History of the Incas Essay Example

John Winthrop's sermon, where he emphasizes the importance of setting a good example for others. Additionally, the text mentions the Salem Witch Trials, where Calvinist beliefs clash with a more modern society, resulting in jealousy and suspicion that fuels the accusations. This lack of tolerance leads to individuals like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson being expelled from Massachusetts and seeking refuge in Rhode Island.

The text discusses the prevalence of slavery in the South, which was primarily driven by the cash crop economy. The first cash crop was tobacco in Virginia, followed by rice and indigo in the Carolinas. Slavery was legally practiced in all colonies, and although only 25% of the population in the South owned slaves, many supported the system, including yeoman farmers who aspired to one day own slaves. Slave codes were established to deny slaves any legal status, especially in the Carolinas, where the black population outnumbered whites by the 18th century.

The House of Burgesses in Virginia was the first representative assembly. However, it was dominated by wealthy plantation owners who held a significant influence in the assembly. In the South, the right to vote required owning land, which further contributed to the dominance of large planters in both the economic and political system. In contrast, New England had closer-knit towns, partially influenced by religion and a cooler climate, which resulted in smaller farms. There were also more cities in New England and the Middle Colonies compared to the South. The town meeting system was established in New England as a means of governance. Additionally, family structure was tighter in New England, where individuals migrated in family groups. Conversely, there were

fewer women in the South, and life expectancies were shorter due to prevalent diseases.

The Middle colonies, known as the breadbasket, were home to wheat and grain farmers. The New England colonies were more trade oriented. The South experienced economic popularization, with Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 being a result of this. Slavery helped to alleviate class conflict between rich and poor whites in the South. Philadelphia became the social and intellectual capital of America due to its tolerance, resulting in the enlightenment and figures like Ben Franklin. The Middle colonies attracted more immigrants, leading to a diversity of ideas. These factors all contributed to the top 10 causes of the Revolution.

The Stamp Act, the first direct tax on colonists in 1765, resulted in various reactions such as the Stamp Act Congress, boycott, Virginia Resolves, and the formation of the Sons of Liberty. The colonists were upset about the subsequent passing of the Declaratory Act and demanded the right of taxation to be given to their own colonial assemblies. Furthermore, the Parliament faced concerns from ten colonists about having their power over finances taken away, including the right to decide governor salaries. In 1767, the Townsend Duties were imposed on items like lead, glass, paper, and tea, leading to a boycott that even involved active involvement from women. Propaganda played a role in shaping the colonists' opinions, with works like Common Sense by Thomas Paine and efforts by Sam Adams to inflate the 1770 Boston Massacre, which led to the creation of the Committees of Correspondence. The Proclamation Act of 1763 prohibited colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains, but it was widely ignored

due to distrust of Parliament. The reaction to the Boston Tea Party by the British resulted in severe measures such as the Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts, which included closing the port of Boston and passing the "Murder" Act. These actions sparked strong reactions from the colonists and marked a significant turning point.

Congress is formed, boycott, Declaration of Rights and Grievances is issued. Quebec Act declares Catholicism as the official church of Quebec, causing uproar among American Protestants. Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill become early military actions that prompt the King to declare the colonists "in rebellion" and send more troops to Boston. Enlightenment brings about questioning of authority, with Locke's theories on natural rights and social contract. The Second Continental Congress issues the Olive Branch Petition as a last resort, but it is rejected by the King.

The ICC establishes the Continental Army (Washington) and inspires Takeoff to write the DCE. Of course.
10. General information regarding the French and Indian War - Britain is financially strained, while Americans pay XX less taxes compared to the British, ending the period of "salutary neglect."
Top 10: Social, Economic, Political Results of the Revolution: 1. AAA: slavery persists in all colonies during the Revolution; groups such as Quakers begin questioning slavery; Lord Duodenum's Proclamation - offering freedom to slaves who fight for the British.
2.

