6. How does the tectonic drift impact world geography? What are the implications for primate evolution? Is the Atlantic Ocean presently getting bigger or smaller?

– continental plates that move -Migration occurs in primate evolution -Atlantic Ocean is getting bigger More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/anth-021-exam-3/

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Consumption And Production Patterns And Trends World Geography World History

Ancient World – Flashcards 35 terms

Emily Kemp

35 terms

Preview

Ancient World – Flashcards

question

Urbanism, writing, cohesive religious system, government, social classes

answer

"civilization"

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Sumer: people who started civilization Flood myth: epic of gilgamesh Levees, reservoirs, canals and crops 30:1

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Mesopotamia

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Priestly class invented writing. Used 2,000 symbols, which meant that literacy remained a tightly held monopoly of professional scribes

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Sumerian scribes & literacy monopoly

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...

answer

Nile flooding & optimism

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...

answer

Tigris & Euphrates flooding & pessimism

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Many gods & goddesses

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polytheism

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when you assign humanlike qualities to nonhuman things

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anthropomorphism

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paleolithic-neolithic-bronze age-iron age

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ancient world chronology

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dark ages-archaic-classical- hellenistic

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greek history chronology

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a monotheist (one god) who worshipped sun-god Aton

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king nefertiti

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Babylon ruler: water rights, property rights, marriage law

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Hammurabi's code

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remembered for mortuary temple she had constructed at Deir el-bahri

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pharaoh hatshepsut

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a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

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social stratification

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north of the black sea

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origin of historic info-europeans

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settled throughout Asia Minor but initially settled in Anatolia (modern day turkey). Traded weapons and metal vessels

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Hittites

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zoroaster claimed to have received a vision of "wise lord," Ahura Mazda, who preached & was the one true and eternal god, wise and good.

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Ahura Mazda & Persian Zoroastrianism

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Sailors that took to the sea and established a network of trading colonies that stretched across Mediterranean islands; started the alphabet

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Pheonicians' sea network

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neo-babylon kings that led his army into jerusalem to destroy the first temple

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Nebuchadnezzar

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("exile" or "scattering") Under the ruler of Nebuchadnezzar, the Chaldeans destroyed the Temple at Jerusalem and took Jews eastward into Babylonian Captivity

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Diaspora

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Released the Jews and allowed them to return to Jerusalem. Beginning of 2nd temple period: questions are about role of rabbis

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Persian emperor Cyrus the Great

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-hunting,fishing -control of fire -practiced religion -nomadic

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paleolithic

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-sedentary -built "cities" -systematic agriculture -true social hierarchy -pictographs

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neolithic

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came to view of kings as agents of their gods

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the sumerian government

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north of the black sea

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the original indo-europeans possibly came from?

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agriculture

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the economy of ancient egypt relied most heavily on?

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babylonian

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Which is not an indo-european language?

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were more severe for the lower classes

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punishments for crimes under the Code of Hammurabi:

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Religion

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Akhenaten is best known for his unsuccessful attempt to reform Egypt's?

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Asia Minor

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The hittite empire was situated in?

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False

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the epic of hammurabi is the tale of the ruler of uruk some 800 years before the babylonian conquest. T or F?

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True

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the phoenicians took to the sea and established a network of trading colonies across the Mediterranean. T or F?

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False

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Persian temples drew freely on Hittite architectural styles to emphasize Ahura Mazda's universality. T or F?

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-believe that there is only one God. -claims that religion is a universal human quality. A belief that all humankind will eventually be saved.

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monotheism & universalism

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Hebrews are depicted as them. They are chosen and held responsible for maintaining a standard of moral behavior and pursuing justice on earth

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the chosen people

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holds that the texts as they survive result from the intertwining of several writers' work

answer

Documentary hypothesis

STUDY

Geography of North America History of the Americas Social Studies World Geography

Harriet Tubman DBQ – Flashcards 8 terms

Gracie Stone

8 terms

Preview

Harriet Tubman DBQ – Flashcards

question

Eastern Shore

answer

part of Maryland which lies to the east of Chesapeake Bay, along the shore

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Deep South

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states including Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, South Carolina

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Upper South

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usually refers to states including Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina

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Fugitive Slave Act

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an act passed by Congress in 1850 which required Northerners to return escaped slaves to their owners

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Underground Railroad

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name given to the secret network of people and safe houses that extended from the border states to Canada

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border states

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Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, Delaware

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Conductor

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Escorts who went with the escaped slaves

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Moses

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Harriet Tubman's nickname

STUDY

Amazon Rain Forest AP Human Geography World Geography

WORLD GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE WORDS – Flashcards 91 terms

Robert May

91 terms

Preview

WORLD GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE WORDS – Flashcards

question

escarpment

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steep cliff or slope between a higher and lower land surface

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cataract

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a large waterfall

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rift valley

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a valley with steep sides

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faults

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cracks in the earth's crust

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delta

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a low triangular area where a river divides before entering a larger body of water

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estuary

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the area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean

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Ethiopian Highlands

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very fertile land near Ethiopia

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Niger River

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a river flowing from western Africa into the Gulf of Guinea

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leach

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dissolve and wash away nutrients

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harmattan

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a dry, dusty wind that blows from the Sahara to the Atlantic coast of Africa during the cool months

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savanna

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an area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes

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tropical rainforests

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area with more than 60+ inches of rain

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tropical savanna

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tropical grasslands with scattered trees

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tropical grassland

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grasses and scattered trees adapted to a tropical wet and dry climate

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sanitation

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the state of being clean and conducive to health

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urbanization

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movement of people from rural areas to cities

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service centers

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convenient business locations for rural dwellers

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Nigeria

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a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea

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Rwanda

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a landlocked republic in central Africa

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Nambia

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a republic in southwest Africa

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Zimbabwe

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a landlock republic north of South Africa

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domesticate

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make fit for cultivation, domestic life, and service to humans (as in animals)

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apartheid

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a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites

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universal suffrage

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the right of all adults to vote for their representatives

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mass culture

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the culture that is widely disseminated via the mass media

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lingua franca

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a common language used by speakers of different languages

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oral tradition

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pass down from one generation to another by word of mouth

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extended family

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a family consisting of the nuclear family and their blood relatives

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clan

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group of people related by blood or marriage

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nuclear family

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a family consisting of parents and their children and grandparents of a marital partner

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substance farming

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results in the growing of crops to feed one self and ones family, with a little left over for sale

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shifting farming

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farmers who move every few years to find better soil

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sedentary farming

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permanent farming land

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conservation farming

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land-management technique that helps protect farmland

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eCommerce

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Business conducted electronically (buying/selling on web)

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habitat

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the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs

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extinction

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disappearance of a species from all parts of its geographical range

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poaching

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illegal hunting of protected animals

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ecotourism

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tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature

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commercial farming

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the raising of crops and livestock for sale in markets

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archipelago

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a group of many islands in a large body of water

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tsunami

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a huge destructive wave (especially one caused by an earthquake)

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loess

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a fine-grained unstratified accumulation of clay and silt deposited by the wind

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subcontinent

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a large and distinctive landmass (such as India) that is a distinct part of some continent

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alluvial plain

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an area of fertile soil deposited by river floodwaters

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mica

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a mineral that has the unique characteristic of roming large crystals

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Himalayas

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a mountain range extending 1500 miles on the border between India and Tibet

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Mt. Everest

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highest mountain in the world (29000 ft)

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Ganges River

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a river of South Asia that flows southeast from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal

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Hindu River

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the same river as the Ganges river

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Bay of Bengal

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the bay right next to India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar

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Mt. Fuji

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highest mountain peak in Japan 12,388 feet (3,776 m)

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Gobi Desert

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a high & large desert in China and Mongolia

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Korean Peninsula

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a peninsula near Japan that includes both North Korea and South Korea and is covered with rugged mountains

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Yangtze river

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the longest river of Asia

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Xi river

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third major waterway in China also known as the West river

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monsoon

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rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains

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cyclone

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a violent rotating windstorm

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Japan current

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a warm ocean current that flows northeastwardly off the coast of Japan into the northern Pacific ocean

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typhoon

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a tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans

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Great Indian Desert

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region of sandy desert in northwest India and southeast Pakistan

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Taiwan

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an island in southeastern Asia 100 miles off the coast of mainland China in the South China Sea

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Hainan

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an island off China's southern coast that has a tropical wet climate

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Qin Ling Mountains

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mountains in central China

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temperate grassland

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biome characterized by deep, nutrient-rich soil that supports many grass species

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humid subtropical

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a wet and warm climate found on the edges of the tropics

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guru

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a Hindu or Buddhist religious leader and spiritual teacher

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mantra

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a commonly repeated word or phrase

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sadhu

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a Hindu holy man

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stupa

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memorial mound ettected over the ashes of buddha and important monks

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dzong

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a fortified monastery of Bhutan, South Asia

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ideogram

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symbol that stands for a concept rather than a word

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shamanism

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belief in a leader who can communicate with the spirits

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lama

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a Tibetan or Mongolian priest of Lamaism

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acupuncture

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treatment of pain or disease by inserting the tips of needles at specific points on the skin

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haiku

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an epigrammatic Japanese verse form of three short lines

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calligraphy

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the art of beautiful handwriting

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pagoda

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a tower-shaped structure with several stories and roofs

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deforestation

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the state of being clear of trees

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contamination

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the act of contaminating or polluting

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megalopolis

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very large city or urban area

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Green Revolution

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rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers

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commune

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a body of people or families living together and sharing everything

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cooperative

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an association formed and operated for the benefit of those using it

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World Trade Organization

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an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade

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desertification

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the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert

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CFC

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a fluorocarbon with chlorine

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aquaculture

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rearing aquatic animals or cultivating aquatic plants for food

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cash crop

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a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)

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jute

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a plant fiber used in making rope or sacks

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biomass

answer

the total mass of living matter in a given unit area

STUDY

Geography of Australia World Geography World Regional Geography

GEOG Quiz #4 – Flashcards 29 terms

Amber Moore

29 terms

Preview

GEOG Quiz #4 – Flashcards

question

The animals found in Australia who carry their young in pouches are collectively known as

answer

Marsupials

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_____ is the study of fauna in a spatial perspective.

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zoogeography

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Wallace's Line refers to the ______.

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line separating Australian animal species from non-Australian species

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Native Australians are known as:

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Aboriginals

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For many years, Australia had an immigration policy that:

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allowed only white people to enter the country

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What are 3 major issues in Australia?

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-Aboriginal claims -Environmental degradation -Immigration issues NOT ONE = Land border disputes

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Australia's top customer for its mineral goods is:

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China

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Which city is located nearest to the Australian city of Canberra?

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Melbourne

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The current governmental structure of Australia is that of a:

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Federal State

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The island across the Bass Strait off the southeastern coast of Australia is called:

answer

Tasmania

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Most of the core area of Australia is located in the ____.

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Southeast

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About ___ percent of Australians live in cities or towns.

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90%

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The Australian capital city is:

answer

Canberra

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The vast interior rural area of Australia is known as the:

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Outback

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The agricultural activity most closely associated with Australia's tropical climate is:

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growing sugar cane

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The environmental crisis that most severely threatens economic activity in the Murray-Darling river basin is:

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Drought

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New Zealand's largest ethnic minority group, whose roots are Polynesian, is known as the:

answer

Maori

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How does the interior of Australia differ from the interior of New Zealand?

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Australia's interior is desert while New Zealand's interior is mountainous

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The historic 1840 agreement between the Maori and Europeans in New Zealand is known as the Treaty of:

answer

Waitangi

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What are 3 true facts about the Aboriginal population of Australia?

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-They form a small minority in Australia -They have lower life expectancies and education levels -Their ancestors arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago

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What percentage of Australia's population is foreign born?

answer

25%

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Which of Australia's States is the largest and most politically powerful?

answer

New South Wales - Sydney

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What is a true agriculture-location association in Australia?

answer

dairy farming: near cities

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What are 3 minerals mined in Australia?

answer

Gold, Bauxite, Asbestos

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What is the chief farming region for New Zealand, producing a variety of cereals, vegetables, and fruits?

answer

Canterbury Plain

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____ accounts for over 2/3rds of New Zealand's export revenue.

answer

Livestock production

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What is true of the Maori in New Zealand?

answer

Maori claims to land and cultural preservation are the most pressing domestic political issues in New Zealand

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What are 3 facts about Australia's relationship with Indonesia?

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-Australia worked with the government of Indonesia to prevent illegal immigration to Australia -Australia supported Indonesia's claim on East Timor in the 1970s in exchange for oil deals -Australia sent troops to Timor to protect civilians from Indonesian violence in 1999

question

What term refers to industries developed to compete with (and eventually prevent) the purchase of foreign goods?

answer

Import-substition industries

STUDY

AP Human Geography Human Geography World Geography

Geography 9th Grade – Flashcards 69 terms

Isabel Padilla

69 terms

Preview

Geography 9th Grade – Flashcards

question

Geography

answer

the study of the distribution and interaction of physical and human features on the earth (to describe the earth)

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absolute location

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exact place on earth where a geographic feature, such as a city, is found

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Relative location

answer

describes a place in comparison to other places around it

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hemisphere

answer

half of globe

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equator

answer

imaginary line that divides the north and south halves

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prime meridian

answer

imaginary line dividing the earth east and west (sometimes this line is called the Greenwich meridian because the line runs through Greenwich, England

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latitude

answer

set of imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator

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longitude

answer

set of imaginary lines that go around the earth over the poles

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globe

answer

three-dimentional representation of the earth

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maps

answer

two-dimensional graphic representations of selected parts of the earth's surface

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cartographer

answer

mapmaker who decides what type of map to create by considering how the map will be used

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map projection

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way of drawing Earth's surface by presenting a round Earth on flat paper

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topographic map

answer

representation of natural and man-made features on the earth

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Landsat

answer

series of satellites that orbit more than 100 miles above Earth

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

answer

GIS stores information about the world in a digital database and has the ability to combine information from a variety of sources and display it in ways that allow the user to visualize the use of space in different ways.

question

title

answer

explains the subject of the map and gives you an idea of what information the map conveys

question

compass rose

answer

shows N S E W directions on a map

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labels

answer

words or phrases that explain features on the map

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legend

answer

lists and explains the symbols and use of color on the map

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lines of latitude

answer

imaginary lines that measure distance north or south of the equator

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lines of longitude

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imaginary lines that measure distance east or west of the prime meridian

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scale

answer

ratio between a unit of length on the map and a unit of distance on the earth

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symbols

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represent such items as capital cities, economic activities, or natural resources

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colors

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represent a variety of information on a map

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planar projections

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way of showing the curved surface of the earth on a flat map

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conical projections

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projection onto a cone, it distorts landmasses at the edges of the map

question

compromise projections

answer

projection onto a cylinder which shows the entire earth on one map

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Robinson projections

answer

type of compromise projection, commonly used in textbooks. It shows the entire earth with nearly the true sizes and shapes of hte continents and oceans.

question

Physical maps

answer

help you see the types of landforms and bodies of water found in a specific area. Uses color, shading, or contour lines to indicate elevation or altitude, also called relief

question

Political maps

answer

show features of the earth's surface that humans created - cities, states, provinces, territories, or countries

question

Thematic maps

answer

focus on specific types of information - climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density

question

Flow-line maps

answer

illustrate movement of people, goods, ideas, animals, or even glaciers.

question

physical geography - geo data

answer

the earth is not round but is slightly flattened at the poles

question

physical geography - geo data

answer

the total distance from the highest point on earth, Mt. Everest to the lowest point on earth Mariana Trench is just over 12 miles

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Human Geography - geo data

answer

the world's population growth in 1999 was an additional 84 million people, or about 230,000 people per day

question

How do Geographers view the world?

answer

in terms of the use of space

question

What do Geographers study?

answer

they study the world by looking at location, place, region, movement, and human environment interaction. The view the world by looking at the use of space on the earth and hte interactions that take place there.

question

What tools do Geographers use to study the use of space on earth?

answer

the most common tool is a map and they also use photographs to gain visual evidence and the five themes of geography

question

What are the five themes of geography?

answer

Location (where is it), place (what is it like?), region (how are places similar or different?), movement (how do people, goods, and ideas move from one location to another, and Human-environment Interaction (how do people relate to the physical world?)

question

latitude lines

answer

parallels

question

longitude lines

answer

meridians

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What hemisphere is the North Pole in?

answer

Northern Hemisphere

question

What hemisphere is the South Pole in?

answer

Southern Hemisphere

question

In which 2 hemispheres is the United States located?

answer

Northern and Western

question

How many degrees of latitude are there?

answer

90 degrees

question

How is the equator different from the prime meridian?

answer

The equator is the imaginary line that divides the north and south halves and the prime meridian is the imaginary line dividing the earth east and west.

question

The geographic question "where is it?" refers to what theme?

answer

Theme: Location

question

The question "what is it like?" refers to what thme?

answer

Theme: Place

question

The question "how are places similar or different? refers to what theme?

answer

Theme: Region

question

How might areas within a city form a functional region?

answer

Because the city and its suburbs are connected by a great deal of movement back and forth, they form a functional region. They are connected by highways, commuter railroads, subways, adn bus lines to move people from the suburbs to the city.

question

The question "How do people, goods, and ideas move from one location to another? refers to what theme?

answer

Theme: Movement

question

linear distance and time distance

answer

Simply means how far across the earth a person, product or idea travels

question

psychological distance

answer

the way people view distance (the more familiar we are with a place, the closer it appears)

question

What is a region?

answer

an area of the earth's surface with similar characteristics

question

What are the 3 types of regions?

answer

formal, functional, and perceptual

question

What are the five themes of geography?

answer

location, place, region, human-environment interaction, and movement

question

How is place different from location?

answer

Place includes physical characteristics and cultural characteristics of a location while location is simply defined by "Where is it?"

question

What is the first step in creating a map?

answer

Field Survey

question

What is a field survey?

answer

A collection, or sampling, of data from a defined area that describe characteristics about the greater surrounding environment. Surveyors observe, measure and record what they see.

question

Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

answer

system that uses a series of 24 satellites called Navstars, which beam information to the Earth.

question

Which theme of geography deals with the way areas are similar or different?

answer

region (area of earth's surfacewith similar characteristics)

question

Examples of biome?

answer

forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundras

question

What is a way of drawing the earth's surface that reduces distortion?

answer

map projection

question

What is the solid rock portion of the earth's surface?

answer

lithosphere

question

what is the name of the earth's surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part of the ocean?

answer

continental shelf

question

Are geysers caused by tectonic plates grinding past each other?

answer

False

question

What is mechanical weathering?

answer

the processes that break rock into smaller pieces

question

What is the definition of weather?

answer

the atmosphere at a particular location and time

question

Semiarid

answer

region that receives little rain throughout the year. Summers are hot and winters are cold.

STUDY

AP Human Geography Cash Flow Statement Command Economic System Equal Status Contact Planning And Decision Making Psychology World Geography

Human Geography Unit 2 Test – Flashcards 41 terms

Noel Macdonald

41 terms

Preview

Human Geography Unit 2 Test – Flashcards

question

Responsible use of resources requires cooperation at what levels?

answer

Local,national, and global

question

The population growth is influenced by what?

answer

Birthrate,death rate,immigration, and emigration

question

Factors of poverty in LDCs

answer

Lack of education opportunities, lack of technology,overpopulation, and uneven distribution of wealth

question

Traditional economic system

answer

•Custom decision making •Private ownership •Production driver by custom •Job choice decided by custom •Wages determined by N/A

question

Command economic system

answer

•Government Decision making •Government and private ownership •Production driven by government goals •job choice by government •wages determined by government

question

Market economic system

answer

•private decision-making •private ownership •Production driven by consumer demand •Job choice determined by individual •Wages determined by employee/employer

question

Mixed economic system

answer

•decision-making government, private •ownership by government, private •Production driven by government, private •Job choice determined by individual •wages determined by employee/employer negotiation; minimum-wage maybe sat by government

question

Acid rain

answer

Precipitation that has become acidic through the absorption of pollutants in the atmosphere, such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides

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Biomass energy

answer

Power produced through the decomposition or burning of plants and/or organic waste

question

Bubonic plague

answer

A deadly, very contagious disease, carried by fleas and rats

question

Cultural convergence

answer

The contact and interaction of cultural groups

question

Cultural diffusion

answer

The process whereby one culture adopts traits of another culture

question

Cultural divergence

answer

Government policy that attempts to restrict the access of its population to outside culture

question

Cultural mosaic

answer

Groups living near each other while maintaining their unique cultures

question

Emigration

answer

Leaving one's homeland to settle in a new place

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Immigration

answer

The movement of people to a new country

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Ethnic cleansing

answer

Policy whereby one group of individuals of common ancestry is removed from an area by another group of individuals of common ancestry, either through death or expulsion

question

Geothermal energy

answer

How are produced from heat inside the earth

question

Hydroelectric energy

answer

How are produced in the movement of water

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Pandemic

answer

The world wide spread of a deadly disease, e.g.,The plague

question

Sustainable development

answer

The ability to meet current needs without reducing the ability to meet future needs

question

Possible solutions to today's environmental issues

answer

Increased use of geothermal energy, rain forest preservation, recycling, sustainable development

question

Global development

answer

Increased peoples exposure to new ideas, created a global culture, reduce the number of people living in rural areas

question

Recycling

answer

A way to reduce solid waste

question

Renewable energy sources

answer

Biomass geothermal wind solar and hydroelectric

question

People interaction with their environment

answer

Changes to the earth environment can be harmful. People adapt to their environment. People change their environment. Changes to the earth environment can be beneficial.

