What are the two major components of fieldwork in archaeological anthropology?

The genealogical method and excavation More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/anthropology-quizes/

Which of the following is not a distinctive feature of four field anthropology?

It has as exclusive focus on contemporary cultures More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/anthropology-final-2/

Which of the following is not a distinctive feature of four-field anthropology?

E. It has an exclusive focus on contemporary cultures. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/anthropology-quiz-1/

What are the 5 fields or specializations in anthropology, Just list them

Cultural Anthropology Linguistic Archaeology Biological Anthropology Applied Anthropology More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/test-one-anthropology-cultura-anth-2351-epcc/

A scholar in which subfield of Anthropology would try to reconstruct, describe, and interpret past human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains?

Archaeological Anthropology More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/final-exam-cultural-anthropology/

What are the four fields of Anthropology?

Linguistic, Cultural, Physical, Archaeology More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/essay-aant-108-midterm/

What is the over all importance of this concept in terms of the general problems in anthropology?

Forming relationships in the community, look at community aspects. Why you need to participate b/c if you don’t you feel othered. Emphasizes why you need participant observation of things. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/anthropology-identifications-36108/

What is the primary purpose of practicing applied anthropology?

It allows the use of anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/chapter-1-3-anthropology/

What is unique about anthropology’s approach to issues?

All of the above are true. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/anthro-102-quizzes/

Anthropology test questions and answers | Get Access To Anthropology Flashcards and exam tests

Home Page Social Science Anthropology

We've found 729 Anthropology tests

Anthropology World History

World History Midterm – Flashcards 82 terms

Kael Dunlap

82 terms

Preview

World History Midterm – Flashcards

question

Q: Why was life expectancy in early cities shorter than among nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples?

answer

A: The frequency of infectious diseases increases, and people's diets could become overly dependent on carbohydrate, resulting in earlier ages at death than ere typical of hunter gatherer bands.

question

Q: Before 11,000 B.C.E., virtually all Human societies were:

answer

A: nomadic, moving incessantly in search of limited food.

question

Q: The Switch from subsistence by food gathering to food production:

answer

A: was a momentous revolution that made stable settlements possible

question

Q: The __________ culture is the earliest culture in the Middle East of which we are aware today.

answer

A: Ubaid

question

Q: Although people who produced early writing used pointed sticks, Sumerian scribes advanced writing by introducing durable reeds that:

answer

A: produced wedge-like script called cuneiform

question

Q: Slavery in Sumerian society was:

answer

A: often the result of capture during the war and was limited in some ways

question

Q: Shortly before 3000 B.C.E., people in the Near East discovered that bronze could be produced by:

answer

A: combining copper metal with arsenic or tin

question

Q: The Code of Hammurabi:

answer

A: was propagandistic in purpose

question

Q: According to historians, the Egyptian pharaohs were able to establish their claim to divinity:

answer

A: none of the above

question

Q: The great Pyramids of Giza, built in the Fourth Dynasty, were

answer

A: constructed by thousands of peasant workers who were not slaves

question

Q: The Egyptians made notable advances in:

answer

A: Measuring Time

question

Q: Imhotep, in designing the Step Pyramid, gave the world its first:

answer

A: Monument built in stone

question

Q: The Mitannians introduced lighter chariots to carry archers, but:

answer

A: their opponents soon copied them and used protective armor

question

Q: Although it was not uncommon for a woman to act as a regent for a small child in ancient Egypt, it was truly remarkable when________ declared herself to be pharaoh in her own right.

answer

A: Hatshepsut

question

Q: The system of writing developed by the citizens of Ugarit:

answer

A: used an alphabet of about thirty symbols for the consonants

question

Q: By the Late Bronze Age, international relations had changed because:

answer

A: a balance of power evolved that stabilized trade a diplomacy: leaders came to understand both that security and stability helped trade and that war and disruptive and unprofitable

question

Q: The followers of Zoroastrianism believed:

answer

A: Ahura-Mazda (truth/ light) struggling with Ahriman (evil/darkness)

question

Q: Western civilization today's looks back to ancient Greece as the epitome of the triumph of:

answer

A: reason and freedom over superstition and despotism

question

Q: Although Dark Age Greece is largely undocumented and therefore difficult to study thoroughly, it seem clear that:

answer

A: early Greeks were economically stagnant and cut off from other Near Eastern civilizations

question

Q:The Greek polis was a:

answer

A: collective group or community organized around a city

question

Q: Panhellenic Festivals in ancient Greece included:

answer

athletic contests honoring the gods

question

Q: Since every polis needed hoplites:

answer

A: Men who took part began to demand a role in politics

question

Q: A tyrant is someone who:

answer

A: seized power and rules outside a traditional constitutional framework

question

Q: Sparta:

answer

A: depended on the enslaved labor of helots

question

Q: Which sentence best describes the structure of the Spartan government circa 600 B.C.E.?

answer

A: Sparta was ruled by a citizen assembly, a council of elders, and two kings

question

Q: The decisive Greek military victory over the Persians at Salamis was won by:

answer

A: the Athenian Fleet

question

Q: A change in how people viewed the world began in the sixth century B.C.E. when some Ionian thinkers began to:

answer

A: look for natural explanations of occurrences in the world rather than to the gods and goddesses

question

Q: Drama in classical Athens was transformed when:

answer

A: Aeschylus introduced additional characters and a chorus to stage presentations in order to portray human conflict and conversation

question

Q: The growth of Athenian democracy, with its emphasis on equality between citizens, let to:

answer

A: greater inequality between men and women

question

Q: the primary source of our knowledge of the Persian Wars comes from the " Father of Knowledge":

answer

A: Herododus

question

Q: Socrates' aim was to show that:

answer

A: truth in real and absolute standards of goodness and virtue do exist

question

Q: Socrates' most famous pupil was:

answer

A: Plato

question

Q: Plato's primary philosophical concern was:

answer

A: the doctrine of ideas

question

Q: As outlined in The Republic, Plato's ideal form of government is best described as a/an:

answer

A: meritocracy based on intelligence

question

Q: the ruling principle for such a government as Plato envisioned was:

answer

A: the Good

question

Q: Aristotle believed that:

answer

A: Forms shape matter toward specific purposes

question

Q: Aristotle argued that good conduct is virtuous and that virtue resides in aiming:

answer

A: for the golden mean

question

Q: Whereas Plato conceived of politics as means toward living the good life, Aristotle regarded politics as:

answer

A: an end in itself

question

Q: Alexander the Great is a difficult figure for historians to evaluate because:

answer

A: so many legends grew around him during his lifetime

question

Q: Alexander's troops refused to proceed any farther once they reached the:

answer

A: Indus Valley

question

Q: To control his newly created empire, Alexander constructed:

answer

A: Greek-Style Cities

question

Q: The great Hellenic empires of the ancient world following Alexander were the:

answer

A: Antigonid in Macedon, the Ptolomaic in Egypt, and the Seleucid in Persia

question

Q: the most important cultural center in the Hellenitic world was:

answer

A: Alexandria

question

Q: three philosophical schools that were prominent during the Hellenistic period were:

answer

A: Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Skepticism

question

Q: Rome was a crucial factor in the development of European civilization because:

answer

A: Rome connected Europe to the cultural heritage of the near east

question

Q: During the early Rome Republic, Rome:

answer

A: expanded slowly and extended the Latin Right to many of the cities it conquered

question

Q: The greatest honor a Roman could hope to achieve was to:

answer

A: sacrifice himself, his family, and his friends for the state

question

Q: Once the Romans had effectively gained control of Italy (265 B.C.E.) they:

answer

A: started a series of wars for the controls of the western Mediterranean

question

Q: Roman slavery differed from slavery in other ancient civilizations in that it:

answer

A: was far more impersonal and brutish

question

Q: The greatest Roman Stoic, Cicero, believed that:

answer

A: virtue leads to happiness, and peace of mind is the highest goal

question

Q: Following the end of the Punic Wars, there was a period of great turmoil and strife, including a slave revolt that lasted for two years and threatened the stability of the Republic itself. The slaves were led by the gladiator named:

answer

A: Spartacus

question

Q: Rome created the position of dictator to allow a single individual to deal with any emergency for a maximum of six months; one individual,________, had the senate elect him dictator for life.

answer

A: Caesar

question

Q: Those who ruled Rome from 96 to 180 C.E. were called the Five Good Emperors because they:

answer

A: were capable administrators who governed successfully

question

Q: Pax Romana refers to:

answer

A: Romans' success in keeping order around the Mediterranean

question

Q: Rome declined and fell because:

answer

A: none of the above

question

Q: When high culture is watered down for a wider public, the process is called:

answer

A: vulgarization

question

Q: The differences between the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire:

answer

A: in culture, economy, and language were great and grew larger over time

question

Q: The Dead Sea Scrolls have helped historians understand the religious climate of the first century C.E. by:

answer

A: demonstrating the diversity of Jewish religious practice and belief

question

Q: The Gospel accounts of Jesus' life:

answer

A: were probably written between 70 and 100 C.E.

question

Q: Once Constantine I and his successors converted to Christianity:

answer

A: it gained power and was designated the only official religion by Theodosius

question

Q: What were the general results of the doctrinal quarrel of the early centuries?

answer

A: the dogmas of the Christian Church gradually became fixed

question

Q: Why did Justinian's reconquest of the western Roman Empire fail?

answer

A: The costs associated with conquering and defending the vast western empire was too great

question

Q: The role of women in the early Christian church was:

answer

A: extremely limited: not unlike Judaism of the time

question

Q: Byzantine civilization contributed a great deal to Western art as evidence by:

answer

A: St. Mark's in Venice

question

Q: The Hijrah ( Hegira) refers to the prophet Muhammad's move from:

answer

A: Mecca to Medina

question

Q: The word Islam means:

answer

A: submission

question

Q: In their worship of allah, Muslims worship:

answer

A: the same omnipotent deity by Christians and Jews

question

Q: The Shi'ite party arose among Muslims because:

answer

A: of a dispute about the proper succession of caliphs in seventh-century Arabia

question

Q: Compared to medieval Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the Islamic world was:

answer

A: more advanced in technological sophistication, science, and philosophy

question

Q: The Vikings, whose name means_________, played a significant role in the development of Europe in the ninth through the eleventh centuries through raids and settlements they established

answer

A: robbers

question

Q: The population of Europe roughly tripled from 1000 to 1300, and as a result cities grew to populations of:

answer

A: 100,000

question

Q: The two fundamental factors driving the economy of Europe on the High Middle Ages were:

answer

A: populations growth and an increasingly efficient market foe goods

question

Q: Serfs were treated like slave in parts of medieval Europe with the following major exception: unlike slavery:

answer

A: serfs could not be sold apart from their historical lands

question

Q: During the High Middles Ages, fields were rotated over a__________ cycle to increase overall agricultural production 50 to 67 percent.

answer

A: three-year

question

Q: During the eleventh century, the most spectacular developments in long-distance trade took place in:

answer

A: nothern Italy

question

Q: Medieval guilds generally worked:

answer

A: to preserve their monopolies and limit competition

question

Q: The expansion of the Byzantine Empire during the tenth and early eleventh centuries was assisted by:

answer

A: Christian missionary activity in Russia and the Balkans

question

Q: Which of the following was NOT a goal Pope Urban II expressed for the First Crusade? He aimed to:

answer

A: sly Christ's enemies wherever they could be found, especially Jews and Muslims

question

Q: Pope Urban II, in his speech at Clermont, asked Christians in Europe to:

answer

A: destroy the Muslims who were in the lands formerly held by Byzantium

question

Q: The First Crusade

answer

A: weakened Byzantine control over trade in the eastern Mediterranean

question

Q: During the Fourth Crusade of 1201-1204, the Venetian navy:

answer

A: sacked Constantinople and returned with an enormous booty

question

Q: The direct consequence(s) of the crusades was/ were

answer

A: all of the above

STUDY

Anthropology Cultural Anthropology English/Language Arts 3 (11Th Grade) Social And Cultural Anthropology

Argumentative Writing: Domain Specific Vocabulary – Flashcards 36 terms

Mya Day

36 terms

Preview

Argumentative Writing: Domain Specific Vocabulary – Flashcards

question

Analyze

answer

To consider more than one opinion on a topic or question before drawing your own conclusions or to consider a topic or question carefully by bashing your response to it into parts

question

Argument

answer

A way to convince another person of your opinion by using evidence from a text or another relevant source

question

Audience

answer

The person or group of people, in addition to your classmates and teacher, who may read your writing

question

Citation

answer

A passage or phrase from a book or other piece of writing

question

Cite

answer

If you do this to something, you quote it or mention it, especially as an example or proof of what you are saying

question

Claim

answer

An idea you believe to be true that you can support with evidence

question

Cohesion

answer

The order of your ideas and how you tie them together

question

Counterclaim

answer

The response given by someone who doesn't agree with your claim

question

Credible

answer

Believable, trustworthy; based on data or experience

question

e.g.

answer

A Latin abbreviation meaning "for example"

question

Evidence

answer

The relevant and concrete information and examples you give to prove your point and support your reasons

question

Formal Style

answer

Written in a serious voice that avoids casual phrasing, slang, and contractions but can include "I"

question

Objective Tone

answer

A reasonable voice that relies on evidence, not emotions, to develop an argument

question

Plagiarize

answer

To copy someone else's words or ideas without giving credit

question

Relevant

answer

Closely relates to and supports the point you are making

question

Source

answer

The book, magazine, or internet reference in which the story, argument, or piece of research you are summarizing, paraphrasing, our quoting first appeared

question

Substantive

answer

Important, serious; not silly or extreme

question

Transition

answer

A word or phrase that helps the writer change from one idea to another

question

Analyze

answer

To consider more than one opinion on a topic or question before drawing your own conclusions or to consider a topic or question carefully by bashing your response to it into parts

question

Argument

answer

A way to convince another person of your opinion by using evidence from a text or another relevant source

question

Audience

answer

The person or group of people, in addition to your classmates and teacher, who may read your writing

question

Citation

answer

A passage or phrase from a book or other piece of writing

question

Cite

answer

If you do this to something, you quote it or mention it, especially as an example or proof of what you are saying

question

Claim

answer

An idea you believe to be true that you can support with evidence

question

Cohesion

answer

The order of your ideas and how you tie them together

question

Counterclaim

answer

The response given by someone who doesn't agree with your claim

question

Credible

answer

Believable, trustworthy; based on data or experience

question

e.g.

answer

A Latin abbreviation meaning "for example"

question

Evidence

answer

The relevant and concrete information and examples you give to prove your point and support your reasons

question

Formal Style

answer

Written in a serious voice that avoids casual phrasing, slang, and contractions but can include "I"

question

Objective Tone

answer

A reasonable voice that relies on evidence, not emotions, to develop an argument

question

Plagiarize

answer

To copy someone else's words or ideas without giving credit

question

Relevant

answer

Closely relates to and supports the point you are making

question

Source

answer

The book, magazine, or internet reference in which the story, argument, or piece of research you are summarizing, paraphrasing, our quoting first appeared

question

Substantive

answer

Important, serious; not silly or extreme

question

Transition

answer

A word or phrase that helps the writer change from one idea to another

STUDY

Anthropology Late Twentieth Century Social And Cultural Anthropology Social Network Analysis

Cultural Anthropology Fieldwork and Race Powerpoint (EXAM 1) – Flashcards 29 terms

Adam Howard

29 terms

Preview

Cultural Anthropology Fieldwork and Race Powerpoint (EXAM 1) – Flashcards

question

Rapport

answer

The relationships of trust and familiarity developed with members of the community being studied.

question

Key Informant

answer

A community member who advises the anthropologist on community issues, provides feedback, and warns agains cultural miscues. Also called cultural consultant.

question

Informed consent

answer

A key strategy for protecting those being studied by ensuring that they are fully informed of the goals of the project and have clearly indicated their consent to participate.

question

Anonymity

answer

Protecting the identities of the people involved on a study by changing or miting their names or other identifying characteristics.

question

Quantitative data

answer

Statistical Information about a community that can be measured and compared.

question

Qualitative data

answer

Descriptive data shown from nonstatistical sources, including participant observation,personal stories, interviews, and the histories.

question

Interview

answer

A research strategy of gathering data through formal or informal conversation with informants.

question

Life history

answer

A form of interview that races the biography of a person over time, examining changes and illuminating the interlocking network of relationships in the community.

question

Survey

answer

An information gathering tool for quantitative data analysis.

question

Polyvocality

answer

The practice of using many different voices in ethnographic writing and research question development, allowing the reader to hear more directly from the people in the study.

question

Reflexivity

answer

A critical self-examination of the roles the anthropologist plays and awareness that one's identity affects one's fieldwork and the theoretical analyses.

question

Race

answer

A flawed system of classification with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups.

question

Racialization

answer

To categorize, differentiate, and attribute a particular racial character to a person or group of people.

question

Racial ideology

answer

A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seems reasonable, rational, and normal.

question

Racism

answer

Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagines differences among groups.

question

Individual racism

answer

Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race.

question

Institutional racism

answer

Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems.

question

Stratification

answer

The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a groups or culture.

question

Nativism

answer

Favoring certain long-term inhabitants over new immigrants.

question

Jim Crow

answer

Law implemented after the U.S. Civil War to legally enforces segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery.

question

Miscegenation

answer

A demeaning historical term for interracial marriage,

question

Eugenics

answer

A pseudoscience attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population's genetic composition by favoring some races over others.

question

Whiteness

answer

A culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virginia designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not, a process central to the formation of the U.S. racial stratification.

question

White supremacy

answer

The belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races.

question

Hypodescent

answer

Sometimes called the "one drop of blood rule"; the assignment of children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group.

question

If races it not biological

answer

It must be cultural.

question

Ten things everyone should know about race

answer

1. Races is a modern idea. 2. Race has no genetic basis. 3. Human subspecies do not exist. 4. Skin color really is only skin deep. 5. Most variation is within, not between, "races." 6. Slavery predates race. 7. Race and freedom were born together. 8.Race justified social inequalities as natural 9. Race isn't biological, but racism is still real. 10. Colorblindness will not end racism. (pretending race doesn't exist is not the same as creating equality.

question

The Possessive Investment in Whiteness

answer

Economic and institutional character of race. Whiteness has a "cash" value. America continues to invest in "whiteness"

question

Whiteness has a "cash" value, accounting for

answer

1. history of housing and profit 2. The unequal educational opportunities. 3. Employment opportunities 4. The intergenerational transfers of inherited wealth made from past discriminatory policies.

STUDY

1970s And 1980s Anthropology Hunter Gatherers In Africa Social And Cultural Anthropology

ANT 102 Study Guide I – Flashcards 70 terms

Isabella Parker

70 terms

Preview

ANT 102 Study Guide I – Flashcards

question

Four Fields of anthropology

answer

1. Physical Anthropology: the science of human zoology, evolution, and ecology; evolution (change over time); primotology 2. Archaeology: the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains; reconstruct past life/cultures 3. Linguistics: study of language, communication between groups; spoken and unspoken (body language) 4. Cultural anthropology: the comparative study of human societies and cultures and their development; knowledge, belief, art, laws, morals

question

Definition of Culture

answer

A system of meaning embedded in symbols - the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively

question

Aspects/Characteristics of Culture

answer

1. All cultures involve some level of inequality - even among egalitarian societies (H&G bands) - gender, age, ability 2. All cultures are learned/transmitted - No natural way of culture - *Enculturation*: the gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture; from parents/family, units 3. Culture changes over time eg. millennials vs baby boomers 4. Cultures have history, traditions - including with cultures with no written records 5. Culture is shared - going against culture is just as bad as being a conformist - no person can have their own culture

question

Symbol

answer

Anything that can stand for something else - abstract but precise - explicit or implicit meaning

question

Participant Observation

answer

field work, involved - emic: insider perspective - etic: outsider perspective

question

Ethnography

answer

output of research that concerns one culture eg. film, book, essay

question

Ethnology

answer

the study of the characteristics of various peoples and the differences and relationships between them - two or more cultures

question

Ethnographer

answer

- a person that studies ethnography - the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures

question

Edward Burnett Tylor

answer

- founder of cultural anthropology - wrote Primitive Anthropology -- 1871 - uni-lineal thinker; known for religion

question

Lewis Henry Morgan

answer

- wrote Ancient Society (1877) - uni-lineal thinker; known for political/social organization

question

Herbert Spencer

answer

- Created concept of social darwinism - wrote Principles of Sociology (1876) (height of colonialism) (justifies people's right to take other's land) - talks about cultural evolution

question

Social Darwinism

answer

Charles Darwin (The Origin of Species) 1859 - evolution & natural selection - biological understanding of the natural world - People and groups are subject to natural selection just like plants and animals; the rich deserve to live not the poor

question

"Survival of the Fittest"

answer

- the continued existence of organisms that are best adapted to their environment, with the extinction of others, as a concept in the Darwinian theory of evolution.

question

Unilineal Evolution

answer

Believed that Western culture is the contemporary pinnacle of social evolution. Different social status is aligned in a single line that moves from most primitive to most civilized

question

Animism - polytheism-monotheism

answer

1. The worship of nature - the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. - the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe. 2. The worship of multiple gods 3. The worship of one god

question

Savagery - barbarism - civilization

answer

1. Hunter & Gatherer band level 2. those live off agriculture; small villages 3. settled groups of people; cities; farming is not only activity

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture. - your culture is superior than others

question

Pluralism

answer

form of society, multiple cultures are recognized

question

Cultural relativism

answer

The principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture - suspend judgement - created by Franz Boas

question

Incommensurability

answer

a cultural feature that are not understood when two or more cultures interact - creates tension eg. religious practices, language

question

Myth

answer

question

The Great Chain of Being

answer

- Human Inequality - Analogy of a chain - Serfs are at the bottom and Top links are the king & pope - God's will

question

Bishop Ussher

answer

- biblical chronology - used Genesis to calculate that man was created in 4004 BC

question

Catastrophism

answer

- catastrophic things have created the layers we see in the earth (floods, earthquakes) - explains extinction through supernatural powers - challenged by geology

question

Charles Lyell

answer

- wrote the Principles of Geology - the layers/strata in the Earth mean that the Earth is old - uniformitarianism: layers are formed slowly, natural - fought against religion's explanation of the earth's layers (supernatural forces and natural disasters)

question

Franz Boas

answer

- believed in multi lineal evolution - created 4 fields of anthropology - cultural complexity: all societies have basic human institutions with varying complexity

question

Multilineal Evolution

answer

- a process consisting of a number of forward paths of different styles and lengths. They posited that while no specific evolutionary changes are experienced by all cultures universally, human societies do generally evolve or progress

question

A. R. Radcliffe-Brown

answer

- created structural functionalism - focused on institutions (marriage, family) - top down approach: how do institutions affect individuals

question

Structural Functionalism

answer

sociological theory that attempts to explain why society functions the way it does by focusing on the relationships between the various social institutions that make up society (e.g., government, law, education, religion,etc).

question

Bronislaw Malinowski

answer

- created functionalism - bottom up focus; focus on the people (interview; questions how people as individuals affect societies)

question

Functionalism

answer

the theory that all aspects of a society serve a function and are necessary for the survival of that society.

question

pastoralism

answer

branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep.

question

Dobe, Ju or !Kung

answer

question

Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers)

answer

<100 people - live to carrying capacity - Seasonal Round: exploiting the environment seasonally - Migrate to different areas - some inequality: ability, sex, age - use social leveling systems: !King insulting the meat

question

Insulting the Meat

answer

- social leveling technique - used by the !Kung - when a hunter brings in meat; they try to humble themselves saying the meat is bad - they do this to make sure everyone is of equal importance

question

Annette Weiner & Trobrianders

answer

A group of individuals that use yams as symbol of wealth and for religious/political reasons - They are a tribe that uses yams to gain leadership - Leadership is not inherited but achieved with prestige - They had multiple wives to get more work done

question

Yams

answer

- A symbol of wealth & political/social status - the accumulation of yams signifies wealth

question

Ferdinand de Saussure

answer

- concerned with the structure of languages - specifically saying that language is universal - unilineal thinker - deep structure that provides universal language

question

Phonemes

answer

the smallest class of sounds in a language - roughly analogous to English alphabet; but vowels may stand for more than one sound - all human languages use a limited number of sounds or phonemes

question

Free (Unbound) Morphemes

answer

- roughly analogous to words and can stand alone and carry meaning in a language eg. cat, dog, run

question

Bound Morphemes

answer

- class of sounds that must be attached to a free morpheme - they modify free unbounded morpheme - English example: suffix, prefix cat+s=cats jump+ing=jumping

question

Allophones

answer

- two or more different sounds that may be substituted for each other and change meaning eg. butter=budder - "t" and "d" are allophones BUT "tip" and "dip" are not the same meanings, in this case t & d are phonemes

question

Syntax

answer

refers to the word order for phrase construction in a language - how subjects, objects and verbs are placed in relation to each other

question

SVO/SOV

answer

- subject object verb - understanding language in an analytical sense

question

Kinesics

answer

- body language - some gestures are universal but when it is appropriate (cultural rules) - habitual, rote behavior ex: olfactory bubble - space between people when they converse

question

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

answer

- structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken - language is like a pair of colored glasses - predisposes people to view & interpret the world in a certain way - language influences reality

question

Minimal Pairs

answer

- words with a difference in one sound to determine the phonemes of a language

question

Prestige Dialects

answer

dialect: a varying form of a language - prestige dialects distinguishes class/wealth eg. refined queen english compared to an english cockney accent

question

Code Switching

answer

the ability to change from one dialect to another - when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation

question

Darmok

answer

- Star trek reference - Their language consists of metaphors & myths - Darmok was a warrior that - two can't communicate

question

Laura Bohannon & Hamlet

answer

wrote Shakespeare in the Bush - studied the Tiv in West Africa to record their stories - brought Hamlet to read - when she explained that Hamlet's uncle married Hamlet's mother the Tiv people understood that it was right of the uncle to do that (compared to immoral Euro culture) - the fact that Hamlet's mom should have mourned longer was not understood by Tiv people because they asked who would tend the farm - overall this essay describes how different cultures can interpret a story to their understanding - while it is okay in Euro countries to believe in ghosts; the Tiv believed that the witch summoned the ghost

question

Dorrine Kratz

answer

- Wrote Circumcision, Pluralism & Dilemmas of Cultural Relativism -- This essay focused on the cultures that use female circumcision (removal of the clitoris) on young girls which is practiced in Africa - Three different levels of this circumcision - sparked controversy because Western cultures look down on upon the mutilation of women - African cultures and their women defend this practice because it is a rite of passage for young girls - This essay emphasizes the growing idea that Western cultures judge and condemn other cultures based on what they observe as wrong; it makes the reader look into how immigrants should be perceived when they want to practice their culture in other states

question

Horace Miner & Body Ritual Among Nacirema

answer

- This essay focuses on how the "Nacirema" need to be clean - It talks about their bathrooms in they have "potions" in a cabinet -- medicine, makeup -- people must perform the ritual of washing their hands - If you have a lot of bathrooms you are considered wealthy - Talks about how people must brush their teeth in order to have social relationships -- bad breath - Men Shaving, going to the dentist, women going to barber shop to get hair done - Talks about how you have to pay to go to the hospital; doctors are medicine men

question

Napoleon Chagnon & Yanamamo

answer

- Wrote the essay and documentary "Doing Fieldwork among the Yanamamo" - Chagnon went there to document the genealogy of the Yanamamo tribes - Brought medicine and tools to gain their trust - Yanamamo located in the Central America in Venezuela - They use slash and burn ag and move their tribe when the soil is not fertile - they talk about their myths and legends to Chagnon - they are very aggressive and an argument can result in to a violent fight - children are trained to fight each other and dodge arrows

question

Slash and Burn (Swidden Agriculture)

answer

- the act of burn a section of the forest so leaves and wood would provide nutrients for soil - people will farm there until the soil is depleted and move to another section of the land

question

Horticulturalists

answer

- Yanamamo & Trobianders - incipient agriculture: not relying on staple diets may hunt and gather; oldest form of agriculture

question

Marcel Mauss & Techniques of the Body

answer

Wrote Techniques of the Body - he was originally studying the habits of the English and the French during the war - he then begins to study the habits of different societies eg. the way girls walk in America was different to how French girls walked eg. running - introduces term habitus - habits are formed when children observe their parents and other adults - the difference in how men and women throw a punch (men with thumb outside) (women thumb inside) - Children squat while adults do not

question

Habitus

answer

the individual's personality structure -- the composite of an individual's lifestyle, values, dispositions, and expectations associated with particular social groups that are acquired through the activities and experiences of everyday life

question

N!ai

answer

question

Subsistence

answer

- the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level. - H&G - Horticulture - Intensive agriculture - pastoralism - industrialism

question

Pastoralists

answer

branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep. - Masai people in E. Africa are an example of pastoralists (yak herders)

question

Intensive Agriculture

answer

- production beyond kinship unit/beyond household - staple crops - stratification, socio economic gap - large urban centers, specialization in goods - chiefdom & states eg. Ancient Egypt & Aztecs

question

Industrialism

answer

- intensive agriculture + manufacturing of products - intense inequality - accumulation of goods signifies social status

question

Egalitarian

answer

- equality - closest is hunter & gatherer societies

question

Stratified Society

answer

- societies that have identified class systems - each class signifies the level of wealth

question

Adam Smith

answer

- Father of economics - wrote A Wealth of Nations - All humans have unlimited wants but make decisions based on limited resources - competition as natural outcome - H&G who live off the land are considered brutish and have short lives

question

Thomas Hobbes

answer

- believed in the ideal environment

question

Homo Economicus

answer

Humans are organisms that have unlimited wants but cannot achieve them with scarce resources

question

Marshall Sahlins

answer

- wrote that H&G worked less than 20 hours a week to exist

question

The Original Affluent Society

answer

- a book about how hunters & gatherers were groups of people that measured their wealth in the amount of leisure time they had - this compares to people who worked in the industrial society that have to work 80+ hours to survive