Despite the prevailing belief that women were subservient, they began asserting their demands for access to education. They faced challenges such as the "Republican others" and suffered unfavorable treatment by the Americans during the war, resulting in most of them losing their land. The Pontiac Rebellion brought attention to their struggle. To

support women, the British provided them with arms and whiskey. Furthermore, the British neglected parts of the Treaty of Paris by not vacating forts in the west and failing to compensate slave owners for lost slaves.

The economic class structure remained relatively unchanged during this period. Some wealthy loyalists were forced to leave, while the common man fought in the war. As a result, there was a growing need to show respect for the lower classes. The requirements for voting also became more relaxed, as owning land was no longer necessary. Tax-supported churches experienced a decline in support.
Additionally, the Articles of Confederation established a weak federal government. There was no federal executive branch or judicial branch. In order to pass tax measures, the agreement of 9 out of the 13 states was required. Further changes to the Articles themselves needed the unanimous agreement of all states, which upset larger states like Virginia.

The lack of revenue, inadequate military, distinct state currencies, and severe economic instability resulted in the occurrence of Shays Rebellion in 1786. In the subsequent year, the Constitutional Convention of Philadelphia took place with 55 delegates primarily from the upper class. Their concern was that granting excessive power to the general population would result in anarchy. As a solution, they created the electoral college system for electing the president rather than relying on direct voting by the people. The selection of Supreme Court justices and senators were also initially carried out by state legislatures until it was changed by the 17th amendment in the early 20th century. Only members of House of Representatives were directly elected by citizens. The debates between large and small

states regarding representation issues were resolved through a compromise known as Great Compromise, which established a two-house legislature ensuring equal representation in Senate and population-based representation in House. Additionally, Northern and Southern states had to agree on how to count slaves for taxation and representation purposes leading to adoption of Three-Fifths Compromise.

Patrick Henry and George Mason, both industrialists, had concerns regarding the protection of civil liberties and the concept of a presidency. To address these concerns, the Federalist Papers were authored to reassure the public that their worries were baseless. Consequently, a commitment was made to establish a Bill of Rights encompassing ten amendments. However, sectionalism emerged as an increasingly divisive force within the nation. One significant factor contributing to this division was slavery and its expansion into Western territories. This ultimately prompted Clay to lead the Missouri Compromise followed by the Compromise of 1850.

The economic differences between the South and the more industrial North after the War of 1812 had negative effects on the South. Tariffs were particularly detrimental to the South, while benefiting the North. These disparities led to calls for protective tariffs. In 1828, the Tariff of Abominations caused a crisis in South Carolina known as the Nullification Crisis. John C. Calhoun, an Andrew Jackson supporter, addressed this issue in his Exposition and Protest. Jackson responded by threatening military intervention and eventually reached a compromise with Henry Clay's proposed Compromise Tariff.

Henry Clay's American System included internal improvements such as roads, canals, and railroads. However, Jackson vetoed the Massively Road Bill, which angered westerners. The Kansas-Nebraska Act proposed by Stephen Douglas further intensified tensions over internal improvements.

Jackson also vetoed

the Second Bank of United States supported by Clay, referring to it as a "monster bank." The bank was largely owned by private individuals from the East. Consequently, Jackson removed all federal money from the bank and implemented the Species Circular policy which ultimately resulted in financial turmoil known as Panic of 1837.

The decline of the Federalist Party can be linked back to events during and after War of 1812. The New England Elite strongly opposed this war due to its negative impact on their trade with England. They even made attempts to secede from Union but were prevented when war ended.

During the post-war period, the political power transitioned from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans. The majority of Westerners supported the Democrats, creating an era known as the "Era of Good Feelings." Nonetheless, this era ended in 1824 due to a disputed election that resulted in what was referred to as a "Corrupt Bargain," denying Jackson presidency and fostering the emergence of a new political party: Democrats. Prominent figures like Jackson and Van Buren were part of this party. Another opposing party called Whig, led by Clay, opposed the expulsion of Native Americans.

