Estefan) have become well known. These facts support the conclusion that a. the world's nations are increasingly interconnected. b. other nations have little effects on life in rich countries such as the United States. c. people around the world share little in terms of their ways of life. d. sociology does not have to pay attention to nations other than the United States.

answer

question

Read the following four statements about social patterns we find in the world as a whole. Which statement is FALSE? a. The world is now home to 7 billion people. b. A majority of the world's people live in Asia. c. People in the United States make up one-third of the global population. d. Less than 10 percent of the world's people have completed a college degree.

answer

question

Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to a. end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life. b. accept what people in the United States call "common sense." c. assume that people's lives simply reflect the choices they make. d. gradually understand less and less about her own way of life.

answer

question

Making use of the sociological perspective encourages a. challenging commonly held beliefs. b. accepting commonly-held wisdom. c. the belief that society is mysterious. d. people to be happy with their lives as they are.

answer

question

Which of the following statements best illustrates the career advantage a person gains by studying sociology? a. A researcher discovers a new and effective vaccine. b. A person in retail sales knows how to exceed the monthly sales target. c. A police officer understands which categories of people who are at high risk of becoming victims of crime. d. A financial services worker devises a new type of hedge fund.

answer

question

Sociologist Lenore Weitzman carried out research showing that women who divorce a. typically remarry within one year. b. claim they are happier than before. c. suffer a significant loss of income. d. have a happier sex life.

answer

question

Learning more sociology can help you to do all but which one of the following? a. assess the truth of "common sense" b. assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives c. be more active participants in society d. see how individuals guide their own lives through "free will"

answer

question

In the box about Barbara Ehrenreich working at low-wage jobs, we learned that she a. was able to make a good living right from the start. b. worked very hard, but never made enough money to pay for her basic needs. c. found most of her coworkers to be dull and lazy. d. ended up convinced that personal ability is everything.

answer

question

Sociology provides an advantage to students preparing for later careers by preparing them for work a. only as teachers of sociology. b. only in criminal justice or social work. c. only as clinical sociologists. d. in teaching, criminal justice, business, and many other careers.

answer

question

Examples of people applying their knowledge of sociology at work include people in a. law enforcement, understanding which categories of people are at high risk of becoming victims of crime. b. medicine, understanding patterns of health in a community. c. business, dealing with different categories of people. d. All of the responses included here are correct.

answer

question

Which of the following historical changes is among the factors that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline? a. the founding of the Roman Catholic church b. the rise of the industrial economy and growth of cities c. the power of tradition d. a belief that our futures are defined by "fate"

answer

question

We would expect the sociological perspective to be most likely to develop in a place that was a. very traditional. b. experiencing many social changes. c. very poor. d. small and socially isolated.

answer

question

In which of the countries noted below did sociology first appear as a formal discipline? a. the United States b. Japan c. France d. China

answer

question

The concept "sociology" was coined in 1838 by a. Karl Marx. b. Herbert Spencer. c. Adam Smith. d. Auguste Comte.

answer

question

Sociology differs from the older discipline of philosophy by focusing on a. what the ideal society should be. b. human nature. c. the place of God in shaping human events. d. how society actually operates.

answer

question

The major goal of sociology's pioneers, including Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, was a. to serve the powerful. b. to help build an "ideal society." c. to discover how society actually operates. d. to prevent disruptive social change.

answer

question

Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of historical development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post-scientific stage

answer

question

The ancient Romans saw the stars as being gods. Auguste Comte would classify Roman society as which of the following stages of history? a. scientific stage b. metaphysical stage c. theological stage d. post-scientific stage

answer

question

According to Auguste Comte, people begin to see society as a natural—rather than a supernatural—phenomenon as their society enters which stage of development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post-scientific stage

answer

question

Thomas Hobbes's idea that society reflects a selfish human nature illustrates the thinking common at which of Comte's historical stages? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. None of the above is correct.