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Migration

answer

Moving from one place to another

question

Descriptions of the importance of the management of the Earth resources

answer

Resource management becomes more important as the population increases. Resource management is a global, local, and national issue

question

Over urbanization

answer

More people live in an area than the area can provide services for

question

Unsustainable development

answer

Resources are being used up at a faster rate than they can be replaced

question

T/F:culture is seldom a factor in world conflict

answer

False

question

T/F:The connections between the countries of the world are likely to increase in the future

answer

True

question

More developed countries:

answer

Use more of the worlds resources

question

Left about countries:

answer

Have more of the worlds resources

question

Acid rain:

answer

Affects our health, is a greater concern in more developed countries, and makes the soil less able to use the poor agriculture

question

Disadvantages of wind power:

answer

Not available at all times, can't be used everywhere, and noisy

question

Pandemics:

answer

Easily spread to new areas, highly contagious disease, and the bubonic plague and

question

Reasons why geographers study religion:

answer

To explain the role of religion in regional conflict and it to understand religions affect on the physical environment

question

Possible solutions to air pollution:

answer

Develop cost efficient methods to use solar energy, improve fuel efficiency and automobiles, increase the use of wind power, and reduce the use of coal and oil

question

Rain forest:

answer

Provides variety of food for the world, species found in rain forest have been used to cure disease, species found in the rain forest decreased every day, cures for diseases have been developed from resources in the rain forests

question

In which Area just clean drinking water present the biggest problem?

answer

Cities in LDCs

STUDY

Geography History of Europe Tourism World Geography

Europe Study Guide – Flashcards 91 terms

Jacob Patel

91 terms

Preview

Europe Study Guide – Flashcards

question

What country is located on the Jutland Peninsula?

answer

Denmark

question

What country is on the Italian Peninsula?

answer

Italy

question

What two countries make up the Iberian Peninsula?

answer

Portugal & Spain

question

What two countries make up the Scandinavian Peninsula?

answer

Norway & Sweden

question

List 3 Islands located in the North Atlantic

answer

Ireland, Faroe Islands, Norway

question

List 3 islands located in the Mediterranean Sea

answer

Corsica, Malta, Cyprus

question

What is the most famous mountain chain in Europe?

answer

Alps

question

What are the large upland areas of Spain & France?

answer

Meseta in Spain and Massif Central in France

question

How are rivers used in Europe?

answer

Transportation and irrigation(farming)

question

What is the most important plain in Europe?

answer

North European Plain

question

List two reasons why the North European Plain is important?

answer

Desirable agricultural land & allows armies/invaders to get into Europe

question

Europe has an abundant supply of what 2 natural resources?

answer

Coal & Iron ore

question

Why are Coal & Iron resources important?

answer

It makes it possible to make steel & is needed for and industrialized economy

question

What was found beneath the North sea floor in 1959?

answer

Oil & Natural Gas

question

About what percent of Europe's land is suitable for agriculture?

answer

33%

question

What is the North Atlantic Drift?

answer

a current of warm water from the Tropics

question

What is the cold dry wind from the North?

answer

Mistral

question

What is the hot steady wind that blows from North Africa?

answer

Sirocco

question

Why do trees not grow in upper Scandinavia?

answer

The region is subarctic(too cold)

question

What is a polder?

answer

land that is reclaimed from the sea or other vody of water by diking & drainage

question

Why is water transport so important in Venice?

answer

It is needed to move people and goods

question

What are some of the problems facing Venice today?

answer

Water pollution, industrial waste, sewage, and salt water

question

How is acid rain produced?

answer

produced when sulfur dioxide & various nitrogen oxides combine with atmosphere moisture

question

How much of Europe's forest land has been affected by acid rain?

answer

1/4

question

Which city state developed the first democracy?

answer

Athens, Greece

question

As Greece lost power, what state tot the west was rising?

answer

Rome

question

What type of government did Rome have?

answer

Republic

question

What was on of Rome's overseas territories?

answer

Palestine

question

In 1096, Christians launched these.... for what purpose?

answer

crusades, to take Palestine from the Muslims

question

What was the Renaissance period about and when did it occur?

answer

a time of renewed interest in learning & arts that lasted through the 14-16th centuries

question

Spain's Catholic rulers retook Spain for the Muslims in 1492. What else did these rules do?

answer

Queen Isabella paid for Christopher Columbus's first voyage

question

For centuries, what was the Mediterranean economy based on?

answer

tourism

question

In 1980, what three countries joined the European Union?

answer

Greece, Portugal, & Spain

question

What is Spain the leader maker of?

answer

Automobiles

question

What two dictators ruled Spain and Italy in the 29th century?

answer

Benito Mussloini & Francisco Franco

question

Spain has an ongoing conflict with what minority group?

answer

the Basque people

question

List the Benelux countries.

answer

Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg

question

In 1347, what plague swept through Europe? How and why did it spread quickly?

answer

The bubonic plague; it spread by fleas

question

Who was Martin Luther?

answer

A guy that ostracized church practices he thought was wrong; he began reofrmation

question

What is Reformation?

answer

a period when Christians broke away from Catholic church and began Protestant churches

question

What is feudalism?

answer

a political system in which powerful lords owned most of the land

question

What is Portugal's biggest industry?

answer

making of textiles

question

What is nationalism?

answer

the belief that one should be loyal to their country

question

What year did the French Revolution take place?

answer

1789

question

What year did Napoleon Bonaparte make himself Emperor?

answer

1804

question

Who was the leader of Germany during World War II?

answer

Adolf Hitler

question

What was the Holocaust?

answer

a program of mass murder of European Jews and other minorities

question

East Germany and West Germany were divided by what?

answer

Berlin Wall

question

Switzerland specializes in what service industry?

answer

Banking

question

Who were some great European composers?

answer

Johann Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven, & Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

question

List the 5 countries that make up the Nordic countries.

answer

Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, & Sweden

question

In 1066, what man from Normandy conquered England?

answer

William the Conqueror

question

What year was the Magna Carta signed?

answer

1215

question

Where is Silicon Glen & why is it important?

answer

It's in Scotland between Glasgow & Edinburgh; the technology is swiftly changing the economy

question

What is the common currency throughout Europe?

answer

Euro

question

Which Nordic country has chose not to join the European Union?

answer

Norway

question

What is a cultural crossroads?

answer

a place where various cultures cross paths

question

List the 8 countries of Easter Europe.

answer

Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, & Yugoslavia

question

What does the term balkanization mean?

answer

the process of breaking up a region into small, mutually hostile units

question

What are satellite nations?

answer

nations dominated by another country

question

Under Communism, who owns all factories and businesses?

answer

the government

question

After 1989, most of Eastern Europe moved toward what type of economy?

answer

Market ecpmp,u

question

What is Anti-Semitism?

answer

discrimination against Jewish people

question

Who was Slobodan Milosevic?

answer

the Serbian leader who tried to increase Serbia's power over all Yugoslavia

question

During World War II, who cooperated with the Nazis?

answer

Croatia

question

List the nations created out of Yugoslavia in 1946.

answer

Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, & Slovenia

question

What is the policy of trying to eliminate an ethnic group?

answer

Ethnic cleansing

question

What caused air pollution?

answer

using fossil fuels, fires, chemical use, and industry

question

What 3 respiratory diseases are caused by polluted air?

answer

asthma, bronchitis, & emphysema

question

What treaty took effect in 1993?

answer

The Maastricht Treaty that established the European Union to take effect

question

Which pair of nations is found of major peninsulas?

answer

Italy & Spain

question

Most of Europe has a mild climate because of the...

answer

moderating influence of the North Atlantic Drift

question

The agreement between or more countries for a common purpose, such as trade or military protection, is called.....

answer

supranationalism

question

What has the abundance of peninsulas and navigable rivers in Europe caused Europeans to do throughout their history?

answer

learn to use water routes for transportation and trade

question

What do the Pyrenees Mountains between France & Spain and the English Channel between the UK & France do for those countries?

answer

act as a natural political boundaries between the countries

question

The main purpose of the European Union(EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) is to ....

answer

stimulate economic growth for participating nations

question

The EU has 20 official languages and promotes multilingualism among its members. How might this help the EU achieve greater unification?

answer

member countries won't have to give up their native language

question

Which country has not yet joined the EU?

answer

Croatia

question

Capital of Norway

answer

Oslo

question

Capital of UK

answer

London

question

Capital of Italy

answer

Rome

question

Capital of Germany

answer

Berlin

question

Capital of France

answer

Paris

question

Capital of Lithuania

answer

Vilnuis

question

Capital of Ireland

answer

Dublin

question

Capital of Romania

answer

Bucharest

question

Capital of Spain

answer

Madrid

question

Capital of Portugal

answer

Lisbon

question

Capital of Poland

answer

Warsaw

question

Capital of Hungary

answer

Budapest

question

Capital of Sweden

answer

Stockholm

STUDY

AP Human Geography World Geography

Ap Human Geo Test Questions – Flashcards 107 terms

Gabriela Compton

107 terms

Preview

Ap Human Geo Test Questions – Flashcards

question

Location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, regions

answer

5 themes of geography

question

Planar, Cylindrical, conical

answer

3 general types of maps

question

Zenithal Gnomonic, Oblique zenithal equidistant

answer

2 types of planar maps

question

Mercator, Interrupted Mollweide

answer

2 types of cylindrical maps

question

Simple conic, Bonne

answer

2 types of conical maps.

question

Peters, molliweide, eckert IV, goode's homolosme

answer

4 types of equal area maps

question

Van der Grinten, Robinson, Winkel Tripel

answer

3 types of compromise projections

question

ratio, written, graphic

answer

3 types of scales

question

Shap, distance, relative size, direction

answer

4 things distortion effects

question

Vegetation, soil, landforms

answer

3 physical processes

question

East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe.

answer

4 regions two-thirds of the world's inhabitants are clustered in

question

Dry lands, wet lands, cold lands, high lands.

answer

4 types of land areas people avoid living in.

question

Low growth-High birth, High death (Agricultural revolution)

answer

Stage 1 of demographic transition

question

High growth-High birth, decreasing death (Industrial revolution)

answer

Stage 2 of demographic transition

question

Moderate growth-Declining birth, Declining death (Urbanization)

answer

Stage 3 of demographic transition

question

Low growth-Low birth, Low death (Medical Revolution)

answer

Stage 4 of demographic transition

question

Madagascar

answer

What country is on the edge of being in stage one?

question

True

answer

True/False All countries must go through all of the stages of demographic transition?

question

Stage 2

answer

What stage are many countries in Africa stuck in?

question

Stage 3

answer

Most of Asia and Latin America are in what stage?

question

Stage 4

answer

Western Europe and North America are in what stage?

question

C) 2,000

answer

If the scale of a map is 1:24,000, then 1 inch on the map represents ____ FEET on earth's surface. A) 1 B) 2,400 C) 2,000 D) 240,000 E) 24,000

question

A) World

answer

Which map would have the smallest scale? A) World B) City C) Continent D) County E) State

question

E) Small scale maps

answer

Distortion is especially severe on A) All maps B) Globes C) Large-scale maps D) Topographic maps E) Small-scale maps

question

C) Remote sensing

answer

The acquisition of data about earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from another long-distance method is A) GPS B) GIS C) Remote sensing D) Aerial photography E) USGS

question

E) GIS

answer

A computer system that stores, organizes, retrieves, analyzes, and displays geographic data is A) Topographic analysis B) GPS C) Remote sensing D) USGS E) GIS

question

E) Erastosthenes

answer

The first person to use the word geography was A) Thucydides B) Aristotle C) Thales of Miletus D) Strabo E) Erastosthenes

question

E) Toponym

answer

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface is known as A) Situation B) Site C) Location D) Jargon E) Toponym

question

A) Unique physical characteristics

answer

Site identifies a place by its A) Unique physical characteristics B) Location relative to other objects C) Mathematical location on earth's surface D) Nominal location E) Primary dimensions

question

E) Situation

answer

New York City's _____ is approximately 100 miles northeast of Philadelphia and 100 miles southwest of Boston. A) Jurisdiction B) Location C) Toponym D) Site E) Situation

question

D) Every meridian is the same length and has the same beginning and end

answer

Which is true? A) Every meridian is distorted by magnetic declination B) Every meridian is actually a circle rather than a line C) Every parallel begins and ends at the poles D) Every meridian is the same length and has the same beginning and end E) Every parallel is the same length

question

B) On the equator

answer

A ship's position is given as 0 degrees latitude and 27 degrees west longitude. We can conclude from this information that ship is located A) On the prime meridian B) On the equator C) Astride the International Date Line D) Equidistant between the Prime Meridian and the International Date Line E) At the North or South Pole

question

A) Atlantic Ocean

answer

The hulk of a ship lies on the ocean floor at 41°46'N and 50°14'W. These coordinates tell us that the ship is located in the A) Atlantic Ocean B) Pacific Ocean C) Indian Ocean D) North Sea E) Straits of Magellan

question

A) 180 degrees longitude

answer

The International Date Line is measured approximately from A) 180 degrees longitude B) 0 degrees latitude C) 0 degrees longitude D) 90 degrees latitude E) 90 degrees longitude

question

C) Region

answer

An area distinguished by one or more unique characteristics is a A) Landscape B) Ecosystem C) Region D) Uniform unit E) Biome

question

False

answer

True/False Parallels converge at the North and South Poles

question

False

answer

True/False The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians is called latitude

question

True

answer

True/False Globalization of the economy has led to more specialization at the local level

question

False

answer

True/False Globalization of the economy has led to more specialization at the local level

question

Situation

answer

Oxford, Ohio, is located five miles east of the Indiana state line and thirty-five miles northwest of Cincinnati. This is an example of which of the four ways of indicating location?

question

Graphic

answer

Written scale and Representative fraction are two ways to express map scale. What is the third way to indicate scale?

question

Mercator

answer

What specific type of map projection is best for mapping the whole world?

question

Azimuthal

answer

What general type of map projection would be best to use in order to show polar air routes?

question

answer

How many miles are in each degree of latitude?

question

1:45,000

answer

Which map would show more detail from the following map scale list: 1:234,000 1:45,000 1:235,000

question

Internatinal Date Line

answer

What is another name for 180 degrees longitude?

question

Yes

answer

Is there a location on the earth with the coordinates 0 degrees, 0 degrees?

question

E) All of the Above

answer

The South is established as a vernacular region for the United States by A) Low high school graduation rates B) Climate C) High cotton production D) The Baptist church E) All the above

question

C) In terms of uniformity or homogeneity of certain characteristics

answer

A formal region is defined A) In terms of its independent parts, typically tied to a central node B) Conceptually, typically in terms of feelings, attitudes, and images C) In terms of uniformity or homogeneity of certain characteristics D) By the National Geographic Society

question

A) Dikes

answer

Holland converted the Zuider Zee into a fresh water lake by using A) Dikes B) A delta plan C) Solar desalination D) A polder E) Canals

question

A) Spatial association

answer

The concept that the distribution of one phenomenon is scientifically related to the location of other phenomena is A) Spatial association B) Regional dissociation C) Regional analysis D) Spatial distribution E) Spatial analysis

question

E) Spatial distribution

answer

The arrangement of a phenomenon across Earth's surface is A) Spatial association B) Regional analysis C) Regional dissociation D) Spatial analysis E) Spatial distribution

question

B) Traveling around the world and crossing the international date line

answer

Of the following, which is least likely to increase space-time compression? A) Increasing the speed limits between two cities B) Traveling around the world and crossing the international date line C) Building a bridge across a river dividing two halves of a city D) Replacing a bicycle with a motorcycle

question

E) The area dominated by a particular crop

answer

Which is not an example of a functional region? A) The area of dominance of a television station B) The market area of a supermarket C) The circulation area of a newspaper D) Area served by a sports franchise E) The area dominated by a particular crop

question

A) Space time compression

answer

The way that things spread through space and over time is known to geographers as A) Space-time compression B) Globalization C) Irredentism D) Spatial diffusion

question

E) Formal region

answer

The division of the United States into nine regions by the Census Bureau is an example of a A) Vernacular region B) Functional region C) Nodal region D) Climactic region E) Formal region

question

D) Density

answer

The frequency of something within a given unit of area is A) Dispersion B) Concentration C) Distribution D) Density E)Pattern

question

B) Distribution

answer

The spread of something over a given study area is A) Density B) Distribution C) Pattern D) Diffusion E) Concentration

question

D) Globalization

answer

The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change is what we mean by A) World regions B) Spatial diffusion C) Distance decay D) Globalization

question

C) 30 persons per square kilometer

answer

The population of the United States is approximately 290 million, and the land area is approximately 9 million square kilometers. The arithmetic density of the United States is approximately A) 30 square kilometers per person B) 300 persons per square kilometer C) 30 persons per square kilometer D) 0.03 persons per square kilometer E) 0.03 square kilometers per person

question

D) All of the above

answer

Which is a form of expansion diffusion? A) Hierarchical B) Contagious C) Stimulus D) All of the above E) Relocation

question

B) Relocation

answer

Economic development through international trade is an example of what type of diffusion? A) Stimulus B) Relocation C) Hierarchical D) Contagious E) Acculturation

question

D) All of the above

answer

Which of the following is a fundamental element of culture? A) Material traits B) Social forms C) Customary beliefs D) All of the above E) Physical environments

question

D) Maintaining local traditions

answer

Elements of globalization of culture include all but A) Enhanced communications B) Uniformity of cultural beliefs and forms C) Unequal access to cultural elements D) Maintaining local traditions E) Uniform consumption preferences

question

E) Both A and B

answer

Culture means to A) Take care of something B) Care about something C) Develop new variations D) Discard effective practices E) Both A and B

question

B) Expansion

answer

The spread of gossip among students seated in a classroom would best be characterized as A) Relocation B) Expansion

question

C) The physical environment causes social development

answer

According to environmental determinism, A) People can choose a course of action from many alternatives offered by the physical environment B) People can adjust to the physical environment C) The physical environment causes social development D) The physical environment sets limits on human actions E) People determine their physical environment

question

D) Heightened economic differences among places

answer

Globalization of the economy has A) Drained resources from more developed countries B) Leveled economic differences between places C) Decreased regional specialization of production D) Heightened economic differences among places E) Decreased investment in less developed countries

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE Distribution refers to the arrangement of observable phenomena across earth.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE The frequency of a phenomenon in a given study area is known as density.

question

False

answer

TRUE/FALSE According to your text, globalization will eventually make geography obsolete through destruction and homogenization.

question

False

answer

TRUE/FALSE A high degree of dispersion within an area indicates high density.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE The communication revolution that promotes globalization of culture also permits preservation of cultural diversity.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE Globalization of the economy has led to more specialization at the local level.

question

False

answer

TRUE/FALSE As explained in the course text, all world's people and places benefit equally from globalization.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE Density measures the amount of something per unit of area on Earth's surface.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE Globalization increase as the interdependence of people in different places increases.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE Geographical research attempts to formulate hypotheses.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE Regional geography is still relevant in today's globalized world.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE Space-time compression refers to the shrinking of relative distances between places.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE Regions come in many scales

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE The friction of distance refers to the inhibiting effect of distance on human activity.

question

concentration

answer

The frequency of phenomenon over a given study area is defined as

question

density

answer

The frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon in a given unit of area is defined as

question

C. The most rapid growth is occurring in the less developed countries

answer

One important feature of the world's population with the most significant future implications is that A. People are uniformly distributed across Earth B. The less developed countries have the highest combined crude death rate C. The most rapid growth is occurring in the less developed countries D. The natural increase rate is larger every year E. There are fewer people in the world now than at the peak in the middle of the twentieth

question

Too many people compared to resources

answer

Geographers define overpopulation as A. Too many people in a region B. Too many people in the world C.Too many people compared to resources D. All of the above E. A and C

question

E. Indonesia E. Indonesia

answer

The most populous country in the Southeast Asia region is A. India B. Thailand C. China D. Bangladesh E. Indonesia

question

B. People per area suitable for agriculture

answer

Physiological density is the number of A. Acres of farmland B. People per area suitable for agriculture C. People per area of land D. Farm animals per area suitable for agriculture E. Farmers per area of farmland

question

E. Arable land

answer

Land suited for agriculture is called A. Physiological density B. Arid land C. Agricultural land D. Population density E. Arable land

question

. A small percentage of land suitable for agriculture

answer

If the physiological density is much larger than the arithmetic density, then a country has A. A large number of farmers B. Too few farmers for the large area of land suitable for agriculture C. Inefficient farmers D. A small percentage of land suitable for agriculture E. Too many people for the available resources

question

C. Industrial revolution

answer

The annual global population growth rate increased approximately two hundred years ago because of the A. Agricultural revolution B. Medical revolution C. Industrial revolution D. Demographic transition E. Increase in the crude birth rate

question

A. Diffusion of medical practices

answer

The medical revolution has been characterized by A. Diffusion of medical practices B. Increase in the crude birth rate C. Invention of new medicines D. Increased agricultural productivity E. Development of new inventions

question

E. Agricultural revolution

answer

The annual global population growth rate increased approximately ten thousand years ago because of the A. Demographic transition B. Industrial Revolution C. Increase in the crude birth rate D. Medical revolution E. Agricultural revolution

question

C. Uganda

answer

Of the following countries, the highest natural increase rate is found in A. China B. Norway C. Uganda D. United States E. Denmark

question

D. Crude death rate

answer

When combined for all less developed countries, which of the following rates is lower than more developed countries combined? A. Natural increase rate B. Crude birth rate C. Total growth rate D. Crude death rate E. Infant mortality rate

question

E. Stage 5

answer

The highest crude death rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4 E. Stage 5

question

A. Infant mortality rate

answer

For every 1,000 babies born in Mozambique this year, nearly 150 of them will die before they reach their first birthday. The rate of 150 deaths per 1,000 births is known as the A. Infant mortality rate B. Life expectancy C. Total fertility rate D. Crude death rate E. Terminal population rate

question

C. Dependency rate

answer

The shape of a country's population pyramid is determined primarily by its A. Crude death rate B. Crude birth rate C. Dependency rate D. Demographic ratio E. Sex ratio

question

A. Denmark

answer

The country with the narrowest population pyramid is A. Denmark B. Zaire C. Chile D. Cape Verde E. The United States

question

B. The world's rate of population increase was higher than the development of food supplies

answer

Thomas Malthus concluded that A. Population increased arithmetically while food production increased geometrically B. The world's rate of population increase was higher than the development of food supplies C. Population growth was outpacing available resources in every country D. Crude birth rates must balance crude death rates E. Moral restraint was producing lower crude birth rates

question

False

answer

TRUE/FALSE Most population growth is presently concentrated in more developed countries.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE More than half of the people in the world live in Asia.

question

False

answer

TRUE/FALSE City X contains 2,000,000 people living on 1,000 square kilometers of lad. The population density of city X is 200 persons per square kilometer.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE The highest crude birth rates are found in the less developed countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE : A country in Stage 2 of the demographic transition is likely to have higher crude birth and crude death rates than a country in Stage 4.

question

True

answer

TRUE/FALSE According to Malthus, population increases geometrically, while food supply increases arithmetically.

question

Ecumene

answer

The portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement is called_________________

STUDY

AP Human Geography Large Scale Map World Geography

Human Geography terms and names – Flashcards 344 terms

Ember Wagner

344 terms

Preview

Human Geography terms and names – Flashcards

question

when geographers go out into the field to see what people are doing and observe how people's reactions and actions vary across space.

answer

fieldwork

question

study of how people organize space and society, interact with each other in places and across spaces, and how we make sense of each other in our localities, regions, and the world

answer

human geography

question

study of how people organize space and society, interact with each other in places and across spaces, and how we make sense of each other in our localities, regions, and the world

answer

globalization

question

study of physical phenomena on Earth

answer

physical geography

question

the arrangement of how places and phenomena are laid out, organized, and arranged on Earth and how they appear on a landscape.

answer

spatial

question

how something is distributed across scales

answer

spatial distribution

question

the arrangement of how something is distributed across space (spatial distribution)

answer

pattern

question

mapping the distribution of a disease to find its cause

answer

medical geography

question

worldwide outbreak of a disease

answer

pandemic

question

regional outbreak of a disease

answer

epidemic

question

a disease that is particular to a locality or location

answer

endemic

question

when human geographers study phenomena such as political elections, urban shantytowns, gay neighborhoods, and folk music

answer

spatial perspective

question

the National Geographic Society created these in 1986 that are derived from the spatial perspective of geography; location, human environment interaction, region, place, movement

answer

five themes

question

how the geographical position of people and things on the Earth's surface affects what happens and why and helps to establish the context within events and processes are situated

answer

location

question

answers the question why villages and cities are placed in the areas that they are; determines whether or not a SuperTarget would be fit to go into a poor neighborhood for example; also determine the best location for wildlife refuges

answer

location theory

question

elationship between humans and the physical world; the reciprocal relationship between humans and the environment, how they treat it, protect it, and destroy it

answer

human environment interaction

question

particular areas that phenomena are distributed onto; the use of fieldwork, quantitative, and qualitative methods help develop insights of these regions

answer

region

question

have unique and physical characteristics and geographers study this; you can infuse a place with and emotion which is sense of place

answer

place

question

infusing a place with meaning and emotion, by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling that place with a certain person and can get a feeling of "home"

answer

sense of place

question

when a person becomes familiar to a place they have never been just by experiencing it through books, movies, stories, or pictures

answer

perception of place

question

refers to the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet; how every place is interconnected

answer

movement

question

the interaction of people and goods across a wide expanse; dependent upon distances

answer

spatial interaction

question

the measured physical space between two places

answer

distances

question

the ease of reaching one location from another

answer

accessibility

question

the degree of linkage between locations in a network

answer

connectivity

question

the material character of a place, the complex of natural features, human structures and other tangible objects that give a particular form

answer

landscape

question

the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape; how people change the landscape around them

answer

cultural landscape

question

sequential imprints of occupants, whose impacts are layered one on top of the other

answer

sequent occupance

question

an ancient art and science of making maps

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cartography

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show the location of places and geographic features with the use of a coordinate system; latitude and longitude

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reference maps

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tell stories, typically showing the degree of a certain attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomena

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thematic maps

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reference maps use these for accuracy by using a coordinate system (longitude & latitude) to plot where precisely on Earth something is; do not change

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absolute location

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a satellite based system that allows us to locate things on the surface of Earth with extreme accuracy

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global positioning system (GPS)

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describes a place in relation to other human and physical features; relative to other features

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relative location

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maps stored in our minds of places we have been or places we have only heard of; what were familiar with we remember

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mental maps

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those places that we travel to routinely and often in our daily activity that we know so well and develop an accurate and detailed map that is better than places we haven't been to

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activity spaces

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help us see general trends, but we cannot see all cases of a given phenomenon; shadings are often used to show how little or much phenomena can be found

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generalized map

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how geographers monitor the Earth at a distance; a technology that is collected by satellites and aircrafts; shows major areas of impact from storms; highlights the eye of a hurricane; shows damage; Google Earth

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remote sensing

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compare a variety of spatial data by creating digitized representations of the environment; analyze data; map layers showing voters, their party registration, their race, their party registration, likelihood of voting, and income; surveying wildlife, mapping soils, analyzing natural disasters, following diseases, assisting first responders, planning cities, plotting transportation improvements, and tracking weather systems

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geographic information systems (GIS)

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involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an initiative.

