Today, the importance of technology in our lives cannot be overemphasized as we heavily depend on different forms of technology such as computers, Bluetooth, GPS, and others. Our whole world revolves around technology, without which it would be difficult for people to adapt. In this context, the main emphasis is on operating systems. Although many individuals enjoy using computers, not everyone has a thorough grasp of their inner workings. This creates a curiosity about the evolution of operating systems over time and how they improve our everyday activities by transforming mundane tasks into exceptional ones.
The operating system is a vital software component of a computer system. Its functions include managing resource sharing, hosting applications, and handling input, output, and peripheral devices. It also ensures proper identification, display, and control of these devices. In larger systems, it safeguards against program interference, user interference, and unauthorized access. Essentially, the operating system performs the role of a security guard for these system
...s. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows, MacOS, and UNIX.
There are various types of operating systems, such as Embedded systems, Real-time Operating System, Multi-user Operating Systems, Multi-tasking Operating Systems, and Distributed Operating Systems.
Embedded systems are small and efficient operating systems utilized in personal digital assistants (PDA) and mobile devices. Minix 3 and Windows CE are examples of embedded operating systems.
Real-time Operating Systems have the ability to multitask and utilize algorithms for quick responses to inputs.
Multi-user Operating Systems allow multiple users to access the computer and run different programs.
Mulit-tasking Operating Systems enable the simultaneous execution of multiple programs. Windows 95 is an example of this type of operating system.
To summarize, these are the various types of operating
systems according to Oak.
The development of mainframe operating systems like UNIX, Windows, and MacOs has evolved over time. This evolution is significant because it has allowed for the creation of various operating systems that are essential for accessing vital information in today's world. These advancements in mainframe operating systems began in the 1950s prior to the invention of desktop computers and laptops.Computer engineers developed mainframe operating systems to enable computers to adapt to various programs, thanks to advancements in computer programs and affordable computer hardware. These operating systems are specifically designed for handling vast amounts of information and serving a diverse range of users. They are widely utilized in businesses, corporations, and governments because they can manage large databases, support high bandwidth, and provide reliability.
In their early stages, mainframe operating systems lacked conventional input devices like keyboards or mice. Instead, data was entered using punched cards which represented the inputted information through holes. The operating system would then read these cards and convert the data into binary form (1s and 0s) for proper comprehension by computers.
The OS/360, created by IBM in 1965, was the most popular mainframe operating system. Its purpose was to compute different lines of hardware and merge them into one product. IBM aimed to change the way people thought about the commonalities among processes that were previously seen as irreconcilable (Lunny).
The following example text provides a list and explanation of various mainframe operating systems. These include z/OS, z/VM, z/VSE, Linux for System z, and z/TPF. The main purpose of z/OS is to ensure security, stability, and accessibility for applications on the mainframe. It achieves this by dividing work into smaller components and
assigning them to different system components and subsystems that operate together. The z/VM operating system allows for the running of various guest systems such as z/OS, z/VSE, Linux for System, and z/TPF within virtual machines. Meanwhile, z/VSE (also known as DOS) is specifically designed for typical production workloads involving multiple batch jobs and traditional transaction processing. Linux for System z employs ASCII characters and traditional count key data. Lastly, z/TPF is primarily used by airline reservation systems and credit card companies due to its ability to handle high transaction volumes. These examples illustrate the range of mainframe operating systems available ("IBM").
Various operating systems were developed due to the influence of mainframe operating systems, with UNIX being a notable example. UNIX was created by Kenneth Thompson at Bell Labs in 1969 with the aim of allowing programmers to access and share computer resources simultaneously. It efficiently manages keyboard commands and data generation while providing users with the illusion of exclusive computer access. As a result, this operating system gained significant adoption in industries, governments, businesses, and other sectors for its effectiveness. Consequently, it became highly popular among programming and scientific communities.