answer

question

According to Auguste Comte, people living in Europe during the Middle Ages thought of society as a. a system operating according to its own laws. b. chaotic and having little order or form. c. an expression of God's will. d. a system behavior according to natural laws

answer

question

According to Auguste Comte, the type of thinking favored by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post-scientific stage

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_____ is a way of understanding the world based on science. a. Tradition b. Positivism c. Metaphysics d. Free will

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When did sociology become established as an academic discipline in the United States? a. during the Middle Ages b. about 1800 c. about 1900 d. about 2000

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Most of today's sociologists agree with Auguste Comte's claim that a. no society has reached the scientific stage of history. b. human behavior is not patterned and orderly. c. sociology should be based on religion. d. science has an important place in sociology.

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Sociologists cannot identify "laws of society" that allow us to precisely predict the behavior of an individual because a. human behavior may be patterned, but it is also spontaneous. b. sociology is still very young. c. no sociologist ever tried to discover such laws. d. no sociologist would wish to predict human behavior.

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A statement that explains how and why specific facts are related is called a(n) a. approach. b. precept. c. concept. d. theory.

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To evaluate a theory using evidence, sociologists a. gather data or facts. b. accept the conventional wisdom of their society. c. are guided by their personal feelings about the issue. d. look to the past for guidance.

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If we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a(n)_____ of family life. a. approach b. precept c. concept d. theory

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In deciding what kinds of questions to ask in their research, sociologists are guided by a. one or more theoretical approaches. b. their own common sense. c. our society's traditional wisdom. d. sheer chance.

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Looking at the United States, high suicide rates are typical of areas in which people a. live densely packed in cities. b. live spread apart in rural areas. c. have higher incomes. d. live in a warmer climate.

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Which theoretical approach was used by the early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. no theoretical approach was used

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The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. tradition-based approach.

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Which concept is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behavior? a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions

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Which of the following best describes the focus of the structural-functional approach? a. the meaning people attach to their behavior b. patterns of social inequality c. the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society d. ways in which each person differs from all others

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Using the structural-functional approach, which of the following questions might you ask about marriage? a. What do people think marriage means? b. How does marriage benefit women and men unequally? c. What are the consequences of marriage for the operation of society? d. How can we help people find more pleasure in their marriages?

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Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. What is the term for these negative consequences? a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions

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Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology's structural-functional approach. a. Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W.E.B. Du Bois b. Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim c. Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte d. Harriet Martineau, Robert Merton, W.E.B. Du Bois

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Herbert Spencer described human society as a complex system having much in common with a. animal societies. b. planets and stars. c. the human brain. d. the human body.

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Who was the U.S. sociologist who distinguished between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns? a. Robert K. Merton b. William Graham Sumner c. Talcott Parsons d. C. Wright Mills

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The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions.

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Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions.

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Which of the following is the best example of a latent function of going to college? a. providing skills needed for later jobs b. keeping young people out of the labor force, which may not have jobs for them c. gaining the knowledge required to be an active and thoughtful citizen d. giving young people experience living on their own

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Robert Merton explained that what is functional for one category of a society's population a. is always functional for everyone. b. may not be functional for another category. c. is unlikely to change over time. d. can never be functional in the future.

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The main characteristic of the _____ approach is its view of society as being orderly and stable. a. structural-functional b. social-conflict c. social-interaction d. tradition-based

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Which of the following is an accurate criticism of the structural-functional approach? a. It ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict. b. It focuses too much on social dysfunction. c. It focuses too much on power divisions in society. d. It is a politically liberal view of society.

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The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. tradition-based approach.

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The social-conflict approach draws attention to a. how elements contribute to the overall operation of society. b. how people construct meaning in their interaction. c. patterns of social inequality. d. the stable aspects of society.

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Looking at the operation of U.S. schools, the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that a. the function of schools is to teach needed skills. b. the meaning of schooling varies from child to child. c. schools have been a major path to social advancement. d. tracking provides some students with far better schooling than others.

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Which of the following statements might be made by a sociologist using the gender-conflict approach? a. Men and women share in the joys of family life. b. In many ways, men are in positions of power over women. c. Gender functions in an important way to keep society operating. d. All of the above are correct.