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rescale

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has a shared trait that is either cultural or physical

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formal region

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defined by a particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it; have a shared political, social, or economic focus; spatial system; boundaries are defined by the limits of the system; not culturally homogenous

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functional region

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in the minds of people; intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena; based on our accumulated knowledge about such regions and cultures; can include people, their cultural traits, such as mountains, plains or coasts, and build environments, such as windmills, barns, skyscrapers, or beach houses

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perceptual regions

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refers not only to music, literature, and arts of society but also to prevailing modes of dress, routine living habits, food preferences, the architecture of houses and public buildings, the layout of fields and farms, and systems of education, government and law, values and beliefs

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culture

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identify a single attribute of a culture for example wearing a turban can be a culture trait of Muslim societies

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culture trait

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more than one culture exhibits a particular culture trait, but each will consist of a discrete combination of traits

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culture complex

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source area; an area where cultural traits develop and form which the cultural traits diffuse

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cultural hearth

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a trait with many hearths that developed independent of each other

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independent invention

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the process of dissemination (the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth to other places); diffusion occurs through the movement of people, goods, or ideas across space

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cultural diffusion

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the declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source

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time distance decay

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certain innovations, ideas, or practices, are not acceptable or adoptable in certain cultures because of attitudes or taboos; can pose powerful obstacles to the spread of ideas as well as artifacts

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cultural barriers

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an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward

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expansion diffusion

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a form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals and places are affected; examples, the spread of Islam, a disease

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contagious diffusion

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a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to what is being diffused; example, the spread of Crocs

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hierarchical diffusion

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a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

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stimulus diffusion

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involves the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation and who carry it to a new, locale where they disseminate it

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relocation diffusion

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human behavior , individually and collectively, is strongly affected by-even controlled or determined by-the physical environment; climate is the critical factor in how humans behave; now possibilism is believed instead of this

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environmental determinism

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lines connecting points of equal temperature values

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isotherms

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an area of inquiry concerned with culture as a system to and alteration of environment

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cultural ecology

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an area of inquiry fundamentally concerned with the environmental consequences of dominant political-economic arrangements and understandings

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politcal ecology

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a superior index of population density relates the total population of a country or region to the area of arable land it contains; defined as the number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land

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phisiological population density

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descriptions of locations on the Earth's surface where individuals or groups (depending on scale) live

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population distribution

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a common way that geographers use; one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population

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dot maps

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urban geographers use this; use it to refer to such huge urban agglomerations; large super cities that form in diverse parts of the world

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megalopolis

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counting every single person in the country

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census

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the time required for a population to double in size; an easy way to grasp the growth rate in population pg. 47

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doubling time

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the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths

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natural increase

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the number of live births per year per thousand people in a population

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crude birth rate

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the number of deaths per year per thousand people in a population

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crude death rate

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the shift in population growth; describe the growth in population over time during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain; high birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates producing a huge net population gain; then a coming together of low birth and death rates

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demographic transition

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most, if not all populations will stop growing at some time; population would stabilize and major problems to be faced would be with the aged rather than the young

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stationary population level

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aspects of population; the number of men and women and their ages

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population composition

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displays the percentages of each age group in the total population (normally five year groups) by a horizontal bar whose length represents its share

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population pyramids

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recorded as a baby's death during the first year following its birth; normally given in case per thousand; the number of infants that die

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infant mortality rate (IMR)

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a figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population

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child mortality rate

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the number of years on average, someone may expect to remain alive

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life expectancy

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resulting from an invasion of parasites and their multiplication in the body ex. malaria

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infectious diseases

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the maladies of longevity and old age such as heart disease

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chronic or degenerative diseases

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the chromosomes and genes that define our makeup ex. sickle cell anemia and hemophilia

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genetic or inherited diseases

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; debilitating that weakens the body and reduces its capacity to combat other infections; spread through bodily contact through bodily fluids such as blood or semen; sexual activity, needles, or blood transfusion

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AIDS

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encourages large families to raise the rate of natural increase

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expansive population policies

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were designed to favor one racial or cultural sector of the population over others; ex: Nazi Germany

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eugenic population policies

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reduce the rate of natural increase through various forms of this; range from toleration of unofficially unapproved means of birth control to outright prohibition of large families

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restrictive population policies

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only allowed to have one child; families that had more than one child, were penalized financially, educationally, and with housing; this reduced growth rates in China drastically; type of restrictive policy

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one-child policies

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a group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people; all the ways of life of a group of people

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culture

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small, incorporates a homogenous population; typically rural; cohesive in cultural traits

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folk culture

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large, incorporates a heterogeneous population; typically urban; quickly changing cultural traits

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popular culture

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group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community who share experiences, customs, and traits and work to preserve these to distinguish themselves from others

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local culture

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includes the things people construct, such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance and food

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material culture

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includes the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people

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nonmaterial culture

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the process which people lose originally differentiating traits when they come in contact with a different culture

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assimiliation

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a practice that a group of people routinely follows

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custom

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the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit

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cultural appropriation

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seeking out the regional culture and reinvigorating it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world

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neolocalism

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a place where local cultures have successfully built a world apart, a place to practice their customs, within a major city

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ethnic neighborhoods

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the process by which something that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought or sold becomes an object that can be bought or sold and traded in the world market; example, dreamcatchers

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commodification

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the accuracy with which a single stereotypical image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture to its customs

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authenticity

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the effects of distance on interaction; the greater the distance, the less interaction; not a valid theory

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distance decay

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explains how quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication technologies

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time space compression

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referring to the process in which people start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and place, making it their own

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reteritorialization

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the tension between globalized popular culture and local culture can be seen in this (the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape) reflects values, norms, and aesthetics of culture

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cultural landscape

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the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape to the point that one place looks like the next

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placelessness

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cultural borrowing and mixing is happening around the world; emphasizes what happens at one scale is not independent of what happens at other scales

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global-local continuum

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people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes

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glocalization

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a cultures assumptions about the differences between men and women; their characters, the role they play in society, what they represent

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gender

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how we make sense of ourselves; constructed through experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections; identities are fluid, constantly changing and becoming; place and space are important because our perceptions and experiences in place help make sense of who we are

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identity

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first define the "other" and then define oneself as "not the other"

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identifying against

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a constructed identity; a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical features

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race

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the concept of superiority attached to race

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racism

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degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another in different parts of the urban environment (Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton)

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residential segregation

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new immigrants to a city often move to areas occupied by older immigrants; one ethnic group moves into an area and dominates that other culture successfully transforming the neighborhood for their group

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succession

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infusing a place with meaning and feeling (Gillian Rose); fluid; changes as the place changes and people change

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sense of place

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stems from the notion that people are closely bounded, even related, in a certain place over time; comes from Greek word, ethnos meaning "people" or "nation"; affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture

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ethnicity

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social relations stretched out (Massey and Jess)

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space

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particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location (Massey and Jess)

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place

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places designed for women or men

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gendered

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theories that explain and inform our understanding of sexuality and space

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queer theory

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caused by disputes over the price to be paid by the bride's family to the groom's father; killed for her father's failure to fulfill the marriage agreement

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dowry deaths

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referring to the Spanish word, barrio, meaning neighborhood; change in neighborhood in which the Hispanic population jumps to a very high percentage; a cultural landscape is thus changed to the culture of the new population

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barrioization

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money that migrants send home to their family

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remmitances

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involves shorter periods of time away from home; involves journeys that begin at our home base and bring us back to it

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cyclic movements

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involves longer periods of time away from home; common type is migrant labor

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periodic movement

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involves a degree of permanence the other two do not; the mover does not return home; permanent relocation

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migration

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daily routines that take people through a regular sequence of short moves within a local area

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activity spaces

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a movement that involves a matter of survival, culture, and tradition; takes place along long-familiar routes repeated time and again

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nomadism

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involves the moving of workers to another country; type of periodic movement; when workers cross international borders in search of employment

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migrant labor

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a system of pastoral farming in which ranchers more livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures

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transhumance

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military personnel and their families are moved to new locations where they will serve their duty

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military service

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a.k.a. transnational migration; movement across country borders; movement across international boundaries

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international migration

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when the same person who emigrated (or leaves their home country) comes to a new country; the act of a person migrating to a new country; certain degree of permanence

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immigration

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migration that occurs within a single country's borders

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internal migration

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involves the imposition of authority or power, producing involuntary migration movements that cannot be understood based on theories of choice

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forced migration

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occurs after a migrant weighs options and choices (even if desperately or not rationally) and can be analyzed as a series of options that result in movement

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voluntary migration

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created by Ernst Ravenstein; answers the question of why people voluntarily migrate with 5 statements

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laws of migration

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predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them

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gravity model

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conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place; negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to new locales

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push factors

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circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places-the decision of where to go

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pull factors

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long, unbroken routes of migration streams; to a distant destination that occurs in stages

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step migration

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the presence of a nearer opportunity that diminishes the attractiveness of one farther away

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intervening opportunity

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being sent back to your home country

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deportation

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type of push pull factor that encourage a person to move to some place where a relative or friend has found success

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kinship link

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migrant chooses a destination and writes, calls, or communicates through others to tell family and friends at home about the new place

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chain migration

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migrations occurring on a global scale; occurred in the pursuit of spices, fame, or exploration in the 1500's

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global scale migration

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included surveyors and cartographers; played a major role in mapping the world

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explorers

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a physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its government in charge of either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

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colonization

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migrants going a neighboring country to take advantage of short-term economic opportunities, to reconnect with their cultural group across borders, or to flee political conflict or war

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regional scale

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places within a region or country where most foreign investment goes, where the vast majority of paying jobs are located, and where infrastructure is concentrated

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islands of development

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what Western governments called labor migrants

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guest workers

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defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention as "a person who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership, of a particular social group, or political opinion" no identification, no possessions, and first steps on foot

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refugee

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people who have been displaced within their own countries but do not cross international borders as they flee ex. Hurricane Katrina

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internally displaced persons

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the right to protection in the first country in which the refugee arrives; when a refugee meets the official criteria

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asylum

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after violence subsides and conditions improve, UMHCR helps return refugees to their homelands

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repatriation

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defined by the 1948 Convention on Genocide as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group"

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genocide

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laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state

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immigration laws

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established limits from governments on the amount of immigrants a year

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quotas

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individuals with certain backgrounds (criminal records, poor health care, subversive activities) are barred from immigrating

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selective immigration

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study of the political organization of the world

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political geography

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a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government; to be a state, it must be recognized by other states

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state

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the attempt by the individual or group to affect, influence, and control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area as defined by Robert Sack

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territoriality

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idea that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world

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mercantilism

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negotiated in 1648; constituted a peace that ended Europe's Thirty Years' War; created defined borders for states

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Peace of Westphalia

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a group of people who think of themselves as one based on a shared culture and history, and who seek some degree of political-territorial autonomy

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nation

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a politically organized area in which a nation and state occupy the same space; a group of people with the same beliefs in one state

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nation-state

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the idea that people are the ultimate sovereign; the people, and the nation have the ultimate say over what happens with the state

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democracy

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a state with more than one nation inside its borders

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multinational state

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when a nation stretches across borders and across states

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mutlistate nation

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nations do not have a state

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stateless nations

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the imperial powers exercised ruthless control over the domains and organized them for maximum economic exploitation

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colonialism

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representation of a real world phenomena in a different dimension

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scale

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in a world economy, people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit

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capitalism

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the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good

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commodification

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incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth in the world economy

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core

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incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; generate less wealth in the world economy

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periphery

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places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery; islands of development

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semiperiphery

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the capacity of a state to influence other states to achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means

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ability

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highly civilized with the capital city serving as the focus of power

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unitary

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subdivisions of power; organizing state territory into regions, substrates (states), provinces, or cantons; a strong federal system has regions with much control over government policies and funds

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federal

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the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state

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devolution

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where in the House of Representatives, each representative is elected from a territorially defined district

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territorial representation

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the process by which districts are moved according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

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reapportionment

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packed districts in which a majority of the population is from the minority

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majority-minority districts

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redistricting for advantage (political)

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gerrymandering

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a vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below (subsoil) and the airspace above, diving one state territory from another

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boundary

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when boundaries are drawn using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range

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geometric boundaries

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boundaries that follow an agreed-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape, such as the center of a river or the crest of a mountain range

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physical-political boundaries

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the production of props without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers

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organic agriculture

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deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber

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agriculture

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involve those products closest to the ground, such as agriculture , ranching, hunting, and gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying

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primary economic activity

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those activities that take a primary product and manufacture it

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secondary economic activity

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parts of the service industry, connecting producers to consumers and facilitating commerce and trade

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tertiary economic activity

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concerned with information or the exchange of money or goods

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quatenary

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those tied into research or higher education

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quinary

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taking wild plants and making them suitable for farming

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plant domestication

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plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds

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seed crops

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first domestication of seed plants that occurred in the Nile River Valley and the Fertile Crescent

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First Agricultural Revolution

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the process of taking wild animals and making them suitable for living with people

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animal domestication

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growing only enough food to survive and sustain themselves and their families; find building materials and firewood in their natural environment and do not enter the cash economy

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subsistance agriculture

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when the land is stripped of vegetation cover and deprived of nutrients, the soil in these regions lose their nutrients as rain leaches out organic matter; farmers move to another land and clear the vegetation, turn the soil and start over

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shifting cultivation

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type of shifting cultivation; the controlled use fire where trees are cut down and all existing vegetation is burned off; a layer of ash from the fire settles and contributes to soil fertility

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slash-and-burn

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movement that moves agriculture beyond subsistence to generate surplus to feed the thousands of people working in factories instead of agricultural fields

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Second Agricultural Revolution

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the first effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity; a process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market

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Von Thunen Model

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scientists in the American Midwest began experimenting with technologically manipulated seed varieties to increase crop yield

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Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)

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moving the genes of one type of plant and transferring it to another

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genetically modified organically (GMO's)

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the prevailing survey system throughout most of the United States; appears as checkerboards across agricultural fields

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rectangular survey system

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designed to facilitate the movement of non-Indians evenly across farmlands of the U. S. interior; imposed a rigid grid-like pattern on the land

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township and range system

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natural features were used to demarcate irregular parcels of land

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metes and bounds survey

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divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

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long-lot survey system

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all land passes to the eldest son; Germanic system

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primogeniture

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agriculture of large-scale grain producers and cattle ranches, mechanized equipment; stuff for a profit

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commercial agriculture

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dependence on a single agricultural commodity

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monoculture

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classifies the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

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Koppen climate classification system

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areas with similar characteristics

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climatic regions

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when cash crops are grown on large estates

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plantation agriculture

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non-subsistence crops (tea, cacao, coffee)

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luxury crops

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refers to the Mediterranean climate zone where grapes, olives, citrus, vegetables, and dates grow

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Mediterranean agriculture

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provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

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agribusiness

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the layout of a city; its physical form and structure

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urban morphology

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conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics

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city

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the buildup of the central city and the suburban realm

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urban

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relatively small in size; everyone in it involved in agriculture; people live near subsistence levels

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agricultural village

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enable the formation of cities; agricultural production in excess and then sold for consumption of others

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agricultural surplus

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enable the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige; layers

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social stratification

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(urban elite)consisted of a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the food supply, including its production, storage, and distribution

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leadership class

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innovation of the city; took place in five separate hearths (Mesoamerica, Nile Valley, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Huang He River Valley)

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First Urban Revolution

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3500 B.C. referring to the region of great cities located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (281)

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Mesopotamia

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3200 B.C. second hearth of urbanization (281)

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Nile River Valley

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2200 B.C. agriculture diffused from the Fertile Crescent

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Indus River Valley

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1500 B.C. fourth urban hearth (282)

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Huang He (Yellow) and Wei (Yangtzi) River Valleys

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200 B.C. fifth urban hearth (282)

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Mesoamerica

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acro=highpoint polis=city; where people built their most impressive structures i.e. religious buildings; the upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city usually devoted to religious purposes

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acropolis

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means market; public space that became the focus for commercial activity ; open, spacious squares with steps leading steps; in ancient Greece, public spaces where citizens debated, lectured, judged each other, planned military campaigns, socialized, and traded

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agora

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suitable locales for settlements; the internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting

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site

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Romans mixed the Greek acropolis and agora to form this; includes the world's first stadium, the Coliseum; the focal point of Roman public life

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Forum

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its relative location; its place in the region and world around it; external location of a place with reference to other nonlocal places

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situation

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an adjacent region within which its influence is dominant; customers from smaller towns come here to shop and conduct other business

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trade area

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holds that in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. for example, the second largest city to the primate city will have half the population of that city

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rank-size rule

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Walter Christaller wrote a book The Central Places in Southern Germany to explain where cities, towns, and villages are likely to be located; based on assumptions: land has to be flat and have no physical barriers, population and purchasing power is equal everywhere, uniform transportation network, equal soil fertility, and the ability for goods to move in all directions; not a valid theory because not many places meet the criteria (Midwest, Germany, China)

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Central place theory

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Larry Ford says that central place notions still have a role in explaining current developments; the movement of millions of Americans from northern and northeastern states to the South and Southeast

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sunbelt phenomenon

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the division of a city into certain regions for certain purposes

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functional zonation

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conveys the purpose of that area of the city; area of a city with a relatively uniform land

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zone

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key economic zone of a city; downtown heart of a city; marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings

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central business district

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the urban area that is not suburban

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central city

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an outlaying, functionally uniform part of an urban area

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suburb

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the process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized

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suburbanization

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reflects the change and growth in the geographic layout of North American cities; (1920's) Ernest Burgess; first looked at Chicago and noticed a uniform structure; concentric zone model-central business district in the middle, poor people, the Blue Collar workers so they can get to their jobs easily, middle class workers (own their own businesses), upper class; more land to build large houses

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concentric zone model

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suburban downtowns that developed mainly around large shopping centers and large businesses

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edge cities

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describe the spatial components of the modern metropolis where each realm is a separate economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form the larger metropolis; demonstrates that outer cities are not satellites of the central city but are also shaping the metropolis

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urban realm

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Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford derived this model of the Latin American cities; blend certain elements and reshape the urban scene; plantation agriculture- only the elite in society are rich; colonial central business district- based on agriculture and has a legacy of colonialism; not a lot of industry or the remains of factories; large market areas to sell products from colonizing powers; market place and colonial central business district are the in the center; on either side of the "spine" or road, live the elite residential sector (rich people); there is a very large gap between the wealthy and the poor people due to colonization.; disamenity sectors- poor neighborhoods; barrios; slums have actual construction and shanty towns are just thrown-together developments; the government set up a loop road all around the cities because the spine is shut down on Sundays; these loop roads are dangerous because they go through disamentity sectors and there are lots of gangs; then factories are built as far away from the rich people as possible but have a road linked to it because the rich people own the cities

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Griffen Ford Model

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the very poorest parts of cities and are not connected to regular services

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disamenity sector

question

studies the medium size cities of South-east Asia and found they exhibit similar land-use patterns; in Asia, rich and poor people live directly next to each other; Confucianism- be nice to everybody; Daoism- told rulers how to rule to gain everyone's respect; individual choices and freedom; central business district is located around the port because its based on trade; western commercial zone- trade with all the western powers; alien commercial zone- China; the areas that colonized; based on migration from the past

answer

McGee model

question

unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made of scrap materials

answer

shantytowns

question

ensure use of space in ways that the society would deem acceptable; legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place

answer

zoning laws

question

identify what is considered as risky neighborhoods with Blacks and refuse to offer loans to this district; by restricting access to loans, private industries can change neighborhoods into bad ones; decrease quality of life

answer

redlining

question

realtors would solicit other white residents to sell their homes because the neighborhood was supposedly going downhill because of blacks; realtors stir up fears

answer

blockbusting

question

transforming the central city into an area attractive to residents and tourist

answer

commercialization

question

when individuals buy and rehabilitate the houses, raising the housing value

answer

gentrification

question

houses that the new owners bought with the intention of tearing them down and making them better

answer

tear-downs

question

super-size and familiar style of house

answer

McMansions

question

unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land

answer

urban sprawl

question

development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with housing and jobs

answer

new urbanism

question

fenced in neighborhoods which controlled access gates for people and cars

answer

gated communities

question

the economy that is not taxed and is not counted toward a country's gross national income

answer

informal economy

question

function at the global scale, beyond the reach of the state borders, functioning as the service centers of the world economy

answer

world cities

question

a country's leading city, always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling; usually the capital and is the largest city

answer

primate city

question

the global media industry is becoming the driving force in reshaping cities

answer

spaces of consumption

question

a series of links connecting many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the market

answer

commodity chain

question

progress is being made in technology, production, and socioeconomic welfare

answer

developing

question

a measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year

answer

gross national product (GNP)

question

only goods and services produced within a country during a given year

answer

gross domestic product (GDP)

question

calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country

answer

gross national income (GNI)

question

dividing the GNI by the population of the country

answer

per capita (GNI)

question

the legal economy that governments tax and monitor

answer

formal economy

question

the illegal or uncounted economy that governments do not tax or keep track of

answer

informal economy

question

the combination of what is happening at a variety of scales concurrently

answer

context

question

the major world powers control the economies of the poorer countries even though the poorer countries are politically independent states

answer

neo-colonialism

question

difficult-to change, large scale economic arrangements can shape what can happen in fundamental ways

answer

structural theory

question

the political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas

answer

dependancy theory

question

through which a country's currency is abandoned in favor of the dollar

answer

dollarization

question

Rostow's ladder of development- the richer you are, the more developed you are (assumption)5 stages- (1) traditional level of development (basic economies, primary)(2) Pre-conditions for takeoff- conditions are setting for massive economic growth (3) takeoff- high growth stage (4) drive to maturity- leveling off into a stable stage of development (5) maturity

answer

modernization model

question

provides insights to the political organization of space, Immanuel Wallerstein; (1) The world economy has one market and a global division of labor (2) Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy (3) The world economy has a three tiered structure

answer

world-systems theory

question

the core, semi-periphery, and periphery; helps explain the interconnections between places in the global economy

answer

three-tier structure

question

the goals that are supposed to improve the conditions of the people living in the countries with the lowest standards of human development

answer

millenium development goals

question

when adults and children fleeing poverty or seeking better prospects are manipulated, deceived, and bullied into working in conditions that they would not choose

answer

trafficking

question

loans granted by international financial institutions in exchange for certain economic and government reforms in that country

answer

structural adjustment loans

question

government intervention into markets is inefficient and undesirable and should be resisted whenever possible

answer

neoliberalism

question

Non-vectored is direct contact and it is usually people to people. Vectored is transmitted by a host usually an insect. those spread by one host (person) to another by an intermediate host or vector

answer

vectored disease

question

an infectious disease spread by mosquitos that carry the parasite in their saliva

answer

malaria

question

offers favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to foreign firms

answer

export proccessing zone

question

in Northern Mexico, the zone with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market; type of export processing zone