The superior operating system provides various features such as multitasking capability, multiuser capability, portability, UNIX programs, and a Library of application software. With multitasking, users can perform multiple tasks simultaneously - creating documents, running spell check, and editing documents all at once. The multiuser capability allows multiple users to access the same document without overriding each other's changes. Portability makes it easy to transfer the operating system between computers with minimal code modifications, enabling convenient upgrades without data re-entry. Users can also purchase and fully utilize
the Library of application software from third-party vendors. ("Alcatel Lucent")
Unix is made up of many programs, with at least 100 or more in total. These programs are divided into two categories: integral utilities and tools. Integral utilities are crucial for the computer's operation, such as the command interpreter. Conversely, tools offer additional capabilities to users, like typesetting and e-mail. Essentially, tools can be added or removed depending on whether they are required by applications or not. This flexibility is a defining feature of the Unix Program.
Before the invention of the World Wide Web, UNIX communication was used to enable email correspondence among individuals operating identical terminals. Subsequently, it expanded its capability to facilitate communication between users on disparate machines, linking them across the world and simplifying global interaction for all.
The UNIX operating system is organized into three levels: the kernel, the shell, and the tools and applications. The kernel handles task scheduling and storage management. Users can control the kernel using commands like turning the system on or off. At this level, files are read and displayed on the screen. The shell connects users' commands, interprets them, calls programs from memory, and executes them. This enables one program's output to be used as another's input. The tools and applications offer extra functionality to the operating system. So overall, this is how UNIX is structured across these three levels.
Microsoft Windows is an example of an operating system that has undergone significant development since its inception. In 1975, Paul Allen and Bill Gates were inspired by an article about the MITS Altair 8800, a microcomputer. Recognizing an opportunity for improvement, they established Microsoft Corporation to pursue
their vision.
On November 20, 1985, Microsoft introduced Windows 1.0, which was the first graphical user interface that allowed for mouse navigation, typing, and screen visualization. Bill Gates referred to it as "software designed specifically for the serious PC user" ("Windows Home – Microsoft Windows"). The interface featured icons, scroll bars, and drop-down menus to facilitate user comprehension and utilization. Notable programs included in Windows 1.0 were Notepad, Paint, MS-DOS file management, clock, and a game known as Reversi ("Windows Home – Microsoft Windows").
Microsoft Windows 2.0, released on December 9, 1987, introduced various enhancements. These included expanded memory and the introduction of desktop icons. Additionally, users were now able to overlap windows, control screen layout, and boost productivity with keyboard shortcuts thanks to improved graphics. Despite the removal of the taskbar, utilities and programs remained unchanged. Intel 286 was specifically designed for Window 2.0, further enhancing PC speed, usability, and reliability. Another significant addition during this period was the creation of Control Panel.
Microsoft introduced two new operating systems in the early 1990s: Windows 3.0 and Windows NT. Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990 and offered enhancements such as improved performance, advanced graphics with 16 colors, and enhanced icons. It also utilized the faster Intel 386 processor for better speed. Key features included Print Manager, Program Manager, and File Manager. Microsoft also provided a software development kit (SDK) to aid developers in easier program development without the need to write device drivers. Additionally, popular games like Hearts, Solitaire, and Minesweeper were included in Windows 3.0.
Another significant release during this time was the introduction of Windows NT on July 27, 1993. This operating system was primarily designed
as a business platform focused on addressing business computing requirements through fundamental changes.
Microsoft released Windows 95 on August 24, 1995, resulting in the sale of approximately seven million copies within five weeks. This groundbreaking version of Windows introduced several features that are now commonplace, such as the start menu, close, maximize, and minimize buttons, and the taskbar. A noteworthy addition was the introduction of "Plug and Play capabilities," making it effortless to install both hardware and software. Additionally, this release brought about the birth of Internet Explorer, which revolutionized the online experience, enabling people to communicate via email ("Windows Home – Microsoft Windows").
From 1998 to 2000, Microsoft launched Windows 98, Windows 2000, and Windows Me. Windows 98, released on June 25, 1998, was considered an improved operating system for better performance and gaming experience ("Windows Home - Microsoft Windows"). It allowed users to easily find information and open/close programs faster. It also introduced DVD disc reading capability and support for USB devices. Additionally, it featured the quick launch bar for easier program access without navigating the desktop or start menu. Windows 2000, released in February 2000, enhanced reliability, user-friendliness, internet compatibility, and mobile computing support ("Windows Home - Microsoft Windows"). It also introduced various new plug and play hardware, wireless products, and USB devices. Windows Me, released in September 2000, focused on providing home entertainment options such as video, music, and home networking. It introduced the System Restore feature for the first time, allowing users to revert back to a previous state in case of program installations affecting computer performance ("Windows Home - Microsoft Windows").