STUDY

African American Females Anthropology AP Human Geography Human Geography Introductory Sociology Men And Women Mixed Crop And Livestock Mixed Crop And Livestock Farming Sociology

SOC 100 Final Exam – Flashcards 93 terms

Brooke Sharp

93 terms

Preview

SOC 100 Final Exam – Flashcards

question

According to recent data provided by the United Nations, illiteracy is most widespread in ____. a) Asia b) Africa c) South America d) Antarctica

answer

question

According to recent data provided by the US Census Bureau, ______. a) African American females are more likely than non-Hispanic white females to graduate from high school b) Hispanics are more likely than African Americans to graduate from high school c) African American males are more likely than non-Hispanic white males to complete four or more years of college d) non-Hispanic whites are more likely than Hispanics to complete four or more years of college

answer

question

Keisha Davidson is excited to start high school in the fall. She has loved math for as long as she can remember and plans to become a professor of mathematics when she finishes her education. Rather than attending her local high school, Keisha will go to a school that has the facilities and programs designed to promote excellence in math and science. In sociological terms, Keisha will be attending a __________. a) magnet school b) charter school c) private school d) for-profit school

answer

question

Daniel Simmons, a 10th grade student, has been profoundly hearing impaired since birth. Rather than being schooled at a facility for students with special needs, Daniel attends public school and takes classes that are part of the regular 10th grade curriculum. His local school district pays for an adult sign language interpreter to attend classes with Daniel and translate the teachers' spoken language into sign language. In sociological terms, Daniel is part of the educational program known as __________. a) "No Child Left Behind" b) grade inflation c) mainstreaming d) tracking

answer

question

According to data provided by the Population Reference Bureau, the majority of global HIV infections are found in __________, which at least in part reflects __________. a) North America; sexual activity with multiple partners b) Southeast Asia; a lack of access to effective antibiotics c) South America; strong patriarchal traditions d) sub-Saharan Africa; the infrequent use of condoms

answer

question

According to the __________ approach, illness is dysfunctional for society because it reduces the ability of people to perform their roles. A) symbolic-interaction B) social-conflict C) structural-functional D) sociobiology

answer

question

According to the symbolic-interaction approach to health and medicine, __________. A) the delivery of health care in the United States is dominated by the drive for profit B) the loss of a part of their body through an accident or elective surgery may affect a person's sense of self C) the doctor's role is to use his or her specialized knowledge to take control of a patient's recovery D) the U.S. medical establishment is too quick to turn to drugs and surgery

answer

question

Which of the following statements most closely reflects the social-conflict perspective on schooling? A) "Having a college degree is more a reflection of social privilege than it is of personal worthiness." B) "Having a college degree is more reflective of brains than it is of personal effort." C) "Earning a college degree is more a reflection of personal ability than it is of the family class position." D) "Lacking a college degree is more reflective of personal inadequacy than it is of social disadvantage."

answer

question

According to Gerhard Lenski's model of technology and culture, which type of society is most likely to have the shortest average life expectancy? A) a hunting and gathering society B) horticultural society C) agricultural society D) industrial society

answer

question

With regard to STDs, ____ is to curable as ___ is to incurable. A) gonorrhea; syphilis b) syphilis; genital herpes c) AIDS; gonorrhea d) genital herpes; AIDS

answer

question

With regard to schooling, teaching common culture to encourage social integration is to structural-functional analysis as __________ is to social-conflict analysis. A) the process of socialization B) meritocracy C) tracking to intensify social inequality D) the idea of the self-fulfilling prophecy

answer

question

Which of the following concepts most closely reflects the main idea of the Thomas theorem? A) mainstreaming is good B) student passivity is a problem C) know yourself D) the self-fulfilling prophecy

answer

question

About __________ of adults living in the United States are functionally illiterate. A) 24 percent B) 4 percent C) 14 percent D) 34 percent

answer

question

One criticism that has been leveled against home schooling is that, on average, students who learn in school outperform students who learn at home.

answer

False

question

Throughout the life course, females tend to enjoy better health than males.

answer

True

question

In which of the following nations do women make up about 70 percent of all physicians? A) Russian Federation B) Japan C) Sweden D) China

answer

question

Approximately ____ of the US population has no medical insurance at all, even though 73% of the all people without insurance are employed. a) 25% b) 35% c) 15% d) 5%

answer

question

According to the __________ perspective, only the richest people in capitalist societies are able to have the best health because they are better able than poorer people to afford medical care. a) symbolic-interactionist b) structural-functional c) feminist d) social-conflict

answer

question

Members of the working class are at higher risk of accident or death than are members of the middle class.

answer

True

question

Which of the following would most likely be a characteristic of schooling in rural India? A) Schooling is considered much less important for girls than it is for boys. B) Indian students outperform students in most high-income nations in science and math. C) Students attend school for up to 60 hours a week. D) India is ranked second in the world in the percentage of adults who have earned college degrees.

answer

question

Which of the following has the greatest effect on student performance in school? A) The size of the school B) The amount of funding a school receives C) The location of the school D) The home and local environmen

answer

question

According to Theodore Sizer, what is one way that today's bureaucratically run schools undermine education? A) Students are given a great deal of freedom to learn on their own. B) Students of a certain age are expected to be at a certain grade level. C) Schools spend a great deal of time attending to the personal needs of students. D) Teachers choose their own curricula and the methods by which to teach.

answer

question

A person with a body mass index (BMI) of 30.0 __________. A) is considered to be obese B) has an increased likelihood of dying shortly after birth C) smokes more than the average number of cigarettes per day D) is at increased risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease STD

answer

question

The founding of the American Medical Association marked the first time in history that males and females were officially required to receive equal access to training in scientific medicine.

answer

False

question

One way we know that fewer young women are entering the field of nursing today than in previous times is that __________. A) there are not enough nursing positions available to employ all those who wish to work as nurses B) nursing schools have too many teachers with too few students C) the majority of available nursing positions are being filled by men D) the median age of working nurses now is 47

answer

question

Which of the following category of people is most likely to live to age 65? A) African American women B) African American men C) white women D) white men

answer

question

The __________ approach is to the study of education as the micro-level labeling approach is to deviance. A) structural-functionalist B) social-conflict C) feminist D) symbolic-interaction

answer

question

Student scores on the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) have risen steadily since the late 1960s.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is an example of a latent function of schooling? A) Providing child care so that parents are able to work outside the home B) Providing a means through which a diverse population is molded into one society sharing norms and values C) Providing opportunities to invent and pass along new patterns of culture D) Providing a means through which specialized knowledge is passed on to adults who will need it for future jobs

answer

question

Globally, one out of six people suffers from serious illness caused by poverty.

answer

True

question

The __________ approach helps us understand the symbolic importance of bodily limbs and organs to personal identity. A) symbolic-interaction B) feminist C) sociobiology D) structural-functional

answer

question

One reason that students in private schools tend to outperform students in public schools is that private schools typically __________. A) have smaller classes B) offer students more freedom to choose their own curricula C) are less concerned with discipline D) place equal emphasis on academic standards and social interaction

answer

question

According to data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, __________. A) the college graduation rate in the United States has been rising steadily over the past century B) the median number of years of schooling in the United States has remained roughly the same over the past century C) the rate of college graduation in the United States over the past century has consistently exceeded that of high school graduation D) the high school dropout rate in the United States has been rising steadily over the past century

answer

question

A U.S. school that has a __________ policy will suspend or expel a student who brings a weapon to school. A) living will B) single-payer C) No Child Left Behind D) zero-tolerance

answer

question

With regard to current rates of obesity, the highest rate of obesity is to __________ as the lowest rate of obesity is to __________. A) Mississippi; Colorado B) Texas; Oklahoma C) California; Missouri D) North Dakota; South Dakota

answer

question

A new school is opening in the fall in Shonda Bailey's neighborhood, and both Shonda and her parents are excited that she will be one of its first students. The new school plans to tailor its programs to the needs of the community and promises to serve as a laboratory for educational experimentation and innovation. Compared to public schools, Shonda's new school will give teachers and students more freedom to make decisions. In sociological terms, Shonda will be attending a __________. a) parochial school b) charter school c) magnet school d) private school

answer

question

Which of the following people is most likely to suffer from a poor body image and be at high risk of developing an eating disorder? A) An African American female B) A white female C) A White male D) An African American male

answer

question

Because Jonita Jones is 68 years old, some of her medical costs are paid by __________. A) the Medicaid program B) the Medicare program C) the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program D) her local veterans' hospital

answer

question

Income is far more likely to affect access to secondary education in the United States than it is to affect access to higher education.

answer

False

question

Which set of traits below could best be used to develop a composite portrait of those in the United States most likely to suffer ill health? A) Older; female; African American; financially well-off B) Younger; male; white; average income C) Older; male; African American; poor D) Younger; female; white; financially well-off

answer

question

According to recent data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, which of the following categories of people is least likely to have completed four or more years of college? A) African American females B) Non-Hispanic white females C) Non-Hispanic white males D) Hispanic males

answer

question

Approximately what percentage of school-age children in the United States receive their formal schooling at home? A) 13 percent B) 3 percent C) 23 percent D) 33 percent

answer

question

Which of the following values of U.S. culture identified by Robin Williams Jr. is best reflected in the concept of for-profit schooling? A)democracy B) progress C) individual achievement and competition D) equality of opportunity

answer

question

Mainstreaming has proven to be most effective for students __________. A) who are recent immigrants to the United States and who do not yet speak English B) who attend magnet schools C) with mental disabilities who require intense tutoring and remedial education D) with physical disabilities who can keep up academically with the rest of the class

answer

question

According to the social-conflict approach, formal education in the United States both reflects and perpetuates social inequality. Which of the following types of educational institutions could best be used to show that social class background does not prevent people from gaining the education they need to find better jobs? A) Private high schools B) Inner-city public high schools C) Private universities D) Community colleges

answer

question

According to recent data provided by the United Nations, the illiteracy rate in the United States is most similar to that of __________. A) India B) Algeria C) Brazil D) France

answer

question

Which set of traits below could best be used to develop a composite portrait of an adult education student in the United States? A) Female; above-average income ; seeking career training or advancement B) Female; below-average income; seeking personal enrichment C) Male; financially well-off; seeking personal enrichment D) Male; below-average income; seeking career training or advancement

answer

question

Enrollment in community colleges tends to soar during periods of __________. A) economic downturn B) extremely harsh weather c) war D) economic prosperity

answer

question

Which of the following best explains why students with the most cultural capital tend to outperform other students? A) holistic approach B) the sick role C) mainstreaming D) self-fulfilling prophec

answer

question

With regard to payment for health care, government sponsorship is to __________ as a direct-fee system is to __________. A) Sweden; the Russian Federation B) Great Britain; Canada C) China; the United States D) Japan; Great Britain

answer

question

According to the __________ approach to understanding health, a person who assumes the sick role must "look the part." A) symbolic-interaction B) dramaturgical C) structural-functional D) social-conflict

answer

question

Globally, the United States ranks second in terms of the proportion of adults who have earned a university degree.

answer

True

question

Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases was most responsible for prompting a sexual counterrevolution in the late 1980s? A) Gonorrhea B) AIDS C) Syphilis D) Genital Herpes

answer

question

Death is defined as the point at which a person's heart will no longer continue to beat on its own.

answer

False

question

With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, what happened to patterns of human health? A) Patterns of health stayed about the same. B) Although initially health in cities was poor, patterns of health gradually improved. C) Patterns of health steadily declined. D) An agrarian society

answer

question

A majority of adults in the United States support an individual's right to decide to die with the help of a physician.

answer

True

question

An increasing rate of smoking is to __________ as a declining rate of smoking is to __________. A) adults; children B) senior citizens; teenagers C) pre-teens; college students D) college students; adults

answer

question

Comparing the leading causes of U.S. deaths today with those from a century ago best illustrates the fact that __________. A) social inequality affects people's health B) a society's technology affects people's health C) cultural standards of health change over time D) cultural patterns define health

answer

question

What do the teaching profession and the nursing profession have in common today? A) The members of both professions today overwhelmingly recommend their profession to others. B) Both professions today have strict rules that make it difficult to get rid of incompetent workers. C) Both professions today employ roughly equal numbers of men and women. D) Both professions today are actively recruiting new members to remedy a shortage of workers.

answer

question

Practitioners of holistic medicine __________. A) believe that drugs, surgery, and technology are unnecessary to ensure good health B) are interested in the ways in which people's entire lives affect their health C) favor a reactive approach to illness rather than an active approach to health D) prefer to treat their patients in offices and hospitals

answer

question

Which of the following is most characteristic of bureaucratically run schools? A) Performance policies pay too much attention to student creativity and enthusiasm and too little attention to testing. B) Teachers have too little say in how they teach their classes. C) Outside specialists pay too much attention to the needs of individual communities and the children who live in them. D) Students have too much freedom to learn on their own.

answer

question

According to social-conflict analysis, __________ is the reason some people in a society have better health than others. A) social inequality B) personal choice C) socialization D) social Darwinism

answer

question

A Nation at Risk is to __________ as the No Child Left Behind Act is to __________. A) personal privilege; personal merit B) school violence; grade inflation C) academic standards; school choice D) U.S. health care; U.S. education

answer

question

Antibiotics such as penicillin would be most effective in the treatment of __________. A) AIDS B) genital herpes C) HIV D) gonorrhea

answer

question

According to data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, how does the median income of female high school dropouts compare to the median income of female high school graduates? A) Female high school dropouts have a median income nearly $20,000 lower than that of female high school graduates. B) Female high school graduates have a median income nearly $8,000 higher than that of female high school dropouts. C) Female high school graduates have a median income nearly $50,000 higher than that of female high school dropouts. D) The median income of female high school graduates is roughly equivalent to that of female high school dropouts.

answer

question

According to the __________ approach, standardized educational testing perpetuates social inequality because U.S. schools often use such tests for tracking. A) sociobiological B) dramaturgical C) social-conflict D) structural-functional

answer

question

Which of the following is the top preventable health hazard in the United States? A) Alcohol use B) Heroin use C) Cigarette smoking D) Automobile accidents

answer

question

Schools in affluent areas can offer a better quality of schooling than in poor areas because school funding is largely based on the collection of local property taxes.

answer

True

question

According to the National, what share of people in the United States have "some" or "a great deal of" confidence in their government officials? A) 60% B) 10% C) 90% D) 30%

answer

question

In the US, political liberals typically opose ____. A) death penalty b) affirmative action C) gay rights D) abortion rights

answer

question

What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act? A) To break up the oil and steel monopolies. B) To invest in the newly developing automotive industry. C) To break up the telephone and railroad monopolies. D) To break up the labor unions.

answer

question

Which category of nations has the least economic equality? A) capitalist nations B) caste-based nations C) industrialist nations D) socialist nation

answer

question

Which political theory has much in common with sociology's structural-functional approach? A) power-elite B) pluralist C) Marxist D) political-economy

answer

question

What is a monopoly? A) A market domination by a single producer B) A government-owned producer C) A publicly held producer of a product, controlled by the people D) A few producers who dominate the market

answer

question

Conservatives in the United States claim that voter apathy comes from voters being content with their lives.

answer

True

question

Approximately ____ of corporations own 80 percent of all corporate assets A) 1000 B) 100 C) 5000 D) 2500

answer

question

In 1920, the average U.S. worker had a(n) ______ job; in 1990, the U.S. worker American had a ______ job. A) agricultural; white-collar B) agricultural; blue-collar C) white-collar; blue-collar D) blue-collar; white-collar

answer

question

According to a socialist point of view, why is capitalism unfair? A) It does not allow individual freedoms. B) It puts profits before people's needs. C) It leaves poor people poor, with no opportunity to improve themselves. D) It makes nations materialistic instead of moralistic.

answer

question

Which of the following statements correctly defines an oligopoly? A) An oligopoly is any business owned by a single person. B) An oligopoly allows for extensive economic competition. C) A oligopoly means the state controls most economic production. D) An oligopoly is an economic market dominated by a few producers.

answer

question

Which of the following factors would be most likely to cause Brazil to shift to a socialist economy? A) an increased interest in an agrarian lifestyle B) a decreased desire for governmental regulation C) economic inequality D) higher taxation

answer

question

Why would limited educational opportunities undermine the claim of having a democratic government? A) Voters must be able to travel to polling places. B) Uneducated populations don't want to be politically involved. C) Uneducated voters can't read a ballot or read about the issues. D) Uneducated people are always satisfied with the status quo.

answer

question

Which of the following is a way in which computers can be beneficial to employees? A) Computers isolate workers. B) Computers allow for telecommuting. C) Computers deskill labor. D) Computers decrease employer oversight.

answer

question

What brought about the change from the growth of raw material to the production of finished products? A) the age of enlightenment B) the industrial revolution C) the information age D) the iron age

answer

question

Why would a country go to war if its problems were internal? A) to gain global sympathy B) to increase its military presence C) to gain revenue D) to establish an outside scapegoat

answer

question

According to Adam Smith, the pursuit of personal profit leads to _______________________. A)limited property ownership B) an increase in social services for all people C) a decrease in the number of goods people can buy D) newer and better products for everyone

answer

question

Which of the following is a consequence of a global economy for U.S. workers? A) tighter governmental control over the economy B) fewer opportunities for our workers due to outsourcing C) more division of labor D) tighter religious controls on everyday life

answer

question

Which of the following factors is an important dimension of inequality in our nation's democractic system? A) Minority citizens have no opportunity to vote. B) Rural communities don't have as many voters as urban communities. C) Some people choose not to vote in elections. D) Rich people can put more money into political campaigns than ordinary people.

answer

question

A country such as Canada would have the majority of its jobs in the ______________ sector. A) fourth B) tertiary C) secondary D) primary

answer

question

Which of the following is an abstract job in the computer industry? A) painting hotel rooms B) building cars on an assembly line C) coding a right-mouse click D) increasing sound levels at concert arenas

answer

question

The principle of mutual assured destruction is an example of _________________. A) deterrence B) diplomacy C) high-technology defense D) disarmament

answer

question

A logger works in the ______________ sector of the economy. A) fourth B) primary C) secondary D) tertiary

answer

question

Which U.S. state will likely show the greatest increase in jobs by 2020? A) Nebraska B) Kansas C) Arizona D) Pennsylvania

answer

question

Christianity is an example of ____________________________. A) rational-legal authority B) authoritarianism C) the routinization of charisma D) an absolute monarchy

answer

STUDY

Anthropology Cultural Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology midterm Hunter College ANTHC 100 – Flashcards 26 terms

Marlon Riddle

26 terms

Preview

Cultural Anthropology midterm Hunter College ANTHC 100 – Flashcards

question

acculturation

answer

the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact, the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct

question

anthropology

answer

The study of the human species and its immediate ancestors

question

archaeological anthropology

answer

The branch of anthropology that reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains; best known for the study of prehistory. Also known as "archaeology."

question

assimilation

answer

the process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a seperate cultural unit.

question

cultural anthropology

answer

The study of human society and culture, the subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences

question

cultural relativism

answer

understanding culture within the context of itself -counteracts ethnocentrism -understand meaning by understanding greater context

question

culture

answer

traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs; distinctly human; transmitted through learning

question

diffusion

answer

borrowing between culutes either directly or through intermediaries

question

enculturation

answer

the process of learning culture -shared experience of cultural learning is changing, contested, and negotiated

question

ethnocentrism

answer

the tendency to view ones own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by ones onw standards

question

globalization

answer

worldwide intensification of interactions and increased flows of people, ideas,money, goods, diseases,etc. within and across national borders

question

agency

answer

giving people you study a voice and power to control their actions

question

settler colonialsm

answer

form of colonialism where settlers move into a region, often displacing indigenous inhabitants and taking over their land -settler population viewed as racially superior to natives

question

manifest destiny

answer

19th century popular belief that westward expansion of the US was inevitable and justified -expand Protestantism, democracy, and capitalism -Monroe Doctrine:efforts of European nations to control independent nations in Latin America would be viewed as a hostile act toward US

question

Indian Removal Act

answer

EXAMPLE OF SETTLER COLONIALISM Signed into law in 1830 by President Andrew Jackson, the Indian Removal Act provided for the general resettlement of Native Americans from east of the Mississippi River to lands west (Indian Territory).

question

cultural particularism

answer

studies of culture emphasized the integrated and distinctive way of life of a given people.

question

13th amendment

answer

abolishment of slavery

question

14th amendment

answer

protection of property

question

syncretism

answer

fusing of multiple cultural of religious traditions and practices into a new one -slaves incorporated English hymns and folk religious practices with African spiritual beliefs that suited their needs in a new environment

question

hegemony

answer

totalizing power that a nation state and/or a dominant class within the state holds over civil society

question

noble savage

answer

a representative of primitive humankind as idealized in Romantic literature, symbolizing the innate goodness of humanity when free from the corrupting influence of civilization.

question

Maroons

answer

escaped slaves who hid out in the countryside, often for generations, sometimes intermarrying with native americans (seminoles)

question

plantation slavery

answer

expansion of scale and scope of slave economy in 1700s -consolidation of smaller plantations and opening of new western lands -invention of cotton gin speeds production>>industrialization increases demand

question

ethnography

answer

main method of research used by cultural anthropologists -participant observation of a group & their lives and culture

question

shaman

answer

charismatic healers who used rituals and traditional medicine to heal -often central figures in community -specialized knowledge passed down thru apprenticeship -use objects with symbolic meaning (amulets, dried animal parts)

question

structural functionalism

answer

holistic concept of culture involving kinship, ritual, and mysticism -symbolic actions reflect construction of society -cultural roles determine how a person acts

STUDY

200 000 Years Ago Anthropology Maintain The Balance One Drop Rule

Anth 201 Exam 3 – Flashcards 179 terms

Sean Hill

179 terms

Preview

Anth 201 Exam 3 – Flashcards

question

What is not true about race?

answer

scientists disagree on the number of biological human races that exist

question

How is human variation, such as skin color, distributed across the species?

answer

in a continuous fashion

question

In which of the following areas is skin color not a determinant of social status?

answer

Polynesia

question

In what period did European scholars first begin a systematic study of human variation?

answer

18th/19th centuries

question

Blumenbach argued that degeneration of human types was caused by:

answer

migrating from one's place of origin

question

What scientist did measurements on skulls to attempt to demonstrate biological superiority of specific groups?

answer

Johann Blumenbach

question

The 18th-century Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus originally divided humans into subspecies based on:

answer

geographic location

question

The book, On the Natural Variety of Mankind, formally proposes a notion of:

answer

a hierarchy of human types

question

For Blumenbach, the term "Malay" included:

answer

indigenous Australians and Pacific islanders

question

Ota Benga was exhibited at the Bronx Zoo with an:

answer

orangutan

question

Why was Ota Benga first brought to the United States?

answer

to be exhibited at the 1904 World's Fair

question

What happened to Ota Benga?

answer

he committed suicide

question

Which individual, as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, did the most to combat racism in the United States?

answer

Franz Boas

question

Early American anthropologists Franz Boas and Ashley Montagu both suffered from what kind of prejudice in their European homelands?

answer

anti-semitism

question

T/F: Differences between individual populations is greater than that between individuals.

answer

false

question

The fingerprint patter of "loops" is associated primarily with:

answer

sub-Saharan Africans

question

Broadly defined "racial" groups differ from one another in what percent of their genes?

answer

question

To understand why the racial approach to human variation has been so unproductive and damaging, we must first understand:

answer

how biology and genetics help us understand variation

question

What is not true of the race concept?

answer

races are genetically closed

question

Which scholars worked to combat racism in their career?

answer

Johann Blumenbach; Samuel Morton; Carolus Linnaeus

question

Through genetic analysis in the 1970s, an evolutionary biologist showed that there was a very low percentage of human variation existing among groups seen as racially separate. Who was this individual?

answer

Richard Lewontin

question

Because populations are genetically open:

answer

no fixed racial groups exist

question

What do we call the practice in the United States of assigning race to the parent believed to pertain to a minority group (known also as the "one drop rule")?

answer

hypodescent

question

The category of "Ladino" is associated with:

answer

Eastern Europe

question

The doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical features is:

answer

racism

question

The Nuremberg race laws of 1935 were associated with the deaths of approximately how many people?

answer

11 million people

question

According to the Nuremberg race laws and Nazi policy, all of the following groups were considered to be inferior except:

answer

Aryans

question

What do we call a doctrine that dehumanizes a group of people based on physical characteristics?

answer

racism

question

Approximately how many people died in the Nazi Holocaust?

answer

11 million

question

Approximately what percentage of unique inborn characteristics can be attributed to any group of people based on biology alone?

answer

question

IQ tests typically measure:

answer

innate intelligence

question

Intelligence characteristics are:

answer

independently inherited

question

During what time period did the United States government administer the Alpha and Beta intelligence tests?

answer

World War I

question

What did the Alpha and Beta tests ultimately prove?

answer

the ability of certain individuals to respond well or poorly to questions conceived by middle-class Americans of European descent

question

In which book do we find the argument that the various American "races" have differing degrees of intelligence based on immutable genetic factors?

answer

The Bell Curve

question

Which of the following books has an argument similar to that of The Bell Curve?

answer

Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We're Afraid to Talk About It

question

In the article, "A Feckless Quest for the Basketball Gene," Jonathan Marks argues that:

answer

associating athletics and race is based on make-believe genetics and applied to naively-conceptualized groups of individuals

question

Marks argues that athletic ability is based on all of the following except:

answer

race

question

What is not a problem associated with twin studies?

answer

failure to use adopted children in studies

question

Which of the following is true about a child's intelligence?

answer

it tends to be relatively the same as the child's mother's

question

Members of the genus Homo have primarily adapted through culture over the past:

answer

2.5 million years

question

In the United States, as in most industrial and postindistrial countries since World War II, IQ scores have risen an average of:

answer

15 points

question

The distribution of a single, genetically-based characteristic related to adaptation is called a:

answer

cline

question

All of the following facts influence race relations in the United States except:

answer

biology

question

What is the primary purpose of vitamin D in humans?

answer

maintain the balance of calcium in the body

question

Melanin has the primary function of:

answer

protecting the skin against solar radiation

question

In northern latitudes people have less melanin to promote the manufacture of vitamin:

answer

question

Where do we find an adaptive advantage associated with dark skin?

answer

in tropical areas

question

Which of the following is highest in naturally-occurring Vitamin D?

answer

cod liver oil

question

What is not true regarding human skin?

answer

lightly pigmented skin is more highly evolved than heavier pigmented skin

question

What percentage of the United States population is considered to get little exercise and be overweight?

answer

61%

question

Today, in the United States, there are skyrocketing rates of all of the following conditions due to lifestyle practices:

answer

heart disease; diabetes; obesity

question

What is part of a "Paleolitic prescription" for health?

answer

lower calorie consumption; more varied diet; increased physical activity

question

In times of scarcity, individuals with the thrifty genotype conserve:

answer

nitrogen and glucose

question

What is an enzyme found in the small intestine that enables the digestion of milk sugar?

answer

lactase

question

Lactase retention and lactose tolerance are associated with what percent of adults of northern European descent?

