Farm Animals Flashcards, test questions and answers

Repeat or Reflect 2-3 Key Words from your topic sentence in your clincher sentence.

Words with important meaning that will trigger the rest of the information.

2 ways the animals celebrated their victory

What was the phrase that Snowball composed to make learning the 7 Commandments easier?

What name was given to the battle?

Why was Boxer admired by all the workers on the farm?

Who warned the farm animals of the approaching armed humans?

Describe the devious behavior of the cat.

Which letters were all Mollie agreed to learn?

What clever method did Napoleon and Snowball use to inform animals on neighboring farms of the Rebellion?

Who received the first "Animal Hero, First Class" awards?

How many letters of the alphabet did Boxer learn?

Which animal was missing at the end of the battle and why?

How did they honor the sheep that died in battle?

What did Jones do in early October, with the help of his neighboring farmers, Foxwood and Pinchfield?

What was the job of the pigs during day-to-day operations?

What did the animals use for their own Animal Farm banner, which they hoisted every Sunday after breakfast?

What did the pigs study in the harness-room headquarters?

Where had Snowball gained his knowledge about successful battle strategies?

Why did Boxer feel guilt and sorrow at the end of the battle?

How many animals were killed in the battle?

Describe arguments Squealer used to justify the pigs' consumption of all the mild and apples.

Which animals appear to be having the most trouble adjusting to their new way of life?

The process by which humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits.

Yes

The trait must be heritable.

It is the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next. (Break down Heritability into Heredity and Ability.)

Humans

The Enivironment

A mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations show differential reproductive success. In other words- they tend to produce more offspring on average than do other individuals.

They are selected by the environment, through process of evolution and by adaptation, such that resulting in characteristics that only give advantages to the organisms getting the trait to help them survive (relate to slogan: Survival of the Fittest).

No, *Remember that *desirable* traits are only found in Selective Breading, and *advantageous* traits are generally found in Natural Breading.

Thomas Malthus (Relate to HGAP)

It is all of the individuals of a species that live in an area.

Descent with modification is the term Darwin used for evolution. It explains both the unity of life and the diversity of life. The unity of life comes from descent; offspring resemble their parents, even over many generations. But organisms are not identical to their parents, they are also modified in the process; and this - over long periods of time - explains the diversity of life. So for example, the homology between the forelimbs of a human, a bat, a porpoise, and a horse are explained by descent with modification. They have the same pattern of bones because all of those animals descended from a common ancestor, but the bones are not identical because they were modified for different functions -- grasping, flight, swimming, and running.

Alfred Russel Wallace

1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Adaptation 4. Descent with Modification

The heritable differences, or variations, that exist in every population are the basis for natural selection. The differences among individuals result from differences in the genetic material of the organisms, whether inherited from a parent or resulting from genetic mutation.

While having many offspring raises the chance that some will survive, it ALSO results in competition between offspring for resources.

A certain variation that allows an organism to survive better than other organisms it competes against in its environment. More successful individuals are "naturally selected" to live longer and to produce more offspring that share those adaptations for their environment.

Think of this as when organisms get "modified"/get a variation and they remain "descent" with the variation. Natural Selection will result in species with adaptation that are well suited for survival and reproduction in their environment. Most individuals will have the trait in every following generation, as long as environmental conditions continue to remain beneficial for that trait.

A measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population in a given environment.

Natural Selection acts on the Phenotype (physical traits).

They are made by genetic mutations, NOT by natural selection.

No, Natural Selection can act ONLY on traits that already exist. In other words, Natural Selection acts only on existing variation.

Yes, as Ecologists Peter and Rosemary Grants discovered when they observed the affects of a drought in 1977 in the Galapagos Islands on finches with large and small beaks. The finches with the large beaks survived whereas the finches with small beaks didn't. And so, the trait gets passed down. *In this case it was a change in the environment.* This caused the large beak finches population to sour. However, an unusually wet period caused the supply of large seeds to go down. On the contrary, these conditions favored the production of small,soft seeds and small beaked birds. And this caused this caused the small beak finches population to rise. Remember: that a trait that is an advantage today may be a disadvantage in the future.