On October 25, 2001, Window XP was released with enhanced
features, improved usability, increased security, reliability, and better performance. This facilitated the use and emphasized the importance of Help and Support, especially when assistance was needed for a specific program. The operating system also aided users in understanding viruses and potentially harmful attachments that could cause damage to their computers. Furthermore, there were improvements in the style and appearance of Windows Media Player. Additionally, it paved the way for wireless connectivity, Windows Messenger, Remote Assistance, and the introduction of the 64-bit Edition ("Windows Home - Microsoft Windows").
In 2006, Windows Vista was released with an advanced security system that eliminated the need for excessive computer protection. Users had the option to purchase a basic security system while still receiving adequate protection. The release also introduced the Window Media Center, which included a TV Tuner for watching, pausing, and recording live television. Additionally, the taskbar received a redesign to enhance its visual appeal and distinguishability compared to previous operating systems. Lastly, connecting to both unprotected and personal networks became easier with user-friendly improvements in the network section of Windows Vista.
In October 2009, Microsoft launched Windows 7, which brought various enhancements when compared to its predecessor, Windows Vista. Among these improvements was the Touch feature, enabling users to engage with their screens using touch gestures like those in a web browser. This functionality proved especially beneficial for individuals utilizing touch screen computers. By autumn 2010, "Windows Home - Microsoft Windows" stated that sales of Windows 7 had achieved an astounding pace of seven copies per second, establishing it as the fastest-selling operating system to date.
MacOS, an operating system developed by Steve Jobs for Apple, was first launched in
1984. It became famous for its user-friendly features, including the lack of a command line interface and no need for a right-click mouse button. Later versions (System 3.0 to System 5.0) introduced improvements like supporting both lowercase and uppercase letters and the ability to run multiple programs simultaneously.
System 6.0 was introduced in 1988, four years after the previous system, with the ability to organize hard disks up to two GBs and multitasking capabilities. It also included word processing programs like "WriteNow, MacWrite II, and Microsoft Word 4.0" ("Operating System Reviews (History, Facts, Versions and Screenshots)").
System 7 was released in May 1991, bringing virtual memory usage and improved color display. It also introduced a helpful balloon feature for easier interface navigation.
In 1994, System 7.5 launched with minor enhancements such as bug fixes and increased storage capacity of up to four GBs.
In early 1997, the name changed to MacOS 7.6 which brought significant improvements in memory and virtual memory management. This operating system also featured QuickTime Version 2.5 that provided superior image quality.
MacOS 8 was released on July 1997, followed by MacOS 9 on October 23, 1999. These releases included several versions: MacOS 8.1, MacOS 8.5, and MacOS 8.6. With the release of MacOS 8.1 came improved storage efficiency and the ability to handle up to two billion files.
On the other hand,
MacOS 8.5 enhanced speed, graphic display, and file copying with upgrades such as Finder 8.5, QuickTime Pro
3,
Open Transport
2,
Internet Explorer
4.
01,
Outlook Express
4.
01,
Netscape Navigator
4.
0.
5,
Mac OS Runtime for Java
2.
0,
and File Exchange
3.
Further advancements were seen in MacOS
8.
6, which offered improved performance and supported multitasking with the PowerPC G4 processor.
As we move onto discussing MacOS
9,
it introduced various new features including support for multiple users with password protection and access management for files/settings.
Additionally,
voice login was implemented along with file encryption to ensure security.
Mac OS X 10.3 introduced a metallic scheme for the Graphic User Interface and optimized the finder. Another notable version is Mac OS X 10.4, which boasted around 200 features including Safari 2.0 as its web browser.
MacOS X 10.5 offered an enriched user interface featuring virtual desktops, rapid file previewing capabilities, and a Dock with a three-dimensional effect.
Currently utilized today is MacOS X 10.6 that exhibits enhanced performance, speed, and stability while supporting up to 16 TByte of memory; it is further optimized for multi-core processors as a pure 64-bit operating system that incorporates technologies like OpenCL aimed at accelerating graphics processing in specific applications.