Meanwhile, states in the South aimed to expand their cotton industry widely recognized as the "cotton kingdom." In an important legal case called Cherokee v. Georgia, Chief Justice Marshall ruled against removing Native Americans from their lands. However, President Jackson disregarded this ruling which ultimately led to a tragic event remembered as the infamous "Trail of Tears".

The Republican party was established in the sass with the goal of preventing the extension of slavery in the West. It attracted Free Soil followers,

who were former Whigs opposing slavery, and primarily had support from Northerners. The top 10 technological and industrial changes up until the Civil War are as follows:
1. The invention of the Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney in 1790 resulted in the rise of the Cotton Kingdom, with more than two-thirds of all American exports coming from this industry by the sass.
2. Steam Power, made possible by the steam engine, significantly reduced travel and shipping time by half or even less. Robert Fulton is credited with inventing the steam engine.
3. The introduction of the Power Loom revolutionized the textile industry, leading to its rapid growth in New England. The Lowell mill system utilized farm girls from New England as workers.
4.

Carnegie's introduction of the Bessemer process revolutionized steel making, resulting in the production of stronger steel. This stronger steel found widespread use in various manufacturing sectors, including skyscraper construction. Alongside this, Samuel B. Morse's invention of the telegraph and Morse code played a crucial role in connecting different parts of the country. The telegraph facilitated railroad schedules, improved business communication, and saw significant usage during the Civil War. Eli Whitney's development of interchangeable parts further advanced manufacturing through factory lines and reduced reliance on skilled craftsmen. During the sass period, an influx of Irish and German immigrants led to unskilled labor jobs being taken over by them. Consequently, many replaced or financially affected workers harbored negative sentiments towards immigrants.

During the mid-19th century, railroads emerged as the dominant transportation system while the construction of the transcontinental railroad became crucial for connecting the country. The Erie Canal in New York also played a significant role by linking

the Hudson River to Albany, Buffalo, and the Great Lakes, thereby boosting commerce. Although labor unions experienced limited advancements during this period, their existence was legally established through the Massachusetts Supreme Court case of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Moreover, this century saw a brief but unsuccessful strike organized by the Lowell mill girls. Native American relations witnessed extensive colonization during this time and ultimately resulted in the Trail of Tears.

King Phillip's War occurred as a consequence of the establishment of praying towns in Massachusetts and the encroachment of white settlers onto Native American land, resulting in raids on their corn supply and other resources. In Plymouth, early encounters between Europeans and Native Americans such as Squanto and Pocahontas initially saw the Natives aiding the Europeans in their survival, but conflicts later arose, as seen in events like the Pequot Massacre in Massachusetts. The French proved to be more dependable allies for the Native Americans as they were primarily fur traders and did not seek to acquire extensive Native American territory. In the New York area, the Iroquois Confederacy had an organized defense system which somewhat influenced the creation of the US Constitution, with Albany being a notable location.

The text describes the following events:
- The Plan of Union, a defense pact that was rejected by the colonists because they feared it would reduce their power and be costly.
- Pontiac forming a Confederation of AN in the Great Lakes/Ohio Valley area, leading to the implementation of the 1763 Proclamation Act. This act forbid colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains, but they disregarded this and went there anyway.
- The Treaty of Paris, which

resulted in the US acquiring land up to the Mississippi River. However, the Native American land was threatened by Duchess's Confederacy, who were receiving arms from the British.

During the War of 1812, a faction of politicians known as the War Hawks, led by Clay and Calhoun in the West, advocated for a war against the British. They also played a significant role in supporting the Lewis and Clark expedition and establishing friendly relations with Western territories like the Louisiana Purchase and Oregon Territory. The Indian Removal Act, responsible for forcibly removing Native Americans from their land to plant cotton, was implemented by the Jackson administration and Southern politicians. Despite Supreme Court decisions stating that Cherokees should not be removed (Cherokee V. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia), Jackson disregarded them leading to the tragic "Trail of Tears" where around 6,000 Cherokees died during relocation to Oklahoma. These events were pivotal in shaping political parties at that time.