He wanted to learn whether you can possibly change the whole species following that specific pigeon into a new species of pigeon.

Because if there is no variation, there is no survival of the fittest. if all organisms are the same, it makes no difference which ones are killed, the gene pool stays the same. If there is variance, only the organisms with better genes survive and the inferior ones are killed off.

Its because the phenotype or physical characteristics is what actually determines if the organism is able to reproduce and pass along its genotype to the next generation. Natural selection acts on the phenotype of the organism because the phenotype represents the alleles that are actually expressed in an organism. If an allele is not expressed (part of the phenotype) it can not be selected for or against. If there is a trait that is controlled by a recessive allele, then there can be normal individuals that don't have the allele at all (NN), as well as normal individuals that don't have the trait but do carry the allele for the trait (Nn). Natural selection will treat these two phenotypes the same, even though their genotypes are different. The genotype, or the genetic makeup of an organism , is what is responsible for the phenotype or the look of the organism. So, the genotype must be changed for the phenotype to be changed, unless the organism had an injury. The phenotype of the organism is the physical characteristics that is displays rather on what two alleles it has for that characteristic. Nature selects the best suited organisms to survive so it does not matter what the genotype is, only the phenotype. For instance if color blindness is recessive to normal vision and a color blind person would be selected against a person being color blind would not survive. That is a person with the genotype cc. Now a person who is not color blind would be selected for and would survive. This person could have the genotype CC or Cc. You can see that nature does not select in this case based on what genes the organisms has but rather what physical traits is possesses.

The plague was unavoidable, and unpredictable in regards to whom it would affect.

"Although there are no fewer than twenty-three medical treatises . . . none of them will help you."

1. They should restate the text's central ideas. 2. They should include important supporting details. 3. They should use objective language.

The topic and supporting details

NOT It describes the plague in great detail.

Modern medicine has changed dramatically since the 1500s.

Elizabethans faced a variety of challenges in staying healthy.

Elizabethans believed that the balance of the four humors would keep them healthy.

Physicians could not do much for victims of the plague.

Exclude personal opinions.

2 months

measles, mumps, rubella

10 years

German measles

measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, and varicella (chickenpox)

autism

rash that begins at hairline and moves downward on the body

swollen glands and cheeks

swelling of the testicles and sterility in males

light rash on face

can cause miscarriage and premature birth in pregnant women

diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis

acellular (newer= less reactions)

difficulty swallowing, thick covering over the back of the throat

suffocation

lock jaw

no

severe muscle spasms, including spasms of the mouth and jaw, tightening of muscles

whooping cough

thick, sticky mucus in windpipe and severe coughing

haemophilus influenza type B

flu symptoms

contracted through tattooing and body piercing and body fluids

yellow skin and eyes

cirrhosis

in routines, doesn't like loud noises, very smart in certain subjects

Oral(OPV- live) and injection(IPV- killed/weakened)

paralysis

deformed or paralyzed legs and arms

Jonas Salk

first dose of MMR is given around the age of 1 and autism is discovered around 1

MMR does not cause autism

chickenpox

itchy rash over entire body with many sores, fever, and sore throat

scars, very dangerous in teens and adults. a person who has had chickenpox can get a painful rash called shingles as an adult

pneumococcal conjugate- form of meningitis

fast breathing or difficulty breathing

lungs

sudden high fever, severe, persistent headache, neck stiffness, and discomfort in bright lights

amputations, mentally retardation, deaf, death

causes severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in babies

human papillomavirus

3

cervical cancer and some sexually transmitted diseases

to be resistant to a specific pathogen

any organism that causes a disease

natural and acquired

immunity present at birth

immunity developed after birth

an injection, or oral solutio, that exposes a person, or animal, to a killed or weakened form of a pathogen in order to produce immunity to the disease

soreness; pain in the area around injection, redness, stifness, crankiness in children

pain reliever, ice, and sleep

A reading test which is composed of graded word lists, graded passages from stories and informational books, and comprehension questions is known as:

An informal reading inventory can be used to measure:

An informal reading inventory usually contains:

Bobby's teacher administered an informal reading inventory and found that he had fourth grade instructional reading level and a sixth grade listening level. These scores indicate that this student should be able to:

During a classroom observation, the principle noted that a fifth grade teacher did not communicate well with her students. To help the students understand their teacher's expectations and to make assignments clearer, the principal wisely suggested that the teacher develop and distribute:

George lives on a farm and enjoys reading books about farm animals. Of the following, the most likely reason why George can read books about farm animals independently is that books with:

High-stakes testing differs from classroom assessment in many ways. One significant way in which high-stakes testing and classroom assessment differ is that classroom assessment usually:

Items to be included in a portfolio are usually selected by the:

Of the following, the most effective way for teachers to monitor progress and make instructional decisions is to:

Of the following, the tool which is most likely to help students engage in self-assessment is the:

Principal Andy Taylor has correctly advised teachers to prepare students for high-stakes testing by:

Scoring guides that are used to evaluate student performance in reading and writing according to specific criteria and levels of achievement are known as:

Six-year-old Madison selected a book, Junie B. Jones and the Stupid Smelly Bus, from the classroom library. Madison was able to read most of the words but she needed her teacher's help to fully comprehend the story. Consequently, this book fit Madison's:

Six grade reading teacher David Scott has been asked to help his students prepare for a high-stakes assessment. Of the following, the best way that a reading teacher could help his students prepare for a high-stakes assessment is to:

Sixth grade teacher Helen Crump has been asked to evaluate students's writing samples. To complete this task, Miss Crump should develop a(n):

Students' scores on high-stakes tests such as Metropolitan Achievement Test and Iowa Test of Basic Skills can often be linked to readability levels of the:

Systematic and meaningful collections of artifacts documenting students's literacy development over a period of time are known as:

The level where students can read and comprehend what they are reading with the support of the teacher is the student's:

Third grade teacher Bea Taylor writes brief notes as she observes students. Which of the following notes would be most helpful in planning instruction?

To encourage book discussions, all of the sixth grade students in the Charles School District have been asked to read the novel, The Giver. Because of a few of her students struggle in reading and are unable to read The Giver independently, the principal has wisely advised the teacher to:

To help students understand the genre of standardized tests, effective teachers:

When a teacher administers an informal reading inventory, the student:

When Mary orally read a paragraph from the text, Little House on the Prairie, she stumbled over most of the words and required a great deal of assistance from her teacher. Mary was unstable to state the main idea of the selection. This book was at Mary's:

When used correctly, portfolios focus upon a student's:

A valid contract

An infant

18

The age of majority

Cannot DIsaffim his contract with Jane because he is an adult

Does not change the fact that Phil is bound by the contract

Ratified and Katie cannot recover her payments

Return the motorcycle and avoid further liability

Ratification

Not enforceable because you're he was intoxicated enough to lack of mental capacity when he agreed to it

pest control strategy that uses a combination of techniques to reduce pest pops to economically acceptable levels. Focuses on the long-term prevention or suppression of pest problems. uses cultural, biological, physical, and mechanical methods in site specific combiations. Pesticides only used when careful field moniotring, based on economic threshold levels, indicates they are needed. Main aim is to control only the harmful pest without affecting beneficial and non-target organsism, human health, and the environment.

offers the pssibility of improving the efficacy of pest control programs while reducing some of the negative effects. reduce energy and pesticide use

-correct pest identity -pest biology and life cycles -most susceptible stage in the life of the pest -how the pest grows under specific conditions -how the pest survives and lives -how the pest spreads -what are the effects of environmental factos on the pest -Insects and disease, what are the damage symptoms -what are the natural enemies