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Who helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte? a. Harriet Martineau b. Jane Addams c. Elizabeth Cady Stanton d. Dorothea Dix

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Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer

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Karl Marx, speaking for the social-conflict approach, argued that the point of studying society was a. to understand how society really operates. b. to compare U.S. society to others. c. to foster support for a nation's government. d. to bring about greater social justice.

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Which of the following early sociologists had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach? a. Karl Marx b. Talcott Parsons c. Emile Durkheim d. Herbert Spencer

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Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer

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Which early U.S. sociologist studied the African American community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer

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Which theoretical approach would highlight the fact that, on average, African American families have less income than white families? a. the race-conflict approach b. the gender-conflict approach c. the structural-functional approach d. the symbolic-interaction approach

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Using the social-conflict approach, a sociologist might highlight which of the following? a. income differences among young people in high school b. gender inequality in college sports c. racial inequality in a company's hiring and promotion practices d. the functions of a social institution such as the family

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W.E.B. Du Bois claimed that _____ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century. a. class b. race c. gender d. ethnicity

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W.E.B. Du Bois described African Americans as having a "double consciousness" because a. most felt that, compared to white people, they had to be twice as careful in how they acted. b. there is a double disadvantage in being both poor and black. c. black people have to work twice as hard as whites to get the same reward. d. they are American citizens who have a second identity based on skin color.

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The social-conflict approach sometimes receives criticism for a. focusing on values that everyone shares. b. being openly political. c. promoting the status quo. d. All of the above are correct.

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The _____ approaches are macro-level, describing societies in broad terms. a. structural-functional and social-conflict b. structural-functional and symbolic-interaction c. social-conflict and symbolic-interaction d. All of the above are correct.

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Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus? a. the operation of the U.S. economy b. patterns of global terrorism c. two people on an airplane getting to know one another d. class inequality in the armed forces

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The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is a. an arena of conflict between categories of people. b. the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations. c. a system that operates to benefit people. d. a system that generates social inequality.

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Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior? a. structural-functional approach b. social-conflict approach c. symbolic-interaction approach d. social-exchange approach

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Which of the following founding sociologists urged sociologists to understand a social setting from the point of view of the people in it? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Max Weber

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Which of the following statements reflects a social-exchange analysis? a. People typically seek mates who offer as much as they do b. Class differences are reflected in favored sports c. People build reality as they introduce themselves d. People who do more important work usually earn more pay

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A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it a. calls attention to major social institutions. b. ignores the influence of factors such as culture, class, gender, and race. c. paints a very positive picture of society. d. says little about how individuals actually experience society.

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Which of the following questions is the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach? a. How is society held together? b. How is society divided? c. How do people experience society? d. How do some people protect their privileges?

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Which of the following is a manifest function of sports? a. providing recreation and physical conditioning b. fostering social relationships c. generating jobs d. teaching a society's way of life

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Building social relationships and creating tens of thousands of jobs are two of the ____ of sports. a. manifest functions b. latent functions c. dysfunctions d. non-functions

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Which of the following would be the focus of a social-conflict analysis of sports? a. the way in which sports help encourage competition b. the importance of physical ability in success c. how sports reflect social inequality d. the different meanings people attach to games

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Racial discrimination in professional sports is evident today in a. the positions typically played by white and black players. b. the exclusion of African American players from professional sports. c. the fact that most managers and team owners are African American. d. the fact that women's sports attract less attention than men's sports.

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Which of the following statements is based on a symbolic-interaction analysis of sports? a. Winning at sports means different things to different people. b. Some categories of people benefit more than others from sports. c. Sports help develop important cultural values. d. "Stacking" is a type of racial inequality in sports.

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Using the symbolic-interaction approach, sports becomes a. a structure that contributes to the functioning of society. b. a matter of social inequality. c. less a system than an ongoing process. d. just a game without any meaning.

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A simplified description unfairly applied to every person in some category is called a. a sociological insight. b. a sociological generalization. c. a stereotype. d. an act of discrimination.