answer

over 80%

question

A high retention of lactase is found in populations with a long tradition of:

answer

herding

question

The thrifty genotype characterized humans until about:

answer

6,000 years ago

question

What is the thrifty genotype?

answer

a genotype that permits the efficient storage of fat for times of food scarcity

question

All of the following are examples of cultural practices actin as an agent for biological selection except:

answer

an inherited trait that affects biological fitness

question

Fava beans provide protection against:

answer

malaria

question

The dietary stable consumed in Mediterranean countries where malaria is common is:

answer

the fava bean

question

BPA has recently been associated with higher rates of:

answer

heart disease and diabetes

question

Hormone-disrupting chemicals are so prevalent in the United States that sperm rates from 1938 to 1990 have declined by:

answer

50%

question

The most significant function of culture is to:

answer

mark group identities

question

Among both Muslims and Jews, which animal is seen as the most defiling?

answer

pig

question

Under their conquest of the Jordan Valley in Palestine over 3,000 years ago, the Israelites practiced what form of subsistence?

answer

nomadic herding

question

Why does Marvin Harris believe that historical Muslims and Jews had dietary prohibitions against pork?

answer

it was maladaptive to raise pigs in their environment

question

For a culture to be successful, it must produce collective human behavior that is:

answer

generally adaptive to the natural environment

question

Who first defined culture for anthropology?

answer

Edward Tylor

question

Which of the following is not part of the 1871 definition of culture?

answer

symbols and symbol-making

question

The gradual process of adjustment to local conditions is called:

answer

adaptation

question

Which best describes adaptation among humans?

answer

a process of biological and cultural adjustment over time

question

Culture is considered to be all of the following except:

answer

static

question

Was the development of irrigation in Mesopotamia adaptive or maladaptive?

answer

it was adaptive when first established

question

All humans eat when they are hungry; however, they eat food that is considered acceptable within their culture at times that are culturally prescribed. This is an example of:

answer

enculturation

question

Which of the following is not an attribute of culture?

answer

it is uniform

question

Which of the following is a true statement?

answer

symbols form part of every aspect of culture

question

Which country in 2008 extended some basic human rights to other non-human primates?

answer

Spain

question

Which species was found to exhibit learned behavior that fostered nonaggressive interaction with indigenous hunters and gatherers in the Kalahari?

answer

lions

question

What is the difference between sex and gender?

answer

gender is the combination of cultural meaning assigned to the biological differentiation between the sexes

question

An occupational group tends to be classified as a:

answer

subculture

question

What is the best way to describe the difference between humans and other non-human primates?

answer

it is a difference of degree

question

Society can best be described as a group of individuals who:

answer

share a common territory, language and culture

question

Gender is defined as:

answer

cultural meanings assigned to sexually related biological differences

question

A group that shares ancestry, origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs is also called:

answer

an ethnic group

question

The Amish are most specifically classified as:

answer

an ethnic group

question

Which of the following is not an area in which Amish are frequently located?

answer

Montana

question

The Amish first emerged as a distinct group during what century?

answer

16th

question

The term "ethnicity" comes from the ________ word ethnikos.

answer

Greek

question

The expression of the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group is called:

answer

ethnicity

question

Why do the Amish reject public schooling for their children?

answer

it does not teach Amish values

question

The traditional religion of the Amish is:

answer

Anabaptist

question

What does Apache etiquette require?

answer

that all people be in full view of one another

question

The "Anthropology Applied" story about building houses for Apache Indians reveals what?

answer

cultural and social patterns of behavior can be unconscious, but they have an impact on how we live and use space

question

A religious symbol for the Plains Indians was a:

answer

white buffalo

question

A society in which two or more ethnic groups are politically organized into one territorial state is a:

answer

pluralistic society

question

The existence of pluralistic societies post-date:

answer

the rise of politically-centralized states

question

Which common problem do all pluralistic societies face?

answer

individuals face challenges in interpreting different standards in operation

question

Which of the following definitions best represents a "symbol"?

answer

an arbitrary, but meaningful, representation

question

The most important symbolic aspect of culture is:

answer

language

question

Culture is best described as:

answer

an integrated whole

question

China has fifty-five officially recognized nationalities with ethnic groups speaking different languages and having different cultural traditions practicing a wide array of religions. China is an example of a:

answer

pluralistic society

question

The rule-governed relationships that hold members of a society together are called its:

answer

social structure

question

In the barrel model of culture, what are the three areas most interrelated?

answer

infrastructure, superstructure, and social structure

question

A society's cultural features fall within all of the following categories except:

answer

interstructure

question

The economic foundation of a society is called its:

answer

infrastructure

question

A national flag and national anthem are mostly symbols of a society's:

answer

superstructure

question

Among the Kapauku, descent reckoning through men and near constant warfare tends to promote:

answer

male dominance

question

The Kapauku Papuans achieve political power and authority through:

answer

pig breeding

question

The Kapauku practice marriage of one man to multiple wives. This is called:

answer

polygany

question

The primary fodder for Kapauku pigs is:

answer

sweet potatoes

question

The surplus of women among the Kapauku is due to:

answer

loss of males through warfare

question

All cultures are:

answer

dynamic

question

Which of the following forces has caused the greatest acceleration in culture change today?

answer

globalization

question

Which of the following groups has more permissive sexual codes?

answer

Canela

question

In most societies the reward for adhering to culturally prescribed standards is:

answer

social approval

question

What is the most essential research tool for the anthropologist?

answer

cultural relativism

question

Nationalist ideology where people view their own culture as the best of all possible worlds and superior to other people is an example of:

answer

ethnocentrism

question

Which of the following best serves the anthropologist in his/her study of another culture?

answer

cultural relativism

question

Twenty-five percent of all imprisoned people in the world are located in:

answer

United States

question

When is it most permissible for an anthropologist to take a critical stance on a culture?

answer

after avoiding premature judgments

question

A culture can be considered essentially as a:

answer

maintenance system

question

The sounds and gestures of language are classified as:

answer

symbols

question

Language is a system of communication composed of:

answer

sounds and gestures

question

Which of the following would best be classified as a symbol?

answer

handshake

question

Some chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans have been taught:

answer

American Sign Language

question

Which of the following is the least significant for learning in humans?

answer

instinct

question

Approximately how many languages exist today?

answer

about 6,000

question

During the Age of Exploration there was estimated to be approximately how many languages existing?

answer

12,000

question

20th century linguist have focused studies on:

answer

the reasoning process behind language construction and the development of theories

question

If you were sent out to decipher an unwritten language, which area of linguistics would be the most useful to you?

answer

descriptive linguistics

question

The identification and description of the distinctive sounds of a language is called:

answer

phonetics

question

The smallest unit of sound that can make a difference in meaning is called a:

answer

phoneme

question

The smallest unit of sound that carries a meaning in a language is called a:

answer

morpheme

question

In the word "heated," how many morphemes are there?

answer

question

Which of the following is not a main branch of linguistics?

answer

gestural linguistics

question

The rules or principles of phrase and sentence-making in a language are called the:

answer

syntax

question

What is the greatest strength of modern descriptive linguistics?

answer

objectivity of its methods

question

Which of the following pairs of languages does not distinguish between masculine and feminine nouns?

answer

English and Quechua

question

Which of the following is not a Latin-derived Romance language?

answer

Russian

question

English is part of what subgroup of languages?

answer

Germanic

question

The language family which includes English is approximately how old?

answer

6,000 years

question

Approximately how many new words do first-year medical student learn in the first year?

answer

6,000

question

In the past, one of the most powerful forces for linguistic change has been:

answer

colonialism

question

What is the greatest linguistic risk that is posed by the growing popularity of Internet?

answer

decline in linguistic diversity

question

During the past 500 years, approximately how many of the world's languages have become extinct due to warfare, epidemics, and colonialism?

answer

6,000

question

In North America, how many of the original indigenous languages are extinct?

answer

150

question

Approximately what number of people claims English as their native language?

answer

375 million

question

Approximately how many people speak English as a foreign language?

answer

1 billion

question

French attempts to purge their language of non-French words are an example of:

answer

linguistic nationalism

question

Individuals in a society vary on how they used language based on all of the following factors except:

answer

height

question

The study of the relationship between language and society is called:

answer

sociolinguistics

question

Distinct male and female patterns of speech are called:

answer

gendered speech

question

What does AAVE stand for?

answer

African American Vernacular English

question

Which of the following statements is true about AAVE?

answer

it is a highly structured and patterned form of English

question

Which American Indian language is gender-specific in the area of queries?

answer

Lakota

question

Technically, all dialects are:

answer

languages

question

The existence of over 200 words for the potato that reflects the potato's many uses in the Aymara language of highland Bolivia and Peru is an example of:

answer

linguistic relativity

question

Which of the following is a difference between Hopi and English?

answer

Hopi can express that the event talked about is a regular thing that generally occurs

question

Changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another is called:

answer

code switching

question

In English it is estimated that about _________ of emotional information is transmitted not by words spoken but by body language.

answer

90%

question

What kinds of information are transmitted through the gesture-call system?

answer

emotions and intentions

question

The methods for notating and analyzing body language is called:

answer

kinesics

question

Approximately what percentage of human communication takes place nonverbally?

answer

question

What is an "eyebrow flash"?

answer

rapid eyebrow movement

question

What do we call the cross-cultural study of human perception and use of space?

answer

proxemics

question

A human being has about 50 facial muscles and can make about how many facial expressions?

answer

7,000

question

Hall identified what four categories of proxemically relevant space?

answer

intimate, personal-casual, social consultive, public distance

question

About 70 percent of the world's languages are:

answer

tonal languages

question

What is the name of the Project established by UNESCO to support linguistic and cultural diversity?

answer

Project Chantek

question

Why is speech unique to humans?

answer

great apes do not have the anatomy to speak like humans

question

What anatomically allows the characteristic human sound of speech?

answer

the lowered position of the larynx and epiglottis

question

What was the purpose of wampum belts?

answer

to represent important messages

question

Which of the following was a fully developed early writing system?

answer

Egyptian hieroglyphics

question

How many adults worldwide cannot read or write?

answer

800 million

question

An individual's sense of place in time is termed his/her:

answer

temporal orientation

question

Among the Tchuambuli, Mead found that:

answer

women dominate men

question

Approximately how many sadhus live in India and Nepal?

answer

5 million

STUDY

Anthropology Biological Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Differences Among Groups Different Cultural Backgrounds

Anth – Flashcard 78 terms

Ethan Carter

78 terms

Preview

Anth – Flashcard

question

The study of human nature, society, and past

answer

1. In the textbook, anthropology is defined as the study of

question

A characteristic of the anthropological perspective that describes, at the highest and most inclusive level, how anthropology tries to integrate all that is known about human beings and their activities

answer

Holism in anthropology is defined in the text as

question

a characteristic of the anthropological perspective that requires anthropologists to consider similiarities and differences in as wide a range of human societies as possible before generalizing about human nature, society, or past

answer

To say that anthropology is comparative means that

question

comparative

answer

4An anthropologist studying a social group observes that people shake hands when greeting one another and concludes that handshaking is universal among human beings. This study is faulty because the anthropologist has not been

question

a characteristic of the anthropological persective that requires anthropologists to place their observations about human nature, society, or past in a temporal framework that takes into consideration change over time

answer

5. According to the text, evolution may be understood broadly as

question

sets of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society toether with the material artifacts and structures that human beings create and use. Human beings use culture ot adapt and transform the world in which they live.

answer

According to the text, culture consists of

question

the objects created or shaped by human beings are given meaning by cultural practices

answer

7. Studying material culture is important to anthropologists because

question

Organisms whose defining features are codetermined by biological and cultural factors

answer

8. When anthropologists say that human beings are biocultural organisms, they mean that

question

what makes us different from or similar to other animals

answer

9. Biological anthropologists are interested in

question

social groupings that allegedly reflect biological differences

answer

10. By the early twentieth century, some anthropologists and biologists concluded that the concept of "race" was

question

racism

answer

11. The people of society X believe that the people of society Y are inherently inferior to them biologically and prevent them from gaining access to a high level of education and other resources. According to the text, this is an example of

question

living in a culture that is not ones own, while observing and recording details

answer

12. The anthropological research methodology called participant observation is characterized by

question

ethnography

answer

13. A description of a particular culture is called an

question

ethnology

answer

14. A comparative study of many cultures is called

question

solution to cultural misunderstanding

answer

15. In a world in which people from different cultural backgrounds come into contact with one another for extended periods, anthropology offers a

question

gender roles

answer

16. The roles, activities, and characteristics that a culture assigns to each sex are known as

question

the cultural constructions of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sex

answer

17. Anthropologists use the term "gender" to refer to

question

answer

18. Most anthropologists reject single-cause explanations of human behavior. Instead, they employ a perspective that is

question

the reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever intensifying scale

answer

19. Globalization is defined by anthropologists as

question

science studies

answer

20. Anthropologists who explore the interconnections among sociocultural, political, economic, and historical conditions that make scientific research both possible and successful are contributing to the field of

question

material evidence

answer

1. Evolutionary theory is based on a set of

question

the process of change over time

answer

2. In your text, evolution is defined as

question

a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature

answer

3. For modern biologists, a species is defined as

question

catastrophism

answer

4. The notion that natural disasters, such as floods, are responsible for the extinction of species, which are then replaced by new species, is known as

question

uniformitarianism

answer

5. The notion that an understanding of current processes can be used to reconstruct the past history of the earth is known as

question

Lamarck

answer

6. The argument that each individual member of a species transforms itself to meet the challenges of a changed environment through the laws of use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characters was made primarily by

question

The pandas would be forced to exercise their thumb bone, and give birth to pandas with strong thumbs

answer

7. The panda's elongated wrist bone or "thumb" would be explained by Lamarck's theory in which of the following ways?

question

Pandas with larger wrist bones would be more likely to survive, thus reproduce

answer

8. The panda's elongated wrist bone or "thumb" would be explained by Darwin's theory in which of the following ways?

question

Dank memes

answer

9. Which of the following is NOT an element of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

question

The ones who reproduce

answer

10. In Darwinian terms, who are the fit?

question

a principle of Medielian inheritance in which each pair of particles (genes) for each trait (i.e., one-half of the required pair) from each parent.

answer

11. In modern terms, Mendel's principle of independent assortment holds that

question

homozygous: a fertilized egg that receives the same particle or allele from each parent for a particular trait heterozygous: a fertilized egg that receives a different particle or allele from each parent for a particular trait

answer

12. Define homozygous and heterozygous

question

part of one chromosome breaks off and reattaches itself to a different chromosome during meiosis; also called incomplete linkage

answer

13. In genetics, the phenomenon known as crossing over occurs when

question

homozygous

answer

14. A fertilized egg that receives the same allele from each parent for a particular trait is referred to as being

question

heterozygous

answer

15. A fertilized egg that receives a different allele from each parent for the same trait is referred to as being

question

Alleles

answer

16. All the different forms that a particular gene might take are known as

question

mutation

answer

17. That the allele that gives human red blood cells increased resistance to malarial parasites also reduces the amount of oxygen those cells can carry demonstrates

question

neutral

answer

18. Mutations that neither help nor harm an organism are called

question

Genotype: the genetic information about particular biological traites encoded in an organism's DNA Phenotype: The observable, measurable over characteristics of an organism.

answer

19. Define genotype and phenotype.

question

microevolution

answer

1. The subfield of evolutionary studies that devotes attention to short-term evolutionary changes is

question

a distinct segment of an evolutionary lineage. Different biologists, working with living and fossil organisms, have devised different criteria to identify boundaries between species.

answer

2. Which of the following statements about the concept of "species" is correct?

question

gene pool

answer

3. All of the genes in the bodies of all members of a given species or population make up a

question

answer

4. The field that focuses on the study of short-term evolutionary change in a given species is known as

question

polymorphous

answer

5. Which of the following is used to describe alleles that come in a range of different forms?

question

cline

answer

6. The distribution of skin pigmentation from the poles to the equator forms a

question

race doesn't exist

answer

7. According to the text, if humanity cannot be divided into a series of genetically distinct units, then

question

genotypes

answer

8. Following the completion of the Human Genome Project, a new race concept seems to be developing, based on the classification of

question

To determine risk for diseases

answer

9. According to Nadia Abu El-Haj, some biomedical researchers in the United States use racial groups as surrogates for individuals who consider themselves to be members of such groups. Why?

question

a long overdue biomedical justice

answer

10. Anthropologists like Nadia Abu El-Haj and John Hartigan have pointed out that many African Americans view medical research and drug trials in which they are involved to be

question

geneflow

answer

11. Gene frequencies may be altered if a given population begins to interbreed with another population of the same species. This is known as

question

less frequent geno/phenotypes

answer

12. Which of the following is an example of genetic drift?

question

genetic drift

answer

13. Assume that in a small population, 15% of the people are blue-eyed and have brown hair. Assume further that within this population there is an adventurous group that wishes to explore the region and settle down in new territory. Of this adventurous group, 87% are blue-eyed and have brown hair. When they leave, the gene frequencies in the remaining population will change for blue eyes and brown hair in the next generation. This is an example of

question

phenotypic plasticity

answer

14. The physiological flexibility that allows organisms to respond to environmental stresses, such as temperature change, is called

question

answer

15. The example of the sickle cell genotype illustrates

question

lighter the further away from the equator

answer

16. When variations in skin color of indigenous populations of the world are plotted on a map,

question

answer

17. Which of the following features are connected with variation in human skin color?

question

Hard to measure intelligence, IQ tests measure cultural intelligence

answer

18. Why is it that scores on IQ tests do not demonstrate racial differences in intelligence?

question

acclimitization

answer

19. A change in the way the body functions as a result of physical stress is called

question

macroevolution

answer

20. The process by which one species gradually transforms itself into a new species over time is called

question

equilibrium is interrupted by bursts of speciation

answer

21. The theory of punctuated equilibrium is based on the observation that

question

morphology

answer

1. The term used in textbook for physical shape and size of an organism or its body parts is its

question

homoplasy

answer

2. Wings on birds and bats are an example of

question

homology

answer

3. Genetic inheritance due to common ancestry is called

question

ecological niche

answer

4. What a species eats, how it finds mates, raises its young, relates to companions, and protects itself from predators is known as its

question

sexual dimorphism

answer

5. When males and females of the same species show observable phenotypic differences in, for example, size, the species is said to show

question

stereoscopic

answer

6. The form of vision in binocular animals which produces depth perception is known as

question

Bonobos

answer

7. Which of the following primate groups apparently uses sexual behavior to manipulate relationships rather than to increase reproductive rates?

question

vestigial tail

answer

8. Which of the following is NOT an ancestral characteristic of primates?

question

answer

9. Which of the following is NOT an evolutionary trend in the primate order?

question

answer

10. Which of the following has NOT been offered as an explanation for the anatomical attributes of the earliest primates?

question

Mouse lemurs, lemurs, galagos

answer

11. Strepsirrhini include

question

squirrel monkeys, marmosets, titi monkeys

answer

12. Haplorhini include

question

answer

13. Which of the following statements about macaques is correct?

question

answer

14. Some biological anthropologists object to classifying chimpanzees and humans into the same family, Hominidae, because

question

Aegyptopithecus zeuxis

answer

15. The largest of the Oligocene fossil anthropoids is called

question

later developments in old world monkeys

answer

16. Bilophodont molars are now believed to be

question

the miocene in africa

answer

17. The first hominoids appeared in

question

about the size of a moddern gibbon, apelike, but its trunk arm and hand resembles those of modern monkeys. fruit eating, tree dwelling, four feet, proto ape

answer

18. Which of the following features correctly describes Proconsul heseltoni?

STUDY

Anthropology

Anthropology 2010 ex 2 – Flashcards 176 terms

Malcolm Bright

176 terms

Preview

Anthropology 2010 ex 2 – Flashcards

question

Cultural anthropologists do research by

answer

building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

question

Which of the following is the term defining the method of the discipline of cultural anthropology?

answer

fieldwork

question

fieldwork involves

answer

all of the above

question

The people anthropologists gather data from are called

answer

informants

question

The comparative method

answer

uses data from many different societies

question

Multisited ethnography is an example of which method?

answer

comparative method

question

Which method is important for understanding past social insitutions and how they change?

answer

life histories

question

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is

answer

action anthropology

question

An important ethical concern for anthropologists is to

answer

protect their informants

question

A rapid appraisal is when anthropologists drop into a community into a community for just a few weeks to collect data. Bruce Knauft did this during his ____ trip to Gebusi.

answer

Third

question

In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far off places

answer

False

question

Anthropologists of the 1880s are referred to as "armchair anthropologists" because they never traveled abroad and they gather data from other peoples reports

answer

True

question

Anthropologists do no consider unstructured, casual conversations data

answer

false

question

In which of the following locations would you find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?

answer

all of the above

question

a word that best describes participant observation is

answer

unstructured

question

This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants

answer

participant observation

question

A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to

answer

allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview

question

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

answer

understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

question

An important element required for successful "rapid appraisal" data collection is

answer

good general knowledge of the area/topic being studied

question

What is the type of information written in field notes

answer

all of the above

question

When anthropologists go into the field

answer

all of the above

question

Anthropologists believe that the "native point of view" is better than their own

answer

false

question

Anthropology is different from journalism because journalists' data are protected by law

answer

True

question

If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?

answer

survey

question

If you studied sex workers in your city as Phillippe Bourgois studied crack dealers in New York City, you might find that

answer

maintaining confidentiality is an ongoing challenge

question

An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in

answer

a study of a low-income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located

question

Which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography?

answer

a study of community response to a disaster

question

Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?

answer

all of the above

question

Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication

answer

mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world

question

Financial globalization has allowed for

answer

corporations to move factories from one country to another

question

Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?

answer

history

question

The major goal of "development" is

answer

all of the above

question

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as

answer

advocates of poor and marginalized people

question

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist with experience in development, argues that development exists

answer

to expand state power

question

The theory that explains why cultural differences have not disappeared because cultural consciousness is increasingly bringing people together around cultural similarities is called

answer

clash of civilizations theory

question

People participate in globalization by

answer

all of the above

question

____ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

answer

migrants

question

World systems theory helped anthropologise

answer

all of the above

question

A key feature of financial globalization is

answer

the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade

question

The research that anthropologist Karen Tranberg Hansen has done on secondhand clothing in Zambia is interesting because

answer

it highlights how people impose local meanings on objects

question

Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following

answer

the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be by standard measures

question

The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of

answer

localization

question

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to

answer

accumulate prestige

question

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

answer

they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity

question

Which of the following best describe the methodology of multisited ethnography

answer

comparative

question

Which of the following is NOT true about hybridization theories

answer

it explains why conflict is growing in the world

question

A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except

answer

it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology

question

A multisited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would most likely to conduct fieldwork

answer

all of the above

question

If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize

answer

the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

question

A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American TV in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Austrailian outback are

answer

being subjected to alien culture influences

question

World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?

answer

a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism

question

The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many socities

answer

True

question

People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion

answer

False

question

Localization is the flip side of globalization

answer

True

question

The authors think that cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more

answer

False

question

A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects

answer

True

question

Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics.

answer

True

question

Anthropologist study food holistically, which means that they focus on

answer

all of the above

question

The human diet is

answer

omnivorous

question

A key component of nutritional anthropology as defined by Audrey Richards was attention to

answer

the interrelationship between biology, health, ecology, political-economic, and cultural concerns

question

Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

answer

eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods

question

Why is meat eating important for human evolution

answer

it provides high-quality protein for human brain development

question

Eating practices mark

answer

all of the above

question

Foodways are dynamic because

answer

all of the above

question

Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?

answer

foraging

question

Food security refers to

answer

access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active

question

"foodways" describes a perspective that approaches food as

answer

all of the above

question

Intensification, a process that increases yields, includes

answer

all of the above

question

Why do foragers turn to agriculture?

answer

increased population density causes too much competition for resources

question

It is unusual for human adults to be able to digest milk

answer

True

question

There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world

answer

False

question

In many parts of the world food is a very important way of communicating social identity

answer

True

question

The principles of agroecology are at the heart of industrial agriculture

answer

False

question

What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?

answer

meat consumption increased

question

There has been a reduction of maize varieties in Mexico. What is the primary reason for it?

answer

Mexican agricultural policies favored cheap imports from the US

question

Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because

answer

it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings

question

Which of the following is NOT true of how food preferences relate to gender?

answer

men always love meat, not matter which culture they are from

question

Why was symbolic anthropologist Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws?

answer

because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety

question

One of anthropology's insights about foraging mode of subsistence is that

answer

foraging people have a cultural view of their environment as giving

question

For anthropologists, what is important about the existence of differences between populations in the ability to digest milk?

answer

all of the above

question

Long term damage to soil quality is typical of

answer

intensification

question

A nutritional anthropologist who studies the nutrition transition would probably focus on all of the following except

answer

the labor conditions of migrant workers

question

A foodways perspective on human evolution would emphasize

answer

the changes in human dietary physiology are intertwined with how people grow, share, and eat food

question

A cultural relativist would most likely to emphasize that pastoralist

answer

have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape

question

Which of the following would be UNLIKELY as a explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?

answer

its related to the ignorance of the poor to effectively feed themselves

question

What do environmental anthropologist study?

answer

all of the above

question

According to Itzaj beliefs

answer

humans and nature exist in the same realm

question

What relationship between nature and human does Western thought emphasize?

answer

oppositional

question

The concept that people have learned images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called

answer

cultural landscape

question

Traditional ecological knowledge is not well known in the West because

answer

all of the above

question

Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?

answer

the idea that maize has a soul

question

Why do environmental anthropologists study formal nature protection?

answer

it often generates social conflicts

question

The perception that the North American continent was an unpeopled wilderness during the early period of European settlement when British settlers arrived is an example of an

answer

artifactual landscape

question

The Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania practice

answer

transhumant pastoralism

question

What is "fortress conservation"

answer

an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

question

A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental equality is

answer

environmental justice

question

Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach

answer

political ecology

question

Contemporary ecological science supports the idea that human cultural behaviors are solely shaped by the environment

answer

false

question

All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based

answer

true

question

An ecological footprint is a measurement of the population an area can support

answer

false

question

It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine

answer

false

question

Famines are often caused by not environmental factors but social factors like inequality

answer

true

question

One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant models for administering protected environmental area is

answer

they assume nature must be uninhabited by people

question

Sustainable development for indigenous people involves which of the following elements?

answer

all of the above

question

Which of the following is a key argument of ethnobiologist Brent Berlin, who compared human classification systems?

answer

all human classification systems are reflective of an underlying cognitive structure of the human brain that organizes information in systematic ways

question

The enclosure movement is important to understanding Western conservation approaches because

answer

all of the above

question

How did Americans aim to showcase their "civilization" after the civil war?

answer

establishing formally protected areas

question

Europeans colonial regimes commonly instituted controls on native peoples use of natural resoures

answer

to eliminate native competition against the european businesses exploiting raw materials in the colonies

question

Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conversation can be so challenging

answer

scientist and conversationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims

question

Why is Fairhead and Leachs study about landscape change in Guinea important

answer

it shows why forests can increase because of human population growth and cultivaltion

question

Which of the following methods allowed fairhead and leach to make their conclusions about landscape change in Guinea

answer

all of the above

question

Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because

answer

all of the above

question

Kenyas green belt movement is a good example of

answer

enviromental justice

question

The ecological costs of producing beef in the United States are externalized on the landscape and water resources

answer

true

question

An anthropologist who studies the cultural landscape of Zapotec farmers of southern Mexico would be primarily interested in

answer

the meaning and images they have of nature that shape their farming practice

question

Political ecological perspectives are applicable to all of the following except

answer

the relationship between high birth rates and overfishing

question

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

answer

the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

question

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

answer

they explain the rise of cultural conflict in the world

question

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

answer

global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

question

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as

answer

advocates of poor and marginalized people

question

People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.

answer

False

question

Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics.

answer

True

question

A multisited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork

answer

all of the above

question

If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize

answer

the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

question

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multisited ethnography?

answer

comparative

question

An anthropologist who promotes principles of agroecology would likely view horticulture as

answer

useful to learn new principles about sustainable farming

question

The concept of "fortress conservation" would be applicable to all of the following situations except

answer

the construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas

question

The perception that the North American continent was an unpeopled wilderness during the early period of European settlement when British settlers arrived is an example of an

answer

artifactual landscape

question

"Mother nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of

answer

metaphors of human-nature interaction

question

Economists and economic anthropologists are not that different in the way they study how people get the things they need to survive.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is not true of economic anthropology?