The Constitution does not mention political parties, as the majority of the founding fathers had a lack of trust in them. In his Farewell Address, Washington advises against political parties. During the ratification of the Constitution, there was a debate between Federalists and Industrialists. This debate raised concerns about civil liberties protection, leading to the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. Worries also emerged regarding potential negative effects from excessive federal power.

Hamilton's financial plan involved several measures such as establishing a bank, implementing tariffs, imposing a whiskey tax (which led to the Whiskey Rebellion), and assuming state debts. Generally, Southerners opposed this plan while Federalists favored a more centralized government. The implementation of Hamilton's plan relied on

the elastic clause and loose construction.

The Democratic-Republicans preferred the French and British, while the Federalists favored the British. Adams, a Federalist, initiated the Alien and Sedition Acts to limit the influence of the Democratic-Republicans. In response, Virginia and Kentucky enacted nullification through their Resolutions. The declining Federalist party faced competition from the Democratic-Republicans who attracted votes from immigrant and Western states known as War Hawks. Pressure for war came from the Democratic-Republicans, leading to "Mr. Madison War." The Federalist party's last attempt to hold power included midnight appointments (Marshall) and the Hartford Convention.

This text gives an overview of the political events in the United States before the Civil War. It covers the establishment and decline of various political parties like the Federalist party, as well as the formation of the Democratic and Whig parties. It also discusses the emergence of the Republican party and explores how third parties like the Know-Nothing Party and Liberty Party had an impact. Moreover, it emphasizes how Westward Expansion played a vital role in shaping American history, making reference to concepts such as Manifest Destiny and Turner Thesis.

The Proclamation Act of 1763, also known as the Treaty of Paris in 1783, resulted in the United States gaining land along the Mississippi River. This area experienced a significant influx of migrants. However, issues relating to slavery caused complications in the Western region and led to the implementation of measures such as Clay's Missouri Compromise and the 1850 Compromise which dealt with slavery in California. The subsequent Kansas-Nebraska Act introduced popular sovereignty. President Polk, an expansionist leader, declared war to acquire California and other territories. Concerns arose about spreading

slavery through military actions, which were partly addressed by the Wilmot Proviso. One noteworthy event during Thomas Jefferson's presidency was the Louisiana Purchase involving acquiring land west of the Mississippi River.

The Lewis and Clark expedition, also referred to as River to Rockies, was a significant event in American history. Even though it contradicted his normal beliefs, Napoleon sold the territory to the United States for $15 million by utilizing a loose interpretation as justification for the acquisition. The massive immigration during this period, specifically from Ireland and Germany, necessitated land to accommodate the influx of new people and support the nation's aim of becoming an agricultural nation. Noteworthy politicians like Henry Clay, Jackson, Polk, Harrison, and Lincoln emerged from the West and played pivotal roles in various political campaigns such as the "Log Cabin campaign." The gold rush enticed individuals who were now able to travel west at a faster pace thanks to advancements like railroads and steamships. Furthermore, Chinese workers were brought to California with the construction of railroads.

AN conflicts arise as Americans move westward. The Oregon Country becomes a source of dispute between the Americans and the British, while Texas, specifically the Battle of the Alamo, leads to conflict with Mexico. The annexation of Texas is delayed for almost nine years due to the slavery issue. The Road to Civil War is marked by several significant events. Firstly, slavery is not abolished in the Constitution and Abraham Lincoln emphasizes that the nation cannot continue existing with this divide between "Half slave" and "Half Free." Secondly, the Compromise of 1850 intensifies the debate over slavery in the West, resulting in California becoming a

free state and restrictions on slave trade in Washington D.C. The Fugitive Slave Act is also strengthened, causing anger among northerners who refuse to comply with the law and pass personal liberty laws.