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Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations a. do not apply to all individuals in some category. b. are based on all available facts. c. are offered fair-mindedly with an interest in the truth. d. All of the responses given here are correct.

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Which of the following is a limitation of the symbolic-interaction approach? a. not being concerned with the meaning people attach to behavior b. not focusing on macro-level social structures c. not using the sociological perspective d. not focusing on interaction in some everyday situation

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Which of the following is a limitation of the structural-functional approach? a. not being concerned with the meaning people attach to behavior b. not focusing on macro-level social structures c. not using the sociological perspective d. not focusing on the consequences of patterns for society as a whole

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Introductory Sociology Nature And Nurture Sociology Structural Functional Theory

Sociology Exam 3 – Ch’s 8-11 – Flashcards 40 terms

Marlon Riddle

40 terms

Preview

Sociology Exam 3 – Ch’s 8-11 – Flashcards

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While the notion of sex refers to biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to?

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Social characteristics.

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Judith Lorber believed that gender is a social institution because it:

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Is a major structure organizing our day-to-day experiences.

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Dr. John Money claimed a genetic male could be raised as a girl and would turn out just fine. The David Reimer story show that Money's claims were:

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Wrong.

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The basic idea behind feminism is that women and men should be:

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Accorded equal opportunities according to their sex.

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What is the term that refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior?

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Sexuality

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Industrialization.

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Bob and Sue paint their baby's room pink as soon as they find out that they are having a girl. They are beginning to provide the baby with what?

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Her gendered identity.

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Carol Gilligan found boys and girls played differently on the playground. In comparison to boys, girls tended to:

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Play more cooperative and people-based games.

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Black feminists essentially argue all of the following EXCEPT:

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All women are in a similair boat and faced with the same hegemonic masculinity.

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Although women now outnumber men in terms of college enrollment, men still dominate which fields?

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Math and physics.

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What term refers to a group of people who share a set of physical characteristics and a bloodline?

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Race.

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The one-drop rule asserts that just "one drop" of black blood makes:

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A person black.

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An 1851 excerpt from Harper's Weekly magazine describes a certain racial group as law-breaking, idle, thriftless, poor, and barbarian. What group is this excerpt describing?

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Irish.

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Which group believed that different races were distinct species?

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Polygenists.

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Muslims have recently (since 9/11) undergone a new racial identity, from being formally unnoticed as a group to be singled out for more discrimination. This is known as:

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Racialization.

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What allows one to identify with a nationality without the rights and duties of a citizen?

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Ethnicity.

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What minority group has the highest percentage of males in prison?

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Blacks.

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The Supreme Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown vs. Board of Education struck down what doctrine?

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Separate but equal.

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Thoughts and feelings (usually negative) about an ethnic or racial group are refereed to as:

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Prejudice.

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What is the term that refers to the mass killing of a particular population?

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Genocide.

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Your text defines poverty as a condition of deprivation due to:

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Economic Circumstances.

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Which nation has one of the highest poverty rates in the advanced world?

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The United States.

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People who are born into poverty and ultimately raise their own children in poverty learn "how" to live in poverty. They learn the norms and values associated with that particular way of life. This is known as Oscar Lewis's:

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Culture of poverty.

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A lot of people who are eligible for food stamps in the United States don't apply for them. Why?

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They can't get to the Department of Social Services due to lack of transportation.

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According to the underclass thesis, the poor are:

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Deviant and dangerous to mainstream society.

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Herrnstein and Murrary questioned whether poverty was a side effect of __ conditions, or whether it actually caused limited opportunities for children.

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Biological.

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James Rosenbaum (2000) found that the people most likely to benefit from being moved from low-income, ghetto neighborhoods were the:

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Children.

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Gated communities are examples of what factor that is mixing with wealth inequality to increase the gap between the rich and the poor?

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Economic segregation.

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What term described the measurement of poverty where a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members?

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Absolute poverty.

