Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used by scientists to replicate many copies of DNA sequences in less than a day.

During a polymerase chain reaction, smaller segments of DNA are being copied. The first stage of this process occurs when the DNA is heated to produce two single strands that are separated. Once cooled, the primers bind to one of the strands and the process of replicating starts with the help of the DNA polymerase. New copies are usually placed between the primers.

A plasmid is a small, circular DNA molecule that is found in a bacterial cell. Since it is located outside of the bacterial chromosome, it accepts foreign DNA and replicates independently. When it is transferred into the new individual, it inserts itself into the DNA of the host cell. In this way, it can replicate and complete the transformation. This is the reason why plasmids are used to rewrite the genome of individuals.

Transgenic is the term used to describe organisms that contain genetic material from the DNA of another organism that is not related to them. In this case, transgenic organisms refer to the individuals that are produced when a recombinant DNA inserts into the genome of a host.

In genetic engineering, scientists identify and read the order and sequences of genes for them to be able to determine the functions of each one so they would know which part must be changed or what happens when one part goes missing. This allows them to form different gene combinations which create gene variation in species. In this way, it can resolve the problem about plant and animal biodiversity, as well as diseases.

The transformation of plant cells occurs when a recombinant plasmid of an Agrobacterium, which has an inactive tumor-producing gene, infects the cell. In addition, another way for the transformation to occur in when the plant cell’s chromosomes would take the recombinant plasmid and regenerate into a new plant.

On the other hand, animal cells are transformed once the DNA is injected directly into the nucleus of the egg cell. This process triggers the enzymes to help insert the foreign DNA into the chromosome.