sociology #2 – Flashcards

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two or more people who identify and interact with one another
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social group
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temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact
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crowd
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primary groups
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all of the above
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every society's most important primary group
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family
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secondary group
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impersonal and engages in some specific activity
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Not a characteristic of secondary groups
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personal orientation
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we see the ...... as a means to an end, and ..... as a end itself
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secondary group; primary group
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group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks
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instrumental leadership
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group leadership that emphasizes collective well-bing
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expressive leadership
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type of leadership style that takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told
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authoritarian leadership
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type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens
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democratic leader
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type of leader downplays their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own
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laissez-faire leaders
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"shock generator" showed
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people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals
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Not an expression of groupthink
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the group seeks diverse members and ends up with being unable to reach consensus
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social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions
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reference group
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type of social group that command's a member's esteem and loyalty
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in-group
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social group toward which a person feels competition or opposition
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out-group
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triad
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social group with three members
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social group open to any and all people as new members
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all of the above
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typically true of a social network
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networks are fuzzy groups made up of people we know of rather than those we know well
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formal organizations
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large secondary groups with goal orientation
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maximum securtiy prison would be what organizations
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coercive organization
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formal organization people join to obtain money and other material benefits
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utilitarian organization
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not a trait of bureaucrazy
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favoring family members over strangers
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all factors outside an organization that affect the organizations operation
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organizational environment
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harmful effect of formal organizations
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organizations create alienation
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keeping a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is
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bureaucratic ritualism
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tendency of bureaucratic organizations to keep themselves going
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bureaucratic inertia
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iron law of oligarchy
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bureaucracy always means the few rule the many
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idea behind scientific management
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applying scientific principles can make a business more efficient
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mcdonaldization of society
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mcdonalds organization principles coming to dominate all of society
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reason to study sexuality from the sociological perspective
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all of the above
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biological distinction between males and females
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sex
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deeper voices in males
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secondary sex characteristics
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comparative research
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although sex has a biological foundation sexual practices vary from place to place as culture
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importance of alfred kinseys research on sexuality
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showing that people were less conventional than most people thought
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when was sexual counterrevolution
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1980
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effect of sexual counterrevolution
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to encourage people to limit their numbers of sexual partners or, to abstain from sex entirely
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research on attitudes towards premarital sex tells us
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the public is more accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago
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....... of married men,........ of married women, remain faithful
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75; 90
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little or no attraction to people of either sex
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asexuality
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sexual orientation is rooted in
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human biology, although social experience plays some role
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......of men.......of women in us claim that they have a homosexual identity
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2.8' 1.4
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homophobia
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fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bi
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people to oppose pornography argue that
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all of the above
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prostitution is most common in
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poor nations where women have fewer economic opportunities
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a reason not to view prostitution as simply a matter of personal choice involving adults
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all of the above
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statement about rape not true
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in most cases of rape the victim does not know the attacker
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widespread, false idea about rape
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women who are raped must have encouraged their attackers
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society needs to regulate human sexuality
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structural-functional approach
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the more global our view of sexuality
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the more variety we see in the meanings people attach to sexuality
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norm stating that people remain virgins until marriage
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has become weaker
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symbolic-interaction approach to sexuality topic
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how individuals in various settings engages in different sexual behavior and attach different meanings to sexual activity
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not consistent with the social-conflict approach
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the process of reality construction is highly variable so that one groups views of sexuality may well differ from another
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criticism of the social-conflict approach's view of sexuality
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all of the above
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the recognized violation of cultural norms
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deviance
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crime differs from deviance in that crime
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refers to a violation of norms enacted into law
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biological approaches offer
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a very limited understanding of crime
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value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because
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very few people experience an unsuccessful socialization
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functions of deviance noted by emile durkheim
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all of the above
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process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them
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innovation
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low-paid, compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong
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ritualist
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cloward and ohlin extended mertons theory of deviance stating that crime
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reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity
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the code of the streets
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in jail or worse
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labeling theory
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deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do
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powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
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stigma
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medicalization of deviance
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all of the above
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edwin sutherlands differential association theory links deviance to
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the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior
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control theory suggests which of the following categories of people would be most likely to engage in deviance
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youngsters who hand out waiting for something to happen
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what society labels as a deviant is based primarily on
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differences in power between various categories of people
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crime committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupations
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white-collar crime
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illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf
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corporate crime
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organized crime
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any business that supplies illegal goods or services
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hate crime
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criminal act motivated by race or other bias
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gender figures into the study of deviance because
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every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males
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a crime is composed of which two components
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the act and criminal intent
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criminal statistics gathered by federal bureau of investigation reflect
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offenses known to the police
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the actual amount of crime in the us is about..... what official reports indicate
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three times greater than
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men who represent about half the us population account for about........ of all the arrests for property crime
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67 percent
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the us men account for about....... of all arrest for violent crime
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about 82 percent
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factors that explain the high crime rate in the us
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our emphasis on individual economic success which weakens the social fabric
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oldest justification for punishing an offender
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retribution
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if a parent threatens a child with punishment in order to discourage wrongdoing the parent is using punishment to accomplish what
