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Miller and Levine Biology

1st Edition

Joseph S. Levine, Kenneth R. Miller

ISBN: 9780328925124

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Page 297: Review

Exercise 1

Result

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Light-dependent reactions, which occur in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast, is the first stage of photosynthesis. The three chemical changes that take place during this phase are:

1. Using light energy and water to produce oxygen gas as a by-product:

The light energy, which was absorbed by photosystem II, is used for breaking down the water molecules into hydrogen ions (H$^{+}$), oxygen, and energized electrons.

2. NADP$^{+}$ picks up H$^{+}$ ions to produce NADPH:

In photosystem I, the same electrons from photosystem II are reenergized. Once NADP$^{+}$ picks up these high-energy electrons and H$^{+}$ ions, NADPH is formed.

3. ATP synthase binds ADP and phosphate to produce ATP:

Since the inside of the thylakoid membranes are filled with positively charged hydrogen ions, the outside of the thylakoid membranes becomes negatively charged. The difference in the charges creates an energy that is used to combine a phosphate group to ADP in order to form ATP.

Exercise 2

Result

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Plants use the high-energy sugar molecules as a source of chemical energy that would power up the plant cells. In this case, the cells would have the required energy for performing its tasks, such as synthesizing molecules for growth and development. Some of this energy is stored as plant nutrients, which are usually transferred to primary consumers once they eat the plants.

Exercise 3

Result

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The enzymes, which are involved in photosynthesis, work best at a temperature between 0 to 35 degrees Celsius. If the temperature would not fall within this range, the enzymes will stop working. This event would slow down the rate of photosynthesis, or it would stop the entire process from occurring.

Exercise 4

Step 1

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The diagram below shows how carbon atoms enter and interact within the Calvin cycle. Exercise scan

Result

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The diagram below shows how carbon atoms enter and interact within the Calvin cycle. (Click to see the diagram)

Exercise 5

Result

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Plants require carbon molecules during photosynthesis to produce sugar. In the event that one of the required components in photosynthesis goes missing, the entire process would be affected. In this case, the rate of photosynthesis will decrease dramatically. If the plant is not getting the organic compounds needed to produce its own energy, the plants will wilt and die.

Exercise 6

Result

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Temperature is one of the factors that affect photosynthesis, particularly during the light-independent reactions. The enzymes involved in this stage work best at a temperature between 0 to 35 degrees Celsius. If the temperature will go above or below the ideal temperature, the rate of photosynthesis is affected. To test the effect of temperature on photosynthesis, an experiment should be done.

Method:

A. Start the experiment by gathering three identical potted plants. Label the pots with A, B, and C.
B. The three samples must be placed in three locations.
C. Put sample A in a room temperature (25 degrees Celsius).
D. Sample B must be placed in a cold room with a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius.
E. Sample C must be placed in a warm room with a temperature of 36 degrees Celsius.
F. After ten days, observe the three samples. Measure the height of the plants, and get the number and color of the leaves.

Exercise 7

Step 1

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The diagram below shows how the high-energy sugar molecules are produced during the Calvin cycle. Exercise scan

Result

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The diagram below shows how the high-energy sugar molecules are produced during the Calvin cycle. (Click to see the diagram)

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Page 297: Review

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