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When the official poverty line was first set, food made up the largest percentage of household budgets. In today's society, what now makes up the largest percentage?

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Housing.

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The Gini coefficient is:

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A measure of economic inequality.

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Although doctors are very intimate and personal with their patients, it is also important for them to:

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Remain objective.

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Which of the following is NOT an obligation of the sick role?

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Try to treat the illness with over-the-counter medicines first.

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The main problem of fee-for-service is doctors have an incentive to:

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Overcharge the insurance company.

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A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

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Medicaid.

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When it comes to health care, Western societies are:

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Reactive.

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Morbidity means ___; mortality means ___.

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Illness;death.

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All of the following explain why people with higher incomes live longer EXCEPT:

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They are more likely to be firstborns.

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Which of the following is NOT a strategy for combating AIDS today?

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Eliminating gay marriage.

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A tax that is put on items that are considered "unhealthy" is refereed to as a(n):

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Sin tax.

STUDY

Introductory Sociology Macro Level Analysis Scientific Method Sociology

Chapter 1: Understanding Sociology – Flashcards 30 terms

Killian Parsons

30 terms

Preview

Chapter 1: Understanding Sociology – Flashcards

question

Which sociological perspective is most concerned with macrolevel analysis?

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both functionalist and conflict perspectives.

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Which of the following was a central focus for Charles Horton Cooley?

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intimate face-to-face groups

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Which social science would study cases of emotional stress, anxiety, and depression related to the earthquake in Haiti?

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psychology

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Sociology, anthropology, economics, and history study various aspects of human society and are therefore considered:

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social sciences.

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Children who experience divorce in their family are more likely to experience divorce themselves when they are adults. This is an example of a:

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dysfunction of families.

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A sociologist observing behavior at a college football game would probably focus on:

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the interaction among fans during the pre-game ritual of tailgate parties.

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According to the functionalist perspective, an aspect of social life is passed on from one generation to the next if it:

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promotes value consensus among members of a society.

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Which social science would be interested in the stances taken by elected officials in the aftermath of the earthquake in Haiti?

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political science

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Which of the following could be a manifest function of colleges?

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They prepare students for post-college careers.

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Which social science would be interested in cost comparisons between the use of the death penalty and incarceration for criminal offenders?

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economics

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Which of the following academic disciplines is classified as a natural science?

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biology

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Which sociological perspective sees the social world as being in continual struggle?

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conflict perspective

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Which sociological perspective would suggest that sports participants may work together harmoniously, and abandon previously held stereotypes and prejudices despite class, racial, and religious differences?

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interactionist perspective

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C. Wright Mills advocated the use of the sociological imagination to view divorce in the United States because divorce:

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is not just an individual's personal problem but a societal concern.

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Which of the following would be an example of cultural capital?

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knowledge of great American authors

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Which sociological perspective would view society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival and stability?

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functionalist perspective

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Which of the following would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination?

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a study that concentrates on the behavior of people listening to a religious service compared to those listening to a rock concert

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Which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability, then it does not serve a useful function?

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functionalist perspective

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The concept of anomie was introduced into sociology by:

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Émile Durkheim.

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Which sociologist saw "society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which contributes to the maintenance of the system as a whole?"

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Talcott Parsons

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Which sociological perspective would suggest that minority populations are often overlooked following a crisis or disaster such as the Gulf Coast oil spill?

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conflict perspective

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Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change, or evolve, over time?

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Herbert Spencer

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Sociology is considered a science because sociologists:

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engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding.

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Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs?

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functionalist perspective

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A natural scientist would be likely to study:

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rock formations and composition in the Grand Canyon.

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Émile Durkheim is known for his classic sociological study of:

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suicide.

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A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society:

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as an outsider.

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Which of the following academic disciplines is classified as a social science?

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anthropology

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Which sociological approach would view sports as an agent for defining people's social positions as players, coaches, and referees as a result of their performances and reputations?

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interactionist perspective

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Which sociological approach focuses on the macrolevel and would tend to view inequality in gender as central to behavior and organization?

answer

feminist perspective

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