-weeds - number per given area (density) and pattern in the field -Insects - stage or size, symptoms and level of damage on the crop and symptoms and level of damage -Disease-severity, symptoms and level of damage

Prevention and control stategies 1) encouraging natural enemies of the pest 2) monitoring pest populations and other relevant factors 3) using resistant crops before pest numbers increase and cause economic damage. Control stategies may involve many control combinations.

control action guidlines help decide whether managment actions are needed to avoid losses from pest damage.

establish the amount of pest damage that occurs from given pest densities.

indicate when managment actions are needed to avoid losses.

is a must in IPM programs -any relevent cropping or re-vegetaon histores--variety, seeding date, fertilization, seed treatment, tilage system -timing and date of any pest control methods, environmenetal conditions before, at, and after treatment -past, present, and future re-veg practices -any relative yield results

regular evaluation program will help determine the susccess of pest management srateies. what worked and what didnt

One of the Bureau of Land Managment's highest propority is to promote ecosystem health.

any plant designated by a Federal, State or county government as injurious to public health, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, or property.

1) abundant seed production 2)reapid pop establishment 3)seed dormancy 4)long term survival of buried seeds 5) adaptations for rapid spread 6) presence of vegetative reproduction features 7)capacity to occupy sites disturbed by human activity.

Prolific seed producers. Flowers in dense spikes. spiny likfe flowers

milky sap, covered with fine hairs

flowerhead with many small tube-like flowers clustered on a common base, with an outer row of strap-shaped flowers in some species

round stem and leaves and appear to be in whorls (cicles) around the plant stem

flowers are tiny and inconspicious, but some species bear showhy masses of fruits. sometimes reddish coloration

trailing or climbing vines, often have heart shaped leaves and funnel shaped flowers

alternate leaves, small four part flower in white, yellow or purple

triangle shaped solid stems

milky sap

slender leaves with parrellel viens

compiund leaves and flowers are typical pea blossom shape

stem has a paper-like collar at the base of each leaf

rose-like flowers, thorns

snapdragon-lik flowers, petals sometimes joined together, forming the shape of a bell

sometimes creeping, 5 petals and 5 stamen in flowers

flowers in umbrella-shaped clusters, hollow stems. fern like leaves.

as long as a wed is not eliminating the min forage crop and is not poisonous to livestock, it may be acceptable to tolerate a certain level of the weed. Must balance the economic loss due to weeds against the cost of controlling the weeds - economic threshold

have stiff outer shell (exoskeleton, cuticle) composed largely of chitin, a natural carbohydrate polymer

many are easy to manage during one or two of their life stages. Pesticides may not be effective against eggs or adults, while the soft immature insect larvae or instars may be easily killed.

3 stages- egg, nymph, and adult- wings become fully developed only in the adult stage.

4 stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult

Grasshoppers, Crickets, Cockroaches and Cicadas

Bees, Wasps, Hornets, Ants, Sawflies

True Bugs (big-eyed bugs, plant bugs, assassin bugs)

Butteflies and moths

House Flies, Horseflies, Mosquitoes, Fruitflies, Midges, and Gnats

Scales, whiteflies, mealybugs, spittlebugs and aphids

beetles and weevils

spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions 2 body regions, four pairs of legs, wingless and have no antennae

requires understanding of the grwoth habits of the plant and its cropping system, knowledge of the biology, behavior, life history and type of damage caused by potential pests and information regarding the plant growth stage or enviornmental condtitions under which pest damage is most likely to occur.

involve manipulating the environment to make it less suitable for pest survival.

choose plant aterials that are well adapted to local soil and environmental condtitions

Rotating the location of garden crops will affect the incidence of foliar feeding insects but may reduce damage caused by soil-inhabiting pests such as wireworms

overwinter/ shelter in plant residues, remove debris

keep crop areas weed-free

growing the crop when th pest is in a growth stage where it can do the least harm or planting the crop so that the most susceptible stage of crop occurs when the pest is least abundant.