answer

maquiladora

question

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

answer

special economic zones

question

established in 1992 and included the U.S., Mexico, and Canada; prompted further industrialization of the border region

answer

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

question

caused mainly by humans destroying vegetation and eroding soils through the overuse of lands for livestock grazing or crop production

answer

desertification

question

when a government or corporation builds up and concentrates economic development in a certain city or small region; place built up by government to attract foreign investment and has high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

answer

island of development

question

are not run by state or local governments; operate independently; usually reserved for entities that operate as nonprofits

answer

non-governmental organizations (NGO's)

question

give loans to people, particularly women, to encourage development of small businesses

answer

microcredit program

question

the social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce and manufacturing that resulted in technological innovations; began in England and followed the coal seam

answer

Industrial Revolution

question

predicting where businesses can and will be located

answer

location theory

question

needs when choosing an industrial location

answer

variable cost

question

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

answer

friction of distance

question

Alfred Webber; accounted for the location of manufacturing plants in terms of owner's desire to minimize three categories of costs (1 most important) transportation the sit chosen must entail the lowest possible cost of moving raw materials to the factory and finished products to the market (2) labor a factory might do better if cheap labor made up for any added transportation costs because higher labor costs reduce the margin of profit (3) agglomeration when a substantial number of enterprises cluster in the same area, they can provide assistance to each other through shared talents, services, and facilities

answer

least cost theory

question

when a substantial number of enterprises cluster in the same area and provide assistance to each other through shared talents, services, and facilities

answer

agglomeration

question

describes industries that leave the crowded urban area and move to other locations

answer

deglomeration

question

when competitors seek to constrain each other's territory which leads them to be adjacent to each other; Harold Hotelling

answer

locational interdependance

question

each consists of one or more core areas of industrial development with subsidiary clusters

answer

primary industrial regions

question

cargo is transported from one mode of transportation to another and generates employments, activity, and wealth

answer

break-of-bulk point

question

the dominant mode of transportation that endured for much of the past century and during WW11; Henry Ford changed the way automobiles were produced; assembly line; Ford allowed people to specialize; the materials would come to you on an assembly line and one worker would do the same job and be able to specialize that job

answer

Fordist

question

"just in time production"; a more flexible set of production practices in which the components of goods are made in different places around the globe and then brought together is needed to meet market demand; means that things aren't made only on-sight like they used to be; got rid of warehouses and built in factories then shipped and assembled based on demand

answer

post-fordist

question

companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term project planning

answer

just-in-time delivery

question

corporations can draw from labor around the globe from different companies of production; made possible by the compression of space and time through innovation in communication and transportation services

answer

global division of labor

question

places where two or more modes of transportation meet in order to ease the flow of goods and reduce the cost of transportation

answer

intermodal connections

question

companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized economy to switch to service economy and work through a period of high unemployment

answer

deindustrialization

question

to turn over in part or in total to a third party

answer

out-sourced

question

an outsource located outside the country

answer

offshore

question

southern region of the United States; southeast to southwest

answer

Sunbelt

question

an area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on synergy among technological companies occurs

answer

technopole

question

synthetic organic compounds used primarily as refrigerants and as propellants

answer

chloroflourocarbons (CFC's)

question

supercontinent that broke into fragments that we now know as Africa, Americas, Eurasia, and Australia

answer

Pangea

question

the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates through the absorption of sunlight

answer

photosynthesis

question

loss of diversity through a failure to produce new species

answer

mass depletions

question

mass destruction of most species

answer

mass extinctions

question

an ocean-girdling zone of crustal instability, volcanism, and earthquakes

answer

Pacific Ring of Fire

question

the most recent epoch of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age and marked by as many as 20 glaciers and interglaciations of which the currant warm phase witnessed the rise of human civilization.

answer

Pleistocene

question

a period of cooling during which continental ice sheets and mountain glaciers expand

answer

glaciation

question

sustained warming phase between glaciations during the ice age

answer

interglaciation

question

the most recent glaciation of the Pleistocene; left a mark on the Northern hemisphere

answer

Wisconsin Glaciation

question

what the Wisconsin Glaciation eventually gave way to this- a full-scale interglaciation, the current warm interlude; designation

answer

Holocene

question

temporary cooling, minor glaciation

answer

Little Ice Age

question

the natural environment that is being stressed and modified by human activity in obvious and less obvious ways

answer

environmental stress

question

resources that are replenished even as they are being used

answer

renewable resources

question

distribution that brings rain and snow from the oceans to the landmasses

answer

hyrdologic cycle

question

porous, water holding rocks

answer

aquifers

question

thin layer of air lying directly above the Earth's lands and oceans

answer

atmosphere

question

fact that Earth is gradually warming as a result of enhanced greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere caused by ever-increasing amounts of carbon dioxide produced mainly by humans

answer

global warming

question

a by-product of the enormous volume of pollutants spewed into the atmosphere; forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels

answer

acid rain

question

natural processes and human activity consume atmospheric oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and the Earth's forests and other flora consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen

answer

oxygen cycle

question

the clearing and destruction of forests to harvest wood for consumption, clear land for agricultural uses, and make way for expanding settlement frontiers

answer

deforestation

question

non-liquid, non-soluble materials

answer

solid waste

question

in richer countries, solid waste is thrown in this large hole that has been prepared with treatment to make sure it won't leak or seep

answer

sanitary landfills

question

the danger is caused chemicals , infectious materials

answer

toxic wastes

question

two types: low level which give off small amounts of radiation and are produced by industry, hospitals, research facilities, and nuclear power plants; high level which emit strong radiation and are produced by nuclear power plants and nuclear weapon factories

answer

radioactive wastes

question

the diversity of all aspects of life found on Earth; from the genetic variability within individuals of a species to the diversity of ecosystems on the planet

answer

biodiversity

question

naturally occurring layer that exists in the upper layers of the stratosphere; protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultra violet rays

answer

ozone layer

question

the first international convention to address the issue of the destruction of the ozone layer; 1985

answer

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the ozone

question

an international agreement signed in 1987 by 105 countries; called for a reduction and consumption of chlorofluorocarbons of 50%

answer

Montreal Protocol

STUDY

AP Human Geography Human Geography World Geography

World geography chapter 1 lessons 1 – Flashcards 14 terms

Brooke Sharp

14 terms

Preview

World geography chapter 1 lessons 1 – Flashcards

question

Geography

answer

The study of where people, places, and things are located and how they relate to each other

question

Absolute location

answer

A place's position on the globe

question

Hemispheres

answer

Halves of the world divided by the equator

question

Relative location

answer

A place's location compared to other places

question

Character of a place

answer

A place's physical characteristics and human characteristics

question

Perception

answer

A viewpoint that is influenced by one's own culture and experience

question

Formal region's

answer

Areas in which certain characteristics are found throughout the area

question

Functional regions

answer

Consist of a central place and the surrounding places affected by it

question

Perpetual regions

answer

Define by people's feelings and attitudes about areas

question

They use Technologic tools, such as a sonar or a GIS, to study the earth

answer

How do you geographers use technology to study the earth?

question

These five themes help geographers to organize information on different places

answer

Why do geographers use the five themes of geography?

question

Geographers can learn climate from the location, culture from the place, and the type of food grown there from the region

answer

What can geographers learn from a location, place, and region?

question

Human movement can cause loss of vegetation because of all the homes being built

answer

How can you and movement affect the environment?

question

Absolute location might be interested in studying the climate; relative location might be of interest with studying the culture

answer

When my absolute location be of interest to a geographer? When my relative location be more useful?

STUDY

AP Human Geography Cartography Latitude And Longitude Places And Regions World Geography

Oscar Sura ~ AP Human Geography Chapter 1 Review – Flashcards 19 terms

Tyree Bender

19 terms

Preview

Oscar Sura ~ AP Human Geography Chapter 1 Review – Flashcards

question

Who was the first to use the term "geography"?

answer

Eratosthenes was the first to use this term.

question

Define Land Ordinance of 1785.

answer

This divided much of the country into a system of townships and ranges to facilitate the sales of land.

question

How many degrees of longitude do you need to travel across to pass through one "hour" of time (or one time zone)?

answer

15° are needed to pass through one time zone.

question

How many time zones are there?

answer

There are 24 time zones.

question

What is the longitude of the International Date Line.

answer

The longitude is 180°.

question

One contemporary (current) approach to studying landscape is called the regional studies approach. What do geographers who adopt this view believe regarding regions?

answer

Geographers who adopt this view believe "A region gains uniqueness not from possessing a single human or environmental characteristic but from a combination of them...".

question

Geographers using the regional studies approach argue that the distinctive landscapes of different regions result from what two things?

answer

The distinctive landscapes of different regions result from a unique combination of social relationships and physical processes.

question

What are other names for a Formal, Functional, and Vernacular region?

answer

Formal - Uniform/Homogeneous Region Functional - Nodal Region Vernacular - Perceptual Region

question

What is an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics?

answer

A Formal Region.

question

What is an area organized around a node or focal point?

answer

A Functional Region.

question

What is a place that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity?

answer

A Vernacular Region.

question

Provide examples of a Formal, Functional, and Vernacular Region.

answer

Formal - Everyone in the state of Michigan pays state taxes. Functional - The reception of a TV station. Vernacular - "I'm going home".

question

What two meanings of culture do geographers study?

answer

1. What we as people care about. 2. What we as people take care of.

question

How many modern technology played a role in globalization?

answer

Modern technology makes money easy to move, as well as products, materials, and spread of word. Modern technology has also allowed globalization to occur and for the world to shrink together as one (not literally).

question

Hearth

answer

The region from which innovative ideas originate. Silicon Valley.

question

Relocation Diffusion

answer

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another. Dancing.

question

Hierarchical Diffusion

answer

The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other person/places. Pomeranians spread from Queen Victoria.

question

Contagious Diffusion

answer

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population. Facebook.

question

Stimulus Diffusion

answer

The spread of a underlying principle, even though a specific character is rejected. Christianity.

STUDY

World Geography

Jaylen SS1 – Flashcards 35 terms

Deacon Kirby

35 terms

Preview

Jaylen SS1 – Flashcards

question

What are the two main branches of geography?

answer

1. Physical geography 2. Human geography

question

What does each branch include?

answer

Physical geography-study of landforms, water bodies, and other physical features. Human geography- focus on people, their cultures, and the landscapes they create.

question

How can physical geography help people adjust to the dangers of the world?

answer

Studying the changes help us better prepare to live with those changes: Example- Knowing what causes terrible storms can help us adjust to them.

question

Why do geographers study both physical and human characteristics?

answer

they study the world by studying physical and human features

question

What does geographers mean when they discuss an area's landscape?

answer

discuss all the human and physical features that make it unique

question

Why do geographers create the five themes and the six essentials?

answer

these are systems used to study the world

question

What are three levels a geographer may study the world?

answer

1. local 2. regional 3. global

question

Which of the three levels of geographer study covers the largest area?

answer

global

question

a part of the world that has one or more common features that make it different from surrounding areas

answer

region

question

a flat drawing of part of Earth's surface

answer

map

question

a part

answer

element

question

a spherical model of the planet

answer

globe

question

the study of the world's physical features

answer

physical geography

question

the study of weather and what causes it

answer

meteorology

question

the study of the world, it's people, and the landscapes they create

answer

geography

question

the science of making maps

answer

Cartography

question

the physical and human features that define an area and make it different from the other places

answer

landscape

question

the study of people and communities

answer

human geography

question

Human geographer would study this the most

answer

populations

question

The study of weather

answer

meteorology

question

A region is an area that has

answer

one or more common features

question

How many essential elements of geography have geographers identified?

answer

six

question

The physical and human characteristics that define an area are its

answer

landscape

question

Which of the five themes of geography would a geographer most likely study using this map?

answer

location

question

The smallest level at which a geographer might study a place is

answer

local

question

Hydrology

answer

the study of water on earth

question

Name the five themes of geography

answer

1.location 2. place 3. human-environment interaction 4. movement, 5. regions

question

Two systems geographers use to study the world

answer

1.five themes of geography and 2. the six essential elements

question

The essentials elements of geography

answer

1. The world in spatial terms 2. human systems 3. places and regions 4. physical systems, environment and society 5. the uses of geography

question

absolute location

answer

a specific description of a location

question

relative location

answer

general description of where a place lies

question

an area's environment includes

answer

it's land, water, climate, plants, and animals

question

Tools used by geographers to study

answer

1. maps 2. globes 3. satellite images

question

Satellites

answer

collect images we cannot see from the planet's surface.

question

Tool used by geographers that gives more information about a place than globes do

answer

map

STUDY

Cultural Geography Population Geography World Geography

Human Geography 5.1 – Flashcards 10 terms

Ashlynn Thompson

10 terms

Preview

Human Geography 5.1 – Flashcards

question

I am the statistical study of human populations. I am closely related to population geography. What am I

answer

demography

question

"I am the average number of people living in an area. You can express me as persons per square mile. What am I?"

answer

population density

question

"I am the number of births each year for every 1,000 people living in a place. What am I?"

answer

birthrate

question

"I am the total number of deaths each year for every 1,000 people. I contribute to population change. What am I?"

answer

death rate

question

"I am the process of moving from one place to live in another place. What am I?"

answer

migration

question

"We are people who leave a country to live somewhere else. Who are we?"

answer

emigrants

question

"We are people who come to a new country to live. Who are we?"

answer

immigrants

question

"We cause people to leave a location. Geographers analyze us to study migration. What are we?"

answer

push factors

question

We attract people to live in a new location. What are we?"

answer

pull factors

question

"We are people who have been forced to leave our home and cannot return. We flee political unrest and wars. Who are we?

answer

refugees

STUDY

Geography of Australia Great Dividing Range World Geography

Australia – Flashcard 17 terms

Matilda Campbell

17 terms

Preview

Australia – Flashcard

question

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the Austral Realm is false? A) New Zealand has earthquakes and volcanoes, Australia has only volcanoes B) Australia's rocks are much older than those of New Zealand C) Australia's highest mountains are the Great Dividing Range, while New Zealand has a spine of much higher mountains D) New Zealand has a moderate, moist climate. Australia's climates vary from tropical, to Mediterranean, to desert E) New Zealand has an upland interior, while Australia's interior has mainly low relief

answer

A) New Zealand has earthquakes and volcanoes, Australia has only volcanoes

question

2. The animals found in Australia who carry their young in pouches are collectively known as: A) Marsupials B) Kangaroos C) Eucalyptuses D) Outbacks E) Tasmanian tigers

answer

A) Marsupials

question

3. __________ is the study of flora and fauna in spatial perspective. A) Ecology B) Zoogeography C) Phytogeography D) Biogeography

answer

D) Biogeography

question

4. Wallace's Line refers to: A) the fault in Australia where earthquakes are particularly severe B) the line separating Australian species from non-Australian species C) the midpoint of the Great Dividing Range D) the place at which Australian waters are divided from New Zealand waters E) the dividing line between the Southern and Pacific oceans

answer

B) the line separating Australian species from non-Australian species

question

5. Native Australians are known as: A) Maoris B) Cook Islanders C) Aborigines D) Indians E) Marsupials

answer

C) Aborigines

question

6. For many years, Australia had an immigration policy that: A) allowed only white people to enter the country B) forced aborigines to move to New Zealand C) encouraged migration from Indonesia D) allowed only former criminals to move into the country E) only allowed relatives of gold miners to enter the country

answer

A) allowed only white people to enter the country

question

7. Which of the following is not one of Australia's major problems mentioned in the text? A) aboriginal issues B) environmental degradation C) immigration issues D) land border disputes E) all of the above are major Australian problems mentioned in the text

answer

D) land border disputes

question

8. Which of the following statements is false? A) Australia's total population is modest in size. B) The largest core area of Australia is on the southeastern coast. C) Most Australians live in rural areas. D) Much of Australia is arid or semiarid. E) The capital of Australia is Canberra.

answer

C) Most Australians live in rural areas.

question

9. Which of the following cities is located nearest the Australian capital of Canberra? A) Perth B) Melbourne C) Auckland D) Oakland E) Wellington

answer

B) Melbourne

question

10. The governmental structure of Australia is that of a: A) federal state B) unitary state C) socialist society D) monarchy E) communist society

answer

A) federal state

question

11. The island off the south eastern coast of Australia is known as: A) Tasmania B) Canberra C) Sydney D) South Island E) Christmas Island

answer

A) Tasmania

question

12. Most of the core area of Australia is located in the: A) northwest B) northeast C) southwest D) southeast E) Outback

answer

D) southeast

question

13. About ___ percent of Australians live in cities or towns. A) 17 B) 33 C) 48 D) 72 E) 85

answer

E) 85

question

14. The Australian capital city is: A) Canberra B) Sydney C) located in the Northern Territory D) located just west of the Great Dividing Range E) Auckland, just to the south of Wellington

answer

A) Canberra

question

15. The vast interior rural area of Australia is known as the: A) backward zone B) Central Australian State C) aboriginal territories D) Northern Territory E) outback

answer

E) outback

question

16. The agricultural activity most closely associated with Australia's moistest environment is: A) dairying B) sheep raising C) wheat farming D) rice cultivation E) oasis agriculture

answer

A) dairying

question

17. The Eddie Mabo ruling in Australia deals with the rights of: A) Aborigines B) Japanese immigrants C) Tasmanians D) original British migrants E) released prisoners

answer

A) Aborigines

STUDY

Earth Science Near The Coast North And South America Oil And Natural Gas World Geography

Science 17, 18, 19 – Flashcards 50 terms

Elizabeth Bates

50 terms

Preview

Science 17, 18, 19 – Flashcards

question

Characteristics of Mountains

answer

New- steep, narrow base, jagged, rough tall, less/no plants of trees old- rounded on top, smooth, shorter, wide base, not steep, a lot of plant life, etc.

question

Characteristics of volcanic mountains

answer

lava rocks, not a lot of plant life, ash

question

where are volcanoes most likely to occur?

answer

Most volcanoes occur near the edges of plates. When plates push together, one plate slides beneath the other. This is a subduction zone. When the plunging plate gets deep enough inside the mantle, some of the rock on the overlying plate melts and forms magma that can move upward and erupt at the Earth's surface.

question

where are earthquakes likely to occur?

answer

Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates.( plate boundries) The earth's crust (the outer layer of the planet) is made up of several pieces, called plates. The plates under the oceans are called oceanic plates and the rest are continental plates.

question

Hotspots

answer

A volcanic "hotspot" is an area in the mantle from which heat rises as a thermal plume from deep in the Earth. High heat and lower pressure at the base of the lithosphere (tectonic plate) facilitates melting of the rock. This melt, called magma, rises through cracks and erupts to form volcanoes.

question

Subduction Zones

answer

Subduction zones are plate tectonic boundaries where two plates converge, and one plate is thrust beneath the other. This process results in geohazards, such as earthquakes and volcanoes.

question

Divergent Plate Boundary

answer

- mid-atlantic ridge -volcanoes -chain of mountains -earthquakes -seafloor spreading -plates push apart -old spreading centers located in the middle of the ocean - new spreading centers may begin anywhere -2 oceanic plates, volcanic underwater mountain range, both plates increase in size -seafloor spreading. - formation of new crust. -volcanic action. -shallow, low-energy earthquakes.

question

Convergent( Oceanic Oceanic) > <

answer

deep trench, 1 plate submerged -land becoming lava/mantle material, string of islands, (volcanic,) submerged plate shrinking -• Deep oceanic trench • Island arch (volcanoes) • (Not Hawaiian islands)

question

Convergent (Continental- Continental) ><

answer

-High, jagged mountain chain (-not-volcanic)** -non-volcanic mountain range, both plates shrink as both have lower half is melted into mantle

question

Convergent ( Continental- Oceanic)

answer

deep trench, 1 plate (oceanic) submerged-land becoming lava/mantle, string of mountains (volcanic), submerged(oceanic) plate shrinking - Subduction zone • Deep oceanic trench • Coastal mountain range • Volcanic

question

Plate Tectonics

answer

-rigid moving sheet of rock -crust and upper mantle -continental -- 100 km thick --- lower density (granite) -oceanic ---8-10 km thick ---dense rock (basalt)

question

Pangea

answer

world was thought to once fit together like a puzzle -240 million years ago

question

geological history of US

answer

• Northeastern Canada and Greenland o------ Several billion years old • Western US o------- Terranes • Added to continent over time • Appalachian Mountains o ------Formed 450-300 million years ago o--------- Continental-continental convergence zone

question

Seismology

answer

SEISMOLOGY: Exploring Earth's interior with earthquakes • Seismology o ----- Study of sound vibrations within earth o -----Used to determine earth's inner structure • Seismic waves o -----Compressional of longitudinal o -----Transverse or shear waves • Earthquake predictions

question

What happens during an earthquake

answer

o Rocks break along fault o Energy transmitted as wave o Richter scale • Log scale where number = exponents of microns • 7 on scale= 10^7 microns of ground movement (10m!)

question

The longest and tallest mountain range on Earth

answer

Mid Atlantic ocean ridge

question

The Northwestern coast of the US is

answer

near a subduction zone with active volcanic activity

question

Which of the following was used as evidence for plate tectonics?

answer

tophographical profiles of the ocean floors, fossils from specific age ranges, data classiying rocks by age, sea floor spreading

question

The North American Plate...

answer

extends from the middle of the atlantic ocean to the edge of the pacific plate

question

An example of a continental-continental convergent boundry

answer

the Himalayan mountains in Nepal

question

Divergent plates are associated with

answer

seafloor spreading, formation of a new crust, volcanic action, shallow, low-energy earthquakes

question

Subduction zone regions are commonly the locations of...

answer

active volcanoes, the disappearance/reabsorption of old plate material, deep underwater trenches, severe earthquakes

question

Transform plate boundaries are different than convergent or divergent boundaries because

answer

they cause earthquakes but no volcanic activity

question

What is the second largest reservoir of water on earth?

answer

glaciers and ice caps

question

the first largest reservior of water on earth is

answer

groundwater

question

The surface currents of the ocean

answer

-carry warm water to the poles -carry cold water to the equator -can move water away from a coastline -are independent of the tides

question

The typical conditions during an ice age would be..

answer

the ocean level drops

question

what primarily drives the global atmospheric circulation?

answer

energy of the sun

question

Weather is defined as the state of the atmosphere with regard to...

answer

-temp -humidity -pressure -cloudiness -prevailing winds

question

what word is used to describe the long term state of the atmosphere at any given place?

answer

CLIMATE

question

Which are cycled through time

answer

-rock cycle -water cycle -atmospheric gasses -Earth's heat

question

Which material is not moving in the rock cycle?

answer

glacial ice

question

Water Cycle

answer

• Short-term transfer of water between ocean and land -------Stored in glaciers -------Ocean Currents • Redistribute heat across planet o------ Ice Ages • Ice Age ------Water locked in glaciers ------Glaciers advance from poles • Current ice age ------Interglacial period • Earth's total water is fixed ------Ice caps, glaciers grow ------Sea level drops

question

Atmospheric Cycle

answer

• Air masses: reservoirs of the atmosphere o ----Air mass • Uniform temperature and moisture o ----Weather • -----Five variables define state of atmosphere **Ground temperature **Air pressure • ---------Decreases with altitude **Humidity **Jet Stream • -------With small of large undulations **Clouds & Rain; windward side of mountains o General Circulation of the atmosphere • -----Circulation powered by Sun ------Air heated and rises -----Cools and sinks • Prevailing winds ------Caused by earth's rotation • --------If the earth did not rotate, cold and warm air would be weird and all over the place • Atmospheric convection due to earth's rotation o *Prevailing westerlies o *Northeast wind trades o *Southeast trade winds o *Prevailing westerlies ....Common Storms and Weather Patterns • **Hurricane • **Tornado • Climate Long term climate • ----Oceans • ----Mountains • ----Sunlight o ---Amount radiated back to space ---Prediction • ---------Global circulation models • ----------Technology -----------------Doppler Radar

question

Igneous Rocks

answer

-solidify from hot liquid -Types= extrusive ( solidify at surface) or Intrusive ( solidify below surface) ex: granite

question

Sedimentary Rocks

answer

-from grains of weathered rock -formed through compaction and cementation examples- sandstone, shale, limestone

question

Metamorphic Rocks

answer

formed by pressure and heat -not enough heat to melt -examples- slate, schists, gneisses, quartzite

question

Marble

answer

- is a metamorphic rock -starts off as limestone subjected to heat and pressure - erosion exposes the rocks

question

Ecosystems

answer

-biotic and abiotic components - biotic= living organisms, ecological community, interacting individuals -abiotic- chemical and physical environment -• Consists of both living and nonliving parts • Energy flows through ecosystems • Matter is recycled by ecosystems Atoms continuously cycle • Every organism occupies an ecological niche • Stable ecosystems achieve a balance among their populations • Ecosystems are not permanent, but change overtime

question

Community of an Ecosystem

answer

Producers, Consumers, Decomposers

question

The Law of Unintended Consequences

answer

It is virtually impossible to change one aspect of a complex system without affecting other parts of the systems, often in unpredictable ways. ex: mississippi levees, global climate change

question

The Problem of Urban Landfills

answer

The decay is very slow -there is a lot of paper, hard waste and plastic -in long-term is doesn't really matter -in short-term, we need to recycle paper because it takes a long time for trees to grow

question

Recycling

answer

• Ex: paper, collected, sorted and shredded, grinded to pulp and water added, add surfactant, surfactant collects ink in the paper, gas bubbles added to pull this out of pulp, clean pulp, ink skimmed off, recycled paper rolls are manufactured

question

Acid Rain and Urban Air Pollution

answer

- Burning introduces chemicals ( nitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, hydrocarbons -effects- production of a bad ozone, acid rain - In order to reduce this, we have power plants and special environmental friendly vehicles

question

The Ozone

answer

-molecule of 3 oxygen atoms, absorbs ultraviolet radiation -For dectection we use aircraft sampling and also measure spectral lines from molecules

question

The order of the spheres from bottom to top

answer

Troposphere, stratosphers, mesosphere and ionosphere

question

The Ozone Hole

answer

The concentration of the ozone is reduced ( yearly occurance over Antarctica) - It is linked to chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) which break apart the O3 molecule -we are dealing with a threat to the ozone layer, and to reduce this threat we must reduce CFC's

question

The Greenhouse Effect

answer

-Traps heat on earth -global warming -climate change ** 3 main points - Co2 is a greenhouse gas -burning fossil fuels increases Co2 -average global temps has significantly increased

question

Debate about Global CLimate Change

answer

- Are increased CO2 levels responsible for the temperature increase? -Our world's oceans have a co2 exchange with the atmosphere. and increases Co2> acidification which is toxic to sea life - Our solar energy output varies over time - The Northern Hemisphere is becoming warmer, there are also ecological impacts and meterological impacts

question

The Kyoto Accord

answer

• International treaty whereby countries agree to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit if their neighbors do likewise. Complex agreement that allows trading pollution credits.