answer

it assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world

question

Economic anthropologists study

answer

all of the above

question

Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?

answer

it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in

question

The use of money is a human universal.

answer

False

question

Which of the following analyses of Christmas shopping would be least likely to come from a follower of cultural economics?

answer

people always make decision about what to buy on the basis of getting the lowest pric

question

The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that

answer

women are better at saving money than men

question

Gift exchanges are important because people everywhere invest symbolic meaning in the things they give, receive, and consume.

answer

True

question

The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of bride price is an example of the use of

answer

limited-purpose money

question

A substantivist would be most likely to explain the Kula cycle as

answer

closely tied to important social institutions, such as kin networks, trading ties, and political structure

question

When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in

answer

generalized reciprocity

question

The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called

answer

redistribution

question

Which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy?

answer

cultural economics

question

The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists

answer

try to understand and predict economic patterns

question

Anthropologist Ashraf Ghani's successes as a finance minister and presidential candidate in Afghanistan can be attributed to what?

answer

his attentiveness to local social norms and priorities

question

From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that

answer

personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions

question

A Marxist approach to the cultural processes Karen Ho studied of Wall Street would be most focused on

answer

the tendency to lay off employees on a regular basis as the bank suffers through financial crises caused by its own activities.

question

In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is

answer

respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values

question

A formalist anthropologist doing fieldwork in a supermarket would be most interested in

answer

how shoppers decide which cat food to buy when they have fifteen varieties to choose from

question

Which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economics create value used in society?

answer

Marxism

question

Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?

answer

Neoclassical economics

question

According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is

answer

the domestic mode of production

question

Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in

answer

obligation

question

When you are consuming an object, the process of taking procession of it is called

answer

appropriation

question

The central point of the concept of spheres of exchange is to make a distinction between general- and limited-purpose money.

answer

true

question

Although Russians do use money to buy things, they also rely on bartering when money is scarce.

answer

true

question

Which of the following explanations of political relationships among the !Kung would be least likely to come from a traditional political anthropologist?

answer

the !Kung have to navigate complex politics as ethnic minorities in states that don't want them

question

A structural functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as

answer

a means of creating and maintaining social order

question

For anthropologists, political power refers to

answer

how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

question

Big men can transfer their power and status through inheritance when they die.

answer

False

question

The exercise of political power requires

answer

legitimacy

question

The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example what kind of society?

answer

acephalous

question

The importance of structural functionalism is that it

answer

showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government

question

How do religious rituals function politically?

answer

all of the above

question

Which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?

answer

structural-functionalism

question

Which government agency's activities might you focus on if you wanted to understand structural power?

answer

the census office

question

A cultural constructionist who studies class would be interested in

answer

all of the above

question

Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because

answer

it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

question

An anthropologist who uses instrumentalist theories of ethnicity would explain the rise of "Latino" food distributor Goya as

answer

the creation of a special market segment by a food company to enhance its profitability

question

An anthropologist who studies unearned privilege would be most interested in which of the following?

answer

situation in which an upper-class man gets accepted at an Ivy League university because his father and grandfather went there

question

Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?

answer

all of the above

question

Racialization has identified different markers of racial identity in Latin America than in the United States.

answer

True

question

A key difference between caste and social class is

answer

caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms

question

Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is

answer

discrimination

question

Does race have biological consequences?

answer

yes, because of racism

question

What was so difficult about Japanese American anthropologist Tamie Tsuchiyama's fieldwork in a World War II internment camp?

answer

he had to navigate complicated dynamics of prejudice and resentment

question

What was so difficult about Japanese American anthropologist Tamie Tsuchiyama's fieldwork in a World War II internment camp?

answer

STUDY

African American English Anthropology Archaic Homo Sapiens Cultural Anthropology Obtaining Informed Consent Social And Cultural Anthropology

ANTH 211 CH. 1 – Flashcards 15 terms

Jaxon Wilson

15 terms

Preview

ANTH 211 CH. 1 – Flashcards

question

The study of how people use language in its cultural context is known as: a. descriptive linguistics. b. paralanguage. c. ethnology. d. sociolinguistics. e. participant observation.

answer

D. Sociolinguistics

question

Ethnographic fieldwork is the primary research strategy of which field? a. historic linguistics b. cultural anthropology c. sociolinguistics d. archaeology e. biological anthropology

answer

B. Cultural Anthropology

question

What type of anthropologist studies people from a biological perspective as well as how humans have evolved over time? a. evolutionary archaeologist b. cultural evolutionist c. prehistoric archaeologist d. physical anthropologist e. historic linguistic

answer

D. Physical Anthropology

question

People are biological creatures as well as rational human beings. In order to gain a complete understanding of any aspect of human behavior, the field of anthropology adopts what strategy? a. ethnobiology b. four-field approach c. sociobiology d. syncretism e. cultural evolution

answer

B. Four-field approach

question

Changes in communication technology that have allowed military spouses to switch from mailing letters to their partners in Afghanistan to chatting with them on Skype are an example of what dynamic of globalism? a. time-space compression b. flexible adaption c. technological accumulation d. Internet communication e. rapid change

answer

A. Time-Space compression

question

!Anthropology looks at the complete diversity of human life across space and time, and this reflects the field's commitment to: a. thoroughness. b. transnationalism. c. globalism. d. holism. e. human development.

answer

C. Globalism

question

Who studies how language changes over time? a. ethnologists b. linguistic archaeologists c. sociolinguists d. historic linguists e. paleoanthropologists

answer

D. Historic Linguistics

question

!In order to understand how any group of people lives in our global world today, it is necessary to explore not only the customs, beliefs, and other aspects of their local culture but also: a. environment and climate. b. political systems. c. production and exchange. d. religion and belief systems. e. global influences.

answer

D. Religion and Belief systems

question

!The field of anthropology that explores genetics and evolution and looks at our closest relatives in the animal kingdom to gain a greater understanding of what it means to be human is known as: a. sociobiology. b. evolutionary biology. c. physical anthropology. d. primatology. e. paleoanthropology.

answer

D. Primatology

question

What is considered the most distinctive feature of being human? a. bipedal locomotion b. tool use c. the wheel d. language e. migration

answer

D. Language

question

In the study of immigration, anthropologists look at physical differences between populations, how the groups involved conceive of themselves and others, what they say about those other groups, and how these groups related to others in the past. This is an example of what aspect of anthropology? a. ethnology b. globalism c. holism d. elitism e. organicism

answer

C. Holism

question

South Korea has developed amazingly, with huge corporations making vast amounts of money and giving everyone there a high standard of living, while the vast majority of people in the Central American nation of Guatemala are plagued by extreme poverty, violence, and poor living conditions. This is an example of: a. marginalization. b. elitism. c. differential monetization. d. neocolonialism. e. uneven development.

answer

E. Uneven Development

question

When anthropologists compare the polygyny of Mormon fundamentalists in Utah to Muslim tradition, which allows a man to have as many as four wives, they are doing what kind of analysis? a. ethnographic b. polygamous c. affinal d. ethnological e. holistic

answer

D. Ethnological

question

!The author states that pollution, population growth, climate change, and overfishing are serious issues, and nature may not be able to adapt to: a. glacial activity. b. human activity. c. global warming. d. offshore drilling. e. intensification.

answer

C. Global Warming

question

The study of fossils and ancient DNA to trace changes in human ancestors over time involves which specialization of anthropology? a. prehistoric archaeology b. biogenetics c. paleoanthropology d. forensic anthropology e. historic archaeology

answer

C. Paleoanthropology

STUDY

American Revolution Anthropology Boston Tea Party Middle East One Drop Rule

Anthro101 quizzes – Flashcards 45 terms

Cara Robinson

45 terms

Preview

Anthro101 quizzes – Flashcards

question

What is described in the text as "an invisible package of unearned assets" that are the legacy of generations of racial discrimination?

answer

White Privlige

question

The specific inherited genetic patterns of a person or organism are called its:

answer

genotype.

question

A historical term meant to belittle and vilify "mixed" marriages is:

answer

miscegenation.

question

Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race constitute:

answer

individual racism.

question

What rule assigns the children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group?

answer

hypodescent

question

Originally, this term referred to a distinct group of people with a shared place of origin, but it is now most commonly used to refer to a country.

answer

nation

question

When part of an ethnic group splits off or two groups combine to form a new group that identifies itself separately, this is known as:

answer

ethnogenesis

question

Efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area are known as:

answer

Ethnic Cleansing.

question

An individual's self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location is known as:

answer

Situational Negotiation of Identity

question

Sometimes a group of people breaks away from an ethnic group to form a new identity, and, in the past, two ethnic groups have combined to form a new and unique identity. These are examples of:

answer

Ethnogenesis

question

A person who believes that Italians are somehow "inferior" and therefore refuses to give an Italian person a job is demonstrating:

answer

individual racism.

question

Despite different societies' efforts to divide people into different biologically discrete groups, genetic evidence shows that human variation is:

answer

clinal.

question

Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never meet each other. Therefore, most nations today are:

answer

imagined communities.

question

As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim people who they had lived peacefully next door to for more than five hundred years. This illustrates the concept of:

answer

ethnic cleansing.

question

The Indian American community has broken down many old barriers once held in India, but has chosen to deny efforts by the members of the South Asian Lesbian and Gay Alliance (SALGA) to participate in the India Day Parade. This illustrates the concept of:

answer

ethnic boundary markers.

question

Gender stereotypes are defined as:

answer

culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for, men and women.

question

Anne Fausto-Sterling's analysis of biological sexual identity identifies:

answer

five sexes, including intersexuals.

question

The phrases "boys will be boys" and "it's a girls' thing" reflect gender:

answer

stereotypes.

question

Gender is defined as:

answer

the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.

question

Gender ideology is defined as:

answer

a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.

question

________ is gender identity displayed through action.

answer

Discourse

question

Geneticists have been able to successfully identify:

answer

no gene or cluster of genes that determines sexuality.

question

Contemporary anthropologists study sexuality:

answer

in cultures worldwide, including western cultures.

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of the attempt to regulate aspects of sexuality by cultural institutions such as the government?

answer

age of licensed driver

question

All of the following are examples of sexuality in contemporary media and politics, EXCEPT:

answer

the debate over U.S. intervention in Syria

question

Sexuality involves:

answer

both personal choices and cultural ideas.

question

According to contemporary cultural anthropologists, humans in most cultures engage in sexual activity:

answer

both for procreation and fun.

question

The Victorian ideal of sexuality was heavily influenced by which of the following:

answer

Christian Teachings.

question

The restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that:

answer

Women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods.

question

Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically:

answer

White European men.

question

Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?

answer

Arranged.

question

Which of the following phenomenon is currently placing stress on kinship systems worldwide?

answer

globalization.

question

Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father?

answer

ambilineal.

question

Looking cross-culturally, anthropologists argue that:

answer

definitions of marriage vary across cultures and over time.

question

Individuals learn basic patterns of human behavior from their families in a process termed:

answer

enculturation.

question

Which of the following types of marriage consists of one individual married to one other individual only (most commonly one man married to one woman)?

answer

Monogamy

question

Which of the following is a descent group that is constructed through the mother's side of the family?

answer

matrilineal

question

Which of the following builds kinship ties between two people who are not typically immediate biological kin?

answer

Marriage

question

Kinship includes:

answer

biological descent and marriage alliances, but also practices such as fostering and fictive kin.

question

Which type of assisted reproductive technology involves the implantation of a woman's egg that has been fertilized in a laboratory?

answer

in vitro fertilization.

question

Cousins who are children of a mother's brother or father's sister are considered which type of cousins?

answer

cross-cousins

question

Early anthropologists identified how many primary systems used to classify relatives in the parental generation, including the bifurcate merging system?

answer

four.

question

One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical:

answer

descent.

question

The incest taboo-rules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents-is:

answer

universal across all cultures in the world.

question

Most people in the world practice which type of descent as their primary strategy to track kin group membership?

answer

Patrilineal

STUDY

Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Language And Communication Linguistic Anthropology Papua New Guinea

Chapter 14 anthropology – Flashcards 30 terms

Killian Parsons

30 terms

Preview

Chapter 14 anthropology – Flashcards

question

research on communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals that

answer

they can't combine calls

question

When Washoe and Lucy tried to teach sign language to other chimpanzees, this is called..?

answer

cultural transmission

question

what is the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures and facial expressions?

answer

kinesics

question

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis state?

answer

different languages produce different ways of thinking

question

call systems

answer

communication systems of nonhuman primates, they vary in intensity and duration

question

cultural transmission

answer

transmission through learning, basic to language

question

productivity

answer

creating new expressions that are comprehensible to other speakers

question

displacement

answer

describing things and events that are not present, basic to language

question

FOXP2

answer

a mutated gene, this explained why humans speak and chimps don't

question

kinesics

answer

study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures and facial expressions

question

phonology

answer

study of speech sounds, considers which sounds are present and significant in a given language

question

morphology

answer

studies how sounds combine to form

question

morphemes

answer

words and their meaningful parts

question

lexicon

answer

vocabulary, all the morphemes in a language and their meaninga

question

syntax

answer

referes to the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences

question

phoneme

answer

a sound contrast that makes a difference that differentiates meaning

question

phonetics

answer

study of speech sounds in general, what people actually say in various languages

question

phonemics

answer

studies only significant sound contrasts

question

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

answer

idea that different languages produce different patterns of thought

question

focal vocabulary

answer

set of words describing particular domains of experience

question

semantics

answer

a language's meaning system

question

ethnosemantics

answer

study classification systems in various languages

question

style shifts

answer

varying one's speech in different social contexts

question

diglossia

answer

language with "high" (formal) and "low" (informal, familial) dialects

question

honorifics

answer

terms used with people, often by being added to their names, to "honor"

question

Black English Vernacular

answer

rule-governed dialect spoken by some african americans

question

historical linguistics

answer

study of languages over time

question

daughter languages

answer

languages sharing a common parents language ex: latin

question

protolanguage

answer

language ancestral to several daughter languages

question

subgroups

answer

closely related languages

STUDY

Anthropology Biological Anthropology Development Over Time Social And Cultural Anthropology World History

World History Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards 104 terms

Adrien Vincent

104 terms

Preview

World History Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards

question

The Earliest human-like creatures, which lived in Africa as long as three to four million years ago are called _______.

answer

Australopithecus

question

The study of past societies through an analysis of what people call ________.

answer

Archeology

question

The first civilization developed _______________.

answer

ÇatalHüyük

question

The following are the basic characteristics of civilization.

answer

cities, government, religion, social structure, writing, and art

question

How did the Neolithic Revolution affect the relationshi between men and women?

answer

Men herded and farmed; women raised children

question

What ancient ruler created a code of laws based on a system of justice?

answer

Hammurabi

question

What do historians believe is the earliest system of writing to emerge in ancient civilization?

answer

cuneiform

question

The attack of what people brought Egypt's Middle Kingdom to and end?

answer

Hyksos

question

The Summerians believed that gods ruled the cities, making the state a government by divine authority, or _______.

answer

theocracy

question

The Sumerians are credited with inventing all of the following.

answer

the wagon wheel, the potters wheel, and bronze

question

The term Aryan was originally used to describe which of the following groups of people?

answer

nomads

question

Which Hindu concept describes the divine law that requires all people to do their dity?

answer

dharma

question

What role did the mountains and sea play in the developnment of Greek history?

answer

the mountains are the home of olympus ad the sea made trade ports

question

What type of government did the city-state of Sparta have?

answer

obligarchy

question

All of the following were ways by which ancient Greeks interacted with their gods.

answer

rituals, festivals, and oracles

question

Whic mountain range in Italy forms a ridge that divides west from east?

answer

Apennines

question

In early Roman government, what officials were given the power to protect the plebeians?

answer

patricians

question

Who became the first Roman emperor?

answer

Julius Caesar; then Augustus Caesar

question

Which Roman ruler adopted Christianity as the offical Realign of the Roman Empire?

answer

Constantine the Great

question

Which of the following was a factor in the decline of the Western Roman Empire?

answer

1.) Christianity's emphasis on a spiritual kingdom weakened Roman military virtues. 2.) Traditional Roman values declined as non-Italians gained prominence in the empire. 3.) Lead poisoning through leaden water pipes and cups caused a mental decline in the population. 4.) Plague wiped out one-tenth of the population. 5.) Rome failed to advance technologically due to slavery. 6.) Rome could not create a workable political system.

question

A form of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote is a ______________.

answer

republic

question

What is the Quran?

answer

the holy book of Islam

question

The following are the Five Pillars of Islam.

answer

Belief, Prayer, Charity, Fasting, Pilgrimage

question

What Middle Eastern writer composed the Rubaiyat?

answer

Omar Khayyám

question

Islam is similar to Christianity in all of the following ways.

answer

monotheistic, has angels and demons, virgin birth of Jesus and crucifixion, eternal heaven or hell

question

What was the first great trading state in Africa?

answer

Ghana

question

Which group of migrants is believed to have introduced iron working techniques in eastern and southern Africa?

answer

Bantu

question

Why were story tellers important in African societies?

answer

They told religious and folk legends from generation to generation.

question

A society where descent is traced through the father is called a __________.

answer

patrilinealage

question

What was the key factor in Songhai's rise to power?

answer

the army's conquests

question

What Mongolian ruler created the largest land empire in history?

answer

Kublai Khan

question

Which of the following was the main island of early Japan?

answer

Honshu

question

Most significant during the Tang and Song dynasties was the rise of the scholar gentry, who was ________________.

answer

the political and Economic elite of Chinese society

question

What was the principal source of wealth in India between 500 and 1500?

answer

agriculture

question

Which king was forced to sign the Magna Carta?

answer

King John

question

Which pope fought the practice of lay investiture?

answer

Pope Gregory VII

question

What was the most highly regarded subject of the medieval unicersity?

answer

theology

question

The following are factors in France winning the Hundred Years' War.

answer

defeats of English armies in Normandy and Aquitaine, the use of the cannon, Joan of Arc, and the Battle of Castillon

question

Many scholars believe that a land bridge in the Bering Strait allowed people from what continent to cross into North America?

answer

Asia

question

What was the first major city in Mesoamerica?

answer

Teotihuacan

question

what early civilization in South America built Macho Picchu?

answer

Inca

question

What crops farmed by the Iroquois were known as the "three sisters"?

answer

corn, beans, and squash

question

Who emerged as a dominant force in Italy after the Italian wars?

answer

Spanish

question

All of the following are the three associated with the High Renaissance.

answer

Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo

question

Who was the first person to sail around the world?

answer

Joshua Slocum

question

The following are motives for European Expansion.

answer

God, money, and trade(spices,etc.)

question

Between what two countries did the Treaty of Tordesillas divide the newly discovered land?

answer

Spain and Portugal

question

Christopher Columbus explored the following islands:

answer

the major Caribbean islands, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Honduras

question

The demand for slaves increased when _________________.

answer

America was discovered and sugarcane was grown.

question

What were known in Europe as the Spice Islands?

answer

Moluccas

question

A political system in which a ruler holds total power is called ____________________.

answer

absolutism

question

The fleet of warships sent by Spanish King Philip II to invade England was called _______.

answer

The Spanish Armada

question

What Russian czar attempted to westernize Russia?

answer

Peter the Great

question

Under which Ottoman ruler did the Turks gain control of Constantinople?

answer

Mehmed II

question

Which group used the East India Company to gain power, influence, and profit in India?

answer

British

question

Upon the completion of the Grand Canal, the Chinese were able to ship goods __________.

answer

to northern China

question

What economic change took place in Japan under the Tokugawa?

answer

a merchant class evolved

question

All of the following are factors that led to peasant unrest and an eventual revolt that ended the Ming dynasty.

answer

the suffering of the epidemic, high taxes, and and power struggles

question

Who is considered the founder of the European and American movement for women's rights?

answer

Emmeline Pankhurst

question

Where did Catherine the Great rule from 1762 to 1796?

answer

Russia

question

Which reform was made by the National Assembly?

answer

the establishment of public trials, the establishment of freedom of the press, the elimination of internal tariffs

question

The Industrial Revolution begain in the 1780's in ___________.

answer

England/Great Britian

question

Who issued an emancipation edict, freeing Russian serfs?

answer

Alexander II

question

A system in which society owns and controls the means of production is called __________.

answer

socialism

question

What invention made ocean liners, airplanes, and the automobile possible?

answer

internal-combustion engine

question

Who believed at a struggle between the middle class and the working class would ultimately produce a classless society?

answer

Karl Marx

question

All of the following were factors that opened the door to new jobs for women.

answer

second industrial revolution,expansion of government services, and lack of men to fill white-collar jobs

question

All of the following territories were acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War.

answer

Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and Cuba

question

By 1907, Great Britain, France, and Russia joined together to form the __________.

answer

Triple Entente

question

Slavery was abolished in all major countries of the world by _____________.

answer

Slavery Abolition Act of 1833

question

What was the only remaining free state in Southeast Asia after the French conquest of Indochina?

answer

Thailand

question

What was Great Britain's primary interest in the Suez Canal?

answer

they believed it was their lifetime in India

question

What was a benefit of British Rule in India?

answer

Established on of the the world's third largest railroad network; Developed a modern economy; Schools and Colleges were founded; Sanitation and public health improved; End to local warfare; Network of telephones, telegraph line, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals; Political stability

question

What ensured equal access to the Chinese market for all nations?

answer

the Open Door Policy

question

What was the "Serbian Problem?"

answer

They went to war with Austria-Hungary

question

What new technology was used in battle during World War I for the first time in history?

answer

indirect counter-battery fire

question

What was the final peace settlement of WWI called?

answer

The Treaty of Versailles

question

The following were results of World War I.

answer

Many nations were unhappy with the peace settlement

question

A coalition of leftist parties - Communists, Socialists, and Radicals - formed what government in France in 1936?

answer

Socialist Party

question

Who was the founder of the Fascist movement and dreamed of making Italy a great nation?

answer

Benito Mussolini

question

What invention, discovered by Marconi, led the way for a revolution in mass communication?

answer

radio

question

What did the Balfour Declaration promote?

answer

declared that the British favored a Jewish homeland in Palestine

question

What brought an end to the Communist-Nationalist alliance?

answer

Shanghai Massacre

question

What positive impact did the Great Depression have in Latin America?

answer

It made Latin America learn support themselves

question

What caused the German army to halt its attack on the Soviet Union?

answer

The Soviet Union counter-attacked

question

The Cold War was primarily an ideological conflict between the United States and ______________.

answer

Soviet Union

question

What was the only country to use women to fight in World War II?

answer

United States

question

Which of the following was a part of the Nazi's Final Solution.

answer

Genocide of Jews

question

What was the goal of the policy of containment?

answer

stop the spread of communism

question

Which Soviet leader brought and end to the Cold War?

answer

Mikhail Gorbachev

question

What two countries were formed when Czechoslovakia split?

answer

Czech Republic and Slovakia

question

What group suffered under a Serbian policy of ethnic cleansing?

answer

Cham Muslims

question

In the 1950s, who led a strong opposition movement to overthrow the government in Cuba?

answer

Iran

question

To what new cash crop have some Colombian peasants turned?

answer

palm oil

question

Who took control of Panama in 1983?

answer

Antonio Noriega

question

Whites in South Africa create a system of racial segregation known as _______?

answer

Apartheid

question

What country did Great Britain, France, and Israel attack to start the Suez War of 1956?

answer

Egypt

question

Why did Israel attack Egypt in 1967?

answer

The Suez War

question

What countries agreed to divide Korea into two zones at the 38th Parallel?

answer

United States and Soviet Union

question

Why did the United States enter the Vietnam War?

answer

To help fight communism

question

The development of new strains of rice, corn, and other grains that have greater yields is referred to as the _______.

answer

Wheat middlings

question

What is the only global international orgainzation that deals with the rules of trade between nations?

answer

World Trade Organization

question

The leader of the revolutionists in Cuba was _________.

answer

Castro

question

Castro signed a pact with ______.

answer

The United States

STUDY

Anthropology Biological Anthropology Capitalist World Economy Cultural Anthropology Cultural Resource Management

Anthropology Terms – Flashcards 247 terms

Isabella Parker

247 terms

Preview

Anthropology Terms – Flashcards

question

Adaptation

answer

processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses, such as those posed by climate

question

Anthropology

answer

the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors

question

Applied Anthropology

answer

the application of anthropoligical data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identity, assess, and solve contemporary social problems

question

Archaelogical Anthropology

answer

reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains

question

Biocultural

answer

the inclusion and combination of both bilogical and cultural perspectives and approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem

question

Biological Anthropology

answer

human biological diversity in time and space

question

Cultural Anthropology

answer

the study of human society and culture, the subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences

question

Cultural Resource Management

answer

decides what sites need saving, and to preserve significant information about the past when sites cannot be saved

question

Culture

answer

traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them

question

Ethnography

answer

provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture

question

Ethnology

answer

examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of ethnography

question

Food production

answer

the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals

question

General Anthropology

answer

the academic discipline of anthropology, which includes the subfields sociocultural, archaelogical, biological, and linguistic anthropology

question

Holism

answer

refers to the study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture

question

Linguistic Anthropology

answer

studies language in its social and cultural context, across space and over time

question

Natural Selection

answer

the process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so in greater numbers than others in the same population do

question

Phenotype

answer

refers to an organism's evident traits

question

Racial Classification

answer

the attempt to assign humans to discrete categories based on common ancestry

question

Science

answer

a systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiment, oberservation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations of phenomena, with reference to the material and physical world

question

Sociolinguistics

answer

investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation

question

Tropics

answer

a belt extending about 23 degrees north and south of the equator, between the Tropic of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn

question

Complex Societies

answer

large and populous societies with social stratification and central governments

question

Cultural Consultant

answer

refers to individuals the ethnographer gets to know in the field, the people who teach him or her about their culture, who provide the emic perspective

question

Emic Approach

answer

investigates how local people think

question

Etic Approach

answer

shifts the focus from local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of the anthropologist

question

Genealogical Method

answer

a well-established ethnographic technique

question

Informed Consent

answer

the agreement to take part in research, after having been so informed

question

Interview Schedule

answer

when an ethnographer talks face to face with people, asks the questions, and writes down the answers

question

Key Cultural Consultants

answer

people who, by accident, experience, talent, or training, can provide the most complete or useful information about particular aspects of life

question

Life History

answer

a recollection of a lifetime of experiences

question

Longitudinal Research

answer

the long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits

question

Participant Observation

answer

taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analysing

question

Random Sample

answer

a survey type in which all members of the population have an equal statistical chance of being chosen for inclusion

question

Sample

answer

a manageable study group

question

Survey Research

answer

involves sampling, impersonal data collection, and statistical analysis

question

Variables

answer

attributes that vary among members of a sample or population

question

Acculturation

answer

the exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact

question

Core Values

answer

key, basic, central values

question

Cultural Relativism

answer

the viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture

question

Cultural Rights

answer

include a group's ability to preserve its culture, to raise its children in the ways of its forebears, to continue its language, and not to be deprived of its economic base by the nation in which it's located

question

Diffusion

answer

borrowing of traits between cultures

question

Enculturation

answer

the process by which a child learns his or her culture

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

the tendancy to view one's own culture as superior and to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures

question

Generalities

answer

features that are common to sevaral but not all human groups

question

Globalization

answer

encompasses a series of processes, including diffusion, migration, and acculturation, working to promote change in a world in which nations and people are increasingly and mutuall dependent

question

Human Rights

answer

include the right to speak freely, to hold religious beliefs without persecution, and not to be murdered, injured , or enslaved or imprisoned without charge

question

Independent Invention

answer

the process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems

question

Intellectual Property Rights

answer

concept that says that a particular group may determine how indigenous knowledge and its products may be used and distributed and the level of compensation required

question

International Culture

answer

a level of culture that extends beyond and across national boundaries

question

National Culture

answer

a level of culture that embodies those beliefs, learned behavior patterns, values, and institutions that are shared by citizens of the same nation

question

Particularities

answer

features that are unique to certain cultural traditions

question

Subcultures

answer

different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups in the same complex society

question

Symbols

answer

signs that have no necessary or natural connection to the things they stand for, or signify

question

Universal

answer

features that are found in every culture

question

Black English Vernacular

answer

the relatively uniform dialect spoken by the majority of black youth in most parts of the US today

question

Call Systems

answer

the natural communication systems of other primates

question

Daughter Languages

answer

languages that descend from the same parent language and that have been changing separately for hundreds or thousands of years