Intercropping refers to planting two or more crops in adjacent plots to slow the spread or pests and to provide habitat for natural enemies.

excerise catuion, thick mulches of plant material will encourage the development of potentially damaging pests such as white grubs, millipedes, sowbugs, and cutowrms.

adequate fertilization and watering encourages healthy, vigorous plant growth.

include hand removal, use of screens, barriers, or trapping devices; freezing, crushing, and grinding.

remove large or readily visible insects by hand and destroy, or disloge pests into can containging small amount of water and detergent.

cardboard or metal collars placed around transplants or container plants will reduce the risk of cutworm and millipede damage sticky bands

various kinds used to monitor insect adunance

the important IPM stategy uses beneficial organisms including predators, parasites, or insect pathogens to reduce pest populations.

natural pops of predators and parasites are valuable in reducing infestations of insect and mite pests.

attract insect-eating birds and small mammals to areas by planting trees and shrubs that provide cover and furnish berries for food. Water or nesting sites

Disease causing organsisms or their products also can be used to suppress insect populations

certain species of nematodes that only attatck insects are available commercially.

attractants, repellents, sterilants, and growth regulators for pest suppression.

many cases the most practical method of reducing insect populations that have already reached threshold levels. have rapid curative action in preventing pest damage and offer a wide range of properties, uses and application methods. relatively inexpensive and may provide subsantial finacial or aesthetic benefits

development of pest resistance -outbreaks of secondary pests -adverse effects on non-target organisms including humans and beneficial insects -hazardous residues in our food suply -ground water contamination

BT attacts digestive tract

refined from natural pyrehtrum which is extracted from a aspecies of chrysanthemum grown primarily in Kenya

plant pathogens are microogranisms that cause disease. can be fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas or nematodes.

pathogens

most common plant pathogen. sipmple organisms that lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot manufacture their own food through photysnthesis.

typ live on dead plant tissue in soil. have capabiliy of causing a disease or roots and lower stem tissue on many species of woody plants. typ attack trees

penetrate into leaves, stems and roots through wounds and natural openings or by forcing their way directly through the plants protective epidermis.

microscopic thread-like strands

bb sized structures that allow them to survive in the soil from season to season

microscopic, one-celled orgaisms unable to make their own food. reproduce when food, temperature and moisture conditions are favorable.

complex molecules of nucleic acids, cannot reproduce on their own. Rely on incorporating their nucleic acid into the nucleic acid of a plant cell to reproduce.

large number of "yellows" diseases are caused by bacteria-like organisms known as mycoplasmas. primarily transmited by leafhopper insects

very tiny slender somewhat transparent, round worms. very high pops must be present to impair ability of roots to absorb water and nutreints

infectious plant disease are caused by a wide range of pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses and mycoplasmalike organisms or by parasitic plants

invade the entire plant

only affect certain plant parts

noninfectious diseases. cannot multiply within the host and cannot be transmitted from plant to plant. result of unfavorable environmental or chemical conditions such as unfavorbable temps, soil compaction, drought, flooding, nutrient imbalances, air pollution or chemical excesses and misapplication

produce characteristic symptoms in response to infectious plant disease that greatly aid in diagnosing the cause of the disease. they are the plant's expression of disease

are the evidence of the actual pathogen itselg some are visible with an unaided eye, others require the use of a hand lens or microscope

most common dist for feild crop disease is a radom pattern disease moving in from edges of the field is often indicative of an insect-vectored disease. another common pattern is areas of high stress, or low or compacted areas

Over time plant disease result from three interacting conditions - a susceptible host -an environmental favorable for disease development -a disease-causing agent (virulent pathogen)

most pathogens are host-specific to a particular plant species, genus or family.

has a genetic makeup that permits the development of a particular disease -resistance can be - physical characteristics of the plant, chemical, and growth patterns.

certain conditions must exist for disease pathogens to cause infection. moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, nutition and soil quality