STUDY

AP Human Geography AP World History Geography of Europe Northern European Plain World Geography

World Geography: Europe study guide – Flashcards 80 terms

Kate Moore

80 terms

Preview

World Geography: Europe study guide – Flashcards

question

How large is the continent of Europe when compared to the other continents?

answer

6th largest continent

question

What percentage of the earth's total land area does Europe make up?

answer

6.5% of earth's surface

question

How large is the Europe's population when compared to the other countries?

answer

3rd most populous

question

How large is Europe's population?

answer

739 million

question

Europe and Asia can be combined to form what "supercontinent"?

answer

Eurasia

question

What is considered the dividing line between Europe and Asia?

answer

Ural Mountains

question

Europe is a continent of what?

answer

continent of the peninsula

question

What is a peninsula?

answer

bodies of land surrounded on 3 sides by water

question

The Atlantic Highlands/Scandinavian Shield curves along the northwestern edge of Europe and is an area of what?

answer

hard, ancient rock shaped by glaciers

question

What are long, narrow inlets of the sea surrounded by high, rugged cliffs?

answer

Fjords

question

What is the Northern European Plain also known as?

answer

Great European Plain

question

Agriculturally, how important is the North European Plain to Europe?

answer

most productive agriculture region

question

As the North European Plain moves into Russia, what does it become known as?

answer

Steppes

question

What are the two reasons for the North European Plain's mild climate?

answer

A.) North Atlantic Drift B.) Westerly Winds

question

The North Atlantic Drift is a warm water current that is an extension of what other ocean current?

answer

Gulf Stream

question

What two things does the North Atlantic Drift bring to the North European Plain that is important for the agriculture that takes place there?

answer

plenty of precipatation for agriculture

question

What is the name for the constant flow of air from the west to the east in the temperate zones of the earth?

answer

Prevailing Westerlies

question

In Europe, how do the prevailing westerlies affect the North European Plain's climate?

answer

keeps climate milder

question

What European region is made up primarily of heavily forested land that is sparsely populated?

answer

central uplands

question

What is the highest point of Western Europe?

answer

Mount Elbrus

question

What is the highest point in all of Europe?

answer

Mount Blanc

question

What are two active volcanoes located in Italy?

answer

Mount Etha and Mount Vesuvius

question

What system of government exists where the government controls the means of production (there is no private property)?

answer

Communism

question

After World War II, Eastern Europe was controlled by what communist country?

answer

Soviet Union

question

What did Eastern Europe become known as?

answer

Communist Russia

question

Who was the harsh leader of the Soviet Union and the Communist Bloc?

answer

Joseph Stalin

question

How did communism affect Eastern Europe economically?

answer

fell way behind Western Europe and still tries to make the ground

question

What is the largest island of the British Isles?

answer

Great Britian

question

What is Ireland also known as?

answer

Emerald Isles

question

What is the second largest island of the British Isles?

answer

Ireland

question

What undersea rail tunnel connects the British Isles to mainland Europe?

answer

Channel tunnel

question

What is the more common name used for the Channel Tunnel?

answer

channel

question

Why do the Nordic Countries have such long, harsh winters?

answer

northern latitude

question

What type of energy is produced from the heat of the earth's interior?

answer

geothermal energy

question

What Nordic country uses geothermal energy?

answer

Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark

question

Who are the indigenous people of the Nordic Countries?

answer

Sami

question

The Sami live in a region traditionally known as what?

answer

Lapland

question

The Sami have a pastoral economy which revolves around hearing what animal?

answer

reindeer herding

question

What is another name for the Benelux Countries?

answer

Low countries

question

How populous are the Benelux Countries?

answer

most densely populated

question

How much of the Netherlands land is reclaimed from the sea?

answer

1/5 of land

question

What are the embankments of earth and rock used by the Netherlands to hold back the sea?

answer

series of dikes

question

What is the name used for the land in Netherland that is reclaimed from the sea?

answer

polder

question

What are the polders used for?

answer

agriculture

question

What ethic group lives in one most productive areas of Spain?

answer

Basque

question

What are the Basques an example of?

answer

cultural divergence

question

What is cultural divergence?

answer

the desire to protect your culture from outside influences

question

What have the Basques desired for many years?

answer

independence

question

Where is the Vatican City located?

answer

inside Rome, Italy

question

What is the Vatican City?

answer

headquarter of the Catholic Church

question

What is another name for the headquarters of the Catholic Church?

answer

the Holy

question

What is important about the size of the Vatican City?

answer

smallest sovereign state in the world

question

What economic and political organization was formed in Europe to stimulate trade and build up the economies of its member nations?

answer

European Union

question

What is the common currency of the European Union?

answer

Euro

question

What is the name given to the execution of six million Jews in the Nazi concentration camps during WWII?

answer

Holocaust

question

How many Jews lived in Poland before WWII?

answer

3 million

question

The Nazis forced the Jews of Poland to live where?

answer

ghettos

question

What is a ghetto?

answer

area of a city where a minority is forced to live

question

What did the Nazi's eventually so to the Jews of Poland?

answer

remove them

question

How many Jews live in Poland today?

answer

less than 10,000

question

What country was formed from the Austro- Hungarian Empire after WWI?

answer

Czechoslovakia

question

What two countries later controlled Czechoslovakia?

answer

Germany and Soviet Union

question

What type of revolution did Czechoslovakia use against the Soviet Union?

answer

Velvet Revolution

question

What is a velvet revolution?

answer

revolution without bloodshed

question

What two countries were eventually formed from Czechoslovakia?

answer

Czechs and Slovaks

question

What country was formed after WWI and was made up of six Slavic republics?

answer

Yugoslavia

question

What happened in Yugoslavia after the fall of communism?

answer

collapse of the country

question

What groups battled for control of Bosnia for four years?

answer

Bosnia- Herzogovia

question

What is ethnic cleansing?

answer

killed over 250,000 and drive away 2 million form their homes

question

What is another name for ethnic cleansing?

answer

genocide

question

Who had to step in and reestablish order in Bosnia- Herzegovina in 1995?

answer

NATO forces

question

What were several Serbian leaders later found guilty of?

answer

war crimes

question

Why was the Ukraine important for Eastern Europe?

answer

agriculture

question

What happened in Chernobyl in 1986?

answer

exploded

question

How large is Russia?

answer

world's largest country

question

What is the longest river in Europe?

answer

Volga River

question

What is the world's largest lake?

answer

Caspian Sea

question

What is the world's deepest lake?

answer

Lake Baikal

question

Where is Russia facing ethnic turmoil?

answer

Chechnya

question

What are four other problems Russia is facing?

answer

organized crime

STUDY

Buddhism Religion Geography The Brain World Geography World History And Geography

Psych final 2013 – Flashcards 165 terms

Kieran Carr

165 terms

Preview

Psych final 2013 – Flashcards

question

Which of the following religions believes in reincarnation?

answer

buddhism

question

A flat EEG recording for a specified period of time is one criterion of___

answer

brain death

question

In a recent review of research on childrens conceptions of death, it was condluded that children probably do not view death as universal and irreversible until about what age?

answer

question

An ___ states such preferences as whether life-sustained procedures should or should not be used to prolong the life of an individual when death is imminent

answer

advance directive

question

Currently in the United States, 90 percent of hospice care is provided:

answer

in the patient's home

question

When explaining death to younger children(around preschool age) , the most imprtant point for parents to stress is that:

answer

the child is loved and will not be abandoned

question

The main purpose of a hospice is to:

answer

make death more peaceful and less frightening for the patient and family

question

According to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, which of the following is the first stage of dying?

answer

denial and isolation

question

Which of the following is an example of active euthanasia?

answer

Injecting a lethal dose of a drug

question

Which of the following statement about the care of a dying older person in the U.S. today is true?

answer

the care of a dying older person has shifted away from the family

question

In one survey reported by Kalish & Reynolds only ___ of individuals 60 and over had made any funeral arrangements

answer

24 percent

question

In the united states, in 2007, ___ percent of corpses were disposed of by burial

answer

question

The ___ portions of the brain often die sooner the the ____ portions

answer

higher; lower

question

Which of tghe following isw true of the American attitude toward death

answer

Americans are generally death avoiders and death deniers

question

According to 2008 date, in the United States, ___ percent of men and ___ percent of women 65 years of age and older were widowed

answer

13; 41

question

Most psychologists emphasize that ___ is the best strategy in discussing death with children

answer

honesty

question

Turning off a respirator or a heart-lung machine is an example of ___ euthanasia

answer

passive

question

___ is a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible

answer

hospice

question

The type of carfe that is designed to reduce pain and suffering and help individuals die with dignity is known as:

answer

palliative care

question

Compared to young children, which of the following is likely to be a differentiating aspect of adolescents' view of death?

answer

they develop more abstract conceptions of death

question

Which of the following were considered to be clear signs of deathe twenty-five years ago?

answer

The end of certain biological functions

question

___ is the act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals who are suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability

answer

Euthanasia

question

In which of the following states is active euthanasia not considered a crime?

answer

Washington

question

According to Onwuteaka-Philipsen & others, a Dutch study of almost 7,000 dying persons revealed that only___ percent requested passive or active euthanasia, and of those who requested it, approximately one-third of the requests were granted

answer

question

Why do women have an easier time with the loss of their spouse than do men?

answer

Women have better social networks

question

Which of the following statement about hospice care is true?

answer

Hospice care emphasizes palliative care

question

According to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, which of the following is the second stage of dying?

answer

Anger

question

According to Kalish & Reynolds, middle-aged adults actually ___ than do yound adults or older adults

answer

fear death more

question

Active euthanasia is legal in the state of:

answer

Oregon

question

Hospice advocates underscore that it is possible to:

answer

control pain for almost any dying individual

question

___ refers to a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning

answer

living will

question

For hospice services to be covered by Medicare:

answer

the patient must be deemed by a physician to have six months or fewer to live

question

Van Alphen, Donker, & Marquet reproted that in the Netherlands, ___ was found to be main reason for requests for active euthanasia

answer

pain

question

Exercise can reduce the risk of all of the following conditions EXCEPT:

answer

type 1 diabetes

question

Recent research indicates that the greater distractibility of older adults is associated with less effective functioning in neural networks running through the ___ of the brain, which are involved in cognitive control.

answer

frontal and parietal lobes

question

Erik Erikson believed that people who experience isolation and stagnation is earlier adulthood are more likely to experience___ in later adulthood

answer

despair

question

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the resolutoin of the last stage of human development?

answer

Wisdom

question

____ are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes

answer

Telomeres

question

According to the cellular clock theory of aging, cells can divide a maximum of:

answer

75 to 80 times

question

All of the following are part of the life review process EXCEPT:

answer

projecting future life experiences

question

Which of the following is Erikson's eigth stage of development?

answer

Integrity vs. despair

question

According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which develpmental stage culminates in appreciation of interdependence and relatedness in old age?

answer

Basic trust vs. mistrust

question

Which of the following countries has the highest number of centenarians?

answer

United States

question

According to Erikson, the positive resolution of the conflict of generativity vs stagnation culminates in ___ in old age.

answer

caring for others, and empathy and concern

question

When working with older clients, some clinicians use ___ therapy, which involves discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group

answer

reminiscence

question

Critics point out that studies on the effectiveness of antioxidants in slowing the aging process, thus far have been so-called population studies that are ___ in nature

answer

correlational

question

According to Erikson, in old age, the positive resolution of the conflict of identity vs. confusion culminates in:

answer

a sense of complexity of life

question

___ are the leading cause of injury deaths among adults who are 65 years and older

answer

falls

question

One study revealed that an important factor among older adults who showed a higher level of emotion regulation and successful aging was:

answer

reduced responsiveness to regrets

question

According to Erikson, in old age the positive resolution of the conflict of intimacy vs isolation culminates in:

answer

a sense of complexity of relationships

question

The term Baltes uses to describe the "hardware" of the mind, meaning the neurophysiological architecture of the brain through evolution, is:

answer

cognitive mechanics

question

Which of the following is NOT a biological theory explaining aging?

answer

reverse neurogenesis theory

question

A person's knowledge about the world is called ___ memory

answer

semantic

question

In 2011, which of the following countries had the highest life expectancy?

answer

monaco

question

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of generativity vs stagnation?

answer

care

question

One study found that after 6 months of ___, older adults showed improvement on reaction time tasks

answer

doing aerobic exercise

question

The term ___ refers to the ability to focus on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant to the task at hand while ignoring others that are relevant

answer

selective attention

question

Which of the following countries had the lowest estimated life expectancy in 2011?

answer

South Africa

question

The oldest-old today are mostly:

answer

female

question

The retention of information about the when and where of life's happenings is called ___ memory

answer

episodic

question

___ refers to a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoinig, language, and eventually, physical function

answer

Alzheimer disease

question

Which of the following statements about life review is NOT true?

answer

life reviews avoid reflecting on regrets

question

The young-old are people who are between:

answer

65 to 84 years of age

question

Which of the following is a treatment of advanced Parkinsons disease?

answer

Deep brain stimulation

question

Which of the following is a drug that is used in the treatment of Parkinson disease

answer

L-dopa

question

Which of the following is the gene which appears to play a role in as many as one-third of cases of alzheimer disease?

answer

ApoE

question

One study found that ___ of the individuals 65 to 69 years of age considered themselves middle aged

answer

almost half

question

Today the average life expectancy in the United States is:

answer

78 years

question

Compared with earlier and later periods, middle age is influenced most by ___ factors

answer

sociocultural

question

The average adult in middle adulthood ___ height and __ weight

answer

loses; gains

question

At 60 years of age, the retina receives only ___ as much light as it did at 20 years of age

answer

one-third

question

Sensitivity to ___ sounds usually declines first among ___

answer

high-pitched; men

question

Why is LDL referred to as "bad" cholesterol?

answer

High levels of LDL cause atherosclerosis

question

A condition in middle and late adulthood characteried by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance is referred to as

answer

metabolic syndrome

question

Compared to men, women have a higher incidence of ___ disorders during middle adulthood

answer

nonfatal chronic

question

Nowadays, the main causes of death in middle adulthood in the United States are:

answer

chronic diseases

question

___ is a term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines

answer

Climacteric

question

In menopause, production of ___ by the overies declines dramatically

answer

estrogen

question

The gradual decline in men's testosterone levels in middle age can reduce their ___

answer

sexual drive

question

According to studies, which of the following is one of the most common sexual problems of older men?

answer

Early ejaculation

question

According to studies, which of the following is one of the most common sexual problems of older women?

answer

lack of sexual interest

question

Fluid intelligence is the ability to:

answer

reason abstractly

question

Crystallized intellegence is:

answer

an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills

question

___ refers to ability to understand ideas expressed in words

answer

verbal comprehension

question

Which of the following is a common way to assess speed of information processing?

answer

reaction-time task

question

According to Salthouse, a recent analysis of research found:

answer

no evidence for significant changes in everyday cognition from 20-75 years of age

question

Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue which he termed ___

answer

generativity vs. stagnation

question

___ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation

answer

Generativity

question

In Erik Erikson's theory, adults strive for generativity to achieve a sense of ____

answer

immortality

question

___ develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation

answer

Stagnation

question

___ adults commit themselves to the continuation and improvement of society as a whole through their connection with their children and grandchildren

answer

Generative

question

Identify the major task that must be mastered in early adulthood, according to Levinson

answer

Developing a stable life structure

question

Daniel Levinson's studies suggest that most adults feel that middle age is a time of:

answer

crisis

question

What did Levinson's research conclude about women in midlife transition?

answer

Levinson reported that his stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age hold for women as well as men

question

George Vaillant concludes that the ___ are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood

answer

Forties

question

Middle-age partners are more likely to view their marriage as positive if they:

answer

engage in mutual activities

question

In a survey conducted by AARP, the primary reason middle-aged and older women cited for wanting a divorce was:

answer

verbal, physical, or emotional abuse

question

Which of the following statements about sibling relationships is true?

answer

it is rare for sibling closeness to develop for the first time in adulthood

question

According to research on intergenerational relationships, in which of the following ways is an adult child most likely to be similar

answer

in politics

question

Female friendships involve more ____ than male friendships

answer

self-disclosure

question

A recent analysis predicted that __ percent of U.S. adults will be obese in 2030

answer

question

In the United States, the most widely recognied marker of entry into adulthood is:

answer

holding a permananent, full time job

question

According to the U.S. government's Occupational Outlook Handbook, which of the following areas of work are expected to account for the most new job in the next decade?

answer

Education

question

According to a lonitudinal study by Jerald Bachman and his colleagues, by the time individuals reach their mid-twenties, ___ their use of alcohol and drugs

answer

many would have reduced

question

One study explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals 17 to 30 years of age in 21 countries. Which of the following has NOT been found to be positively related to young adults' life satisfaction?

answer

fiber intake

question

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is a precursor to intimacy in romantic relationships during emerging adulthood?

answer

Identity development in adolescence

question

By the end of emerging adulthood(age 25), ___ individuals have had sexual intercourse

answer

most

question

According to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, ___ refers to a heightened state of pleasure experienced when we are engaged in mental and physical challenges that absorb us.

answer

flow

question

___ love is also called companionate love

answer

Affectionate

question

Sustained exercises such as jogging, swimming, or cycling that stimulate the heart and lung activity are known as:

answer

aerobic exercises

question

Results from the "Sex in America" survey suggest that adult sexual behavior is ruled by ___ and ___ for most Americans

answer

marriage; monogamy

question

According to a national study of more than 200,000 freshmen at more than 400 colleges and universities, today's college students experience ___ than students in previous generations

answer

more stress

question

The mortality rate of emerging adults is ___ the mortality rate of adolescents

answer

more than twice

question

Research indicates that links between early attachment styles and later attachment styles were ___ by stressful and disruptive experiences

answer

lessened

question

Nicotine is a ___

answer

stimulant

question

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages is the most important issue to be negotiated in adolescence

answer

identity vs identity confusion

question

According to Piaget, which of the following is the final stage of cognitive development?

answer

formal operational stage

question

If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability?

answer

When measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 30

question

The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately ____

answer

18 to 25

question

Most of us reach our peak physical performance:

answer

before the age or 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26

question

Which of the following is a problem that can plague cross-gender friendships?

answer

unclear sexual boundaries

question

Which of the following statements about the benefits of exercise is true?

answer

exercise can be as effective in reducing depression as psychotherapy

question

Leptin acts as an

answer

anti-obesity hormone

question

All of the following are key features identified by Jeffrey Arnett as characterizing emerging adulthood EXCEPT:

answer

stability

question

A longitudinal study revealed that most bad health habits engaged in during adolescence ___ in emerging adulthood

answer

increased

question

In 1994, Robert Michael and his colleagues conducted a comprehensive survey of American sexual patterns. Results from this "Sex in America" survey suggested that Americans' sexual lives are ____ than previously believed

answer

more conservative

question

Individuals with an anxious attachment style:

answer

demanded closeness in relationships and are more emotional

question

Securely attached adults:

answer

are less likely than others to have one-night stands

question

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?

answer

Intimacy vs isolation

question

Erikson describes ___ as finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person

answer

intimacy

question

___ infants are defined as those who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

answer

securely attached

question

Development in early adulthood involves a balance of:

answer

intimacy and commitment on the one hand with independence and freedom on the other

question

Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings?

answer

G.Stanley Hall

question

Puberty refers to a period of:

answer

rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs primarily during early adolescence

question

A girl's first menstruation is called __

answer

menarche

question

The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt in girls is ___

answer

question

The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at ___ years for girls and __ years for boys

answer

11 1/2; 13 1/2

question

The hormone that is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls is"

answer

estradiol

question

___ is a hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and deepening of the vocie

answer

Testosterone

question

The ___, where fibers connect the brains left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.

answer

corpus callosum

question

In a U.S. national survey conducted in 2009, ___ percent of 12th graders reported that they had experienced sexual intercouse, compared with ___ percent of 9th graders

answer

62; 32

question

In a national survey, __ percent orf U.S. 15 to 19 year old boys and ___ percent of girls said they had engaged in oral sex

answer

55;54

question

In a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has a ___ percent risk of getting HIV

answer

question

In a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has a __ percent risk of acquiring genital herpes

answer

question

A recent national study revealed that ___ percent of U.S. 15 year olds met the federal governement's exercise recommendations on weekdays

answer

question

Exercise is related to all of the following positive outcomes in adolescence, EXCEPT:

answer

a lower incidence of type 1 diabetes

question

Almost half of all deaths from 15-24 years of age are due to:

answer

unintentional injuries

question

In about __ percent of motor vehicle fatalities involving adolescents, the driver was found to be intoxicated

answer

question

___ is the illicit drug most widely used in the United States, and its use by adolescents increased from 2008 to 2011

answer

marijuana

question

Recent research revealed that ___ parenting was linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption

answer

authoritative

question

___ refers to a self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others

answer

narcissism

question

Identity development:

answer

gets done in bits and pieces

question

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

answer

Identity vs identity confusion

question

Which of the following is the term Erik Erikson uses to describe the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy?