question

Descriptive Linguistics

answer

scientific study of a spoken language

question

Diglossia

answer

applies to high and low variants of the same language

question

Displacement

answer

the ability to talk about things that are not present

question

Focal Vocabulary

answer

specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups

question

Historical Linguistics

answer

the longer-term change of contemporary variation in speech

question

Kinesics

answer

the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions

question

Lexicon

answer

a dictionary containing all its morphemes and their meanings

question

Morphology

answer

studies the forms in which sounds combine to form morphemes - words and their meaningful parts

question

Phoneme

answer

a sound contrast that makes a difference

question

Phonemics

answer

studies the significant sound contrasts of a given language

question

Phonetics

answer

the study of speech sounds in general

question

Phonology

answer

the study of speech sounds

question

Linguistic Productivity

answer

to use the rules of a language to produce entirely new expressions that are comprehensible to other native speakers

question

Protolanguage

answer

the original language from which a daughter language diverges

question

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

answer

states that different languages produce different ways of thinking

question

Semantics

answer

a language's meaning system

question

Sociolinguistics

answer

investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation

question

Style Shifts

answer

when speech is varied in different contexts

question

Subgroups

answer

Languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related

question

Syntax

answer

the arrangement and order of words in phrases in sentences

question

Domestic-Public Dichotomy

answer

a strong differentation between the home and the outside world

question

Extradomestic

answer

outside the home; within or pertaining to the public domain

question

Gender Roles

answer

the tasks and activities a culture assigns to the sexes

question

Gender Stereotypes

answer

oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females

question

Gender Stratification

answer

describes an unequal distribution of rewards between men and women, reflecting their different positions in a social hierarchy

question

Patriarchy

answer

a political system rules by men in which women have inferior social and political status, including basic human rights

question

Patrilineal-Patrilocal Complex

answer

consisting of patrilineality, patrilocality, warfare, and male supremacy

question

Sexual Dimorphism

answer

refers to differences in male and female biology besides the contrasts in breasts and genitals

question

Sexual Orientation

answer

refers to a person's habitual sexual attraction to, and sexual activities with, persons of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or a lack of attraction to either sex (asexuality)

question

Assimilation

answer

describes the process of change that a minority ethnic group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates

question

Cultural Colonialism

answer

refers to internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others

question

Descent

answer

to assign social identity on the basis of ancestry

question

Discrimination

answer

refers to policies and practices that harm a group and its members

question

Ethnic Group

answer

a group that shares certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of their common background

question

Ethnicity

answer

identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other's groups because of this affliation

question

Ethnocide

answer

when a dominant group tries to destroy the cultures of certain ethnic groups

question

Genocide

answer

the deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder

question

Hypodescent

answer

automatically placing the children of a union between members of different groups in the minority group

question

Majority Groups

answer

superordinate, dominant, or controlling group

question

Minority Groups

answer

subordinate with inferior power and less secure access to resources

question

Multiculturalism

answer

the view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable

question

Nation

answer

an independent, centrally organized political unit, or a government

question

Nation-State

answer

refers to an autonomous political entity, a country

question

Nationalities

answer

ethnic groups that one had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status

question

Phenotype

answer

an organism's evident traits - it's physiology and anatomy, including skin color, hair form, facial features, and eye color

question

Plural Society

answer

a society combining ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of these groups

question

Prejudice

answer

devaluing a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes

question

Race

answer

an ethnic group that is assumed to have a biological basis

question

Racism

answer

discrimination against a race

question

Refugees

answer

people who have been forced or who have chosen to flee a country, to escape persecution or war

question

Social Races

answer

groups assumed to have a biological basis but actually defined in a culturally arbitrary, rather than a scientific, manner

question

Stereotypes

answer

fixed ideas about what the members of a group are like

question

Agriculture

answer

nonindustrial system of plant cultivication characterization by continuous and intensive use of land and labour

question

Balanced Reciprocity

answer

applies to exchanges between people who are more distantly related than are members of the same band or household

question

Band

answer

basic unit of social organization among foragers that includes fewer than one hundred people

question

Correlation

answer

an association between two or more variables such that when one changes, the other also changes

question

Economy

answer

a population's system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources

question

Generalized Reciprocity

answer

principle that characterizes exchanges between closely related individuals

question

Horticulture

answer

nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallo for varying lengths of time

question

Market Principle

answer

profit-oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states

question

Means of Production

answer

land, labor, technology and capital - major productive resources

question

Mode of Production

answer

way of organizing production - a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge

question

Nomadism, Pastoral

answer

movement throughtout the year by the whole pastoral group with their animals

question

Pastoralists

answer

people who use a food-producing strategy of adaptation based on care of herds of domesticated animals

question

Peasant

answer

small-scale agriculturalist living in a state, with rent fund obligations

question

Potlatch

answer

competitive feast among Indians on the North Pacific Coast of North America

question

Reciprocity

answer

one of the three principles of exchange that governs exchange between social equals

question

Redistribution

answer

major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states, and some states with managed economies

question

Transhumance

answer

one of two variants of pastoralism; part of the population moves seasonally with the herds while the other part remains in home villages

question

Achieved Status

answer

social status that comes thrrough talents, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments, rather than ascription

question

Age Set

answer

group uniting all men or women born during a certain time span

question

Ascribed Status

answer

social status that people have little or no choice about occupying

question

Big Man

answer

figure often found among tribal horticulturalists and pastoralists, who occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others

question

Caste Systems

answer

closed, hereditary system of stratification, often dictated by religion

question

Chiefdom

answer

form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and the state; kin-based with differential access ro resources and a permanent political structure

question

Conflict Resolution

answer

the means by which disputes are socially regulated and settled

question

Differential Access

answer

unequal access to resources

question

Fiscal

answer

pertaining to finances and taxation

question

Law

answer

a legal code, including trial and enforcement

question

Office

answer

permanent political position

question

Open-Class System

answer

stratification system that facilitates social mobility, with individual achievement and personal merit determining social rank

question

Power

answer

the ability to exercise one's will over others

question

Prestige

answer

esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary

question

Slavery

answer

the most extreme, coercive, abusive, and unhumane form of legalized inequality

question

Sociopolitical Typology

answer

classification scheme based on the scale and complexity of social organization and the effectiveness of political regulation

question

Pantribal Sodality

answer

a non-kin based group that exists throughout a tribe, spanning several villages

question

State

answer

complex sociopolitical system that administers territory and populace with substantial contrasts in occupation, wealth, prestige, and power

question

Status

answer

any position that determines where someone fits in society

question

Stratification

answer

characteristic of a system with socioeconomic strata

question

Subordinate

answer

the lower, or underpriviledged, group in a stratified system

question

Superordinate

answer

the upper, or priviledged, group in a stratified system

question

Tribe

answer

form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture or pastoralism

question

Vertical Mobility

answer

upward or downward change in a person's social status

question

Village Head

answer

leadership position in a village that has limited authority; leads by example and persuasion

question

Wealth

answer

all a person's material assets, including income, land, and other types of property

question

Bridewealth

answer

a customary gift before, at, or after marriage from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin

question

Clan

answer

unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent

question

Descent Group

answer

a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry

question

Dowry

answer

a marital exchange in which the wife's group provides substantial gifts to the husband's family

question

Endogamy

answer

marriage between people of the same social group

question

Exogamy

answer

mating or marriage outside one's kin group

question

Extended Family Household

answer

extended household including three or more generations

question

Family

answer

a group of people who are considered to be related in some way

question

Family of Orientation

answer

nuclear family in which one is born and grows up

question

Family of Procreation

answer

nuclear family established when one marries and has children

question

Incest

answer

sexual relations with a close relative

question

Levirate

answer

custom by which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband

question

Lineage

answer

unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent

question

Matrilineal Descent

answer

unilineal descent rule in which people join the mother's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life

question

Matrilocality

answer

Customary residence with the wife's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their mother's community

question

Neolocality

answer

postmarital residence pattern in which a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents

question

Patrilineal Descent

answer

unilineal descent rule in which people join the father's group automatically at birth and stay member's throughout life

question

Patrilocality

answer

customary residence with the husband's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their father's community

question

Plural Marriage

answer

marriage of a man to two or more women or marriage of a woman to two or more men at the same time

question

Polyandry

answer

variety of plural marriage in which a woman has more than one husband

question

Polygyny

answer

variety of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife

question

Progeny Price

answer

a gift from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin before, at, or after marriage

question

Sororate

answer

custom by which a widower marries the sister of the diseased wife

question

Unilineal Descent

answer

matrilineal or patrilineal descent

question

Domestic-Public Dichotomy

answer

contrast between women's role in the home and men's role in public life, with a corresponding social devaluation of women's work and worth

question

Extradomestic

answer

outside the home; within or pertaining to the public domain

question

Gender Roles

answer

the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex

question

Gender Stereotypes

answer

oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females

question

Gender Stratification

answer

unequal distribution of rewards, reflecting their different positions in a social hierarchy

question

Patriarchy

answer

political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and political status, including basic human rights

question

Patrilineal-Patrilocal Complex

answer

an interrelated constellation of patrilineality, patrilocality, warfare, and male supremacy

question

Sexual Dimorphism

answer

marked differences in male and female biology besides the contrasts in breasts and genitals

question

Sexual Orientation

answer

a person's habitual sexual attraction to, and activities with persons of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both sexes (bisexuality)

question

Animism

answer

belief in souls or doubles

question

Cargo Cults

answer

postcolonial, acculturative, religious movements common in Melanesia that attempt to explain European domination and wealth and to achieve similar success magically by mimicking European behavior

question

Communal Religions

answer

communal cults in which people organize community rituals such as harvest ceremonies and rites of passage

question

Communitas

answer

intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness; characterisic of people experiencing liminality together

question

Leveling Mechanism

answer

customs and social actions that operate to reduce differences in wealth and thus to bring standouts in line with community norms

question

Liminality

answer

the critically important marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage

question

Magic

answer

use of supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims

question

Mana

answer

sacred impersonal force in Melanesian and Polynesian religions

question

Monotheism

answer

worship of an eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent supreme being

question

Olympian Religions

answer

religions that develop with state organization that have full-time religious specialists

question

Polytheism

answer

belief in several deities who control aspects of nature

question

Religion

answer

beliefs and rituals concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces

question

Revitalization Movements

answer

movements that occur in times of change, in which religious leaders emerge and undertake to alter or revitalize a society

question

Rites of Passage

answer

culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another

question

Ritual

answer

behavior that is formal, stylized, repetitive, and stereotyped, performed earnestly as a social act

question

Shaman

answer

a part-time religious practitioner who mediates between ordinary people and supernatural beings and forces

question

Taboo

answer

prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions

question

Bourgeoisie

answer

one of Karl Marx's opposed classes; owners of the means of production

question

Capital

answer

wealth or resources invested in business, with the intent of prodcuing a profit

question

Capitalist World Economy

answer

the single world system, which emerged in the 16th century, committed to production for sale, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs

question

Colonialism

answer

the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time

question

communism

answer

a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work of the same common good

question

Communism

answer

a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism

question

Core

answer

dominant structural position in the world system

question

Imperialism

answer

a policy od extending the rule of a nation or empire over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies

question

Indigenous Peoples

answer

the original inhabitants of particular territories; often descendants of tribespeople who live on as culturally distinct colonized peoples, amny of whom aspire to autonomy

question

Industrial Revolution

answer

the historical transformation of traditional into modern societies through industrialization of the economy

question

Intervention Philosophy

answer

guiding principle of colonialism, conquest, missionization, or development; an ideological justification for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions

question

Neoliberalism

answer

revival of Adam Smith's classic economic liberalism, the idea that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule

question

Periphery

answer

weakest structural position in the world system

question

Postcolonial

answer

referring to interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized

question

Semiperiphery

answer

structural position in the world system intermediate beteen core and periphery

question

Working Class (Prolerariat)

answer

those who must sell their labor to survive

question

World-System Theory

answer

argument for the historic and contemporary social, political, and economic significance of an identifiable global system, based on wealth and power differentials, that extends beyong individual countries

question

Anthropology and Education

answer

anthropological research in classrooms, homes, and neighborhoods, viewing students as total cultural creatures whose enculturation and attitudes toward education belong to a larger context that includes family, peers, and society

question

Applied Anthropology

answer

the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems

question

Curer

answer

specialized role acquired through a culturally appropriate process of selection, training, certification, and acquisition of a professional image

question

Development Anthropology

answer

the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development

question

Disease

answer

an etic or scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen

question

Health Care Systems

answer

beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with ensuring health and preventing and curing illness; a cultural universal

question

Illness

answer

an emic condition of poor health felt by individual

question

Equity, Increased

answer

a reduction in absolute poverty and a faired distribution of wealth

question

Medical Anthropology

answer

unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures and ethnic groups

question

Overinnovation

answer

characteristic of development projects that require major changes in people's daily lives, especially ones that interfere with customary subsistence pursuits

question

Scientific Medicine

answer

a health care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures, encompassing such fields as pathology, microbiology, biochemisty, surgery, diagnostic technology, and applications

question

Underdifferentiation

answer

planning fallacy of viewing less developed countries as an undifferentiated group; ignoring cultural diversity and adopting a uniform approach for very different types of project beneficiaries

question

Urban Anthropology

answer

the anthropological study of life in and around world cities, including urban social problems, differences between urban and other environments, and adaptation to city life

question

Agency

answer

the active role that individuals play in interpreting, using, making and remaking culture

question

Antimodernism

answer

the rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, and better way of life

question

Cultural Imperialism

answer

the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys - usually because of differential economic or political influence

question

Diaspora

answer

the offspring of an area who have spread to many lands

question

Essentialism

answer

the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed

question

Hegemonic Reading

answer

the meaning of a text as defined by its creators or other elites

question

Hegemony

answer

a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing its values and accepting its naturalness

question

Hidden Transcript

answer

the critique of power by the oppressed that goes on offstage in private where the power holders can't see it

question

Indigenized

answer

modified to fit the local culture

question

Postmodern

answer

describes the blurring and breakdown of established canons, categories, distinctions, and boundaries

question

Postmodernism

answer

a style and movement in architecture that succeeded modernism

question

Postmodernity

answer

condition of a world in flux, with people on the move, in which established groups, boundaries, identities, contrast, and standards are reaching out and breaking down

question

Public Transcript

answer

the open, public interactions between dominators and oppressed - the outer shell of power relations

question

Text

answer

something that is creatively read, interpreted, and assigned meaning by each person who receives it

question

Westernization

answer

the acculturative influence of Western expansion on other cultures

STUDY

Anthropology Social And Cultural Anthropology

JustinAnthroSet – Flashcards 205 terms

Elizabeth Bates

205 terms

Preview

JustinAnthroSet – Flashcards

question

Since anthropologist Lewin studied same-sex commitment ceremonies many states have approved same-sex marriage. If you were doing a similar study today, which of the following would be a focus of your research in same-sex weddings?

answer

all of the above

question

Women who practice polyandry tend to marry

answer

two or more brothers

question

Indiana University biologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted a series of sexuality studies during the 1940s and found that

answer

sexuality exists on a continuum

question

An anthropologist who studies unearned privilege would be most interested in which of the following?

answer

a situation in which an upper-class man gets accepted at an Ivy League university because his father and grandfather went there

question

A number of societies have the notion that men are __________ and women are _________.

answer

created; born

question

When descent is based in a single line it is referred to as

answer

unilineal descent

question

What is the main implication of Don Kulick's story about "coming out in the field" for other anthropologists who do not necessarily study in a gay community?

answer

developing rapport sometimes relies on sharing a lot in common with your subjects

question

Steven Pinker, an evolutionary biologist, argues that natural selection has selected genes that cause us to feel little sexual attraction for people we have grown up with. From an anthropological perspective on kinship, what is wrong with this view?

answer

all of the above

question

The incest taboo is the most common sexual taboo, although the degree to which it is practiced varies from one society to another.

answer

True

question

Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.

answer

True

question

The dichotomy between males and females is not two distinct categories but a continuum of sexual possibilities in the human species.

answer

True

question

Individuals who diverge from the male-female norm and exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between, including both male and female, are called

answer

Intersexed

question

All biological approaches to race are problematic because

answer

all of the above

question

A surrogate mother is

answer

a woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb

question

Sherry Ortner, a feminist anthropologist, observed that the roots of female subordination lay in the distinction all societies make between

answer

nature and culture

question

There is a biological connection between the trait of skin tone and other "racial" traits, such as certain facial features and bodily shapes.

answer

False

question

In nearly all societies with any degree of social stratification, more men are in leadership roles than women, not only in political roles but also in economic and social roles involving trade, exchange, kinship relations, ritual participation, and dispute resolution.

answer

True

question

Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because

answer

it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

question

Why did Liberian rebel soldiers cross-dress during the civil war in the 1990s?

answer

it distinguished them from the government's soldiers

question

Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and

answer

cognatic

question

The debate over male and female inequality was never adequately resolved because there was not enough evidence to prove either side.

answer

False

question

For antidiscrimination activists and educators, it is usually enough to simply demonstrate the existence of prejudice and discrimination.

answer

False

question

In many societies, some people live their lives as neither male nor female.

answer

True

question

Which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms which dominate in most societies?

answer

gender variance

question

Does race have biological consequences?

answer

yes, because of racism

question

What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?

answer

all of the above

question

The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called

answer

a cultural landscape

question

The nineteenth-century British anthropologist who is credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective where the most evolved societies resembled the British societies in which he lived was

answer

C. E. B. Tylor

question

Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

answer

eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods

question

Malinowski's analysis of the Kula cycle is important because it helps explain how Trobriand men get social status.

answer

True

question

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

answer

biological anthropology

question

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

answer

a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

question

A symbol

answer

all of the above

question

Why is the description of conflict as "ethnic violence" misleading?

answer

all of the above

question

To follow political action one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions.

answer

True

question

Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because

answer

all of the above

question

Contemporary cultural anthropologists still rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced."

answer

False

question

Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?

answer

intersubjective

question

People living in noncentralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them.

answer

False

question

What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?

answer

meat consumption increased

question

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

answer

the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

question

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on

answer

everyday interactions

question

In some societies witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control.

answer

False

question

Anthropologists use just three methods—interviews, field notes and participant observation.

answer

False

question

Anthropologists begin to understand the adaptability of the human brain by studying

answer

nonhuman primates

question

Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?

answer

Hobbes and Locke

question

Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank.

answer

False

question

What relationship between nature and human does Western thought emphasize?

answer

oppositional

question

Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender?

answer

men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from

question

An anthropologist who promotes principles of agroecology would likely view horticulture as

answer

useful to learn new principles about sustainable farming

question

A structural functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as

answer

IncorrectD. an innate condition of humanity

question

According to Edward Sapir, language is the symbolic guide to culture.

answer

True

question

For anthropologists, power is largely located in the hands of state institutions and political offices.

answer

False

question

"Owning" culture

answer

CorrectA. means controlling symbols that give meaning

question

Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

The use of money is a human universal.

answer

False

question

People participate in globalization by

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Political ecological perspectives are applicable to all of the following except

answer

CorrectB. the relationship between high birth rates and overfishing

question

European colonial regimes commonly instituted controls on native people's use of natural resources

answer

CorrectA. to eliminate native competition against the European businesses exploiting raw materials in the colonies

question

What do environmental anthropologists study?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies from the 1980s, what method would you use?

answer

CorrectA. record how younger people, middle-aged people, and senior citizens pronounce ordinary American words

question

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called

answer

CorrectB. cultural anthropology

question

"Going native" refers to a process whereby the anthropologist

answer

CorrectB. loses the ability to be an engaged observer

question

Exchange is a human universal.

answer

Correct True

question

An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in

answer

CorrectD. a study of a low-income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located

question

Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because

answer

CorrectB. it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings

question

A biological determinist would

answer

CorrectB. explain human behavior, cognition, and perception as a result of evolutionary processes

question

Nature and nurture are not opposed but intertwined.

answer

True

question

Why was symbolic anthropologist Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws?

answer

CorrectC. because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety

question

A key component of nutritional anthropology as defined by Audrey Richards was attention to

answer

CorrectB. the interrelationship between biology, health, ecology, political-economic, and cultural concerns

question

If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize

answer

the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the people who live in the neighborhood

question

Which of the following is the defining methodology to the discipline of anthropology?

answer

fieldwork

question

You and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of

answer

mediation

question

Which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economies create value used in society?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that

answer

CorrectD. women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household

question

All humans are born with some culture.

answer

False

question

In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places.

answer

False

question

Eating practices mark

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

answer

CorrectD. anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

question

Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?

answer

CorrectA. scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims

question

Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries.

answer

False

question

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

answer

functionalism

question

Which of the following would be least likely as an explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?

answer

CorrectB. it's related to the ignorance of the poor to effectively feed themselves

question

When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?

answer

1800s

question

Anthropologists study food holistically, which means that they focus on

answer

CorrectE. all of the above

question

A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to

answer

CorrectC. allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview

question

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

answer

CorrectC. enculturation

question

This anthropologist rejected the idea that there are groups of people belonging to stable and unchanging races

answer

Franz Boas

question

Foodways are dynamic because

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?

answer

CorrectD. E. B. Tylor

question

The perception that the North American continent was an unpeopled wilderness during the early period of European settlement when British settlers arrived is an example of an

answer

CorrectC. artifactual landscape

question

Big men can transfer their power and status through inheritance when they die.

answer

False

question

Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans.

answer

False

question

Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

The comparative method

answer

CorrectE. all of the above

question

Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?

answer

CorrectE. all of the above

question

"Foodways" describes a perspective that approaches food as

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

There has been a reduction of maize varieties in Mexico. What is the primary reason for it?

answer

CorrectB. Mexican agricultural policies favored cheap imports from the United States

question

Political ecological perspectives are applicable to all of the following except

answer

CorrectC. the relationship between high birth rates and overfishing

question

Intensification, a process that increases yields, includes

answer

CorrectF. all of the above

question

European colonial regimes commonly instituted controls on native people's use of natural resources

answer

CorrectA. to eliminate native competition against the European businesses exploiting raw materials in the colonies

question

Why was symbolic anthropologist Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws?

answer

CorrectB. because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety

question

A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.

answer

Correct True

question

Why do environmental anthropologists study formal nature protection?

answer

CorrectA. it often generates social conflicts

question

Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

answer

CorrectC. eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods

question

Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of

answer

intensification

question

Many non-Western societies have conservation traditions that are based on distinct principles of human-nature relationship.

answer

True

question

The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.

answer

True

question

Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.

answer

False

question

The human diet is

answer

CorrectA. omnivorous

question

What is "fortress conservation"?

answer

CorrectD. an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

question

The enclosure movement is important to understanding Western conservation approaches because

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?

answer

CorrectC. meat consumption increased

question

Which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender?

answer

CorrectC. men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from

question

Which of the following research projects would an ecological anthropologist be most likely to join?

answer

CorrectA. a study of how soil quality and landscape features affect farming practices

question

Financial globalization has led to

answer

corporations moving their factories from one country to another

question

For anthropologists, what is important about the existence of differences between populations in the ability to digest milk?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Kenya's green belt movement is a good example of

answer

CorrectC. environmental justice

question

The principles of agroecology are at the heart of industrial agriculture.

answer

Correct False

question

Sustainable development for indigenous people involves which of the following elements?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Food security refers to

answer

CorrectB. access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active

question

A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize

answer

A. that they, the Tzotzil, are dominated by globalization

question

This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants

answer

CorrectD. participant observation

question

Diversity defined anthropologically

answer

focuses on multiplicity and variety

question

If Benjamin Whorf were trying to find further proof that grammar shapes the way people perceive the world, which of the following would not be a focus of his research?

answer

CorrectB. the density of the population in the several communities

question

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called

answer

CorrectD. cultural anthropology

question

The flexibility of the brain is called

answer

CorrectC. neural plasticity

question

When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders

answer

CorrectA. challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist

question

A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to

answer

CorrectC. allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview

question

Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?

answer

CorrectD. E. B. Tylor

question

What is the type of information written in field notes?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Ethnopsychology is largely concerned with

answer

CorrectB. understanding how other societies make sense of selves, persons, and emotions

question

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

answer

CorrectA. anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

question

The use of mock Spanish reinforces a common impression that Hispanic people are socially inferior. This is an example of the power of which of the following?

answer

CorrectC. language ideology

question

The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called

answer

CorrectA. morphology

question

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as

answer

CorrectA. traditions

question

A paradigm that emphasizes that humans are made up of complex biological, cultural, and psychological processes is

answer

biocultural

question

Anthropologists believe that our behavior is influenced by

answer

both

question

If a single female immigrant brings a trait to a small, sparsely populated island and within many generations it is present in 50% of the population, it would be an example of

answer

CorrectA. genetic drift

question

Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.

answer

False

question

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called

answer

archaeology

question

America's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices.

answer

True

question

Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provides an accurate description of the way the people actually lived.

answer

False

question

A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Field notes are usually written on the spot, not after the fact.

answer

False

question

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because

answer

CorrectD. the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

question

If you studied sex workers in your city as Philippe Bourgois studied crack dealers in New York City, you might find that

answer

CorrectD. maintaining confidentiality is an ongoing challenge

question

Although cultural differences produce different behaviors and practices, humans feel emotions in the same way worldwide.

answer

False

question

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.

answer

True

question

A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in

answer

CorrectB. building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures

question

Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction.

answer

Correct True

question

An anthropologist might consider doing "anthropology at a distance" because

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

means you think your culture is superior to others

question

The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named

answer

Franz Boas

question

A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except

answer

CorrectA. the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community

question

_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds

answer

Phonology

question

A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it.

answer

True

question

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

answer

CorrectC. linguistic anthropology

question

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

answer

functionalism

question

An important element required for successful "rapid appraisal" data collection is

answer

CorrectC. good general knowledge of the area/topic being studied

question

Anthropologists like E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Renato Rosaldo do not see cultural anthropology as a science.

answer

True

question

The thinker who developed the theory of evolution by means of natural selection in the nineteenth century was

answer

Charles Darwin

question

Which of the following features are characteristic of language?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"

answer

CorrectA. marginalizes women's voices in work contexts

question

According to Edward Sapir, language is the symbolic guide to culture.

answer

Correct True

question

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called

answer

holistic

question

Culture is

answer

CorrectC. learned and shared

question

Intelligence is

answer

CorrectB. not marked by a single fixed gene

question

The study of how people classify things in the world is called

answer

CorrectB. ethnoscience

question

Which of the following is a feature of language?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

answer

CorrectC. a pidgin language

question

Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

A biocultural analysis of carpal tunnel syndrome would emphasize the complex intersection of environmental, biological, and social causes of it.

answer

True

question

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

answer

CorrectA. a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

question

A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.

answer

Correct False

question

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is

answer

ethnocentrism

question

Anthropology is different from journalism because journalists' data are protected by law.

answer

True

question

What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?

answer

CorrectA. industrialization

question

The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to

answer

CorrectC. language death

question

In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because

answer

CorrectC. we can speak using a larynx

question

The comparative method

answer

CorrectC. uses data from many different societies

question

Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.

answer

Correct True

question

Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields.

answer

False

question

Animal call systems

answer

CorrectB. can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli

question

This evolutionary mechanism is only important when population sizes are small and possibly geographically isolated

answer

CorrectA. genetic drift

question

When it comes to mother-infant bonding cross-culturally, anthropologists find that

answer

CorrectA. there are many ways to raise a child that do not involve close physical "bonding"

question

The movement of genes through interbreeding or intermarriage among humans from distinct populations is

answer

CorrectB. gene flow

question

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?

answer

CorrectA. people make sense of the world through binary oppositions (i.e., raw/cooked)

question

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is

answer

CorrectC. cultural relativism

question

A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."

answer

True

question

A biocultural perspective on the evolution of our species would emphasize that

answer

CorrectA. culture is an emergent and dynamic element of our species' biological evolution

question

Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?

answer

CorrectC. Bronislaw Malinowski

question

People rarely hold conflicting values.

answer

Correct False

question

An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is

answer

CorrectA. Renato Rosaldo

question

The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent

answer

CorrectA. post-structuralism

question

Increasingly, professional anthropologists are

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

During fieldwork cultural anthropologists

answer

all of the above

question

Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.