There are a variety of operating systems used by different entities such as companies, businesses, governments, individuals, and schools. Microsoft Windows, particularly Windows XP, is preferred by companies, businesses,and governments due to its long-term usage and familiarity. They choose not to upgrade to Vista because its security features slow down computers. Overall, they appreciate the simplicity and user-friendliness of Windows XP.
Some companies,businesses,and governments may opt for UNIX if they work as programmers or computer scientists. Schools prioritize staying up-to-date and often
use Windows 7. The choice of operating system for individuals depends on personal preferences; however,it is recommended to use Microsoft Windows if you enjoy gaming or watching movies and TV shows. For those involved in creative fields like music editing,film-making,and design,MacsOS is a suitable option.
In conclusion,various types of operating systems are used by people worldwide.
In a captivating blog post, Rafe Blandford delves into the intriguing topic of the future of Operating systems amidst the increasing significance of technology in people's lives. One particularly fascinating idea he presents is that social networking could potentially transform into an independent operating system. According to Blandford, as operating systems incorporate context awareness, the Internet, and individuals' social connections, they will become more socially oriented. The sharing and receiving of information on mobile devices will play a critical role in establishing new and immediate connections among people (Blandford). While it remains impossible to precisely predict what lies ahead, Blandford stresses that it will undoubtedly deviate from our expectations.
In summary, the existence of operating systems has resulted in the development of various operating systems including UNIX, Microsoft Windows, and MacOs. These operating systems are essential for effectively carrying out daily tasks. The mainframe operating system deserves recognition for enabling the creation of multiple operating systems. UNIX is extensively used as it is specifically designed for programmers who prefer working on a blank screen and inputting code to achieve desired output. Microsoft Windows has evolved from Windows 1.0 to its current version, Windows 7. Similarly, MacOS has progressed from Systems 1.0 to MacOs X 10.6. These examples demonstrate how operating systems enhance our lives by simplifying complex tasks.
Work Cited Sources
Rafe Blandford discusses
the future of operating systems in his article "The Future of the Operating System." The article was published on Nokia Conversation: The Official Nokia Blog in April 2010 and can be found at
The source of the information is a book called "Operating Systems" written by Casey Lunny in 2003. It was accessed on the web on March 9, 2011. To access the PDF version of the book, click here.
The information provided by Oak, Manali in the article "Different Types of Operating Systems" on the Buzzle Web Portal discusses various operating systems. The article was published in 2011 and can be found at the URL: "http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-operating-systems.html".
"A History of Windows – Microsoft Windows." Windows Home – Microsoft Windows. Microsoft Corporation, 2011. Web. 9 Mar 2011.
<http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/history/windows>.
Calvin College's website provides a citation discussing examples of operating systems. The source link can be found here.
The source titled "History of Operating Systems" can be found on the website "History of Computer, Computer History – Tracing the History of the Computer" (http://www.computernostalgia.net/articles/historyofoperatingsystems.htm).
The website "Operating System Reviews" provides comprehensive information about the Mac OS Operating System, including its history, facts, versions, and screenshots. For more details about the Mac OS Operating System, visit http://www.operating-system.org/_english/betriebssystem/bs-macos.htm.
The text is a citation from the Alcatel Lucent website titled "The Creation of the UNIX Operating System: An Overview of the UNIX Operating System" (Alcatel Lucent, 2002). The source can be found at http://www.bell-labs.com/history/tutorial.html.The webpage titled "The History and Future of Microsoft Operating Systems: Windows ME" is located on Joseph J. Hodsdon's website called "The Professional Resume". It was visited on May 13, 2008, and most recently edited on March 8, 2011. To
view the webpage, please go to
The article "What Is a Mainframe Operating System?" on WiseGEEK: Clear Answers for Common Questions defines a mainframe operating system as the software responsible for managing and controlling the mainframe computer system.
The Webopedia Computer Dictionary is an online resource that offers definitions for computer and internet terms. It provides a definition of an operating system, which can be found at www.webopedia.com/operating_system.htm. I accessed this definition on March 9, 2011.
According to an article titled "Which is Right for You? PC vs Mac" written by AOL Inc on August 6, 2009, a comparison between PCs and Macs can be found on the website of AOL. The article can be accessed at http://shopping.aol.com/articles/computer-comparison-pc-v-s-mac.The web page entitled "z/OS basic skills information center" is provided by IBM Corporation in 2008. It can be accessed on the IBM website at the URL:
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