answer

psychosocial moratorium

question

Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls ___

answer

identity confusion

question

Eriksonian researcher James Marcia reasons that Erikson's theory of identity development contains ___ of identity, or ways of resolving the identity crisis

answer

four statuses

question

According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status?

answer

the existence or extent of their crisis or commitment

question

___ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives

answer

Crisis

question

Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis?

answer

Exploration

question

___ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity

answer

commitment

question

Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments

answer

identity diffusion

question

Identity ___ is James Marcia's term for the status of adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis, and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined

answer

moratorium

question

Identity ___ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis

answer

foreclosure

question

Identity ___ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment

answer

achievement

question

Adolescents in the U.S. spend about ___ percent as much time on schoolwork as their East Asian counterparts do

answer

STUDY

Ancient History North Atlantic Drift Social Studies World Geography

Unit 2 social studies study guide – Flashcards 51 terms

Jacob Patel

51 terms

Preview

Unit 2 social studies study guide – Flashcards

question

Terrain of Rome

answer

Apennine Mountains run down the length of Italy like a backbone. Terrain is not as rough as Greece so city-states were not isolated from each other.

question

Horatius

answer

great hero of early Rome; held back Etruscans at Tiber River bridge and saved Rome

question

Rome

answer

Began as small city-state, then ruled the whole Mediterranean world. Descended from the Latins

question

Etruscan

answer

people from Etruria , ( north of Rome) that took control of Rome and Latium. Ruled Rome for more than 100 years. Built up Rome, streets, temples. Skilled metal workers Rome became rich from mining and trade. Romans adapted the alphabet from them. Romans also learned engineering techniques to drain marshy areas of water. They also learned building of arch from the Etruscans. Driven out in 509 BC

question

Roman republic

answer

509 BCE - 27 BCE. Republic replaces monarchy. Roman Forum. Two consuls - civil & military power, limited to 1 year terms. Senate - 300 members- all particians- made decisions. Dictator- ruler who had complete control in times of war.

question

Class Struggles

answer

between Plebeians & Patricians. Tribunes - represented plebians and vetoed unjust laws against Plebeians. Creation of Twelve tablets (laws written on tablets) were first victory for plebians.

question

Legacy of Rome

answer

the framers of the US Constitution adapted Roman ideas of the senate, veto, and checks on political power.

question

Patrician

answer

In ancient Rome, a member of the privileged upper class

question

Plebeians

answer

Roman lower class

question

roman dictator

answer

meant for one man to take control in a crisis, such as war, and then give up power after 6 months

question

Cincinnatis

answer

roman model dictator, organized armies, defeated the enemy, attended victory celebrations, gave up power, all with in 15 days

question

Tribunes

answer

An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.

question

Family in Rome

answer

- The center of Roman Life was the family. Father was the head. Over his children, the father held broad powers analogous to imperium on the state. -The women was always under the control of a man. She was the domesticate.

question

Role of Roman Women

answer

Got to learn how to read and write; after a while, they were allowed to own businesses from a small shop to a major shipyard

question

Ancient Roman Religion

answer

Merged with the Greeks' and Etruscans'- polytheistic

question

Legion

answer

A military unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000 foot soldiers and a group of soldiers on horseback.

question

Rome's conquered lands

answer

Let their enemies have justice; but the conquered people had to acknowledge Roman leadrship, meaning to pay taxes and supply soldiers for the Roman army. In return, Rome let them keep their own customs, money, and local governments. To some conquered people, they were granted full citizenship. These lands stayed loyal to Rome

question

Carthage

answer

Founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)

question

The Punic Wars

answer

A series of three wars that got Rome most control over the Mediterranean. First Punic War- Romans won; Second Punic War- Hannibal and army marched across the Pyranees through France. Hannibal won but failed to capture Rome. Third Punic War- Rome won, completely destroying Carthage.

question

Imperialism

answer

establishing control over foreign lands and peoples. Other lands, such as Greece and Asia Minor, became provinces of Rome.

question

Latifundia

answer

Wealthy Romans had huge estates. People captured during wars forced to work on estates (latifundia). Small farmers could not compete and went to the cities as unemployed people looking for jobs.

question

trade

answer

Conquests and control over busy trade routes brought Rome great riches

question

Decline of Roman Republic

answer

spread slavery, civil war, inflation, unemployement This led to slave uprisings Citizens-soldiers were now loyal to the commanders and not the republic.

question

Julius Caesar

answer

The general during the Roman Republic who took over after the civil war and established Rome as an empire. He eventually was stabbed to death by his enemies. This caused more civil wars

question

Pompey

answer

Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar. Caesar crushed Pompey and his supporters and Pompey fled to Egypt where he was murdered

question

Mark Anthony

answer

was Caesar's chief assistant. He and Octavian successfully defeated the conspirators and began to rule Rome together. Lost support of the people because of his affair with Cleopatra.

question

Augustus

answer

New name for Octavian. Ruled from 31 B.C. to A.D. 14. his ideas for government functioned well for 200 years He left the senate in place but created civil service - trained people who performed jobs for the gov. To make taxes fair he ordered a census.

question

Hadrian

answer

He ordered the construction of this wall. He is a part of the series of good emperors. He codified Roman law, making it the same for all provinces.

question

Pax Romana

answer

200 year span of peace that began with Augustus and ended with Marcus Aurelius Roman rule brought peace, order, unity, and prosperity to lands stretching throughout the Roman empire.

question

Circus Maximus

answer

oldest, largest racetrack for chariots begun being built around 500 BC built by roman kings is in between palatine and aventine hills could hold 250,000 people made of wood, marble, and dirt used for battles, executions, and chariot racing

question

Marcus Tullius Cicero

answer

A philosopher, politician, and passionate defender of law who attacked men like Julius Caesar when the Roman Empire was declining

question

Greco- Roman Civilization

answer

The blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman traditions

question

Roman Philosophy

answer

Borrowed much of it from the Greeks, The Hellenistic philosophy of Stoicism impressed Romans

question

Tacitus

answer

historian, wrote bitterly about Augustus and successors, felt they destroyed Roman liberty,admired simple German culture

question

Roman art

answer

Based on Greek Art- romans excelled in sculptures, and architecture

question

Roman Architecture

answer

Romans used Greek inspired architecture, but also used arches, vaults, and domes (all were curved). They built over 50,000 miles of roads and over 12 aqueducts that supplied over a million people with water throughout their empire. Romulus and Remus raised by a she-wolf.

question

Mosaic

answer

art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass

question

Engineering

answer

application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines

question

Roman Technology

answer

Excelled in engineering. built great aqueducts

question

Roman Science

answer

Ptolemy proposed a theory that the Earth was the center of the universe.

question

Roman Law

answer

Influenced many government practices used today, including the US's.

question

Early Roman empire

answer

much diversity; different beliefs were acceptable

question

Religious Toleration

answer

acceptance of religious differences

question

Romans conquer Judea

answer

by 63 BC; Most Jews lived in Judea; They were devoted to their monotheistic practices- Romans excused them from worshiping Roman gods.

question

Messiah

answer

the promised and expected deliverer of the Jewish people.

question

Death of Marcus Aurelius

answer

180; marks the end of pax romana. For the next 100 years, political and economic turmoil rocked the roman empire

question

Roman empire's political and economic turmoil

answer

a disruptive political pattern, emperors were overthrown one after another, high taxes for the army, farmland being over cultivated.

question

Emperor Diocletian

answer

reigned 284 AD - 304 AD; first divided roman empire in half, ruled eastern half. Took steps to slow inflation (rapid rise of prices) . He fixed prices for goods and services.

question

Emperor Constantine

answer

founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire

question

Foreign Invasions

answer

Germanic peoples had settled on Rome's borders learned Roman ways of life. However, when the Germanic peoples were attacked by the Huns they flooded into Rome.

question

Causes of the fall of Rome

answer

bad military issues; many civil wars; heavy taxes; less patriotism

STUDY

AP Human Geography Cultural Geography Human Geography Physical Geography South America World Geography

Geography Chpt 7 – Flashcards 60 terms

Killian Parsons

60 terms

Preview

Geography Chpt 7 – Flashcards

question

The one way in which culture is NOT transmitted to younger generations is by

answer

mutation

question

The smallest distinctive item of culture is called a

answer

culture trait

question

The culture landscape

answer

is the earth's surface as modified by human action

question

The elements of the ideological subsystem of a culture

answer

are the intangible items giving distinctive content and character to a culture

question

The development of a new form of culture trait by the fusion of two or more different parent elements is called

answer

syncretism

question

When social group is unresponsive to a useful innovation, it is said to display

answer

cultural lag

question

Change within culture groups is induced by

answer

diffusion and innovation

question

Pidgin and creole languages are distinguished from one another by the fact that pidgin

answer

is always a second language for all its speakers; creole has become a distinctive first language of a society

question

Which of the following is the most important medium for transmitting culture?

answer

language

question

The Indo-European language family

answer

is made up of separate languages collectively spoken by about one-half of the world's population

question

Cultural convergence implies that

answer

world populations increasingly share a common technology

question

Which of the following statements about culture is not true?

answer

culture is genetically tied and transmitted as a racial characteristic

question

The spread of English as a worldwide language was the result of

answer

the establishment of overseas colonies and former English dominance in world trade

question

The elements of the sociological subsystem of a culture include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

language

question

Which of the following religions has remained dominant in its origin?

answer

Islam

question

Religions are important keys to human geographic understanding because

answer

religious beliefs intimately affect all facets of a culture

question

Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity have been called "universalizing" religions because each

answer

claims universal applicability and seeks converts

question

It is believed that the Indo-European protolanguage originated about 5,000 years ago in

answer

Eastern Europe or southern Russia

question

A primary basis for the partition of the Indian subcontinent following British rule was to

answer

recognize the existence of distinctive regional religious concentrations and animosities

question

A language may be defined as

answer

an organized system of speech communication

question

The most distinctive contrast between folk and popular culture is that

answer

folk culture reflects the traditional way of life of groups isolated from resistant to outside influences; popular culture simply implies the general mass of people confirming to ever-changing fads and common modes of behavior

question

The use of English as the official language of Nigeria demonstrates

answer

the concept of lingua franca

question

Ethnic communities are composed of populations with distinguishing

answer

cultural heritages

question

The study of place-names as evidence of past cultural presence and change is called

answer

toposcopy

question

Which one of the following items is an example of a cultural trait?

answer

technology

question

The world's oldest major religion is

answer

Hinduism

question

The spread of culture traits from one area to another areas is called

answer

diffusion

question

Which one of the following groups of areas was among the world's earliest centers of plant and animal domestication?

answer

Southwest Asia, West Africa, Andean South America

question

A religion that teaches that a person's status in this life is determined by his/her existence in previous lives is

answer

Hinduism

question

The term referring to socially created distinctions between masculine and feminine roles in society is

answer

gender

question

Monotheistic religions include

answer

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

question

A group of languages thought to have shared the same origin is

answer

Hindi, Russian, and Spanish

question

The political movement devoted to the creation of a Jewish state is

answer

Zionism

question

Most of the people in the Middle East speak

answer

Arabic

question

What is the Koran?

answer

the sayings of Allah revealed to Mohammed

question

The movement to make English the official language of the United States

answer

is seen by its opponents as discriminatory and harmful to the education of ethnic minority children

question

Which one of the following is an example of an ethnic group?

answer

Mexican Americans

question

Which one of the universalizing religions originated in India and was brought by missionaries into China, Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Tibet, and Mongolia, where it became the dominant religion?

answer

Buddhism

question

Which one of the following languages belongs to the same language subfamily with English

answer

German

question

Acculturation is the term applied to

answer

the process by which one culture group adopts the characteristics of another, dominant group

question

T/F:Cultural integration is the term applied to the intermixture of ethnic traits within a pluralistic society.

answer

False

question

T/F:Possibilism is the viewpoint that humans are the active agents in shaping culture, selecting from the environment the opportunities and resources their need and technical levels make evident and needed.

answer

True

question

T/F:Nearly three-quarters of the world's population adhere to tribal and ethnic religions.

answer

False

question

T/F:Value systems that are nonreligious in nature tend not to be binding on the societies that hold them.

answer

False

question

T/F:Ethnicity always contains a spatial or territorial implication.

answer

True

question

T/F:Both language and religion are indispensable attributes of all cultures.

answer

False

question

T/F:Although they display some important dialect differences, essentially all people of India have Hindi as their native tongue.

answer

False

question

T/F:The "Bantu line" in Africa bounds the last pocket of Bantu-speakers facing linguistic extinction from Arabic advance.

answer

False

question

T/F:Syncretism implies the fusion of old and new culture traits into a new, composite form.

answer

True

question

T/F:English was established as the official United States language by Constitutional amendment in 1981.

answer

False

question

T/F:A culture complex is the intermixture within an area of social traits drawn from two or more separate culture hearths.

answer

False

question

T/F:The sociological subsystem of a culture expresses accepted patterns of interpersonal and group behavior and agreed-upon institutions.

answer

True

question

T/F:Depopulation of the Chaco Canyon settlements was caused by abrupt and disastrous climatic change.

answer

False

question

T/F:Ethnocentrism is the feeling of superiority of one's own ethnic group.

answer

True

question

T/F:All the universalizing religions had their origin hearths in the Near East.

answer

False

question

T/F:Sociofacts include the institutions and patterns of group and personal relationships that unite a culture.

answer

True

question

T/F:Significant human alteration of the natural landscape has occurred only since the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries.

answer

False

question

T/F:Vernacular speech is the nonstandard language or dialect of locality.

answer

True

question

T/F:Cultural lag is the period between introduction of an innovation in major cities and its adoption at lower levels in the urban hierarchy.

answer

False

question

T/F:The sharpest distinctions and greatest inequalities between the sexes were expressed historically in hunting and gathering cultures.

answer

False

STUDY

AP Human Geography Earthquakes And Volcanoes Geography of Australia Great Dividing Range World Geography

austrial realm and pacific realm – Flashcards 56 terms

Isabel Padilla

56 terms

Preview

austrial realm and pacific realm – Flashcards

question

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the austral realm is false?

answer

australia's rocks are much older than those of new zealand

question

the animals found in australia who carry their young in pouches are collectively known as

answer

marsupials

question

what is the study of flora and fauna in spatial perspective

answer

biogeography

question

wallace's line refers to

answer

the line seperating australian speices from non australian species

question

native australians are known as

answer

aborigines

question

for many years australia had an immigration policy that

answer

allowed only white people to enter the country

question

which of the following statements is false

answer

most of australians live in rural areas

question

which of the following cities is located nearest the australian capital of canberra

answer

melbourne

question

the governmental structure of australia is that of a

answer

federal state

question

the island off the south eastern coast of australia is known as

answer

tasmania

question

most of the core area of australia is located in the

answer

southeast

question

about ___ percent of australians live in cities or towns

answer

question

the australian capital city is

answer

canberra

question

the vast interior rural area of australia is known as the

answer

outback

question

the agricultural activity most cloesly associated with australias moistest environment is

answer

dairying

question

the eddie mabo ruling in australia deals with the rights of

answer

aborigines

question

the minority group of polynesian ancestry in New Zealand is the

answer

Maori

question

which of the following is true

answer

while much of the interior of australia is desert, much of the interior of new zealand is mountainous

question

the historic agreement between the maori and europeans in new zealand is known as the treaty of

answer

waitangi

question

T/F Australias plants and animals are closely related to those of Africa

answer

False

question

T/F Biogeography is divided into the fields of climatology and geomorphology

answer

False

question

T/F australia does not permit the immigration of people with other than european ancestory

answer

False

question

T/F australia is the only world region that lies completely in the southern hemisphere

answer

True

question

T/F austraila is economically ahead of all pacific rim countries except japan

answer

True

question

T/F sydney, australias largest metropolis, contains more than one fifth of the countrys entire population

answer

True

question

T/F Australia is a federal political entity consisting of six states and two federal territories

answer

True

question

T/F Sydney, Australias modern capital, overcame competition from Melbourne to be selected as the national headquarters

answer

False

question

T/F the proportion of australia's population living in urban areas is presently about half that found in the european realm

answer

False

question

T/F more than 85 percent of australians live in cities and towns

answer

True

question

T/F Australia has one of the worlds largest sheep herds, producing about one third of all the wool sold in the world

answer

True

question

T/F the crop grown in a zone extending from the vicinity of adelaide into the states of victoria and new south wales makes australia one of the worlds leading wheat exporters

answer

True

question

T/F wheat is australias largest commercial crop

answer

True

question

T/F the eddie mabo decision gives aborigines the right to reclaim land

answer

true

question

T/F broken hill and mount isa are both mineral rich complexes of australia

answer

true

question

T/F new zealand is located about 1000 miles northeast of australia

answer

false

question

T/F whereas australias population exhibits a strongly peripheral pattern of distrubution, new zealands population is much more evenly dispersed

answer

false

question

T/F in contrast to australia, new zealands economy is mainly industrial

answer

False

question

T/F the maori feel that the treaty of waitangi must be inforced

answer

True

question

the largest country in melanesia by area is

answer

papau new guinea

question

the island of new guinea is included in the pacific region known as

answer

melanesia

question

the people of new guinea are

answer

papuans

question

prior to independence new guinea was administered by

answer

australia

question

which of the following is false about fiji

answer

large numbers of australians have retired to the islands

question

which of the following is located in micronesia

answer

marshall islands

question

the better watered volcanic islands where the economy is based upon agriculture are known as

answer

high islands

question

the pacific region called ____ takes its name from the word for many and its contained within a huge triangle whose corners are new zealand, easter island, and the hawiian islands

answer

polynesia

question

the region of the pacific realm that covers the greatest geographic area is called

answer

polynesia

question

T/F Melanesia is the most heavily populated of the three pacific regions

answer

true

question

T/F new caledonia is still under french rule

answer

true

question

T/F micronesia gets its name from the small physical stature of its people

answer

false

question

T/F in the pacific realm the so called high islands mainly have volcanic origins whereas low islands are made of coral

answer

True

question

T/F high island cultures are associated with fertile soilds and farming economies

answer

true

question

T/F low island environments are marked by economies based on fishing

answer

true

question

T/F polynesia is the pacifics most populous region

answer

false

question

T/F like micronesian and melanesian culture polynesian culture is quite diverse on different islands in the region

answer

true

question

the island off the south eastern coast of australia is known as

answer

tasmania

STUDY

Natural And Man Made World Geography

Chapter quiz 1 – Flashcards 83 terms

Karlie Mack

83 terms

Preview

Chapter quiz 1 – Flashcards

question

each half of the Earth, divided either north and south or east and west

answer

hemisphere

question

A set of imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator

answer

latitude

question

alatitudes set of imaginary lines that go around the earth over the poles

answer

longitude

question

an imaginary line that divides the earth into northern and southern halves

answer

equator

question

an imaginary line that divides the earth into eastern/western halves

answer

prime meridian

question

the word geography comes for. a Greek word that means "to describe the earth" how does that meaning help you define Geography

answer

study of distribution a

question

______Is a series of satellites that orbit the earth to pick up geographic data

answer

LandSAT

question

A _________ is a particular type of map that shows natural and man-made features on the earth

answer

topographical

question

A_______ is a way of drawing the earth's surface that reduces distortion caused by converting three dimensions into two dimensions.

answer

Globe

question

_____ is a system that creates specialized maps from digital map information stored in a databank

answer

Geographical information system

question

A_______ is a three-dimensional representation of the earth

answer

Globe

question

What are at least 2 ways in which geographers use technology to gather or use geographical data?

answer

1.To survey the land 2.To construct maps

question

provide absolute location to the user

answer

GPS (global positioning system)

question

type of map that shows features on the earth that humans have created

answer

political map

question

type of map in which geographers present information about a country based on a set of data other than land area

answer

themetical map

question

List 5 themes of geography

answer

A)Region B)Place C)Location D)Human Enviornment interaction

question

The solid rock portion of the earth's surface

answer

Lithosphere

question

A soft layer of molten rock under the earth's surface

answer

mantle

question

the thing layer of rock that coats the earth's surface

answer

Crust

question

the water elements on the earth

answer

hydrosphere

question

the layer of gases that surrounds the earth

answer

atmosphere

question

True or False: Aquifers hold more than 95 percent of the earth's fresh water supply

answer

False

question

True or False: Ground water is held in the pores of rock just below the soil on the earth's surface

answer

True

question

True or False: The earth's surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part of the ocean is called the continental shelf

answer

True

question

True or False:The relief of a landform is its highest point

answer

False

question

True or False: Drainage basins are areas of land from which water flows into small streams and eventually into a major river, on its way to the ocean

answer

True

question

What is the realtionship between ground water and the gydrologic cycle

answer

When Participation happens in the hydrologic cycle, it goes in the ground, which is part of the hydrologic cycle.

question

Moving pieces under the earth;s surface that from the earth's crust are called

answer

Tectonic Plates

question

A seismograph measures the size of the waves caused by

answer

Earthquakes

question

A giant ocean wave that is sometimes caused by an earthquake is called

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tsunami

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Magma can flow out of cracks in the earth's surface as

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Lava

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The flow of magma through cracks in the earth's surface is called

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Volcano

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Why is "Ring of Fire" a particularly appropriate name for the zone around the rim of the pacific Ocean

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It's where 8 plates collide with the pacific

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What is formed when physical or chemical processes weather rock on or near the earth's surface?

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Sediment.

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Which term names the type of weathering that changes the size of a rock but not its composition

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Mechanical

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What is created when a river carries sediment along on its way to the ocean

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delta

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Which term names the organic material that contributes to the fertility of soil?

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humus

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Which term names a process by which moving masses of ice change the topography of a region

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Glaciation

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True or False:The equinoxes are the two times each year that the suns's rays shine directly overhead at noon

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True

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True or False: A region's climate includes the weather conditions that occur there over a long period of time

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True

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True or False: Convectional, orographic, and frontal are the threee classifications of Seasonal Climate

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False

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True or False:In the center of a tornado is a calm, clear area called the "eye."

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False

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True or False:In Asia, a hurricane is known as a Blizzard

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False

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A large circular system of flowing water that moderates a region's climate

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Hydrologic cycle

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A measurement system of the earth that can be divided into three zones: low or tropical, middle or temperate, and high or polar

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Latitude

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the transfer of heat in the atmosphere by the upward motion of air

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Convection

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a periodic climate change that causes the waters off the west coast of South America to warm

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El Nino

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The warming trend that occurs when gases in the atmosphere trap solar energy

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Greenhouse Effect

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The two most significant factors in defining different climates are

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Temperature and precipitation

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The Climate zone in which regions have a rainy season in summer and a dry season in the winter is called

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tropical wet & dry

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A region is categorized as being in the desert climate zone according to the

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precipitation/rainfall less than 10 inches per year

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The flat, treeless lands that form a ring around the Arctic Ocean are called

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Tundra

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When the subsoil of a region is constantly frozen the region has

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Permafrost

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An interdependant community of plants and animals is called

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Ecosystem

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Another name for Broadleaf trees is

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Deciduous

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remember this :O

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Needleaf and Coniferous

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Total of knowledge, shared atttitudes, and behaviors of the members of a specific group of people is their

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Culture

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The spread of ideas and customs from one society to another is called

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diffusion

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If the members of one society decide to adopt a custom that they observe in another society, this process is called

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acculturation

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A religion that involves the belief in many gods is a

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Poly

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A version of a language that includes changes related to class, region, or other cultural changes is called

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Dialect

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True or False: The Mortality rate shows the average number of children a woman would have if she had children at the current rate for her country.

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False

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True or False: To calculate the rate at which a population is growing, demographers subtract the mortality rate from the Fertality rate

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False

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True or False: Population Density refers to the average number of people who live within the boundaries of a specific amount of land, such as a square mile

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True

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True or False:Cultivation refers to the number of organisms a piece of land can support

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False

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True or False: The rate of Natural increase is the rate at which a population grows

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True

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Why, since the era of the earliest societies, have population centers sprung up in coastal regions and river valleys?