Uncle Tom's Cabin, written by Harriet Beechen Stow, addresses several important events and issues regarding slavery in the United States. One of these is the Dread Scott case, where it was stated that blacks were not considered citizens and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in territories. This decision created fear among Northerners who worried about the expansion of slavery.

Another significant issue mentioned is the belief that both sides recognized the importance of either banning or increasing slavery. This can be seen through examples such as the Willow Proviso, which attempted to forbid slavery in the Western Territory.

In addition to legal battles, slave revolts also played a role in intensifying tensions between the North and South. Instances like the Hessian Revolt in 1801, Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831, and John Brown's attack on Harpers Ferry in 1859 increased Southern fears of slave uprisings led by Northerners.

Social and cultural movements in the early nineteenth century included various influential figures and events. Garrison, known as The Liberator, focused on abolishing slavery, while Frederick Douglass published the North Star to further support this cause. Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman contributed to the Underground Railroad. The repercussions of the Kansas-Nebraska Act resulted in the period known as "Bleeding Kansas." Additionally, "Bleeding Sumner" refers to Senator Charles Sumner being beaten by Brooks on the Senate floor. In the Election of 1860, Lincoln won with 40% of the popular vote on a free soil

platform. The Democratic party split, with Northern Democrats supporting popular sovereignty (SC is the first to leave the union), and Southern Democrats protecting their property due to the Dread Scott decision.

The top ten social and cultural movements of the early nineteenth century were:

1. Immediate emancipation vs. gradual emancipation/colonization, which was more popular with whites.
2. Transcendentalism represented by Thoreau's advocacy for civil disobedience and Emerson's works.
3. The Second Great Awakening started in the "Burned out district" of NY and spread westward.
4. Mormons faced persecution for their beliefs as they sought to move westward.
5. The Women's Movement gained momentum with figures like Stanton, Mott, and the Grimke sisters. The 1848 Seneca Falls Convention produced the "Declaration of Sentiments" advocating for economic rights and education.
6. Education reform led by Horace Mann resulted in compulsory education becoming widespread.

The text discusses various topics related to American history, including the Deluder Satan Act of 1647, insane asylums, immigration reforms, worker reforms, and Romanticism. The Civil War and its aftermath are also mentioned, highlighting early military battles such as Fort Sumter and Bull Run, as well as the Union Army's Anaconda Plan.The North had several advantages in the Civil War. They possessed food production, industrial production, railroads, and a larger population, enabling them to potentially resupply the army with more men. Additionally, they boasted a stronger central government. Conversely, the South possessed superior military leadership and heavily relied on "king cotton" for trade. Moreover, they benefited from fighting defensively on their home territory. The border states of Missouri, Maryland, Kentucky, and Delaware were slave states that remained loyal to the Union. In particular, President Lincoln suspended habeas corpus

in Maryland which faced criticism from Northern Democrats known as "Copperheads," who accused him of acting like a dictator.The Emancipation Proclamation, which was issued in September 1862 after the Battle of Antietam and scheduled to go into effect in January 1863, mandated that states "in rebellion" must free their slaves. However, it did not have an immediate impact on slave liberation. Nevertheless, this proclamation inspired African Americans to fight for their freedom and sparked riots in certain Northern cities where racists opposed the abolitionist cause. It also garnered support from England for the Union instead of the Confederacy.

The turning point in the war occurred during the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg. The North secured control over the Mississippi River while General Lee's troops suffered heavy losses at Gettysburg. As a result, General Grant, who had achieved success in Vicksburg, was sent to Virginia to finish out the remaining two years of conflict.

In his Gettysburg Address, President Lincoln emphasized the importance of persevering with wartime efforts. Sherman's March to the Sea played a significant role in securing Lincoln's re-election bid as well as shaping his Second Inaugural Address in March where he expressed a desire for reunion without seeking revenge.