answer

True

STUDY

African American English Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology Relationships Between People Sapir Whorf Hypothesis Social And Cultural Anthropology

exam 3 study guide Answers – Flashcards 212 terms

Marlon Riddle

212 terms

Preview

exam 3 study guide Answers – Flashcards

question

One thing that all languages have is

answer

grammer/syntax

question

Among the Apache, in situations of ambiguous relationships between people

answer

silence is maintained

question

In Japan, the length of the kimono sleeve indicates

answer

all of the above- age gender formality marital status

question

Human language has an infinite capacity for generating very efficient messages, a feature called

answer

productivity

question

Language refers to

answer

all of the above- speech, words, communication based on arbitrary symbols and written forms of communication

question

Tok Pisin is one of the official national languages of

answer

Papua New Guinea

question

A key marker of gender coding in spoken English in the U.S. is

answer

women's greater use of tag questions

question

The word khipu refers to a

answer

method of record keeping without the usse of writing

question

The claim that a person's language determines the person's thought is called

answer

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

question

A reason for the emergence of linguistic anthropology in the United States is the

answer

interest in recodring disappearing languages

question

The point at which a language no longer has competent users is referred to as

answer

language extinction

question

Among the Western Apache, silence is

answer

used in situations of ambiguous social relationships?

question

The system of human communication based on a systematic set of symbols and signs with learned and shared meanings is called

answer

language

question

The feature of human language that allows people to talk about the past and the future is referred to as

answer

displacement

question

A first-generation "contact" language is called a

answer

pigdin

question

Within a particular language, an especially rich cluster of related words is referred to as a

answer

...

question

Many of the terms the Saami use to describe snow are related to

answer

conditions for reindeer herding

question

Language endangerment is judged to exist when a language has fewer than

answer

10,000 speakers

question

The culture which appears to have the simplest form of grammar is the

answer

Piraha

question

Sounds that make a critical difference in a language are referred to as

answer

phonemes

question

Vocal communication among nonhuman primates is referred to as

answer

call system

question

The adult male bonobo who is skilled at symbolic communication with human researchers is

answer

Kanzi

question

Culturally patterned verbal language is referred to as

answer

discourse

question

A cultural materialist interpretation of Klamath and Modoc Indian myths supports the idea that they

answer

store and transmit information for managing economic crises

question

The comparative analysis of Islam's Feast of the Sacrifice in Morocco and Sumatra shows that

answer

Islam is more patriarchal as practiced in Morocco

question

The current anthropological definition of religion says that it is

answer

beliefs and behavior concerning supernatural beings and powers

question

If someone were to collect bits of your hair and nail clippings to use in a magical ritual, this person is practicing

answer

contagious magic

question

As opposed to a shaman or shamanka, a priest or priestess tends to

answer

be more formally trained

question

The sense of collective unity that develops out of individual diversity is called

answer

...

question

Magic

answer

depends on the proper conduct of rituals to please the gods.

question

Expressing religious beliefs through explicit and direct statements is termed

answer

doctrine

question

The major items that the Hui Muslims of Xi'an, China, believe to be impure are

answer

pork, beef, and alcohol.

question

A general feature of African religions is that

answer

they include myths about a rupture that once occured between the creator deity and humans

question

A religion with many zoomorphic supernaturals is

answer

Hinduism

question

An example of a life-cycle ritual is

answer

a coming-of-age ceremony for young men or women

question

A religion that traces its origin to an important male figure is

answer

all of the above- buddhism, Rasatfarianism, christianity islam

question

The cultural materialist interpretation of Aztec human sacrifice and cannibalism emphasizes

answer

strengthening the role of the elite by demonstrating their power and providing food to the people

question

The indirect expression of religious beliefs through stories about supernatural beings and forces is referred to as

answer

myth

question

The three universal phases of life-cycle rituals, according to Victor Turner, are

answer

speration, transition and reintegration

question

Carnival is an example of a

answer

ritual of inversion

question

The region in which cargo cults emerged is

answer

Melanesia

question

Among the Hopi, the link between living humans and the spiritual world is through the ritual sacrifice of

answer

golden eagles

question

About __________ people live on the Hopi reservation.

answer

7,000

question

Where is Hindmarsh Island?

answer

southeastern Australia

question

John Chernoff's research on drumming in Ghana revealed

answer

all of the above fieldwork is more than gathering data. how the role of the ethnographer affects the research. how creativity is related to society. how Ghanaian family life is connected to music.

question

An example of a form of theater is

answer

kathakali

question

A study of Japanese interior decoration

answer

used home decorating magazines as a major source of data

question

Men's wrestling in India

answer

requires a high level of spirituality and self-control

question

The anthropology of tourism has focused mainly on

answer

how tourism has affected the health of bot tourists and people in the destination area

question

Cultural anthropologists who study art focus on

answer

all of the above ethno-esthetics. the meaning of art to the people of the culture. the artist. the process of making art.

question

A prominent interpretation offered by cultural anthropologists about games and sports sees them as

answer

"microcosms" of society

question

Esthetics

answer

all of the abovemay vary among different individuals within a culture. are a set of standards defining what is art. differ widely cross-culturally in what they include. exist in all cultures.

question

In Michael Cernea's strategy for Cultural Heritage Preservation, written for the World Bank, he urges

answer

...

question

After the British introduction of cricket to Trobriand Islands, local changes to the game involved

answer

abandoning the white clothing of the British game.

question

An important aspect of the "Hawai'ian Renaissance" is the

answer

increased intrest in the hula in Hawai'i

question

The cross-cultural study of music is referred to as

answer

ethnomusicology

question

The current style in which cricket is played in the Trobriands is the result of

answer

colonialism

question

A garden that includes specimens from many cultures is called

answer

heterotopic

question

Gers, or yerts, are associated with which mode of livelihood?

answer

pastoralism

question

Among the Temiar of Malaysia, economic and musical roles are

answer

balanced and complematary between men and women

question

The most serious internal security issue of Turkey is the __________.

answer

Kudish request for greater cultural autonomy and rights

question

The rising popularity of __________ is evidence of Turkey's growing cosmopolitanism.

answer

belly dancing

question

Country music in Brazil

answer

draws heavily on U.S country music

question

Another name for intangible cultural heritage is

answer

living heritage

question

The concept of the garden as enclosed within four walls is most associated with which religion?

answer

islam

question

A comparison of how baseball is played in the United States and Japan revealed the importance of __________ in Japan:

answer

question

The origin of the cultural heritage of the Gullah people of South Carolina is in

answer

west and central africa

question

When immigrants, such as the Dominicans in New York City, help bring in and settle relatives and friends, this process is called

answer

chain migration

question

Anthropological research shows that refugees have an easier time adapting to their new location when

answer

the culture of their destination area resembles the one they left

question

One disagreement about the issue of Palestinian refugees is

answer

...

question

The continent with the most internally displaced persons is

answer

Africa

question

Cultural anthropologists study how migration is related to

answer

all of the above- economic systems reproduction religion politics

question

A major argument in anthropology and human rights policy about laborers who migrate to the Dominican Republic to cut cane concerns

answer

the degree of free will in the participation in cane-cutting in the DR

question

One key characteristic of the "new immigration" is

answer

feminization

question

Remittances are most closely associated with

answer

labor migrants

question

The study of Salvadoran immigrants on Long Island demonstrates that

answer

employment in the informal sector is more lucrative than employment in the formal sector

question

According to the "lifeboat mentality,"

answer

the number of people in a group should not be increased because it will reduce resources available to those already in the group.

question

Push-pull theory, in terms of migration, refers to

answer

motivations for migrating from rural to urban areas

question

In a case described in the textbook, anthropologists combined ethnographic data with data on the environment to provide risk assessments and improve service delivery to

answer

refugees

question

Asian women are the fastest growing category of

answer

labor migrants

question

Transnational migrants are a form of

answer

circular migration

question

A major cause of population displacement is

answer

all of the above slavery. colonialism. natural disasters. dam building.

question

Salvadoran migrants to the United States are mainly in the category of

answer

working poor

question

Among the new immigrant groups in the United States,

answer

the largest number come from mexico

question

__________ is the country that receives the largest total amount of remittances.

answer

India

question

A refugee's entitlement to return and live in his or her homeland

answer

is referred to as the right of return

question

Most Maya people live in

answer

Mexico and Guatemala

question

In Beatriz Manz' case study of a Maya group who relocated to the jungle to start a new life, the major threat they experienced in the new location was from

answer

political violence

question

An example of an institutional migrant is a

answer

all of the above boarding school student. soldier. resident in a home for the aged.

question

A major bilateral aid organization is

answer

United States Agency for International Development.

question

Gerald Murray helped USAID address problems with reforestation projects in Haiti by

answer

improving cultural fit

question

Life projects promote development through

answer

giving priority to local people's aspirations

question

The first phase of the project cycle is

answer

project identification

question

The male bias in development planning and projects refers to the

answer

exclusion of women from many development projects?

question

In the early stages of development anthropology, anthropologists were typically hired to work in which phase of the project cycle?

answer

project evaluation

question

Seventeenth century European ideas of secular rationalism and the inevitable advance of scientific thinking were the basis for which model of change?

answer

human development

question

A major lesson gained from the study of change among the Saami is

answer

the need to do social impact assessments before introducing new technology

question

Distributional development emphasizes

answer

...

question

World Bank requirements that lending countries adjust their spending away from social programs such as education and health are called

answer

structural adjustment

question

Kerala, India, provides an example of success in terms of which approach to development?

answer

distributional approach

question

Women's organizations for change

answer

none of the above

question

Culture change that occurs through contact is referred to as

answer

diffusion

question

Women vendors in San Cristobal, Mexico, faced problems related to

answer

all of the abovethe fact that they were refugees from the highlands. harassment from men. the lack of traditional kin ties in the city. robberies.

question

A case study of the Society of Muslim Women in Kazakhstan found that

answer

all of the aboveSMW's main approaches to dealing with wife abuse are counseling, shelter, and mediation. SMW members have no funding or professional training. SMW sees domestic violence as a problem that the Islamic faith should address. sheltering abused women fits with the Kazakhi custom of hospitality.

question

__________ is the most populous country in Africa, with over 140 million people. It has over 250 ethnic groups, with the largest being the Fulani, Hausa, Yorúbà, and Igbo.

answer

Nigeria

question

The resource over which violence exists in the Niger Delta is

answer

oil

question

Ken Saro-Wiwa was

answer

an Ogoni martyr

question

The newest and largest of Canada's provinces is

answer

Nunavut

question

Estimates of the number of indigenous people worldwide are

answer

300-350 million

question

The poorest country in the Western Hemisphere is

answer

Haiti

question

BEC's attempt to build social solidarity among scavengers in Cebu City, the Philippines, failed mainly because

answer

the scavengers are so poor

question

Linguistic anthropologists do not study deaf communities, because people who are deaf have no real language.

answer

false

question

Language decay occurs when speakers abandon their language in favor of another language.

answer

true

question

Language may be signed, spoken, or written.

answer

true

question

Research suggests that the reports of war correspondents in El Salvador were influenced by the agencies they wrote for.

answer

true

question

Advertisers target Latino markets by using the trope of individualism.

answer

false

question

Historical linguistics originated in the 18th century after Sir William Jones discovered similarities in the vocabulary and syntax of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin.

answer

true

question

Productivity is the ability to create an infinite range of understandable expressions from a finite set of rules.

answer

true

question

The Japanese terms for box lunch, "bentoo" and "obentoo," reflect gender code differences.

answer

true

question

Spanish is an example of a global language.

answer

true

question

As yet, anthropologists have avoided studying aspects of the mass media.

answer

false

question

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is an example of a cultural materialist theory.

answer

false

question

In spoken English, a tag question is more often used by men than women.

answer

false

question

The language of the Proto-Indo-Europeans is probably the earliest form of all large language families including Sanskrit and English.

answer

true

question

Displacement is a key feature of nonhuman primate communication.

answer

false

question

In Hindi, aspiration is an important phonetic feature.

answer

true

question

When making a retroflex sound, the tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth

answer

True

question

In South Africa, women use more hand gestures to communicate than men do.

answer

False

question

`When Muslim women in Kuwait wear a headscarf, the meaning it conveys is that the woman is an immigrant from a poor, Arab culture.

answer

False

question

In 1996 the Oakland, California school board recognized AAE as a primary language.

answer

True

question

In English, Textese involves making words shorter and using several stock phrases that are widely recognized.

answer

True

question

Sacrifice is probably the oldest form of ritual.

answer

True

question

The two world religions that emphasize proselytizing are Christianity and Judaism.

answer

false

question

Anthropologists agree that magic was an early form of religion that has disappeared in modern times.

answer

false

question

Religious syncretism refers to the merging of a religious belief or practice from one religion with another.

answer

True

question

The Muslim ritual of khatam quran creates a permanent sacred space.

answer

false

question

Compared to a myth, a religious doctrine is more likely to be unwritten.

answer

false

question

The city of Xi'an is located on the eastern coast of China.

answer

false

question

Tourism is an important aspect of the economy of the Hui Muslims of Xi'an, China.

answer

false

question

Fertility rituals among the Nayar of Kerala, India, reflect the importance of a woman's husband's family.

answer

false

question

Mardi Gras is best thought of as a ritual of sacrifice

answer

false

question

A people's worldview always includes a religious element.

answer

false

question

Christian missionaries have historically found their encounters with indigenous religions to be peaceful, and converts willing and accepting.

answer

false

question

Tylor's definition of religion was based on people's belief in spirits.

answer

true

question

Magic is most likely to be practiced by people in situations of greatest uncertainty.

answer

true

question

Recent statistics indicate that about one-third of the world's population is Christian.

answer

true

question

The Klamath and Modoc Indians live in Canada.

answer

false

question

In Isak, Sumatra, both Muslim men and women participate in sacrificing an animal, which may include water buffalo.

answer

false

question

A structurist interpretation of handling poisonous snakes in religious ceremonies in "Holiness-type" churches in the United States explains this phenomenon as related to economic insecurity.

answer

true

question

According to Claude Lévi-Strauss, myths help people think about contradictions in life.

answer

true

question

All religions that cultural anthropologists have studied have anthropomorphic deities.

answer

false

question

In spite of Ngarrindjeri women's efforts to protect their land from economic development by outsiders, they lost the case and a bridge was built connecting their island to the mainland.

answer

true

question

International tourism has had little effect on indigenous arts around the world.

answer

false

question

Compared to art historians, anthropologists who study art are more likely to focus on ethno-esthetics.

answer

true

question

The definition of art used by anthropologists is broader than that used by art historians.

answer

true

question

Games can both reflect and reinforce cultural values.

answer

true

question

Foragers' dwellings are an image of the family and not of the wider society.

answer

false

question

A common effect of tourism is the eradication of so-called "primitive" traditions.

answer

false

question

Analysis reveals that Indian wrestlers are a lot like Hindu holy men in their discipline and diets.

answer

true

question

Going to a Turkish-style bath may involve both pleasure and pain.

answer

true

question

Ruins of an ancient city are an example of material cultural heritage.

answer

true

question

Sports, cross-culturally, are universally associated with religion.

answer

true

question

Art may serve as a form of social control as well as a form of social protest.

answer

true

question

According to the constitution, the official state religion of Turkey is Islam.

answer

false

question

Making and selling sweetgrass baskets is an important part of the Gullah economy.

answer

true

question

Charleston, South Carolina, was the center of the largest trans-Atlantic slave market in the British Empire during the early eighteenth century.

answer

true

question

Gullah men are largely responsible for "sewing" sweetgrass baskets.

answer

false

question

Classical dancing in Thailand is on UNESCO's list of material heritage.

answer

false

question

In Turkey, belly dancing is influence by Roma dancing traditions.

answer

true

question

During the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, the vuvuzela caused much debate due to its noisiness.

answer

true

question

The Waanyi Women's History Project sought to preserve indigenous Australian women's culture in order to display it to tourists.

answer

true

question

Cultural anthropologists who study migration tend to do multi-sited research.

answer

true

question

Three categories of population movement are internal, international, and transnational migration.

answer

true

question

Soldiers generally receive adequate cultural training before they arrive at a new location that provides them with an in-depth understanding of the context in which they will be operating.

answer

false

question

A major aspect of the new immigration is the increase in female migrants.

answer

true

question

The Kingdom of Tonga consists of five large islands.

answer

false

question

Among labor migrant workers, Asian men are the fastest growing category.

answer

false

question

The more different a refugee's place of origin and destination, the easier will be his or her process of adjustment to the new location.

answer

false

question

Refugees are people who are forced to relocate.

answer

true

question

The United Nations has declared the "Right of Return" to be an inalienable human right.

answer

true

question

In Lebanon, Palestinian refugees are able to become citizens, work, and own land.

answer

false

question

The United Nations has authority over the issues surrounding internally displaced persons.

answer

false

question

Internally displaced persons are often forced to leave their communities because of development projects.

answer

true

question

The majority of refugees from Vietnam went to Canada.

answer

false

question

A major challenge facing Soviet Jewish immigrants to the United States is finding employment commensurate with their training and experience.

answer

true

question

The term "lifeboat mentality" refers to an ethic of sharing with others during a time of emergency or scarcity.

answer

false

question

El Salvador's population is predominantly indigenous.

answer

false

question

About one in every 10,000 people today is a refugee.

answer

false

question

Haitian braceros mainly go to Florida for wage work.

answer

false

question

Hindu temples in North America have had the most success when they adhere to the ritual practices of specific regions of India.

answer

true

question

English is the official language of Nigeria.

answer

true

question

Shell Oil has fully compensated the Ogoni people of the Niger Delta for the environmental and cultural damage caused by the petroleum industry.

answer

false

question

The issue of violence against women has long been accepted by development policy makers as being of high priority on their agenda.

answer

false

question

International development projects always have a positive effect on human rights.

answer

false

question

A major issue facing indigenous people in the Niger Delta is the presence of large oil companies.

answer

true

question

Attempts to change the economy of the highland peoples of Thailand through alternative farming practices or relocation have been largely successful.

answer

false

question

Access to natural resources is a basic component of indigenous people's development

answer

true

question

Thanks to efforts of the United Nations, we now have accurate demographic statistics on indigenous peoples.

answer

false

question

Social capital refers to money earned from small-scale development projects such as micro-credit schemes.

answer

false

question

In the early years of cultural anthropologists' involvement with development work, they were most likely to play a role in the project identification stage.

answer

false

question

Nunavut Province is the newest and largest of Canada's provinces.

answer

true

question

The last stage of the project cycle is project evaluation.

answer

true

question

The United States Agency for International Development is a bilateral aid institution.

answer

true

question

Cuba's development aid to other countries has focused mainly on education.

answer

false

question

The NGO Hundee relies on indigenous principles in its approach to development.

answer

true

question

Investment in economic growth is the primary strategy of the United Nations' approach called "human development."

answer

false

question

In Africa, political interests of state governments in establishing and enforcing territorial boundaries have created difficulties especially for mobile populations such as foragers and pastoralists.

answer

true

question

The government of Australia has made substantial progress recently in recognizing Aboriginal territorial rights.

answer

true

question

Over 90 percent of Haiti's forests have been cleared.

answer

true

question

In general, countries of Asia have taken the lead in ensuring indigenous people's traditional rights to land and other resources.

answer

false

question

The January 2010 earthquake in Haiti displaced around 1.5 million people.

answer

true

question

Thanks to generous international donors, the billions of dollars of aid pledged to Haiti after the January 2010 earthquake reached the people in need within a few weeks of the disaster.

answer

false

STUDY

Anthropology Cross Cultural Marriage

161-181 – Flashcard 21 terms

Maisie Clarke

21 terms

Preview

161-181 – Flashcard

question

In a society with two exogamous lineages or moieties, who is the preferred cross-cousin bride for a male ego

answer

MBD

question

Among the Yanomami of Venezuela and Brazil, as in many societies with unilineal descent, which of the following is true

answer

Marriage between cross-cousins is preferred; marriage between parallel cousins is considered incest

question

What term refers to one of two descent groups in a given population

answer

moiety

question

With unilineal descent, sex with cross-cousins is proper, but sex with parallel cousins is considered incestuous. Why

answer

Parallel cousins are considered closer relatives than cross-cousins.

question

A recent cross-cultural study of 87 societies, all of which had incest taboos, investigated the rate at which such taboos were broken. The results of this study add to the evidence that

answer

although tabooed, incest does happen.

question

The incest taboo is a cultural universal, but

answer

not all cultures define incest the same way

question

There is no simple or universally accepted explanation for the fact that all cultures ban incest. However, the most accepted explanation for the incest taboo is

answer

a widespread and well-founded fear of biological degeneration

question

What term refers to the culturally sanctioned practice of marrying someone within a group to which one belongs?

answer

endogamy

question

Which of the following marital customs functions to maintain distinctions between groups?

answer

progeny price

question

In the United States, the rise in female employment, especially in professional careers, when coupled with ________, has dramatically increased household incomes in the upper classes. This pattern has been one factor sharpening the contrast in household income between the richest and poorest populations of Americans

answer

homogamy

question

Which of the following is an example of a rule of endogamy?

answer

a taboo on marrying members of the same totemic group

question

How do the rules of endogamy function in society?

answer

They encourage the extension of affinal bonds to an ever-widening circle of people

question

To understand royal endogamy, it is useful to distinguish between the manifest and latent functions of customs and behavior. The manifest function of a custom refers to the reasons people in a society give it. Its latent function is

answer

an effect the custom has on the society that its members don't mention or recognize.

question

Anthropologist Edmund Leach (1955) observed that, depending on the society, several different kinds of rights are allocated by marriage. According to Leach, marriage can, but doesn't always, accomplish each of the following EXCEPT

answer

give either or both spouses rights over the latent and manifest functions of the other

question

A cross-cultural study that systematically compared romantic love in many cultures found

answer

evidence that romantic love may be a universal, although romantic love and marriage do not necessarily go together

question

A Nuer woman married to a woman can be the pater of a child she did not father. Native American berdaches, biological men who represent a third gender, sometimes assume the role of a wife when married to a man with whom they share the products of their labor. Cross-cultural examples such as these illustrate

answer

how, if they were to be made legal, same-sex marriages could easily benefit from the same legal rights different-sex marriages already enjoy

question

A lobola, a substantial marital gift from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin among the BaThonga of Mozambique, is

answer

widespread in patrilineal societies

question

What is the term for the marital exchange in which the bride's family or kin group provides substantial gifts when their daughter marries

answer

dowry

question

Divorce tends to be more common

answer

in matrilineal than in patrilineal societies.

question

What is the name of the custom by which a widower marries the sister of his deceased wife

answer

sororate marriage

question

Polygamy, although formally outlawed, has survived in Turkey since the Ottoman period, when having

answer

sororate marriage

STUDY

Anthropology Applied Psychology Cultural Anthropology Ethics Less Developed Countries Stand For Something Standards And Values

Anthro Unit 7 – Flashcards 40 terms

Sara Edwards

40 terms

Preview

Anthro Unit 7 – Flashcards

question

Strictly speaking, medical anthropology is an applied field within anthropology.

answer

False

question

Fortunately for applied anthropologists eager to do effective international work, all governments are genuinely and realistically committed to improving the lives of their citizens.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is true about medical anthropology?

answer

This growing field considers the biocultural context and implications of disease and illness.

question

Which of the following is a reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production was successful?

answer

Malagasy leaders were of the peasantry and were therefore prepared to follow the descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole.

question

The tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to use one's own standards and values in judging others is called

answer

ethnocentrism

question

What term is synonymous with applied anthropologists?

answer

Practicing anthropologists

question

Sociolinguists and cultural anthropologists studying Puerto Rican communities in the Midwestern United States found that Puerto Rican parents valued education more than non-Hispanics.

answer

True

question

What is microenculturation?

answer

the process whereby particular roles are learned within a limited social system (for example, a business)

question

All of the following are characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer except

answer

longitudinal analysis of data sets gathered from state-sponsored statistical agencies.

question

Biomedicine, which aims to link an illness to scientifically demonstrated agents that bear no personal malice toward their victims, is an example of naturalistic medicine.

answer

true

question

Ethnographers typically combine emic and etic strategies in their fieldwork. This means they are interested in applying

answer

local- and scientist-oriented research approaches.

question

Ethnography is one of applied anthropology's most valuable research tools, because it provides a firsthand account of the lives of ordinary people.

answer

True

question

Health care systems refer to the nationalized health care services that exist only in core industrial nations.

answer

False

question

Academic and applied anthropology have a symbiotic relationship as theory aids practice and application fuels theory.

answer

True

question

As an aid to applied anthropology, anthropological theory

answer

promotes a systemic perspective that aids the successful implementation of development projects.

question

Which of the following is not a feature of urban life?

answer

dispersed settlements

question

What is the commonly stated goal for most development projects?

answer

Increased equity

question

Developmental anthropology is the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimensions of, moral development.

answer

False

question

In a comparative study of 68 development projects, Kottak determined that

answer

culturally compatible development projects were twice as successful as incompatible ones.

question

An illness is a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.

answer

False

question

All of the following are proper roles for applied anthropologists except

answer

placing the cultural values of the local people above everybody else's cultural values.

question

An ethnographic study of the workplace

answer

provides a close observation of workers and managers in their natural setting.

question

Why is ethnography one of the most valuable and distinctive tools of the applied anthropologist? It

answer

provides a firsthand account of the day-to-day issues and challenges that the members of a given community face, as well as a sense of how those people think about and react to these issues.

question

Scientific medicine is not the same thing as Western medicine. Despite advances in technology, genomics, molecular biology, pathology, surgery, diagnostics, and applications, many Western medical procedures have little justification in logic or fact.

answer

True

question

Anthropology may aid in the progress of education by helping educators avoid all of the following except

answer

tolerance of ethnic diversity.

question

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the work that applied anthropologists do? They

answer

enter communities and talk with people.

question

A commonly stated goal of recent development policy is to promote equity; that is, to reduce poverty and promote a more even distribution of wealth.

answer

True

question

Non-Western medicine does not maintain a sharp distinction between biological and psychological illnesses.

answer

True

question

What is the postwar baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s responsible for? It

answer

fueled the general expansion of the U.S. educational system, including academic anthropology.

question

It is safe to assume that there is less cultural diversity among the poorest, less developed countries in the world.

answer

False

question

All of the following illustrates the kinds of work that applied anthropologists do except

answer

borrowing from fields such as history and sociology to broaden the scope of theoretical anthropology.

question

Non-Western medicine treats illnesses symptomatically, seeking an immediate cure.

answer

True

question

Development projects should aim to accomplish all of the following except

answer

developing strategies with little input from the local communities.

question

Which of the following best illustrates urban applied anthropologists' ability to help social groups deal with urban institutions?

answer

Vigil's study of gang violence in the context of large-scale immigrant adaptation to U.S. cities

question

Although its roots extend further back in time, the real boom for applied anthropology in the United States began in the 1970s.

answer

True

question

A bachelor's degree in anthropology is of little value in the corporate world.

answer

False

question

When nations become more tied to the world economy, indigenous forms of social organization inevitably break down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation.

answer

False

question

Who was studied at a distance during the 1940s in an attempt to predict the behavior of the political enemies of the United States?

answer

Germans and Japanese

question

Methodological relativism does not preclude making moral judgments or taking action.

answer

True

question

Which of the following illustrates some of the dangers of the old applied anthropology?

answer

anthropologists aiding colonial expansion by providing ethnographic information to colonists

STUDY

Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology Linguistics Pragmatics

ANT exam 3 – Flashcards 37 terms

Ray Collins

37 terms

Preview

ANT exam 3 – Flashcards

question

The system of arbitrary symbols used to encode one's experience of the world and of others is

answer

Language

question

The scientific study of language is known as

answer

Linguistics

question

Language is a bicultural phenomenon (T/F)

answer

True

question

Primitive human languages

answer

Do not exist

question

Kinesics refers to

answer

body gestures

question

The call systems of monkeys and apes are normally considered a(n) ________ system.

answer

closed

question

Refers more to sounds rather than meaning.

answer

phonemes

question

The ability of native speakers of a language to use words in ways that are socially and culturally appropriate is called?

answer

communicative competence

question

The principle which assets that language has the power to shape the way people see the world is?

answer

The linguistic relativity principle

question

The study of the way speakers of a language actually use the language to communicate with one another (study of language in the context of its use)

answer

Pragmatics

question

The study of language (in a broader context) that uses ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech and social interaction influence each other is called

answer

pragmatics

question

Which type of language develops in a single generation?