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Since there is a water source near, and they're plants and animals.

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A King, queen , or ruling family holds political power

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Monarchy

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Citizens, or their elected representatives, hold political power

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Democracy

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A group of people with a common culture living in a specific location

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Nation

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the government holds all or nearly all of the political power and means of production

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Communism

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an independent unit occupying a specific area and controlling its internal and external affairs

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State

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Geographers developed the field of urban geography to

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Cities, City Structure

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A City, along with its suburbs, and exhurbs, forms

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Metropolitan area

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Urbanization is the

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Dramatic rise in the number of cities and change in lifestyle.

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Basic land use patterns found in all cities include

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residential, industrial, and commercial

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The commercial core of a city is called its

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central buisness district

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What are the functions of a city, and what is its relationship to its suburbs and exurbs?

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church, education, and work. They help maintain the surburbs/exhurbs

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A capitalistic system, in which the production of goods and services is determined by demand from consumers

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Market economy

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The total value of all goods and services produced within the boundaries of a nation over a specified amount of time

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GDP

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The basic support systems needed to keep an economy going, such as transportation, energy, and water

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Infrastructure

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The total value of all goods and services produced by a nation's businesses and industries over a specified amount of time

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GNP

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A planned economic system, in which the government usually owns the means for producing goods and services, and determines rate and type of production

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Command Economy

STUDY

AP Human Geography Human Geography World Geography

Geography Final Exam – Flashcards 271 terms

Kael Dunlap

271 terms

Preview

Geography Final Exam – Flashcards

question

Acculturation

answer

The cultural modification or change resulting from one culture group or individual adopting traits of a more advanced or dominant society.

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Universalizing Religion

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A religion that claims global truth and applicability and seeks the conversion of all humankind.

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Tribal Religion

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An ethnic religion specific to a small, localized, preindustrial culture group.

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Adaptation

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The process of survival and reproductive success of individuals or groups best adjusted to their environment, leading to the perpetuation of their genetic qualities.

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Amalgamation

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In human geography, the concept that multi-ethnic societies become a merger of the culture traits of their member groups.

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Toponym

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The place-names of a region or, especially, the study of place-names.

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Technological Subsystem

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The complex of material objects together with the techniques of their use by means of which people carry out their productive activities.

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Syncretism

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The development of a new form of, for example, religion or music, through the fusion of distinctive parental elements.

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Standard Language

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A language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the approved community norm of the tongue.

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Spatial Diffusion

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The outward spread of a substance, a concept, a practice, or a population from its point of origin to other areas.

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Assimilation

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The social process of merging into a composite culture, losing separate ethnic or social identity, and becoming culturally homogenized.

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Creole

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A language developed from a pidgin to become the native tongue of a society.

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Cultural Ecology

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The study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments they occupy.

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Material Culture

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The tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles, and technologies.

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Ethnicity

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The social status afforded to, usually, a minority group within a national population.

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Language Family

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A group of languages thought to have descended from a single, common ancestral tongue.

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Cultural Integration

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The interconnectedness of all aspects of a culture.

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Culture

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A society's collective beliefs, symbols, values, forms of behavior, and social organizations, together with its tools, structures, and artifacts.

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Culture Complex

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An integrated assemblage of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society's behavior or activity.

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Lingua Franca

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Any of the various auxiliary languages used as common tongues among people of an area where several languages are spoken. .

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Culture Hearth

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A nuclear area within which an advanced and distinctive set of culture traits develops and from which there is diffusion of distinctive technologies and ways of life.

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Ethnoburb

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A suburban ethnic enclave.

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Folk Culture

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he body of institutions, customs, dress, artifacts, collective wisdoms, and traditions of a homogeneous, isolated, largely self-sufficient, and relatively static social group.

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Genetic Drift

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A chance modification of gene composition occurring in an isolated population and becoming accentuated through inbreeding.

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Innovation

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Introduction into an area of new ideas, practices, or objects; an alteration of custom or culture that originates within the social group itself.

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Ideological Subsystem

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The complex of ideas, beliefs, knowledge, and means of their communication that characterizes a culture.

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Gender

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The socially created, not biologically based, distinctions between femininity and masculinity.

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Ethnic Religion

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A religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it.

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Culture Realm

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A collective of culture regions sharing related culture systems; a major world area having sufficient distinctiveness to be perceived as set apart from other realms in its cultural characteristics and complexes.

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Culture Region

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A formal or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail. It may be based on single culture traits; on culture complexes; or on political, social, or economic integration.

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Culture System

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A generalization suggesting shared, identifying traits uniting two or more culture complexes.

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Culture Trait

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A single distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture, such as the use of chopsticks or the observance of a particular caste system.

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Dialect

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A regional or socioeconomic variation of a more widely spoken language

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Environmental Determinism

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The view that the physical environment, particularly climate, molds human behavior and conditions cultural development.

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Nonmaterial Culture

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The oral traditions, songs, and stories of a culture group along with its beliefs and customary behaviors.

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Pidgin common to a culture or subculture

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An auxiliary language derived, with reduction of vocabulary and simplification of structure, from other languages.

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Popular Culture

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The constantly changing mix of material and nonmaterial elements available through mass production and the mass media to an urbanized, heterogeneous, nontraditional society.

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Possibilism

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The philosophical viewpoint that the physical environment offers human beings a set of opportunities from which (within limits) people may choose according to their cultural needs and technological awareness.

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Race

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A subset of human population whose members share certain distinctive, inherited biological characteristics.

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Sociological Subsystem

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The totality of expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations

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A group of languages thought to have shared the same origin is A) Hindi, Ukrainian, and Chinese. B) Chinese, Japanese, and Australian. * C) Hindi, Russian, and Spanish. D) Arabic, Hindi, and Tibetan.

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* C) Hindi, Russian, and Spanish

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_________ is an amalgam of languages, usually a simplified form of one of them, such as English or French, with borrowing from another, perhaps non-European local language. A) Pidgin B) Creole C) Lingua franca D) Standard language

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* A) Pidgin

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Which religion was spread largely through dispersions and persecutions? B) Christianity C) Confucianism D) Hinduism

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A) Judaism

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Which one of the universalizing religions originated in India and was brought by missionaries into China, Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Tibet, and Mongolia, where it became the dominant religion? A) Buddhism B) Hinduism C) Islam D) Shintoism

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A) Buddhism

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Which one of the following religions is not monotheistic? A) Judaism B) Christianity C) Islam D) Hinduism

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D) Hinduism

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A language may be defined as A) a literary tradition developed in a specific geographic area. B) a cultural constant of the sociological subsystem. C) the necessary basis of national identity. D) an organized system of speech communication.

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D) an organized system of speech communication.

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Which one of the following groups of areas was among the world's earliest centers of plant and animal domestication? A) British Isles, Scandinavia, United States B) Northeast Asia, Eastern Europe, South Africa C) Australia, New Zealand, Greenland D) Southwest Asia, West Africa, Andean South America

answer

D) Southwest Asia, West Africa, Andean South America

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A primary basis for the partition of the Indian subcontinent following British rule was to A) reduce tension and conflict between speakers of Indo-European Hindi and Dravidian Tamil tongues. B) recognize the existence of distinctive regional religious concentrations and animosities. C) adhere to a demand voiced by Mohandas Gandhi. D) recognize the territorial rights of Buddhist Bangladesh.

answer

B) recognize the existence of distinctive regional religious concentrations and animosities.

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Which of the following languages belongs in the Romance language subfamily with French? A) English B) German C) Welsh D) Spanish

answer

D) Spanish

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Which of the following religions has remained dominant in its area of origin? A) Christianity B) Islam C) Buddhism D) Nihilism

answer

B) Islam

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Which of the following statements about purchasing power parity is NOT true? A) It takes into account price levels in different countries. B) By this measure, the difference between rich and poor countries is less pronounced. C) By this measure, the difference between rich and poor countries is more pronounced. D) It is an alternative measure to per capita gross national income.

answer

C) By this measure, the difference between rich and poor countries is more pronounced.

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What is the Koran? A) the geography and history of the Middle East in ancient times B) the Hindu book of holy scriptures C) the sayings of Allah revealed to Mohammed D) the life and teachings of prophets who followed Mohammed

answer

C) the sayings of Allah revealed to Mohammed

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When a social group does not adopt a useful innovation, it is said to display A) contradiction. B) dissonant resistance. C) social retardation. D) cultural lag.

answer

D) cultural lag.

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Which language is the most dominant in terms of number of speakers who use it as their primary or secondary tongue? A) Spanish B) Mandarin (China) C) English D) Arabic

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B) Mandarin (China)

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Which of the following is NOT considered a "universalizing" religion? A) Islam B) Buddhism C) Judaism D) Christianity

answer

C) Judaism

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Which of the following religions did NOT arise in Southwestern Asia? A) Judaism B) Buddhism C) Christianity D) Islam

answer

B) Buddhism

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A religion that teaches that a person's status in this life is determined by his/her existence in previous lives is A) Shintoism. B) Islam. C) Confucianism. D) Hinduism.

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D) Hinduism.

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Acculturation is the term applied to A) the rise of a social group from savagery to civilization. B) the curriculum objective of U.S. public schools. C) the process by which one culture group adopts the characteristics of another dominant group. D) the process of melding traits or traditions of two different cultures into a composite acceptable to both originating groups.

answer

C) the process by which one culture group adopts the characteristics of another dominant group.

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Cultural convergence implies that A) distinctive cultures will disappear. B) world populations increasingly share a common technology. C) all cultures can be traced back to a common ancestor group. D) world trade reduces the importance of national borders.

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B) world populations increasingly share a common technology.

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The study of place-names as evidence of past cultural presence and change is called A) topography. B) topology. C) toponymy. D) toposcopy.

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C) toponymy.

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The top four languages spoken by the greatest number of people worldwide are A) Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, and Russian. B) English, French, German, and Spanish. C) Mandarin, Japanese, English, and Spanish. D) Mandarin, English, Hindi/Urdu, and Spanish.

answer

D) Mandarin, English, Hindi/Urdu, and Spanish.

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The three subsystems of a culture are A) ideas, beliefs, and knowledge. B) religious, political, and educational. C) culture trait, culture complex, and cultural landscape. D) technological, sociological, and ideological.

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D) technological, sociological, and ideological.

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The term referring to socially created distinctions between masculine and feminine roles in society is A) sexuality. B) bimorphism. C) dualism. D) gender.

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D) gender.

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The Indo-European language family A) is made up of separate languages collectively spoken by about one-half of the world's population. B) is spatially confined to the area extending from southeastern Europe eastward to northern India. C) despite dialect differences has retained an essentially common vocabulary shared by all. D) was strongly affected during its formative period by English colonization and the defeat of the Spanish armada.

answer

A) is made up of separate languages collectively spoken by about one-half of the world's population.

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Ethnic communities are composed of populations with distinguishing A) cultural heritages. B) citizenship and political affiliations. C) racial characteristics. D) music and food preferences.

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A) cultural heritages.

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Racial classifications A) are based on detailed genetic analyses. B) group people into categories such as Irish, Hispanic, and Asian. C) have been dismissed by most anthropologists and geneticists. D) are based on ethnicity and/or nationality.

answer

C) have been dismissed by most anthropologists and geneticists.

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Religions are important keys to human geographic understanding because A) with their emphasis upon charity and the afterlife, religions play a universal pacifying role. B) they are one of the very few aspects of human culture totally divorced from the environments they occupy. C) each major world religion is identified with a specific parent language. D) religious beliefs intimately affect all facets of a culture.

answer

D) religious beliefs intimately affect all facets of a culture.

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Shiites and Sunnis are two major religious sects of _______. A) Islam B) Shinto C) Buddhism D) Hinduism

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A) Islam

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The rejected theory that cultures are controlled by the physical geography of their surroundings was A) environmental determinism. B) cultural divergence imitation. C) cultural convergence legislation. D) possibilism elementary school.

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A) environmental determinism.

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The smallest distinctive item of culture is called a A) culture norm. B) culture complex. C) culture trait. D) cultural landscape.

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C) culture trait.

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The spread of culture traits from one area to other areas is called A) diffusion. B) innovation. C) civilization. D) modernization.

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A) diffusion.

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The spread of English as a worldwide language was the result of A) the success of England and the United States in World Wars I and II. B) international agreements upon a common language to avoid the confusion of multiple European tongues. C) the connection between use of English and receipt of foreign aid by developing countries. D) the establishment of overseas colonies and former English dominance in world trade.

answer

D) the establishment of overseas colonies and former English dominance in world trade.

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Examples of the worldwide diffusion of English include all of the following EXCEPT A) over 70 percent of internet pages are in English. B) it is one of two working languages at the United Nations. C) it is the accepted language for international air traffic control. D) it is the official language of 60 countries, including the United States.

answer

D) it is the official language of 60 countries, including the United States.

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It is believed that the Indo-European protolanguage originated about 5,000 years ago in A) the Ganges Valley of northern India. B) the ancient hearth region of Mesopotamia. C) Eastern Europe or central Turkey. D) southern France or northern Iberia.

answer

C) Eastern Europe or central Turkey.

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The chief centers for plant and animal domestication include all of the following EXCEPT A) West Africa. B) North America. C) Meso-America. D) Southern and Southeast Asia.

answer

B) North America.

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The cultural landscape A) summarizes the nonmaterial aspects of a society. B) is equivalent to a culture realm or a single-trait social region. C) represents the real extent of a hearth region. D) includes house types, cities, agricultural fields, transportation networks, parks, and cemeteries.

answer

D) includes house types, cities, agricultural fields, transportation networks, parks, and cemeteries.

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It is estimated that about 10% of the cultural items in a society are attributable to _____ by its members and 90% to __________. A) creativity; cultural spontaneity B) spatial diffusion; diffraction C) innovation; implementation D) innovation; spatial diffusion

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D) innovation; spatial diffusion

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Most of the people in the Middle East speak A) Hindi. B) Arabic. C) Turkish. D) Persian.

answer

B) Arabic.

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Of the following major world religions, the newest is A) Buddhism. B) Islam. C) Judaism. D) Hinduism.

answer

B) Islam.

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Pidgin and creole languages are distinguished from one another by the fact that pidgin A) may be based on any European language; creole is always a French dialect. B) is always a second language for all its speakers; creole has become a distinctive first language of a society. C) is a simplified European language taught to native populations; creole is a simplified native language. D) is any invented language of Asia and the Pacific; creole is based on French and found in the Caribbean.

answer

B) is always a second language for all its speakers; creole has become a distinctive first language of a society.

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The most distinctive contrast between folk and popular culture is that A) folk culture is, in general, authoritarian and repressive; popular culture reflects progressive, democratic influences. B) folk culture is limited in geographical range and only spreads through hierarchical diffusion. C) folk cultures are restricted to primitive, pre-literate territories of developing countries; popular cultures are universal in developed, industrialized states. D) folk culture reflects the traditional way of life of groups isolated from and resistant to outside influences; popular culture simply implies the general mass of people conforming to ever-changing fads and common modes of behavior.

answer

D) folk culture reflects the traditional way of life of groups isolated from and resistant to outside influences; popular culture simply implies the general mass of people conforming to ever-changing fads and common modes of behavior.

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The one way in which culture is NOT transmitted to younger generations is by A) imitation. B) mutation. C) instruction. D) example.

answer

B) mutation..

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The political movement devoted to the creation of a Jewish state is A) Hegira. B) Zionism. C) Nanpur. D) Brahman.

answer

B) Zionism

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Which one of the following is an example of an ethnic group? A) the Association of American Geographers B) Southerners C) Christians D) Mexican-Americans

answer

D) Mexican-Americans

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Which one of the following items is an example of a cultural trait? A) race B) eye color C) technology D) climate

answer

C) technology

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Which one of the following languages belongs to the same language subfamily with English? A) German B) Spanish C) French D) Russian

answer

A) German

question

Agriculture

answer

Cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock; farming.

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Aquaculture

answer

Producing and harvesting of fish and shellfish in freshwater ponds, lakes, and canals or in fenced-off coastal bays and estuaries; fish farming.

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Commercial Economy

answer

The production of goods and services for exchange in competitive markets where price and availability are determined by supply and demand forces.

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Economic Geography

answer

The study of how people earn a living, how livelihood systems vary by area, and how economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked.

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Extensive Commercial Agriculture

answer

examples include large-scale wheat farming and livestock ranching.

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Extensive Subsistence Agriculture

answer

examples include nomadic herding and shifting cultivation.

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Extractive Industries

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Primary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources.

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Gathering Industries

answer

Primary activities involving the harvesting of renewable natural resources of land or water; commercial gathering usually implies forestry and fishing industries.

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Green Revolution

answer

The great increases in food production, primarily in subtropical areas, accomplished through the introduction of very high-yielding grain crops, particularly wheat and rice.

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Informal Economy

answer

Economic activity that operates without official recognition, government regulation, or tax collection.

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Intensive Commercial Agriculture

answer

Farming where crops have high yields and high market value.

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Intensive Subsitence Agriculture

answer

Intensive farming in a subsistence economy; the cultivation of small landholdings through the expenditure of great amounts of labor.

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Maximum Sustainable Yield

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The maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished.

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Nomadic Herding

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The migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent upon natural forage.

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Planned Economy .

answer

A system of the production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a government agency, in quantities and at prices determined by government programs

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Plantation

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A large agricultural holding, frequently foreign-owned, devoted to the production of a single export crop.

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Primary Activity

answer

The part of the economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing; includes mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing or hunting, and grazing.

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Secondary Activity

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The part of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities; includes manufacturing, construction, power generation.

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Subsistence Economy

answer

A system in which goods and services are created for the use of producers or their immediate families. Market exchanges are limited and of minor importance.

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Swidden

answer

Crop production of forest clearings kept in cultivation until their quickly declining fertility is lost. Cleared plots are then abandoned and new sites are prepared.

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Tertiary Activity

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The part of the economy that fulfills the exchange function and that provides market availability of commodities; includes wholesale and retail trade and associated transportation, government, and information services.

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Transition Economy

answer

Economies in formerly communist countries that are in the process of shifting away from central planning towards free market exchange.

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Von Thunen

answer

Agricultural land use theory.

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Agglomeration

answer

The spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit.

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Business Services

answer

The portion of the tertiary (services) sector of the economy engaged in providing services to other businesses.

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Flexible Production

answer

Production systems that use computer information technology and just-in-time manufacturing to produce smaller runs of customized products.

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Ecotourism

answer

Tourism to relatively pristine natural environments that attempts to conserve the quality of the environment and improve the local quality of life.

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Cosumer Services

answer

The portion of the tertiary (services) sector of the economy engaged in providing services to individuals and households.

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Comparative Advantage

answer

A region's profit potential for a productive activity compared with alternative areas of production of the same good or with alternative uses of the region's resources.

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Commodity Chain

answer

The set of activities involved in the production of a single good. A commodity chain encompasses the relationships between buyers and suppliers and the flows of materials, finance, and knowledge.

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Fordism

answer

The manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford, who innovated many of its production techniques.

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Foreign Direct Investment

answer

The purchase or construction of foreign factories and other fixed assets by transnational corporations; also the purchase of or merging with foreign companies.

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Infrastructure

answer

The basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development.

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Just in Time

answer

Systems of manufacturing that rely on fast response and quick delivery of raw materials and component parts just as they needed for final assembly, rather than maintaining large stockpiles and warehouse inventories.

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Least Cost Theory

answer

Weberian analysis) The view that the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or dispersion are most favorable.

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Offshoring

answer

The relocation of business processes and services to a lower-cost foreign location; the offshore outsourcing of, particularly, white-collar technical, professional, and clerical services.

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Outsourcing

answer

Producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale.

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Transnational Corporation

answer

A large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies.

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Variable Costs

answer

In economic geography, the costs of production inputs that change as the level of production changes

question

A city has a total of 200,000 workers, with 100,000 engaged in nonbasic activities. What is the basic/nonbasic ratio? A) 1 : 1 B) 1 : 2 C) 2 : 1 D) 1 : 1.5

answer

A) 1 : 1

question

A common locational feature associated with the growth of large cities is A) a location in the deep interior of continents, in accordance with the heartland theory. B) a location north of the 60th parallel. C) a break-in-bulk location. D) great distances from hubs of transportation routes.

answer

C) a break-in-bulk location.

question

According to Christaller's model of central places, towns are surrounded by A) circular shaped trade areas. B) square shaped trade areas. C) pentagonal shaped trade areas. D) hexagonal shaped trade areas.

answer

D) hexagonal shaped trade areas.

question

According to the concentric zone model, land uses are arranged in which order, moving outward from the center of the city? A) CBD, zone of transition, zone of industrial workers, commuter zone, zone of better residences B) zone of industrial workers, zone of transition, zone of better residences, CBD, commuter zone C) CBD, zone of transition, zone of industrial workers, zone of better residences, commuter zone D) CBD, zone of industrial workers, zone of transition, zone of better residences, commuter zone

answer

C) CBD, zone of transition, zone of industrial workers, zone of better residences, commuter zone

question

All of the following fostered suburbanization after World War II in the United States EXCEPT A) major improvements to public transit systems. B) construction of the interstate highway system. C) pent-up housing demand created during World War II. D) suburbanization of industry in the 1970s and 1980s.

answer

A) major improvements to public transit systems.

question

All of the following statements about primate cities are true EXCEPT that they A) are often the national capital. B) are more than twice as large as the second largest city in the country. C) are located close to the geographic center of the country. D) attract low-income migrants from rural areas.

answer

C) are located close to the geographic center of the country.

question

Before the middle part of the nineteenth century, all major cities in the United States were located adjacent to A) major airports. B) railroads. C) paved highways. D) navigable waterways.

answer

D) navigable waterways.

question

Central place theory assumes A) consumers will purchase goods and services from the nearest store. B) demand for goods and services is insatiable. C) only motor transport is available. D) the terrain includes mountains and valleys.

answer

A) consumers will purchase goods and services from the nearest store.

question

Central place theory assumes A) everyday goods such as groceries have a low threshold while specialized goods have a larger threshold. B) there is a decline in land values with increasing distance from the peak value intersection. C) that the rural population is unevenly dispersed. D) that people have different tastes, demands, and incomes in different places.

answer

A) everyday goods such as groceries have a low threshold while specialized goods have a larger threshold.

question

Central place theory is concerned with A) the relation between site and topographic features. B) the location, size, and spacing of population centers. C) the land use of major metropolitan areas. D) land uses in central areas of cities.

answer

B) the location, size, and spacing of population centers.

question

Central place theory predicts all of the following EXCEPT A) there will be more small towns than larger towns. B) larger towns will have larger market areas than smaller towns. C) towns of the same size will be evenly spaced. D) all towns and cities offer the same products and services.

answer

D) all towns and cities offer the same products and services.

question

Compared to U.S. settlements, Canadian urban areas of equal population size tend to A) be less compact. B) have fewer apartments in the CBD. C) have less public transportation. D) have a higher population density.

answer

D) have a higher population density.

question

Gentrification is associated with all of the following EXCEPT A) restoration of deteriorated housing and rising property values in the inner-city. B) displacement of poor residents of the inner-city. C) accessibility to high-tech and executive jobs. D) rearing children.

answer

D) rearing children.

question

Zoning regulations serve all of the following legitimate purposes EXCEPT A) to provide for the creation in appropriate locations of government buildings. B) to exclude undesirable land uses, such as waste disposal sites, from residential neighborhoods. C) to insure homogeneity of ethnicity in keeping with already existing neighborhood characteristics. D) to provide land for certain private uses, such as shopping centers.

answer

C) to insure homogeneity of ethnicity in keeping with already existing neighborhood characteristics.

question

What is the name used to describe a city with over 10 million in population? A) Suburban metropolis B) Metropolitan area C) Megalopolis D) Megacity

answer

D) Megacity

question

World cities are noted for their A) nationally prominent financial activities. B) control over international production and marketing. C) place at the top of high-density metropolitan areas. D) economic and social complexity.

answer

B) control over international production and marketing.

