おはよう。

The clock states that it is around 8 AM and her friend is yawning. So she would greet him with a good morning.

The man is carrying several packages for the woman, so she would say thank you.
There are many ways to express gratitude in Japanese, but the simplest would be one of the following:
ありがとう (thank you) or ありがとうございます (thank you very much, more polite)

There are many ways to express gratitude in Japanese, but the simplest would be one of the following:
ありがとう (thank you) or ありがとうございます (thank you very much, more polite)

The two men appear to be meeting at night, so the one on the right would use the evening or nighttime greeting:
こんばんは (note that the final ‘は’ is pronounced ‘wa’; this is because the word ‘こんばんは‘ derives from a phrase like ‘こんばんはどうですか’ [‘how is your evening?’], where the final ‘は’ of the word used to be the subject particle)

This couple is out at a restaurant, and the man is trying to get the waitress’ attention. He would say, “excuse me.”
There are many ways to get someone’s attention or excuse oneself in Japanese, but the simplest would be to say:
すみません (this word has many other applications that we will learn later on in our studies)

There are many ways to get someone’s attention or excuse oneself in Japanese, but the simplest would be to say:
すみません (this word has many other applications that we will learn later on in our studies)

The woman is about to eat a meal. She would say the standard Japanese phrase that comes before eating.
In Japan, before taking your first bite, it is customary to bring your hands together, bow your head slightly, and say the following:
いただきます (there is no perfect translation of this word, but it’s best contextual translation would be something like, ‘thank you for the meal’)

In Japan, before taking your first bite, it is customary to bring your hands together, bow your head slightly, and say the following:
いただきます (there is no perfect translation of this word, but it’s best contextual translation would be something like, ‘thank you for the meal’)

The woman has just finished her meal. She would say the standard Japanese phrase that comes after eating.
In Japan, once you’ve finished your meal or as you’re about to leave the table/restaurant, you bring your hands together, bow your head slightly, and say the following:
ごちそうさまでした (like ‘いただきます‘ there is no direct translation of this word, but it’s best contextual translation would be something like, ‘thank you for the meal we just ate’)

In Japan, once you’ve finished your meal or as you’re about to leave the table/restaurant, you bring your hands together, bow your head slightly, and say the following:
ごちそうさまでした (like ‘いただきます‘ there is no direct translation of this word, but it’s best contextual translation would be something like, ‘thank you for the meal we just ate’)

いってきます。

(Ittekimasu)

She is leaving the house to go to school so she is wishing her family member (her mom) goodbye by saying “I’m leaving”.

いってきます。

(Ittekimasu)

She is leaving the house to go to school so she is wishing her family member (her mom) goodbye by saying “I’m leaving.”

いってらっしゃい。

(Itterasshai)

Since the family member (her daughter) is leaving for school, the mom wishes her a safe trip out. This phrase literally means “go and return/come back”.

ただいま。

(Tadaima)

The daughter returned from school and tells her mom that she’s home. “I’m home!”

おかえり。OR　おかえりなさい。

(Okaeri or Okaerinasai)

The mom welcomes her daughter back home. This roughly translates to welcome back or welcome home.

はじめまして。よろしくおねがいします。

(Hajimemashite. Yoroshiku onegaishimasu.)

Since she is a new student, she tells the class, “It’s nice to meet all of you!” The phrase literally means that is the start or beginning of meeting someone and it is a pleasure to meet them.

さようなら。

(Sayounara)

She is waving goodbye to her friend or work colleague at the end of the day.

おやすみ。OR　おやすみなさい。

(Oyasumi or Oyasumi nasai)

The mom is wishing her daughter a good night as her daughter goes to sleep.

こんにちは。

(Konnichiwa)

Since it looks like it is in the middle of the day when she is doing groceries, the woman greets her with a good afternoon.