answer

Pidgin

question

Which type of symbols provide people with categories for thinking about how their world is organized

answer

summarizing

question

Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation- representation is a definition of

answer

art

question

stories about the way of the world works are called

answer

Myths

question

A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another is called

answer

rite of passage

question

According to anthropologists, religion deals with a reality which is immediately available to the senses (t/f)

answer

false

question

Part- time religious practitioners with the power to travel or contact supernatural forces

answer

shamans

question

set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes

answer

witchcraft

question

invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful are called

answer

Oracles

question

Syncretism, revitalization, and nativistic movements all involve

answer

coping with change

question

A conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis is known as a

answer

revitalization

question

Economic, political, and human relations are key domains of social organization (t/f)

answer

True

question

The 3 phases of economic activity are:

answer

production, distribution, and consumption.

question

Redistribution requires some form of

answer

centralized social organization

question

Generalized, balanced, and negative are types of ______

answer

reciprocity

question

which aspect of production would focus on linking people and modes of production

answer

relations of

question

Internal, external, and culturally patterned are explanations for

answer

consumption

question

which explanation of consumption (By Malinowski) emphasized human dependence on physical world for survival

answer

Internal

question

Anthropologists understand there is a negative impact of contemporary economic institutions on ______

answer

most of the world's population.

question

the study of social power in human society is called

answer

political anthropology

question

In recent years, the anthropology of politics has addressed questions about

answer

power and inequality

question

Interpersonal, organizational, and structural are modes of

answer

Social power

question

societies without states rely on the power of _____

answer

Persuasion and social obligations

question

Ideology refers to world view such as that which justifies the social arrangements under which people live (t/f)

answer

true

question

Power based on physical force or coercion is called

answer

domination

question

Rulers who provide some genuine benefits to their subjects, spread an ideology that justified their rule, and still succeed in protecting their privileged position

answer

Hegemony

STUDY

Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Cultural Resource Management Participant Observation Research Short Term Benefits Social And Cultural Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology – Ferraro – Flashcards 264 terms

Adam Howard

264 terms

Preview

Cultural Anthropology – Ferraro – Flashcards

question

Anthropology includes the study of all of the following except a. how humans vary biologically b. why contemporary people have different cultures c. when humans first appeared on earth d. how cultures change over time

answer

c. when humans first appeared on earth

question

Physical Anthropology

answer

study of humans from a biological perspective

question

Primatology

answer

study of nonhuman primates in their natural environments for the purpose of gaining insights into the human evolutionary process

question

Race

answer

A subgroup of the human population whose members share a greater number of genes and physical traits with on another than they do with members of other subgroups

question

Genetics

answer

study of inherited physical traits

question

Population biology

answer

study of the interrelationships between population characteristics and environments

question

Epidemiology

answer

study of the occurrence, distribution, and control of disease in populations

question

Archeology

answer

subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of prehistoric and historic cultures through the excavation of material remains

question

Artifacts

answer

A type of material remain (found by archeologists) that has been made or modified by humans, such as tools, arrowheads and so on

question

Features

answer

Archaeological remains that have been made or modified by people and cannot easily be carried away, such as house foundations, fireplaces, and postholes

question

Ecofacts

answer

Physical remains that were used by humans but not made or reworked by them such as seeds, and bones.

question

Cultural Resource Management

answer

A form of applied archeology that involves identifying, evaluation, and sometimes excavating sites before roads, damns and buildings are constructed

question

Anthropological Linguists

answer

The scientific study of human communication within it's sociocultural context

question

Historical Linguistics

answer

The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how languages emerge and change over time

question

Glottochronology

answer

The historical linguistic technique of determining the approximate date that two languages diverged by analyzing the similarities and differences in their vocabularies

question

Descriptive Linguistics

answer

The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how languages are structured

question

Ethnolinguistics

answer

The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies the relationship between language and culture

question

Sociolinguistics

answer

The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how language is used in different social context

question

Ethnography

answer

The anthropological description of a particular contemporary culture by means of direct fieldwork

question

Ethnology

answer

The comparative study of cultural differences and similarities

question

Cultural Anthropology

answer

The scientific study of cultural similarities and differences wherever and in whatever form they may be found

question

Paleopathology

answer

The study of disease in prehistoric populations

question

Holism

answer

A perspective in anthropology that attempts to study a culture by looking at all parts of the system and those parts are interrelated

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

The practice in viewing the customs of other societies in terms of one's own

question

Cultural Relativism

answer

The idea that cultural traits are best understood when viewed within the cultural context of which they are a part

question

Emic

answer

A perspective in ethnography that uses the concept and categories that are relevant and meaningful to the culture under analysis

question

Etic

answer

A perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories of the anthropologist's culture to describe another culture

question

Primatology is the study of a. the origin of life on earth. b. the culture of early humans. c. the first tools used by humans. d. the anatomy and social behavior of apes, monkeys, and prosimians. PG:

answer

d. the anatomy and social behavior of apes, monkeys and prosimians

question

A holistic approach to the study of humans means that anthropologists a. concentrate only on the social customs of the group under study b. study all varieties of people and all aspects of their existence c. limit themselves to the study of religious leaders d. only study literate societies

answer

b. study all varieties of people and all aspects of their existence

question

Symbol

answer

Something, either verbal or nonverbal, that stands for something else

question

Civilization

answer

A term used by anthropologists to describe any society that has cities

question

Culture Shock

answer

A psychological disorientation experienced when attempting to operated in a radically different cultural environment

question

Subculture

answer

A subdivision of a national culture that shares some features with the larger society and also differs in some important respects

question

Pluralistic Societies

answer

Societies composed of a number of different cultural or subcultural groups

question

Enculturation

answer

The process by which human infants learn their culture

question

Monochronic Culture

answer

A culture whose people view time in a linear fashion, place great importance on punctuality and keeping on schedule, and prefer to work on one task at a time

question

Polochronic Culture

answer

A culture in which people typically perform a number of tasks at the same time and place a higher value on nurturing and maintaining social relationships than on punctuality of its own sake

question

The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed in the context of the society's culture is called a. culture relativism b. the etic approach c. ethnocentrism d. holism

answer

a. cultural relativism

question

A linguistic anthropologist studying the situational use of language is working in the field of a. ethnolinguistics. b. descriptive linguistics. c. historical linguistics. d. sociolinguistics.

answer

d. sociolinguistics

question

An anthropologist studying the relationship between language and culture is working in the field of a. ethnolinguistics b. dresctiptive linguists c. historical linguistics d. sociolinguistcs

answer

a. ethnolinguistics

question

Studying sound and grammatical systems in a specific language is the work of a/an a. ethnologist b. historical linguists c. sociologist d. descriptive linguists

answer

c. sociolinguist

question

Prehistoric archeologists work with which of the following? a. artifacts, ecofacts, and features b. artifacts, features, and grammar systems c. contemporary religious systems, artifacts, and ecofacts d. artifacts, grammar systems, and contemporary religious systems

answer

a. artifacts, ecofacts, and features

question

An example of an ethnography is a/an a. study of chimpanzee language b. excavation of an archeological site c. description of the residents of a retirement home in southern California

answer

b. excavation of an archeological site

question

Ethnographic research usually involves a. many months of fieldwork b. talking to a number of people c. observing people's behavior d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

The discipline of anthropology looks at both the biological and sociocultural aspects of human behavior because of its a. relativistic nature b. holistic nature c. comparative nature d. simplistic nature

answer

b. holism nature

question

Because anthropology is holistic, research within the discipline involves a. only European populations. b.all human populations, both living and dead. c. only prehistoric populations which developed state societies. d. only prehistoric populations which did not develop state societies

answer

b. all human populations, both living and dead

question

Urban anthropology a. has focused research in suburbs b. ignored the existence of violent gangs and the marketing of drugs c. grew out of research which followed rural people into cities d. has been important since the earliest days of anthropology

answer

c. grew out of research which followed rural people into cities

question

Educational anthropology is a. concerned with anthropological theories but not with case studies in education and culture b. anthropology taught at the grade school level only> c. used only to study formal school systems d. the study of the process of learning in its proper cultural context

answer

d. the study of the process of learning in its proper cultural context

question

The author of your textbook argues that the best way to gain self-knowledge is to learn about one's culture. The best way to accomplish this is a. to do anthropological research in your own society b. through psychoanalysis c. to read as much as possible about your own culture d. to learn something about other cultures

answer

d. to learn something about other cultures

question

An important goal of this textbook is to a. teach about exotic cultures b. show how anthropology has relevance c. focus on the importance of basic research in ethnology d. demonstrate the superiority of basic research over applied research

answer

...

question

Which of the following is NOT a sub-branch of cultural anthropology? a. medical anthropology b. primatology c. economic anthropology d. educational anthropology

answer

b. primatology

question

Economic anthropology studies how goods and services are a. produced within the total cultural context of which they are a part b. distributed within the total cultural context of which they are a part c. consumed within the total cultural context of this they are a part d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Which of the disciplines that study humans is the broadest in scope? a. psychology b. anthropology c. political science d. economics

answer

b. anthropology

question

Which statement about psychological anthropology is false? a. It looks at how culture affects personality, cognition, and emotions b. Since 1990, it has focused on broad national character studies c. It is associated with such names as Margaret Mead and Franz Boas d. It examines the relationship between culture and the psychological makeup of individuals and groups

answer

b. Since 1990, it has focused on broad national character studies

question

Physical anthropologists are interested in a. how and why the physical traits of contemporary humans vary b. reconstructing the evolutionary record of all forms of life c. reconstructing the evolutionary record of all humans d. a and c only

answer

d. a and c only

question

Paleopathology a. is a primary focus of research in linguistic anthropology b. is the analysis of disease in ancient populations c. examines language from the time period before the invention of writing d. is the analysis of disease in contemporary populations

answer

b. is the analysis of disease in ancient populations

question

Ethnocentrism is the belief that a. one's culture is no better or no worse than any other b. other cultures are inferior to one's own c. other cultures are superior to one's own d. to understand another cultural feature, you must look at it from within its proper cultural context.

answer

c. other cultures are inferior to one's own

question

Historical archeology a. deals with that vast segment of the human record prior to writing b. analyzes the first stone tools used by humans c. contributes significantly to our understanding of colonial American cultures d. none of the above

answer

d. none of the above

question

Ecofacts are a. objects found in the natural environment that were used by people but not made or altered by them b. objects that have been made by people and are portable c. objects that have been made by people but are not portable d. objects found in the natural environment that were formed by natural occurrences such as exposure to great heat or cold

answer

a. objects found in the natural environment that were used by people but not made or altered by them

question

The study of anthropology develops all of the following skills except: a. developing cognitive complexity b. appreciating other perspectives c. responsible money management d. building emotional resilience

answer

c. responsible money management

question

Some of the topics discussed in a leading anthropological journal in the 1990s were a. the health of a medieval population in the Sudan b. the distribution of religious paraphernalia c. speech patterns among the Creek Indians d. all of the above

answer

c. speech patterns among the Creek Indians

question

Which of the following principles guide the discipline of anthropology? a. genocide b. cultural relativism c. holism e. b and d only

answer

e. b and d only

question

Physical anthropology's primary concern(s) and focus is/are a. paleoanthropology b. primatology c. contemporary human physical variation d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

The major subdivisions of anthropological linguistics are a. historical linguistics b. descriptive linguistics c. ethnolinguistics d. sociolinguistics e. all of the above

answer

e. all of the above

question

In the early 1990's, anthropologists concentrated on a. the industrial societies of the world b. non-Western, preliterate societies c. technologically simple societies d. b and c

answer

d. b and c

question

One of the techniques anthropological linguists use to study historical linguists is a. bilingualism b. paralanguage c. glottochronology d. none of the above

answer

c. glottochronology

question

The major purpose of cultural anthropology is to understand other cultures. This can be accomplished most effectively if we: a. have as much specific data as possible about other cultures in the world b. understand our own culture c. understand how people from other cultures view us d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Despite many differences in details, all cultures share a number of common cultural features including a. marriage systems b. a system of distribution c. a system of communication d. all of above

answer

d. all of the above

question

The process by which people acquire their culture is a. enculturation b. genetically based c. more rapid in industrialized societies than in less technologically developed ones d. slowest in industrialized societies and most rapid in less technologically developed ones.

answer

a. enculturation

question

The spread of a cultural element from one society to another is called a. innovation b. tabula rasa c. ethnocentrism d. cultural diffusion

answer

d. cultural diffusion

question

Cultural universals include a. division of labor b. marriage c. monogamy d. a and b only

answer

d. a and b only

question

The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed in the context of that society's culture is called a. ethnocentrism b. cultural relativism c. cultural constraint d. cultural diffusion

answer

b. cultural relativism

question

A society that has a relatively small population, has minimal technology, is usually preliterate, has little division of labor, and is not highly stratified

answer

small-scale society

question

Subcultures a. are subsets of the wider culture b. enjoy all the benefits of the mainstream culture c. retain a level of cultural uniqueness that sets them apart d. a and c

answer

d. a and c

question

Cultural anthropologists no longer use the term "primitive" because a. it erroneously implies that a culture is earlier in time b. it erroneously implies that a culture is inferior c. it is politically incorrect d. all of these

answer

d. all of these

question

A pluralistic society a. is composed of a number of subcultural groups b. has a great potential for misunderstandings or hostilities c. is found in the United States and the United Kingdom d. all of these

answer

d. all of these

question

Nineteenth century evolutionary theory was developed by a. Clifford Geertz b. Margaret Mead c. Ruth Benedict d. Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan

answer

d. Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan

question

In terms of private property rights to land, which statement is true? a. Food collectors seldom have the notion of personal land ownership b. Only elites in pastoral societies own pasture lands c. Only chiefs in horticultural societies own the land that is planted d. all of these

answer

a. Food collectors seldom have the notion of personal land ownership

question

Tylor's and Morgan's theories of evolution presented a a. theological interpretation of human differences. b. biological interpretation of human differences. c. cultural interpretation of human differences. d. all of the above

answer

c. cultural interpretation of human differences

question

The potlatch, as practiced by the Northwest Coast Indians, served to: a.confer status on generous givers b.distribute material goods to a wide range of people c. maintain regional stability d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Land is most likely owned by an extended kinship group among a. food collectors b. pastoralists c. horticulturalists d. intensive agriculturalist

answer

c. horticulturalists

question

The definition of property rights is reflected in the Swahili language which a. clearly distinguishes the ownership of land but not cattle b. clearly distinguishes the ownership of cattle but not land c. contains no word that would be comparable to the English word "own" d. has over twenty words that distinguish among different types of "ownership"

answer

c. contains no word that would be comparable to the English word "own"

question

Production

answer

obtaining goods from the natural environment and transforming them into usable objects

question

In most industrialized societies, the basic unit of production is the a. individual b. household c. village d. private company

answer

d. private company

question

Sex and age are the basis for the division of labor in a. only food collecting societies b. only pastoralist societies c. only food producing societies d. all societies

answer

d. all societies

question

The universal division of labor based on sex may occur because a. men always have greater strength than women b. men are always afraid of taking care of children, unlike women c. in terms of reproduction, men tend to be more expendable than women d. none of the above

answer

c. in terms of reproduction, men tend to more expendable than women

question

Reciprocity refers to an exchange of goods and/or services of a. unequal value that occurs at the same moment in time. b. exactly the same value that occurs over a short period of time. c. relatively equal value between two parties without the use of money. d. unequal value between elites and commoners in a state society.

answer

c. relatively equal value between two parties without the use of money

question

answer

b. balanced recriprocity

question

Redistribution, as a principle of exchange, includes a. big men and feast givers b. bridewealth c. potlatch d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Market exchange systems require a. heavy face-to-face contact. b. a nonstandardized currency. c. a complex division of labor. d. only a small amount of surplus production.

answer

c. a complex division of labor

question

A potlatch host a. is very humble before his guests. b. boasts about how much he will give his guests. c. recognizes his poverty in comparison to the wealth of his guests. d. a and c

answer

b. boasts about how much he will give his guests

question

Research on chimpanzee communication shows that they a. can communicate subtle shades of meaning. b. use a closed communication system. c. can combine one or more sounds to create a large number of meanings. d. can express opinions about abstract ideas.

answer

b. use a closed communication system

question

Phonology

answer

study of the sound structure of a language

question

All the languages of the world have phonemes that number a. about forty-six b. about fifty-seven c. from about thirty to sixty-three d, from about fifteen to as many as one hundred

answer

d. from about fifteen to as many as one hundred

question

morphemes

answer

the smallest unit of speech that convey a meaning

question

How many morphemes does the word "hat" have a. contains one morpheme b. contains a bound morpheme c. does not contain a bound morpheme d. contains three morphemes

answer

c. does not contain a bound morpheme

question

An example of a free morpheme is a. ly b. co c. tar d. ist

answer

c. tar

question

An example of a bound morpheme is a. art b. sun c. paint d. ist

answer

d. ist

question

A highly complex set of rules that regulates the formation of morphemes into words and words into phrases and sentences is called a. grammar b. dialogue c. phonology d. syntax

answer

a. grammar

question

A lingua franca refers to a. the French language b. a common language c. a world-wide language understood by most people in the world d. a language with no form of nonverbal communication

answer

b. a common language

question

Which phrase best characterizes second language competence in the United States? a. basically monolingual b. fiercely bilingual c. accepting of all foreign languages d. striving toward multilingualism

answer

a. basically monolingual

question

Cultural emphasis refers to a. the major nonverbal forms of communication in a society. b. the favorite forms of argument in a society. c. the one language most members of society learn better than any other. d. the words in a language that are considered to be adaptively important in that culture.

answer

d. the words in a language that are considered to be adaptively important in that culture

question

Doublespeak

answer

designed to alter our perception of what is real

question

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that language a. influences perception. b. is genetically (biologically) based. c. is nothing more than a means of communication. d. helps people adjust to their environment

answer

a. influences perception

question

Language, according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a. is responsible for all peoples of the world to perceive the world in the same way. b. causes all humans to construct reality in similar ways. c. establishes in our minds categories that force us to distinguish those things we consider similar from those things we consider different. d. a and b only

answer

c. establishes in our minds categories that forces us to distinguish those things we consider similar from those things we consider different

question

Which statement about communication among nonhuman primates is true? a. Gorillas use calls and facial expressions to communicate. b. Nonhuman primate call systems are inflexible. c. Nonhuman primates use closed systems of communication. d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

A language that is "moribund" is one that a. no longer has any living speakers. b. has only a handful of people that speak the language. c. has no speakers that are bilingual. d. had lost its capacity to communicate nonverbally.

answer

b. has only a handful of people that speaks the language

question

True or False: An open system of communication is only capable of sending message which have been sent before.

answer

False

question

True or False: Syntax is the set of principles guiding how words are arranged into phrases and sentences.

answer

True

question

True or False: The English language has a total of forty phonemes.

answer

False

question

True or False: Small-scale societies with simple technologies have relatively simple languages.

answer

False

question

Language Family

answer

composed of all of the languages that derive from its common protolanguage

question

Displacement

answer

the capacity of human language to convey information about a thing or an event that is not present

question

Which anthropologist (and linguist) stated that no two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality? a. Edward Sapir b. Margaret Mead c. Franz Boas d. Benjamin Lee Whorf

answer

a. Edward Sapir

question

Diglossia

answer

a linguistic situation where two varieties of the same language are spoken by the same person at different times and under different social situations

question

Which of the following is a function of the family? a. provides for the material, educational, and emotional needs of children b. regulates the sexual division of labor c. regulates sexual mating and reproduction d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

The textbook defines marriage as a socially approved union between a man and a women that regulates a. the sexual and economic rights and obligations between them b. primarily the rearing of children c. primarily sexual rights and obligations d. primarily their economic rights and obligations

answer

a. the sexual and economic rights and obligations between them

question

According to an official statement of the American Anthropological Association, a. same sex marriages are threatening to viable social order b. same sex marriages are immoral and should be avoided at all costs c. families built on same sex marriages can contribute to stable and humane societies d. a and b only

answer

c. families built on same sex marriages can contribute to stable and humane societies

question

The Nayar of southern India a. have no marital institutions at all. b. live together as husband and wife only for the first several years of marriage. c. have no children unless they marry a member of another group. d. neither cohabit nor economically cooperate as married couples. ANS: D

answer

d. neither cohabit nor economically cooperate as married couples.

question

The prohibition against sexual relations with certain categories of kin is called a. monogamy b. cross-cousin marriage c. the incest taboo d. endogamy

answer

c. the incest taboo

question

A nuclear family includes all of the following EXCEPT a. mother b. uncle c. father d. sister

answer

b. uncle

question

the incest taboo

answer

prohibits sexual relationship with certain categories of kin

question

Polyandry is a. a man having more than one wife at a time b. a women having more than one husband at a time c. a practice that keeps family land intact when there is a land shortage d. b and c only

answer

d. b and c only

question

According to the family disruption theory, mating within the nuclear family would a. disrupt the family's function as a unit of economic cooperation b. disrupt the family's function as a unit of socialization c. create role ambiguity d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Marrying outside a group is a. polygamy b. monogamy c. exogamy d. endogamy

answer

c. exogamy

question

Castes in India provide a good example of a. caste endogamy b. caste exogamy c. free selection of spouse d. none of the above

answer

a. caste endogamy

question

Which statement about bridewealth is FALSE? a. it tends to destabilize marriage b. it symbolizes the union of two kin groups c. It represents compensation to the wife's family d. it legalizes marriages and legitimizes children

answer

a. it tends to destabilize marriage

question

Cross cousins are defined as the children of a. your second cousins b. your mother's brother or father's sister c. your father's brother or mother's sister d. your parents' cousins

answer

b. your mother's brother or father's sister

question

The levirate is a marriage custom in which a. a widow marries the brother or another close relative of her dead husband. b. a widower marries the sister or another close relative of his dead wife. c. a person marries a cross-cousin. d. a person marries a parallel cousin

answer

a. a widow marries the brother or another close relative of her dead husband

question

Cultural change is caused a. more by diffusion than invention b. more by invention than by diffusion c. by mechanical solidarity d. by organic solidarity

answer

a. more by diffusion than by invention

question

True or False: Innovators are often marginal people living on the fringes of society.

answer

True

question

True or False: Innovates are usually people from dysfunctional families.

answer

False

question

_____ percent of all items within a culture originated there. a. seventy-five b. forty-three c. thirty d. ten

answer

d. ten

question

Human culture has developed rapidly, precisely because a. of the large number of inventions made by each society b. the process of diffusion has enabled humans to pool their creative resources. c. the process of invention has enabled humans to pool their creative resources. d. a and c

answer

b. the process of diffusion has enabled humans to pool their creative resources

question

The choice to adopt or ignore a cultural item from another culture is affected by whether or not I a. is seen to be superior to what already exists. b. is consistent with existing cultural patterns. c. is easily understood d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Significant cultural differences exist in the world today because a. not every cultural item is exchanged when two cultures come into contact. b. there are a large number of inventions in each culture. c. there are more inventions in each culture than there is diffusion across cultures. d. b and c

answer

a. not every cultural item is exchanged when two cultures come into contact

question

The contact of two cultures results in a. changes only in the weaker culture. b. a two-way process through which each culture is influenced by the other. c. the dominance of European cultures because their natural superiority. d. the eventual disappearance of the weaker culture.

answer

b. a two-way process through which each culture is influenced by the other

question

The part(s) of culture most likely to be diffused is/are a. religious beliefs b. ideas c. items of material culture d. behavior patters

answer

c. items of material culture

question

Both diffusion and acculturation always involve a. a single trait b. a dominant and a subordinate culture. c. culture change as the result of contact with another group. d. the extinction of one of the cultures that come into contact.

answer

c. culture change as the result of contact with another group.

question

Acculturation

answer

diffusion that takes place as a result of sustained contact between two societies, one dominant and one subordinate

question

The introduction of the TV set in the United States had far-reaching consequences for a. the family system b. the political process c. the religious institution d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

______ always opposes the process of cultural change. a. The desire for prestige b. The desire for economic gain c. The desire for increased efficiency d. The conservative force for promoting the status quo.

answer

d. The conservative force for promoting the status quo.

question

Invention

answer

A new combination of existing cultural features

question

Marginal People

answer

Non-mainstream people who live at the fringes of their own culture.

question

Diffusion

answer

The spreading of a cultural trait from one society to another.

question

Linked Changes

answer

Changes in one part of a culture brought about by changes in other parts of the culture.

question

Cultural Boundary Maintenance

answer

The practice of cultural groups keeping themselves separate from other cultural groups.

question

Urban Agglomerations

answer

The population contained within a contiguous territory inhabited at urban density levels without regard to administrative boundaries.

question

Circulation of Labor

answer

As compared to the unidirectional flow of people from rural to urban areas, the circulation of labor involves the continuous movement of people from rural to urban and back again.

question

Occupational Duality

answer

A practice found in many traditionally agricultural societies in which an individual spends part of the year working on the farm and another part of the year working as a wage earner, most likely in an urban area.

question

Neocolonialism

answer

The process of developed nations continuing to exert economic, political, and military influence over less developed countries, even though the official period of colonization ended in the 1960's.

question

Multiculturalism

answer

A public policy philosophy that recognizes the legitimacy and equality of all cultures represented in a society

question

Egalitarian Societies

answer

Societies that recognize few differences in status, wealth, or power.

question

Soft Money

answer

A form of political contributions not covered by federal regulation, which works to the advantage of wealthy candidates and their benefactors

question

Caste

answer

A rigid form of social stratification in which membership is determined by birth and social mobility is nonexistent

question

Social Mobility

answer

The ability of people to change their social position within the society

question

Class

answer

A ranked group within a stratified society characterized by achieved status and considerable social mobility

question

Primogeniture

answer

The exclusive right of the eldest child to inherit his father's estate

question

Gender Ideology

answer

A system of thoughts and values that legitimizes sex roles, statuses, and customary behavior.

question

Universal Male Dominance

answer

The notion that men are dominant over women in all societies

question

Patrilocal Residence

answer

A residence pattern in which the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the husband's father.

question

Matrilocal Residence

answer

A residence pattern in which the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the wife.

question

Avunculocal Residence

answer

A residence pattern in which the married couple lives with or near the husband's mother's brother.

question

Ambilocal Residence

answer

A residence pattern in which the married couple may choose to live with either the relatives of the wife or the relatives of the husband

question

Neolocal Residence

answer

A residence pattern in which the married couple has its own place of residence apart from the relatives of either spouse.

question

Matriachary

answer

The rule or domination of woman over men

question

Exogramy

answer

rule requiring marriage outside of one's own social or kinship group

question

Endogamy

answer

a rule requiring marriage within a specified social or kinship group

question

The Quebec language law is an example of a. modernization b. maintenance of culture boundaries c. integration of ethnic groups d. acculturation

answer

b. maintenance of cultural boundaries

question

Strict rules about eating a. always disrupt social ties and groups solidarity b. help to maintain social ties and groups solidarity c. require people to eat alone and never in groups. d. a and c only

answer

b. help to maintain social ties and group solidarity

question

The average income of North American is _____ times that of the average Ethiopian. a. 10 b. 35 c. 178 d. 450

answer

c. 178

question

Nomadism

answer

Movement pattern of pastoralist involving the periodic movement of human populations in search of food or pasture for livestock.

question

Pastoralism

answer

A food-getting strategy based on animal husbandry- found in regions of the world that are generally unsuited for agriculture.

question

Big Men/Women

answer

Self-made leaders, found wifely in Melanesia and New Guinea, who gain prominence by convincing their followers to contribute excess food to provide lavish feasts for the followers of other big men or big women.