question

In central place theory, threshold refers to A) the number of people in a central place. B) the minimum number of consumers necessary for the supply of a product or service. C) the number of people in a hinterland region. D) the population of a central place multiplied by the per capita income of the place.

answer

B) the minimum number of consumers necessary for the supply of a product or service.

question

In general, which of these units has the largest area? A) urbanized area B) metropolitan area C) suburbs D) central city

answer

B) metropolitan area

question

In the competitive bidding for land, which type of use usually obtains the most accessible sites? A) commercial B) industrial C) single-family residential D) multiple-family residential

answer

A) commercial

question

In the competitive bidding for urban land, A) the most accessible parcels command the highest price. B) land rents are uniform throughout the urban area. C) all potential bidders have equal rent paying ability. D) schools, parks, and civic buildings must also participate in the bidding process.

answer

A) the most accessible parcels command the highest price.

question

In the social area analysis of cities, social status is based on all the following factors EXCEPT A) education. B) occupation. C) race/ethnicity. D) income.

answer

C) race/ethnicity.

question

In what part of the world do cities commonly have a historic core area contained within the remains of walls and a greenbelt on the periphery? A) Asia B) Latin America C) Europe D) Africa

answer

C) Europe

question

Land use types, in order of increasing land values per unit of land, are A) residential, commercial, and agricultural. B) commercial, industrial, and residential. C) agricultural, residential, and commercial. D) residential, agricultural, and commercial.

answer

C) agricultural, residential, and commercial.

question

Manufacturing cities in the United States are most heavily concentrated in the A) Northeast to Midwest. B) Pacific Coast. C) South. D) Great Plains.

answer

A) Northeast to Midwest.

question

Population density in U.S. central cities is A) greatest at the center and gradually decreases toward the suburbs. B) gradually increases from the center to the suburbs. C) low at the center, highest in the zone just outside the center, and decreases gradually toward the suburbs. D) relatively uniform and related to economic base.

answer

C) low at the center, highest in the zone just outside the center, and decreases gradually toward the suburbs.

question

Social areas of large, complex American and Canadian cities show residential segregation based upon A) social status, income, and ethnicity. B) educational levels, family status, and ethnicity. C) race, income status, and family status. D) social status, family status, and ethnicity.

answer

D) social status, family status, and ethnicity.

question

The basic sector of an urban area's economy consists of A) the activities that bring in money from outside the area. B) its schools and city government. C) an efficient transportation system. D) retail functions that serve local customers.

answer

A) the activities that bring in money from outside the area.

question

The continuously built-up landscape with no reference to the political boundaries that limit the legal city of which it is the extension is called the A) central city. B) urbanized area. C) Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. D) metropolitan area.

answer

B) urbanized area.

question

The estimated urban share of the world population today is approximately A) 25 percent. B) 50 percent. C) 75 percent. D) 90 percent.

answer

B) 50 percent.

question

The main shopping and financial heart of a city is called the A) concentric zone. B) Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. C) central business district. D) point of accessibility.

answer

C) central business district.

question

The movement of middle-class people to deteriorated portions of the inner city and restoration of deteriorated housing is called A) displacement. B) exurbanization. C) gentrification. D) homelessness.

answer

C) gentrification.

question

Which one of the following types of employees is most representative of a basic worker? A) city government official B) grocery store clerk C) steel worker D) subway conductor

answer

C) steel worker

question

Which of the following U.S. cities has no zoning regulations? A) Miami B) Dallas C) Houston D) Phoenix

answer

C) Houston

question

Which of the following statements regarding basic and nonbasic activities is true? A) The percentage of jobs in the basic sector tends to decrease as the size of the city increases. B) Basic activities must occur in the central business district. C) Nonbasic activities are heavily dependent upon rail and barge transportation. D) Non-basic activities bring in money from outside the town.

answer

A) The percentage of jobs in the basic sector tends to decrease as the size of the city increases.

question

The urban share of the total population is highest in A) China. B) India. C) Africa. D) North America and Latin America.

answer

D) North America and Latin America.

question

The multiplier effect means that A) new non-basic jobs will generate additional basic jobs. B) new basic jobs will generate additional non-basic jobs. C) service sector jobs will replace manufacturing sector jobs. D) regardless of city size, there is a constant ratio of basic to non-basic jobs.

answer

B) new basic jobs will generate additional non-basic jobs.

question

The rank-size rule tells us that the fourth largest urban area in a region will be _______________ the size of the largest urban area. A) one-quarter B) one-half C) one-eighth D) twice D) Latin America

answer

A) one-quarter

question

The three largest cities in the world in 2007, listed in order, were A) New York, London, and Tokyo. B) Tokyo, Delhi, and Mumbai. C) Mexico City, New York, and Los Angeles. D) Tokyo, Mexico City, and New York.

answer

D) Tokyo, Mexico City, and New York.

question

The three largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. listed in order are A) New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. B) New York, Los Angeles, and Miami. C) Los Angeles, New York, and Boston. D) Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco.

answer

A) New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago.

question

The three most dominant world cities are A) New York, Paris, Shanghai. B) Tokyo, Mexico City, Mumbai (Bombay). C) London, Tokyo, New York. D) Los Angeles, Tokyo, Berlin.

answer

C) London, Tokyo, New York.

question

C) United States

answer

Which of the following areas of the world reflects the greatest dominance of the automobile in shaping the land use of cities? A) Europe B) East Asia C) United States

question

Basic Sector

answer

Those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside the city itself, earning income for the community.

question

Central Business District

answer

The center, or "downtown," of an urban unit, where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated and where land values are high.

question

World City

answer

One of a small number of interconnected, internationally dominant centers (e.g., New York, London, Tokyo) that together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

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Urbannized Area

answer

A continuously built-up urban landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to the political boundaries of the city

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Urban Influence Zone

answer

An area outside of a city that is nevertheless affected by the city.

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Urban Hierarchy

answer

The step like series of urban units (e.g., hamlets, villages, towns, cities, metropolises) in classes differentiated by size and function.

question

Situation

answer

The location of something in relation to the physical and human characteristics of a larger region.

question

Suburb

answer

A functionally specialized segment of a large urban complex located outside the boundaries of the central city.

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Town

answer

A nucleated settlement that contains a central business district but that is smaller and less functionally complex than a city.

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Metropolitan Area

answer

A large, functional entity, perhaps containing several urbanized areas, discontinuously built up but operating as a coherent economic whole.

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Situation

answer

The location of something in relation to the physical and human characteristics of a larger region.

question

Site

answer

The place where something is located; the immediate surroundings and their attributes.

question

Sector Model

answer

A description of urban land uses as wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward from the central business district along transportation corridors. The radial access routes attract particular uses to certain sectors.

question

Rank Size Rule

answer

An observed regularity in the city-size distribution of some countries. In a rank-size hierarchy, the population of any given town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.

question

Primate City

answer

A country's leading city, much larger and functionally more complex than any other; usually the capital city and a center of wealth and power.

question

Multiple Nuclei Model

answer

The idea that large cities develop by peripheral spread, not from one central business district but from several nodes of growth, each of specialized use.

question

Central Place theory

answer

A deductive theory formulated by Walter Christaller (1893-1969) to explain the size and distribution of settlements through reference to a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed rural population.

question

Multiplier Effect

answer

The expected addition of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city's total employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment.

question

Hinterland

answer

An outlying region that furnishes raw materials or agricultural products to the heartland; the market area or region served by a town or city.

question

Non Basic sector

answer

The economic activities of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services.

question

Peripheral Model

answer

A model describing metropolitan area land uses in the circumferential belt around a city.

question

Megalopolis

answer

An extensive, heavily populated urban complex with contained open, nonurban land, created through the spread and merging of separate metropolitan areas.

question

Gentrification

answer

The process by which middle- and high-income groups refurbish and rehabilitate housing in deteriorated inner-city areas, thereby displacing low-income populations.

question

Central City

answer

That part of the metropolitan area contained within the boundaries of the main city around which suburbs have developed.

question

City

answer

A multifunctional nucleated settlement with a central business district and both residential and nonresidential land uses.

question

Concentric Zone Model

answer

A model describing urban land uses as a series of circular belts or rings around a core central business district, each ring housing a distinct type of land use.

question

Economic Base

answer

The manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector of the labor force of a city to satisfy demands both inside and outside the city and earn income to support the urban population.

question

Edge City

answer

A distinct modal concentration of retail and office space situated on the outer fringes of a metropolitan area.

question

Gated Community

answer

A restricted-access subdivision or neighborhood, often surrounded by a barrier, with entry permitted only for residents and their guests.

question

A temperature inversion A) occurs when air temperature decreases with height above the earth's surface. B) typically lasts for several weeks. C) decreases the effects of air pollution through dilution. D) can trap air pollutants near the surface, causing serious human health effects.

answer

D) can trap air pollutants near the surface, causing serious human health effects.

question

Acid rain A) can cause problems hundreds of kilometers downwind of its source. B) occurs when heated wastewaters are returned to the environment. C) occurs because water expands as its temperature increases. D) refers to oxygen-deficient water.

answer

A) can cause problems hundreds of kilometers downwind of its source.

question

Acid rain has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT A) a decline in fish populations in thousands of lakes and streams. B) global warming. C) reduced rates of forest growth. D) the corrosion and discoloration of buildings and statues.

answer

B) global warming.

question

Air pollution A) is caused primarily by burning fossil fuels. B) is not a significant problem in developing countries. C) first occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the use of fossil fuels by factories. D) may have serious consequences for human health but rarely affects plant life.

answer

A) is caused primarily by burning fossil fuels.

question

All of the following statements about decomposers are true EXCEPT that they A) feed on the remains of other organisms. B) break down radioactive wastes. C) release nutrients for reuse in the food chain. D) play an essential part in the cycle of life.

answer

B) break down radioactive wastes.

question

All of the following statements about eutrophication are true EXCEPT A) symptoms of a eutrophic lake include prolific weed growth and fish kills. B) it occurs naturally when nutrients in the surrounding area are washed into the water. C) acid rain is a chief contributor of excess nutrients to water bodies. D) accelerated eutrophication often results from agricultural runoff.

answer

C) acid rain is a chief contributor of excess nutrients to water bodies.

question

All of the following statements about pesticides are true EXCEPT A) long term effects of their usage is not known. B) they are most effective on resistant, as opposed to high-yielding, varieties of plants. C) very few of their ingredients have been reviewed for safety by the EPA. D) they can leach into aquifers long after the chemicals are no longer used.

answer

B) they are most effective on resistant, as opposed to high-yielding, varieties of plants.

question

All of the following statements about the greenhouse effect are true EXCEPT that it A) occurs when there is a low level of carbon dioxide in the air. B) is caused by the burning of fossil fuels and the accumulation of other gases in the air. C) could result in a global warming trend. D) slows down the reradiation of heat from earth back into space.

answer

A) occurs when there is a low level of carbon dioxide in the air.

question

All of the following statements about photochemical smog are true EXCEPT that it A) is associated with respiratory problems. B) is more severe in the winter than in the summer months. C) results chiefly from oxides of nitrogen. D) characterizes the Los Angeles basin much of the year.

answer

B) is more severe in the winter than in the summer months.

question

All of the following statements about soil erosion are true EXCEPT that it is A) exacerbated by population growth. B) caused by both wind and running water. C) accelerated when land is cleared of its natural vegetative cover. D) on a worldwide basis balanced by the continuous soil-forming processes.

answer

D) on a worldwide basis balanced by the continuous soil-forming processes.

question

An example of a point as opposed to a non-point source of water pollution is A) an animal feedlot. B) an agricultural field. C) a sewage plant. D) a highway.

answer

C) a sewage plant.

question

Channelization refers to A) the addition of arsenic to water. B) the construction of dikes and embankments to control floodwaters and improve navigation. C) the depletion of atmospheric ozone. D) soil erosion in mountain streams.

answer

B) the construction of dikes and embankments to control floodwaters and improve navigation.

question

Human introductions and extinctions of plant and animal species A) have reduced to insignificance the floral and faunal differences between continents. B) may result in unforeseen alterations to the original natural environment and to the economic potential of an area. C) are, in relation to the immense natural diversity of plant and animal life, insignificant and easily matched by naturally occurring changes. D) are the immediate cause of locally serious desertification and salinization problems.

answer

B) may result in unforeseen alterations to the original natural environment and to the economic potential of an area.

question

In the food chain, the only organisms that produce their own food are A) carnivores. B) herbivores. C) bacteria. D) plants.

answer

D) plants.

question

In the process of biological magnification, the most threatened trophic level is the A) decomposer. B) ultimate consumer. C) herbivore. D) initial consumer.

answer

B) ultimate consumer.

question

Of the landforms produced by excavation, which has probably had the greatest environmental impact? A) canals B) surface mining C) underground mining D) chalk pits

answer

B) surface mining

question

Ozone layer depletion is believed to be caused chiefly by A) ultraviolet (UV) radiation. B) buildup of carbon dioxide. C) particulate pollution. D) chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions.

answer

D) chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions.

question

Places where thermal pollution causes fish to die are typically A) near the equator. B) in the vicinity of warm ocean currents. C) in areas of bright sunlight and shallow waters. D) near electric power plants.

answer

D) near electric power plants.

question

Pollutants that chemically react with oxygen and water in the atmosphere to form strong acids that contaminate rain include A) hydrocarbons and inert gases. B) PCB's and DDT. C) oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. D) halogens and halons.

answer

C) oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.

question

Projected increasing levels of water consumption pose potential problems of A) overload of disposal systems and shift of industrial activity to seacoast locations. B) overload of groundwater supplies and growing demand for bottled water. C) regional water shortages and limitations on agricultural and urban expansion. D) reduction in precipitation and increased desertification.

answer

C) regional water shortages and limitations on agricultural and urban expansion.

question

Sulfurous emissions emitted in __________ are carried by prevailing winds and cause acid rain in ________. A) California / Rocky Mountains B) The Lower Mississippi River Valley / Florida C) California / Pacific Northwest D) The Lower Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley regions / New England

answer

D) The Lower Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley regions / New England

question

The agreement that calls for global efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases is known as the A) 1979 Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution. B) Montreal Protocol of 1987. C) Clean Air Act of 1990. D) Kyoto Protocol of 1997.

answer

D) Kyoto Protocol of 1997.

question

The Aral Sea has lost much of its water to A) evaporation. B) global warming. C) thermal pollution. D) irrigation.

answer

D) irrigation.

question

The biosphere is composed of A) the troposphere, hydrosphere, and the upper portions of the earth's upper crust. B) the stratosphere, the living organic world, and the absorbable minerals of the earth's crust. C) water, phosphorus, and carbon. D) solar energy, the earth's crust, and living organisms.

answer

A) the troposphere, hydrosphere, and the upper portions of the earth's upper crust.

question

The construction of dams, canals, and reservoirs A) does not affect stream flow. B) reduces the sediment load downstream. C) decreases the salinity of the soil. D) increases the amount of nutrients available for crops and fish.

answer

B) reduces the sediment load downstream.

question

The gradual accumulation of nutrients in lakes is called A) nutrification. B) biocidification. C) fertilization. D) eutrophication.

answer

D) eutrophication.

question

The largest volumes of transboundary shipments of hazardous wastes are exported from _______ to ________. A) Africa/the United States B) developing countries/developed countries C) developed countries/developing countries D) Europe/the United States

answer

C) developed countries/developing countries

question

The Montreal Protocol of 1987 called for global efforts to A) reduce acid rain. B) control ocean pollution. C) halt global warming. D) stop the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer.

answer

D) stop the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer.

question

The most common method of disposing of municipal solid waste in the United States is A) by incineration. B) in open dumps. C) by recycling. D) in sanitary landfills.

answer

D) in sanitary landfills.

question

The most critical concern regarding the disposal of radioactive wastes is that A) dumping wastes at sea has resulted in contamination of the oceans. B) injecting the waste into deep wells can trigger earthquakes. C) no country has constructed a safe, permanent method of disposal. D) burying wastes on land has led to contamination via leaks from the barrels.

answer

C) no country has constructed a safe, permanent method of disposal.

question

The number of people worldwide who lack access to adequate water supplies is estimated to be A) nearly zero due to technological advances. B) over 500 million. C) over 2 billion. D) over 5 billion.

answer

C) over 2 billion.

question

The Ogallala Aquifer is A) a vast system of canals in the Everglades. B) a source of groundwater in Florida that is being depleted faster than it is naturally renewed. C) a source of groundwater in the Great Plains that is being depleted faster than it is naturally renewed. D) a geologic formation that is ideal for storage of high-level hazardous waste.

answer

C) a source of groundwater in the Great Plains that is being depleted faster than it is naturally renewed

question

The specific place of an organism in an ecosystem is called its A) biome. B) environment. C) niche. D) trophic level.

answer

C) niche.

question

Water pollution is widespread because A) water has a very low tolerance to either natural or artificial contaminants. B) once a stream or lake is polluted; there is no way to restore it to usable quality. C) increasing world aridity limits the number of water sources that can be used for waste disposal. D) water so easily receives the wastes of agriculture, industry, and cities.

answer

D) water so easily receives the wastes of agriculture, industry, and cities.

question

What gas in the stratosphere prevents dangerous intensities of ultraviolet radiation from reaching the earth's surface? A) ozone B) hydrogen C) argon D) nitrogen

answer

A) ozone

question

Which of the following is NOT an exotic species that has caused unforeseen ecological disruption where it has been introduced, whether accidentally or deliberately? A) zebra mussels B) Asian gypsy moth C) rabbits D) all of the above have caused ecological disruption

answer

D) all of the above have caused ecological disruption

question

Which of the following is NOT a primary source of air pollutants? A) ammonia B) carbon dioxides C) hydrocarbons D) nitrogen oxides

answer

A) ammonia

question

Which of the following is NOT an effective means of reducing the impact of solid waste on the environment? A) reducing the volume of waste that is generated B) recycling household solid waste C) reusing materials rather than discarding them D) all of the above are effective means of reducing the environmental impact of solid wastes

answer

D) all of the above are effective means of reducing the environmental impact of solid wastes

question

Which one of the following is an example of a non-point source of water pollution? A) sewage treatment plant B) road salt C) power generating plant D) coal mine

answer

B) road salt

question

Which of the following statements about solid waste is NOT true? A) Recycling has little effect on the volume of solid waste that must be land filled or incinerated. B) Because of high collection costs, recycling is rarely practiced in developing countries. C) Society has always been faced with problems of discarding materials that are no longer needed. D) Every method of disposing of solid waste has an impact on the environment.

answer

B) Because of high collection costs, recycling is rarely practiced in developing countries.

question

Which of the following places the greatest demand on freshwater supplies? A) waste disposal B) households and cities C) industrial production D) irrigated agriculture

answer

D) irrigated agriculture

question

Which is NOT true of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone? A) Fish, crabs, and other aquatic creatures cannot survive. B) Its size varies from year to year. C) It is located near the mouth of the Mississippi River. D) It is largely the result of sewage dumping by large cities along the Mississippi River.

answer

D) It is largely the result of sewage dumping by large cities along the Mississippi River.

question

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the type and degree of air pollution found at a given place? A) wind patterns B) ozone layer C) topography D) level of industrialization

answer

B) ozone layer

question

Which of the following is NOT a major consequence of acid rain? A) destruction of limestone statues B) forest damage C) soil erosion D) loss of fish populations in parts of the U.S., Canada, and Scandinavia

answer

C) soil erosion

question

Which of the following statements about mining is NOT true? A) It contributes to both water and air pollution. B) In terms of tonnage, it is the single greatest contributor to solid wastes. C) Its negative affects can be minimized by switching from sub-surface mining to surface mining. D) It disrupts wildlife habitats.

answer

C) Its negative affects can be minimized by switching from sub-surface mining to surface mining.

question

Which of the following statements about sanitary landfills is correct? A) Most landfills produce leachate liquids which must be captured so that it does not contaminate the groundwater. B) Municipal landfills are easy to site, compared to recycling plants. C) Landfill capacity has kept pace with population growth. D) Many landfills have been closed because of concern over air pollution.

answer

A) Most landfills produce leachate liquids which must be captured so that it does not contaminate the groundwater.

question

Which of the following would NOT be an example of how people have disrupted wildlife habitats? A) using a tidal marsh as a landfill B) erecting fences to protect cattle C) killing elephants for their ivory tusks D) burning a forest to plant crops

answer

C) killing elephants for their ivory tusks

question

Which of the following is not part of the biosphere? A) troposphere B) earth's crust C) hydrosphere D) earth's inner core

answer

D) earth's inner core

question

Which of the following laws or treaties focused primarily on the problem of acid rain? A) Montreal Protocol. B) Clean Air Act. C) Kyoto Protocol D) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution.

answer

D) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution.

question

Acid Rain

answer

Precipitation that is unusually acidic; created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve in water vapor in the atmosphere and return to Earth as acidic rain, snow, fog, or dry particles.

question

Biodiversity Hot Spot

answer

An area with an exceptionally high number of endemic species that are at high risk of disruption by human activities.

question

Biomagnification

answer

The accumulation of a chemical in the fatty tissue of an organism and its concentration at progressively higher levels in the food chain.

question

Channelization

answer

The modification of a stream channel; specifically, the straightening of meanders or dredging of the stream channel to deepen it.

question

Biosphere

answer

The thin film of air, water, and earth within which we live, including the atmosphere, surrounding and subsurface waters, and the upper reaches of the earth's crust.

question

Chloroflurocarbons

answer

A family of synthetic chemicals that have significant commercial applications but whose emissions are contributing to the depletion of the ozone layer.

question

Hazardous Waste

answer

Discarded solid, liquid, or gaseous material that may pose a substantial threat to human health or the environment when it is improperly disposed of, stored, or transported.

question

Food Chain

answer

A sequence of organisms through which energy and materials move within an ecosystem

question

Exotic Species

answer

A plant, an animal, or another organism that has been deliberately or inadvertently introduced into an ecosystem in which it did not evolve; a non indigenous species.

question

Eutrophication

answer

The enrichment of a water body by the addition of nutrients received through erosion and runoff from the watershed.

question

Ecology

answer

The scientific study of how living creatures affect one another and what determines their distribution and abundance.

question

Ecosystem

answer

A population of organisms existing together in a particular area, together with the energy, air, water, soil, and chemicals upon which it depends.

question

E waste

answer

A popular name for discarded electrical or electronic products.

question

Photochemical Smog

answer

A form of air pollution produced by the interaction of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight.

question

Recycling

answer

The reuse of disposed materials after they have passed through some form of treatment (e.g., melting down glass bottles to produce new bottles).

question

Subsidence

answer

The settling or sinking of a portion of the land surface, sometimes as a result of the extraction of fluids, such as oil or water, from underground deposits.

question

Ozone Layer

answer

A layer of ozone in the high atmosphere that protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

question

Ozone

answer

A gas molecule consisting of three atoms of oxygen formed when diatomic oxygen is exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

question

IPAT

answer

An equation relating the environmental impact of a society to the key issues of population, affluence, and technology.

question

Hydrologic Cycle

answer

The system by which water is continuously circulated through the biosphere by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

question

Thermal Pollution

answer

The introduction of heated water into the environment, with consequent adverse effects on aquatic life.

question

Troposphere

answer

The atmospheric layer closest to the earth, extending outward about 11 to 13 kilometers (7 to 8 mi) at the poles to about 26 kilometers (16 mi) at the equator.

question

What are the subsystems of culture and the materials they use?

answer

Technological - artifacts Sociological - sociofacts Ideological - mentifacts

question

What are the methods of change in culture?

answer

Innovation Spatial Diffusion Syncretism Acculturation

question

What are the 4 elements of culture?

answer

Language Religion Ethnicity Gender

question

2 types of barriers of diffusion:

answer

absorbing barriers permeable barriers

question

What is the difference between absorbing and permeable barriers?

answer

absorbing - a complete halt permeable - initially will be a barrier, but eventually with some changes the diffusion will permeate through

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