State and federal prison systems share similarities and differences. State prisons, governed by state governments, primarily accommodate individuals involved in blue collar crimes, while federal prisons mainly house white collar criminals. Both systems have various levels of security - minimum, low, medium, and high. By extensively researching numerous books on the history of federal prisons, I gained a deeper understanding of their beginnings and development.
Prior to the establishment of federal prisons, state and local agencies were in charge of housing prisoners. However, today the responsibility falls on the Federal Bureau of Prisons which incarcerates those convicted of federal crimes and detains pretrial defendants in federal jails situated in major cities (Foster, 2006). The inception of the federal prison system dates back to the 1890s but was officially recognized when President Hoover signed a bill in 1930 that permit
...ted the construction of federal facilities.
The establishment of the first federal U.S. Penitentiary took place in Leavenworth, Kansas, utilizing a former military prison. The development of modern state prison systems was influenced by nineteenth-century penitentiaries that were shaped by legal reforms during the Age of Enlightenment in the eighteenth century (Foster, 2006). While previously many states possessed just one state prison, presently each state has more than 20 facilities. Texas is notable for its current tally of 100 facilities.
The state facilities initially followed the Auburn model and later accommodated special needs such as women and younger offenders. Additionally, these facilities provided halfway houses for offenders struggling with drug and alcohol addiction, which offered support during difficult times. (Debbie Dennis, The Fundamentals, Burk Foster, Prentice-Hall, 2006, Pearson Education, Inc.)
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