Unfortunately, just one week after General Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox in April 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated.The Radical Republicans imposed military rule in the South through the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867. This act sought to retaliate against the South and strengthen Republican power by promoting black voter participation. Southerners accused Northerners of implementing "carpetbag" legislatures. Along with this act, several amendments were passed, including the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, as well as

the Civil Rights Act and Freedman's Bureau Bills. President Johnson, who believed in state rights, vetoed all these acts but Congress overturned his vetoes. Despite facing impeachment later on, Johnson remained in office after being acquitted by a single vote. In subsequent elections in 1868 and 1872, Ulysses S. Grant became President despite having limited political experience. However, he encountered issues related to scandals involving some of his appointees like the Credit Mobilier Scandal where they overcharged for railroad construction and kept extra money for themselves. Consequently, Liberal Republicans and certain Democrats called for civil service reform. Eventually, progress was made towards reform during President Grant's term with the passage of the Pendleton Act in 1883.

Garfield is assassinated by a disillusioned individual seeking employment in the government. 9. Sharecropping, which involved tenant farmers and crop lien, was a method used by Southern plantation owners to rearrange their land and guarantee a low-cost labor force. This mainly consisted of former slaves and impoverished white individuals who cultivated the land, resulting in them being perpetually indebted to local businesses or plantation owners (a form of pseudo-slavery). 10.

The end of Reconstruction, also known as "Redemption," marked the return of "home rule" or the "solid South." In 1877, the last troops withdrew from the South as part of a compromise reached with the election of Republican Hayes in 1876. With this withdrawal, African Americans lost their protections, and southern whites implemented "Jim Crow" laws (sometimes referred to as "Black Codes"). These laws ensured legal segregation and stripped voting rights from African Americans through measures such as literacy tests and poll taxes. Additionally, secret societies like the ASK would

harass African Americans who attempted to establish schools or exercise their right to vote. The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case upheld the principle of "separate but equal," a doctrine that was only overturned in the landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision. During the Industrial Revolution and Arbitration period from 1860 to 1900, monopolies thrived, led by influential figures such as Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, and JP Morgan, who used tactics like horizontal integration and vertical integration.

During this period, the laissez-faire attitudes of the government prevailed, with weak presidents and Congress. Businessmen held significant power, especially when courts favored them. Acts like the Sherman Anti-Trust Act passed in 1890 aimed to declare trusts that restrained trade as illegal. However, these acts were interpreted loosely, as seen in the 1895 SEC Knight case. In this case, it was argued that manufacturing did not qualify as trade, allowing monopolies like the Knight company, which produced 95% of the sugar in America, to go unpunished. Instead, the act was used against unions, which were considered to be restraining trade when going on strike.

During the late 19th century, businessmen sought high protective tariffs, even though they already held large monopolies/trusts. The money collected from these tariffs sometimes went towards frivolous means, which partially contributed to the depression of 1893. President Cleveland was the only one during this time to oppose high tariffs and advocated for the government to stay out of the economy as much as possible (laissez-faire). However, he was defeated in 1888 by Harrison, who convinced factory workers in the North that their jobs would be at risk without high tariffs. By the end of

the decade (1900), the Dingles Tariff, which had about a 57% tariff rate, was eased, becoming the highest in our history. Social Darwinism, also known as the "Gospel of Wealth" promoted extreme accumulation of wealth in the late 19th century. Figures such as Carnegie and Herbert Spencer justified this ideology and claimed that those at the bottom of society were lazy, weak, and "unfit". This belief led to the notion that only those with money should be making decisions for society, leading to philanthropy being seen as a way for wealthy individuals to distribute their money as they saw fit, rather than improving worker wages, etc. This concept was popularized in novels like Horatio Alger's "rags to riches". The advent of new technology such as electricity, steel, and oil brought about significant changes in the workforce. Most workers held unskilled positions and were treate