question

Achieved Status

answer

The status an individual acquires during the course of her or his time

question

Affinal Relatives

answer

Kinship ties formed through marriage (that is, in-laws)

question

Agriculture

answer

A form of food production that requires intensive working of the land with plows and draft animals and the use of techniques of soil and water controls

question

Ambilineal descent

answer

A form of descent in which a person chooses to affiliate with a kin group through either the male or female line

question

American historicism

answer

Headed by Franz Boas, a school of anthropology prominent in the first part of the twentieth century that insisted on the collection of ethnographic data (through direct fieldwork) prior to making cross-cultural generalizations

question

Ancestor worship

answer

The worship of deceased relatives; these souls are considered supernatural beings and fully functioning members of a descent group

question

Animatism

answer

The belief in a generalized, impersonal power of which people have some measure of control

question

Animism

answer

The belief that people have souls or spirits in addition to physical, visible bodies

question

Applied Anthropology

answer

The application of anthropological knowledge, theory, and methods to the solution of specific societal problems

question

Assimilation

answer

The process of absorbing a racial or ethnic group into a wider society

question

Barbarism~

answer

The middle of three basic stages of a nineteenth-century theory developed by Lewis Henry Morgan holding that all cultures evolve from simple to complex systems: savagery, barbarism, and civilization

question

Bridewealth

answer

The transfer of foods from the groom's linage to the bride's linage to legitimize marriage

question

Bicultural Perspective

answer

The capacity to think and perceive in the categories of one's own culture as well as in the categories' of another

question

Bourgeoisie

answer

Karl Marx's term for those who own the means of production

question

Bound Morpheme

answer

A morpheme that can convey meaning only when combined with another morpheme

question

Clans

answer

Unilineal descent groups, usually comprising more than ten generations, consisting of members who claim a common ancestry even though they cannot trace step by step their exact connection to a common ancestor

question

Cognatic Descent

answer

A form of descent through both females and males

question

Communal Cults

answer

Societies in which groups of ordinary people conduct religious ceremonies for the well-being of the total community

question

Covens

answer

Local groups of witches that are presided over by high priestesses

question

Cross Cousins

answer

Children of one's mother's brother or father's sister

question

Ecology

answer

An approach to the study of anthropology that assumes that people who reside in similar environments are likely to develop similar technologies, social structures, and political institutions

question

Materialism

answer

A contemporary orientation in anthropology holding that cultural systems are most influenced by such material things as natural resources and technology

question

Relativism

answer

The idea that cultural traits are best viewed within the cultural context of which they are a part

question

Universals

answer

Those general cultural traits found in all societies of the world

question

Dalit

answer

The politically correct term for those formerly called Untouchables in India

question

Dialects

answer

Regional or class variation of a language that are sufficiently similar to be mutually intelligible

question

Dowry

answer

The transfer of goods or money from the bride's family to the groom or groom's family in order to legalize or legitimize a marriage

question

Diachronic Analysis

answer

The analysis of sociocultural data through time, rather than a single point in time

question

Dowry Death

answer

The killing of a wife by her in-laws if the wife's parents fail to pay additional dowry

question

Ecclesiastical Cults

answer

Highly complex religious systems employing full-time priest

question

Economic Anthropology

answer

A branch of the discipline of anthropology that looks at systems of production, distribution, and consumption, wherever they may be found, but most often in the non-industrialized world

question

Emic Approach

answer

A perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories that are relevant and meaningful to the culture under analysis

question

Epidemiology

answer

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and control of disease in populations

question

Etic Approach

answer

A perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories of the anthropologist's culture to describe another culture

question

Free morpheme

answer

A morpheme that can convey meaning while standing alone without being attached to other morphemes

question

French structuralism

answer

A theoretical orientation holding that cultures are the product of unconscious processes of the human mind

question

Mana

answer

An impersonal supernatural force, inhabiting certain people or things, that is believed to confer power, strength and success.

question

Kula Ring

answer

A form of reciprocal trading found in all societies that are based on blood or marriage

question

Potlatch

answer

A form of competitive give-away found among Native Americans from the Northwest Coast that serves as a mechanism for both achieving social status and distributing goods.

question

Phonemes

answer

The smallest unit of sound in a language that distinguish meaning

question

Purdah

answer

Rules involving domestic seclusion and veiling for women in small towns in Irag, Iran, and Syria

question

Rites of Passage

answer

Ceremonies that celebrate the transition of a person from one social status to another

question

Rites of Solidarity

answer

Ceremonies performed for the sake of enhancing social integration among groups of people

question

Role Ambiguity

answer

Confusion about how one is expected to behave

question

Sanctions

answer

Any means used to enforce compliance with the rules and norms of society

question

Sanskritization

answer

A form of upward social mobility found in contemporary India whereby people born into lower castes can achieve higher status by taking on some of the behaviors and practices of the highest (Brahmin) caste

question

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

answer

The notion that a person's language shapes her or his perceptions and view of the world

question

Savagery

answer

The first of three basic stages of cultural evolution in the theory of Lewis Henry Morgan; based on hunting and gathering

question

Shaman

answer

A part-time religious specialist who is thought to have supernatural powers by virtue or birth, training, or inspiration

question

Shamanistic Cults

answer

Forms in religion in which part-time religious specialist called shamans intervene with the deities on behalf of their clients

question

Syntax

answer

The linguistic rules, found in all languages, that determine how phrases and sentences are constructed

question

Structural Functionalism

answer

A school of cultural anthropology, associated most closely with Radcliffe-Brown, that examines how parts of a culture function for the well-being of a society

question

Supernatural Belief Systems

answer

A set of beliefs in forces that transcend the natural, observable world

question

Sororate

answer

The practice of a woman marrying the husband of her deceased sister

question

Varnas

answer

Caste groups in Hindu India that are associated with certain occupations

question

World Systems Theory

answer

An attempt to explain levels of economic development in terms of the exploration of the world, rather than in terms of innate socioeconomic characteristics of each.

question

Nineteenth century evolutionary theory was developed by a. Clifford Goetz b. Margaret Mead c. Ruth Benedict d. Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan

answer

d. Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan

question

In nineteenth century evolutionary theory, the stages of ______ were proposed. a. savagery, barbarism, and civilization b. primitive, transitional, and modern c. small-scale, traditional, and complex e. none of the above

answer

a. savagery, barbarism, and civilization

question

Tylor's and Morgan's theories of evolution presented a a. theological interpretation of human differences b. biological interpretation of human differences c. cultural interpretation of human differences d. all of the above

answer

c. cultural interpretation of human differences

question

The school of Diffusionism could not explain a. why some traits diffused when others did not b. what conditions bring about diffusion of a cultural item c. what determines the rate of cultural diffusion d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Diffusionism and Evolutionism had in common... a. the idea of deductive approach b. the idea of a single center for the invention of culture c. the idea of a straight line of cultural evolution that was universal d. the same explanation for cultural diversity

answer

a. the idea of a deductive approach

question

American historicism was developed by a. Melville J. Herskovits b. Claude Levi-Strass c. Ruth Behar d. Franz Boas

answer

d. Franz Boas

question

Functional unity means a. that every component of a culture has a function b. that social structure is universal c. that individual needs are universal d. that culture is an integrated whole

answer

d. that culture is an integrated whole

question

Leslie White and Julian Steward developed the theory a. ethnoscience b. psychological anthropology c. neoevolutionism d. diffusionism

answer

c. neoevolutionism

question

Psychological anthropology was developed a. by psychologists rather than anthropologists. b. by anthropologists interested in the relationship between personality and employment. c. by students of Boas interested in the question of the relationship of personality and culture. d. by individuals with no interest in the impact of child-rearing on human societies.

answer

c. by students of Boas interested in the question of the relationship of personality and culture.

question

French structuralism concentrates on a. human adaptation to the environment b. level of technological achievement c. the identification of mental structures that undergird social behavior d. the political and economic structures of societies

answer

c. the identification of mental structures that undergird social behavior

question

Lévi-Strauss' approach emphasizes the importance of a. certain codes, programmed into the human mind, which make it impossible for humans to learn more than one culture. b. certain codes, programmed into the human mind, which are responsible for shaping cultures. c. cultural traits which universally have the same function. d. all of the above

answer

b. certain codes, programmed into the human mind, which are responsible for shaping cultures.

question

Postmodern anthropology a. is similar to the Cultural Materialist School b. is wedded to the etic point of view c. should be written from several perspectives, that of the anthropologist and that of the local people d. aims at the construction of laws and generalizations

answer

c. should be written from several perspectives, that of the anthropologist and that of the local people

question

Most anthropologists today a. utilize evolutionary theory b. utilize neoevolutionary theory c. do not tie themselves to a single theoretical orientation d. utilize ethnoscience theory

answer

c. do not lie themselves to a single theoretical orientation

question

Postmodernists emphasize a. solitary research by one ethnographer. b. the rejection of generalizing and developing predictable theories. c. their close relation to biology. d. the etic approach

answer

b. the rejection of generalizing and developing predictable theories.

question

Cultural materialism a. is wedded to the emic approach. b. emphasizes the etic approach. c. avoids participant-observation. d. was created by Ruth Benedict.

answer

b. emphasizes the etic approach

question

Cultural materialism a. holds that material conditions determine human thoughts and behavior. b. assumes the viewpoint of the native informant. c. de-emphasizes the role of ideas and values in determining the conditions of social life. d. a and c

answer

d. a and c

question

One of the primary advocates for the theory of French structuralism is a. Franz Boas b. Ruth Benedict c. Claude Levi-Strauss d. Marvin Harris

answer

c. Claude Levi-Strauss

question

Which statement best describes Feminist Anthropology?: a. It takes an objective/scientific approach to the study of society b. Gender should not be considered as a major variable influencing cultural behavior. c. It strongly embraces a value-free orientation. d. It calls for the long-overdue correction to male bias in traditional ethnographies.

answer

d. It calls for the long-overdue correction to male bias in traditional ethnographies.

question

An example of a bound morpheme is a. art b. sun c. paint d. ist

answer

d. ist

question

An example of a free morpheme is a. ly b. co c. tar d. ist

answer

c. tar

question

Opponents to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue that a. language simply reflects, rather than determines, culture. b. culture reflects language. c. culture determines language. d. language and culture are independent of each other.

answer

a. language simply reflects, rather than determines, culture.

question

Sociolinguistics concentrates on variations in language that a. are likely to become extinct in the next fifty years. b. do not change over time. c. have a majority of bilingual speakers. d. depend upon the social situations or contexts in which the speaker operates

answer

d. depend upon the social situations or contexts in which the speaker operates

question

Sociolinguists a. study the structures (phonology and morphology) of a language. b. focus on how people actually speak in any given social situation. c. study language change over time. d. study language families.

answer

b. focus on how people actually speak in any given social situation.

question

The food-getting strategy use by humans for most of their existence is a. cattle herding b. intensive agriculture c. horticulture d. food collection

answer

d. food collection

question

The Ju/'hoansi of southern Africa a. are an example of malnourished gatherers and hunters. b. work many more hours a week at food procurement than farmers. c. have productive and reliable food-gathering techniques. d. have a very short life expectancy.

answer

c. have productive and reliable food-gathering techniques.

question

Food production became important for humans approximately a. 1.2 million years ago b. 450,000 years ago c. 10,000 years ago d. 4,200 years ago

answer

c. 10,000 years ago

question

Plant and animal domestication first developed in which part of the world? a. the Fertile Crescent b. China c.sub-Saharan Africa d. Mexico

answer

a. the Fertile Crescent

question

The Neolithic Revolution a. caused all societies which existed at that time to become shifting cultivators. b. freed people from ties to the land. c. gave humans a measure of control over their food supply. d. caused food collecting societies to disappear.

answer

c. gave humans a measure of control over their food supply.

question

The Neolithic Revolution stimulated a. a growth in population size. b. a greater division of labor. c. more permanent settlements. d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Horticulture refers to the type of farming that a. relies on irrigation systems and fertilizers. b. uses only human energy and yields are high. c. uses human and animal energy and yields are high. d. uses land which is permanently settled

answer

b. uses only human energy and yields are high.

question

Nomadic pastoralism a. prevents people from raising as much livestock as they could if they did not migrate. b. involves raising of camels and cattle only. c. has no permanent villages. d. never includes cultivation of any type of grain.

answer

c. has no permanent villages.

question

Intensive agriculture a. has access to a much smaller supply of available energy than that of other food-procurement strategies. b. has access to more efficient intensive cultivation than horticulture. c. usually fails to produce surplus food. d. almost always lacks an adequate supply of labor.

answer

b. has access to more efficient intensive cultivation than horticulture

question

The Inuit food procurement strategy is based on a. pastoralism (reindeer herding). b. horticulture. c. large scale cooperative hunting. d. large winter hunting groups and smaller hunting and fishing groups in the summer.

answer

d. large winter hunting groups and smaller hunting and fishing groups in the summer.

question

Industrialized agriculture a. ensures the production of cheap food. b. has eliminated hunger in modern societies. c. has caused considerable environmental destruction. d. led to the almost universal improvement of water supplies.

answer

c. has caused considerable environmental destruction.

STUDY

African American English Anthropology Indo European Languages Linguistic Anthropology Sapir Whorf Hypothesis Social And Cultural Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology Test 2 – Flashcards 105 terms

Alden Wolfe

105 terms

Preview

Cultural Anthropology Test 2 – Flashcards

question

language

answer

primary means of human communication, spoken and written

question

call systems

answer

communication systems of nonhuman primates

question

cultural transmission

answer

transmission through learning, basic to language

question

productivity

answer

creating new expressions that are comprehensible to other speakers

question

achieved status

answer

social status based on choices or accomplishments

question

displacement

answer

describing things and events that are not present; basic to language

question

kinesics

answer

study of communication through body movements and facial expressions

question

phonology

answer

study of a language's phonemics and phonetics

question

morphology

answer

(linguistic) study of morphemes and word construction

question

lexicon

answer

vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings

question

syntax

answer

arrangement of words in phrases and sentences

question

phoneme

answer

smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning

question

phonetics

answer

study of speech sounds- what people actually say

question

phonemics

answer

study of sound contrasts (phonemes) in a language

question

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

answer

Idea that different languages produce different patterns of thought

question

focal vocabulary

answer

set of words describing particular domains (foci) of experience

question

semantics

answer

a language's meaning system

question

ethnosemantics

answer

study of lexical (vocabulary) categories and contrasts

question

style shifts

answer

varying one's speech in different social contexts

question

diglossia

answer

language with "high" (formal) and "low" (informal, familiar) dialects

question

honorifics

answer

terms of respect; used to honor people

question

Black English Vernacular (BEV)

answer

Rule-governed dialect spoken by some African Americans

question

historical linguistics

answer

study of languages over time

question

daughter languages

answer

languages sharing a common parent language (Latin)

question

protolanguage

answer

language ancestral to several daughter languages

question

subgroups

answer

(linguistic) closely related languages

question

ethnic group

answer

one among several culturally distinct groups in a society or region

question

ethnicity

answer

identification with an ethnic group

question

status

answer

any position that determines where someone fits in society

question

ascribed status

answer

social status based on little or no choice

question

racial classification

answer

the attempt to assign humans to discrete categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry

question

race

answer

ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

question

racism

answer

discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

question

phenotype

answer

an organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology" anatomy and physiology

question

melanin

answer

chemical substance manufactured in the epidermis that determines human skin color

question

descent

answer

social identity based on ancestry

question

hypo-descent

answer

children assigned to same group as minority parent

question

stratified

answer

class structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power

question

nation

answer

society sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship

question

state

answer

stratified society with formal, central government

question

nation-state

answer

an autonomous political entity; a country

question

nationalities

answer

ethnic groups that have, once had, or want their own country

question

colonialism

answer

long term foreign domination of a territory and its people

question

assimilation

answer

absorption of minorities within a dominant culture

question

plural society

answer

society with economically interdependent ethnic groups

question

multiculturalism

answer

view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining

question

prejudice

answer

devaluing a group because of its assumed attributes

question

stereotypes

answer

fixed ideas-often unfavorable- about what members of a group are like

question

discrimination

answer

policies and practices that harm a group of its members

question

refugees

answer

people who flee a country to escape persecution or war

question

genocide

answer

deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder

question

ethnocide

answer

destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups

question

cultural colonialism

answer

internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others

question

adaptive strategy

answer

means of making a living; productive system

question

band

answer

basic social unit among foragers; fewer than 100 people; may split seasonally

question

correlation

answer

association; when one variable changes, another does, too

question

horticulture

answer

nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing

question

agriculture

answer

cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively

question

cultivation continuum

answer

continuum of land and labor use

question

pastoralists

answer

herders of domesticated animals

question

nomadism (pastoral)

answer

annual movement of entire pastoral group with herds

question

transhumance

answer

system in which only part of population moves seasonally with herds

question

economy

answer

system of resource, production, distribution, and consumption

question

mode of production

answer

specific set of social relations that organizes labor

question

means (or factors) of production

answer

major productive resources, ex: land, labor, technology, capital

question

peasant

answer

small scale farmer with rent fund obligations

question

economizing

answer

allocation of scarce means among alternative ends

question

market principle

answer

buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand

question

reciprocity

answer

principle governing exchanges among social equals

question

redistribution

answer

flow of goods into center, then back out; characteristic of chiefdoms

question

reciprocity continuum

answer

a continuum running from generalized reciprocity (closely related/ deferred return) to negative reciprocity (strangers/ immediate return)

question

generalized reciprocity

answer

exchanges among closely related individuals

question

balanced reciprocity

answer

midpoint on reciprocity continuum, between generalized and negative reciprocity

question

negative reciprocity

answer

potentially hostile exchanges among strangers

question

potlach

answer

competitive feast on North Pacific coast of North America

question

Research on communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals that... a: they, too, possess a universal grammar b: they can't combine the calls for food and danger into a single utterance c: female nonhuman primates are more sensitive to different shades of green than their male counterparts are d: they can construct elaborate call systems, often indicating several messages simultaneously e: only apes, not monkeys, use call systems

answer

question

When Washoe and Lucy tried to teach sign language to other chimpanzees, this was an example of a: displacement b: call systems c: productivity d: cultural transmission e: estrus

answer

question

Recent research on the origin of language suggests that a: the capacity to remember and combine linguistic symbols in latent in all mammals b: a mutation in humans (which occurred about 150,000 years ago) may have conferred selective advantages (linguistic and cultural abilities) c: fine tongue and lip movements that are necessary for clear speech are passed on through enculturation d: a sudden event made toolmaking possible for Homo e: call systems evolved into complex languages 50,000 years ago

answer

question

What is the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions? a: ethnosemantics b: kinesics c: biosemantics d: protolinguistics e: diglossia

answer

question

The scientific study of a spoken language involves several interrelated areas of analysis. Which area refers to all of a language's morphemes and their meanings? a: syntax b: ethnosemantics c: ethnoscience d: phonology e: lexicon

answer

question

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis state? a: The degree of cultural complexity is associated with the effectiveness of languages as systems of communication b: The Hopi do not use three verb tenses; they have no concept of time c: Different languages produce different ways of thinking d: Culture and language are transmitted independently e: Dialect variation is the result of toilet- training practices

answer

question

Studies on the differences between female and male americans in regard to the color terms they use suggest that a: in opposition to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, it might be more reasonable to say that changes in culture produce changes in language and thought rather than the reverse b: changes in American economy, society, and culture have had little impact on the use of color terms c: in support of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, different languages produce different ways of thinking d: women and men are equally sensitive to marketing tactics of the cosmetic industry e: women spend more money on status goods than men do

answer

question

Which of the following statements about sociolinguists is not true? a: they are concerned more with performance than with competence b: they look at society and at language c: they are concerned with linguistic change d: they quantify what people say e: they investigate the diffusion of genes between populations

answer

question

Honorifics are terms used with people, often being added to their names, to "honor" them. Why would sociolinguists be interested in studying the use of honorifics? a: they enable sociolinguists to study language and culture outside of its context because the same honorifics are used everywhere and they mean the same thing b: because honorifics always honor the person being addressed, sociolinguists can study the positive side of the language and culture c: they may convey or imply a status difference between the speaker and the person being referred to or addressed d: they provide data about how different languages are related to one another, which is what sociolinguists are primarily interest in e: there is no reason for contemporary sociolinguists to be interested in honorifics because people don't use these terms anymore

answer

question

Which of the following statements about Black English Vernacular (BEV) is false? a: It lacks the required linguistic depth to fully express thoughts b: many aspects of BEV also are present in southern white speech c: BEV effectively conveys meaning d: linguistics view BEV as a dialect of SE, not a different language e: BEV has gramatical rules

answer

question

_____ refers to the ability to create new expressions by combining other expressions, while _____ is the ability to describe things and events that are not present

answer

Productivity, displacement

question

Variation in speech in different contexts or situations is known as _______.

answer

style shifting

question

________ refers to the existence of "high" and "low" dialects within a single language

answer

diglossia

question

in a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as "standard" or superior. In Pierre Bourdieu's term, this is an instance of ________.

answer

symbolic domination

question

The world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half in the past _____ years, and half of the remaining ______ languages are predicted to disappear during this century.

answer

500, 7000

question

What is the term for identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic tradition and exclusion from other ethnic traditions? a: culture shock b: cultural relativism c: ethnicity d: assimilation e: ethnocentrism

answer

question

What is the term for a social status that is not automatic; that comes through choices, actions, effects, talents, or accomplishments; and that may be positive or negative? a: ascribed status b: situational status c: negotiated status d: ethnicity e: achieved status

answer

question

Some biologists use "race" to refer to "breeds," as of dogs or roses. Such domesticated "races" have been bred by humans for generations. Humanity (Homo sapiens) lack such races because a: they are politically incorrect b: humans are superior to dogs and roses c: human populations have experienced a type of controlled breeding distinct from that experienced by dogs and roses d: humans are less genetically predictable than dogs and roses e: human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups

answer

question

Which of the following is the most likely reason for the dark skin color shared by tropical Africans and southern indians? a: dietary adaptation b: UV radiation hazards c: reducing the frequency of rickets d: recent common ancestry e: malarial resistance

answer

question

Human races, like ethnicities in general, are a: cultural rather than biological categories b: a biological reality as much as a cultural one c: used by social scientists to classify humans based on genes and shared blood d: key categories for biology, but not anthropology e: a meaningless concept to people living day to day

answer

question

What is the term for the belief that a perceived racial difference is a sufficient reason to value one person less than another (such as in the case of burakumin in Japan)? a: extrinsic racism b: hypodescent c: intrinsic racism d: hyperdescent e: de jure discrimination

answer

question

Which of the following best explains the differences between American and Brazilian social constructions of race? a: Brazilian plantation landlords had sexual relations with their slaves b: the lack of native populations in Brazil c: the portuguese language had a greater number of intermediate color terms than the English language d: Historically in Brazil, freed offspring of master and slave filled many intermediate positions in the emerging Brazilian economy e: English concepts of race were very different from those of the Portuguese

answer

question

Which of the following statements about ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain autonomous political status is not true? a: They often are minorities in the nations in which they live b: They have ben called "imagined communities" c: They include or have included the Kurds and Germans d: They are called nationalities e: all or most of their members usually meet regularly face to face

answer

question

Which of the following statements about nation-states is true? a: nation states sometimes encourage ethnic divisions for political and economic ends b: nation states are ethnically homogeneous c: nation states are defined by their lack of ethnic identity d: nation state is a synonym for tribe and ethnic group e: nation states are parts of other states

answer

question

what is the term for the physical destruction of an ethnic or religious group through mass murder? a: ethnic expulsion b: forced assimilation c: ethnocentrism d: racist expulsion e: genocide

answer

question

Given the lack of distinction between race and ethnicity, this chapter suggests the term _____ instead of "race" to describe any such social group

answer

ethnic group

question

_____ refers to an organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"

answer

phenotype

question

_______ is the term for the arbitrary rule that automatically places the children of a union between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less-privileged group

answer

hypodescent

question

____ is the view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining

answer

multicultralism

question

______ is the internal domination by one group and its culture/ideology over others

answer

cultural colonialism

STUDY

Anthropology Banking And Finance Many Years Ago Men And Women Natural Resources Social And Cultural Anthropology

Exam 4 Anthropology – Flashcards 158 terms

Tilly Wilkinson

158 terms

Preview

Exam 4 Anthropology – Flashcards

question

Playing a leading role in the development of the anthropology of law, _____has taken on specialists in the fields of law, children's issues, nuclear energy, and science, critically questioning the basic assumptions under which these experts operate.

answer

Laura Nader

question

The use of wealth to support the tonowi's power, the belief in the divine right of kings to rule, and the choice of the oldest living male becoming the head of the Dahomey state of West Africa all have in common that they

answer

represent what is considered to be the legitimate basis of political authority in that particular society.

question

Among the Igbo of Nigeria,

answer

men and women each had separate, autonomous spheres of political activity

question

When the British imposed colonial rule on the Igbo of Nigeria,

answer

they did not recognize the political power of women, and introduced changes that resulted in women becoming subordinate to men.

question

externalized social controls

answer

Sanctions

question

_____ sanctions attempt to precisely and explicitly regulate people's behavior. They can be positive (such as military decorations) or negative (such as imprisonment).

answer

Formal

question

Which of the following would invoke informal sanctions against an individual in a restaurant in the United States?

answer

Going barefoot

question

Wape villagers avoid quarreling with each other because

answer

they believe that a hunter misses his prey only because of the intervention of ancestral ghosts who are angry with quarreling in the community

question

Once two Inuit individuals are involved in a dispute and become peaceful by engaging in a singing contest, the affair is considered

answer

closed and resolved

question

A key point in William Ury's 2002 book, Must We Fight? was that, "Conflict is not going to end, but _____ can."

answer

Violence

question

Pirate gangs based out of Somalia are thought to be bankrolled and supplied with arms and supplies by

answer

Somali investors living overseas

question

Based on primatological studies, what does Richard Wrangham conclude about human violence and sexual selection?

answer

Females' evolutionary interests cannot be met without cooperation from males

question

We have ample reason to suppose war has become a problem only in the past _____years, since the invention of food-production techniques and especially centralized states.

answer

10,000

question

Darwin argued that the large physical size of males was a physical specialization to aid in competition between males for females. He called this theory

answer

sexual selection

question

The most widely known act of genocide in recent history was the attempt of the Nazis during World War II to kill

answer

European Jews and Roma

question

Justifications for war are embedded in a society's

answer

worldview

question

In 1986, an Acholi named Alice Auma believed she was visited by a spirit she called Lakwena. This spirit messenger revealed to her that she should work to liberate her homeland and found a Christian theocracy. Today, this movement continues through the resistance of Joseph Kony. In which country did this occur?

answer

Congo

question

In cases of warfare in regions deemed strategically important or rich in natural resources, what additional action is also most likely to occur today?

answer

Foreign military intervention

question

A contract or formal agreement between two or more independent groups that are self-governing is called a(n

answer

treaty

question

Gandhi built a movement to fight colonial repression and injustice based on the concept of satyagraha. What did he mean by this term?

answer

Movement of nonviolent resistance

question

Aung San Suu Kyi is a current coordinator of nonviolent resistance. All of the following statements about her are correct except:

answer

she is the leader of the opposition party in Thailand

question

A people's collection of gods and goddesses is called a(n)

answer

pantheon

question

If religious belief reflects the structure of society, in which types of society would you expect to find widespread belief in ancestral spirits?

answer

Those in which descent groups play a major role in social organization

question

The major difference between animism and animatism has to do with whether the supernatural force that occupies an entity is

answer

personal or impersonal and without identity

question

A full-time religious specialist formally recognized for his or her role in guiding the religious practices of others is called a(n)

answer

priest or priestess

question

Which of the following is not a change that affects women who become a Chan monastic?

answer

They devote themselves to their families unselfishly

question

Chan monastics discussed in this chapter's Biocultural Connection are in the country of

answer

Taiwan.

question

The widespread occurrence of shamanism and the remarkable similarities between shamanistic traditions wherever found are consequences of

answer

universal neurological inheritance

question

Which of the following is not a major form of establishing spiritual lineage?

answer

Following a new charismatic prophet, as among the Raelians

question

From his work with Conibo shamans, Michael Harner argues that

answer

anthropologists have seriously underestimated the significance of the shamanistic experience on Amazonian Indian ideologies and practices

question

Ju/'hoansi healers possess the powerful healing force called n/um, which generally remains dormant in a healer until an effort is made to activate. Among the ways to activate n/um are all of the following except:

answer

use of hallucinogens

question

the interrelationship of the shaman, patient, and community

answer

The Shamanic Complex

question

A culturally prescribed avoidance is a(n)

answer

taboo

question

If a society has a taboo against eating pork and a member eats it mistakenly, what types of rituals might the person undergo to fix the transgression?

answer

Rites of purification

question

When an individual undergoes rituals to celebrate birth, puberty, and marriage, he or she is practicing

answer

rites of passage

question

The initiation rites for male Australian aborigines include a stage when they are isolated from the rest of society and undergo a cram course in tribal lore; the trauma associated with their ordeal is part of a teaching method that ensures that they will remember what they are taught. This particular stage in the puberty ceremony would be referred to as the stage of _____ by Arnold Van Gennep.

answer

Transition

question

A rite of _____ serves to help groups get through crises such as drought or some other external threat to the survival of the group.

answer

Intensification

question

After the death of a famous movie star, auctions may be held of his or her personal belongings. A few years ago, the sale of a popular actor's shirt almost caused a riot among teenage girls who were bidding for it. The assumption that owning, touching, or wearing a person's shirt somehow puts you in touch with him could be used as an example of

answer

Contagious magic

question

Magic based on the assumption that things that are like each other somehow have a connection with each other and if y

Anthropology Flashcards, test questions and answers

We've found 729 Anthropology tests