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deterrence
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criminal recidivism
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later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes
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advantages of community-based corrections
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all of the above
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social stratification
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gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others
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not true about stratification
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a family's social standing typically changes a great deal from generation to generation
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social stratification may involve differences in
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all of the above
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person who moves from one occupation to another that provides about the same level of rewards
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horizontal social mobility
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societies that have caste systems have economies that are
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agrarian
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ending of apartheid in south africa has led to
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society becoming a meritocracy
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the historical replacement of caste systems with class systems
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replaces one find of inequality with another
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meritocracy refers to social stratification
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based entirely on personal merit
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college professor with advanced degrees
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low status consistency
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historical practice in england of passing property to only the first born male descendant
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the law of primogeniture
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structural social mobility
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change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself
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accurately describes the peoples republic of china
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a new set of social classes is gradually emerging
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compared to other high income nations the us has
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more social inequality
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davis-moore thesis
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more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them
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capitalism "reproduces the class structure"
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society operates so that class differences are carred from one generation to the next
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work involving mostly mental activity
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white-collar work
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social position is based on a person's
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all of the above
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weber envisioned inequality in terms of
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a socioeconomic status hierarchy
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common micro lever pattern involving social interaction
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people tend to socialize with others of about the same social position
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laura wears an expensive dress to impress her friends
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conspicuous consumption
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idea that social inequality benefits society is associated with
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structural-functional approach
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idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with
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social-conflict approach
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which society comes closest to being egalitarian
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hunting and gathering
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income inequality is greatest in which of the following regions
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latin america
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in the us economic inequality has been
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decreasing
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us is middle class because
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we have no history of nobility, as in europe
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earnings from work or any investment
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income
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the richest 20 percent of the population ear about...... times as much as the poorest 20 percent
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12
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total amount of financial assets minus any debts
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wealth
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richest 5 percent of us families own about what percentage of privately owned property
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60
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the wealthiest 1 percent of us fams controls about...... of the nations privately held wealth
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35
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occupational prestige
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occupational rankings are much the same in all high income nations
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about...... of the richest people in the us gained at least some of their fortune from inheritance
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two thirds
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in 2007 about.......of us adults over the age of 25 were college graduates
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30
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what factors affect social position in the us
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all of the above
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in us median income for african american families is about..... as much as that for non hispanic white families
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57
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40 to 50 of us population falls within
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middle class
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contains the lease amount of racial and ethnic diversity
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the upper upper class
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which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat
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working class
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people of low class position
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all of the above
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most likely to be liberal on a social issue
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rich, highly educated people
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people of low social position are more liberal on.... issues and more conservative on...... issues
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economic; social
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intergenerational social mobility refers to change in social position
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by children in relation to their parents
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change in social position during a persons lifetime
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intragenerational social mobility
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during the last twenty years which category of the us population has experienced the largest gains in average income
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the highest paid 20 percent
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true about social mobility in the us
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all of the above
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relative poverty
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is found everywhere
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in 2007 what share of us was poor
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12.5
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which age category has the highest poverty rate
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children
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most poor people in the us are
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non hispanic whites
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feminization of poverty
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women make up an increasing percentage of the poor
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percentage of all poor families in the us headed by a single women
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51
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in us an increasing percentage of the poor are
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single women and their children
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the cause of poverty lies in
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too few available jobs
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how many people in us were homeless for some time during 2005
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754,000 although the real number could be several times higher
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true statement about homeless
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one third of all homeless people are entire familes
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death of 52 workers in bangladeshi shows
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the loves of the worlds poor are far worst than many people in the us realize
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the wealthiest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income
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74
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the poorest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of global income
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2
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high income countries that are 22 percent of the worlds population enjoy about how much of the worlds income
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80
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in poor nations poverty is.... than in the us
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more widespread and severe
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the majority of the worlds people live in
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middle income nations
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in lowest income nations, half of all children born die by age
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10
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about how many people suffer from chronic hunger
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1 billion
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absolute poverty
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life threatening
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region contains the largest percentage of the worlds street children
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latin america
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of 1 billion poverty people how many are women
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70
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type of slavery that refers to one person owning another
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chattel slavery
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type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts
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debt bondage
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applying modernization theory to global poverty you might point to which of the following traits of low income nations
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all of the above
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colonialism
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some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others
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global economy in which multinational corporations exploit people in low income nations
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neocolonialism
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if you were applying modernization theory to the problem of global poverty you might expect rich nations to aid the economic development of poor nations by
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all of the above
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some critics claim that modernization theory
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ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations
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dependency theory differs from modernization theory by
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explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries
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andre frank states that poor nations
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were underdeveloped or made poor by rich nations
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while modernization theory focuses on..... dependency theory focuses on......
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all of the above
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what nations are the core of the world economy
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high income nations
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what did wollerstein not consider to be a cause of dependency
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lack of integration into the world economy
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over the course of the last century the extent of global economic inequality has
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increased
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global region that has made the greatest strides out of poverty
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asia
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the sociological approaches to global poverty show us that poverty is
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all of the above
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