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toeic writing – 2/20/2017 – lesson 1,2 – Flashcards 11 terms

Isabella Parker

11 terms

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toeic writing – 2/20/2017 – lesson 1,2 – Flashcards

question

call off

answer

v ph - I loved Huong, but lover had been called off many years ago.

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fall out

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v ph - ngân mb's belongings fell out of her open baggage.

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sit across from each other

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dung chuột and I sit across from each other to chat. --- topic JOB

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interviewer, trân vs interviewee, I

answer

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whine (whining)

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v - I'm always whining.

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splash

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v - cola spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter.

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Punctual

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adj - We will set off at 5 a.m. tomorrow; therefore, please be punctual. -- I vs Xuyen.

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codominimum

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n - More and more condominimums have been built recently at Xala. --- topic PLACE

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corridor

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n - a couple are making love at the corridor.

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foundation

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n - the bricklayers are laying the concrete foundations of Di Loc, but wrong.

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high-rise

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adj - nha tap the is a high-rise building.

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AP Psychology Central Route Processing Equal Status Contact Psychology Social Psychology

Ciccarelli Psychology, Chapter 12 Study Plan – Flashcards 89 terms

Julia Rush

89 terms

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Ciccarelli Psychology, Chapter 12 Study Plan – Flashcards

question

The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to _____.

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the presence of multiple witnesses (Bystander Effect)

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Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______.

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public; women; men

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The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of

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groupthink.

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Attitudes

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are learned through experiences and contact with others.

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People can reduce cognitive dissonance by

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forming new cognitions to justify their behavior.

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Scapegoats are

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typically weaker members of the out-group.

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Strategies for overcoming prejudice include

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"jigsaw classroom"/"overall goal" oriented education and equal status contact.

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The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study

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highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people.

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In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to

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give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task.

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A person demanding _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change.

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obedience

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In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level.

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61 and 66

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A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through

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persuasion.

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_____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude.

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Prejudice; discrimination

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The formation of in-groups and out-groups

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begins in childhood.

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The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is

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stereotype vulnerability.

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According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and

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commitment.

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Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of

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intimacy and commitment.

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Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that romantic love consists of

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intimacy and passion

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_______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility.

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Diffusion of responsibility

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Studies have found that the _____ is particularly active when people have made a decision that reduces dissonance and then acted on that decision.

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left frontal cortex

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If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the

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foot-in-the-door technique.

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Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of

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direct contact.

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Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Marco is using an example of

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situational cause.

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Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

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proximity/mere exposure effect

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Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Karen is engaging in

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aggression.

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Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. This is an example of

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altruism.

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People who are in a good mood are less likely to help if

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helping will destroy their good mood.

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Zimbardo's prison guard experiment supports the idea that

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taking on particular social roles can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior.

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_______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.

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Companionate

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When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs.

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impression formation

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In the Latane and Darley smoke-filled room study, participants were most likely to report the smoke when

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they were the only ones in the room.

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Research suggests a relationship between the social network sites particular students use and their

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ethnicity.

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When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called

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discrimination.

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_________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression.

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Testosterone

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_________ is common in college settings, where students and instructors from many different backgrounds live, work, and study together.

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Intergroup contact

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Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is

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planning a course of action.

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Julie is a psychologist involved in figuring out how to get people to purchase a certain brand of computer. Julie is involved in

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consumer psychology.

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If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is

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more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking.

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Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on

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implicit personality theory.

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Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. Chris is showing

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compliance.

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When parents tell their children that smoking cigarettes is dangerous and unhealthy, and the children develop negative attitudes toward smoking, it is an example of

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direct instruction.

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A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message.

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central-route processing

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Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. Carol is showing

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obedience.

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The door-in-the-face technique involves

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asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment.

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When trying to persuade an audience, the message should

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present both sides of the argument.

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As we interact with others on a daily basis, our behavior, feelings, and thoughts are often guided by

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social influence.

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Groupthink can be minimized by

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voting by secret ballot

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Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. This illustrates

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group polarization.

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Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do.

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attribution theory

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In Milgram's obedience experiment, no "teacher" stopped administering electric shock to the "learner" before

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300 volts.

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In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color.

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discrimination

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Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is

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a basic human instinct.

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The ABC Model of Attitudes includes

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Affect, Behavior, and Cognition.

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In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter

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told them that they had to continue.

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The "jigsaw classroom"

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is a technique that gives each individual only part of the information needed to solve a problem, so they must work with others to find the solution

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In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

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reciprocity

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The that's-not-all technique activates

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the norm of reciprocity.

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Sheri's coworker, Stephanie, is extremely scared of spiders and screams every time she sees one in the warehouse. After a few weeks of working closely with Stephanie in the warehouse, Sheri is scared of spiders, too. This is

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vicarious conditioning.

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Studies have shown that when participants "shock" a virtual human on the computer,

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they have the same emotional responses as if it were a real person.

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Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved

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asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room.

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Assigning a person you have just met to a category based on characteristics they have in common with other people or groups whom you have had prior experience with is called

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social categorization.

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Some research suggests that ______ is one of the main factors that influence people's choices for selecting people they want to know better.

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physical attractiveness

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According to the ________, people either expand on what they hear or they pay attention to surface characteristics of persuasive messages.

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elaboration likelihood model

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In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is

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the actor-observer bias.

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Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Nicole will probably experience

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cognitive dissonance.

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According to your textbook, the _____ theory explains prejudice and discrimination between the Nazi soldiers and Jewish people during WWII.

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realistic conflict

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The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because

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some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion.

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Studies have shown that when a person is happy in a marriage, they attribute ________ to dispositional cause.

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their spouse's positive actions

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Jackie is assigned to a group project. It is in her best subject, and she finds the material easy. Jackie will probably experience

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social loafing.

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The fundamental attribution error is less likely

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in collectivist cultures.

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Studies have shown more conformity

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in collectivist cultures.

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According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others.

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social identity

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Lapier's study

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he travelled with a Chinese man and woman for 2 years. He disappeared for interactions, and only once was someone discriminatory. He contacted the establishments later and asked if they would serve Chinese, and 92% said no. Attitudes didn't match behavior.

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Self-presentation

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The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals

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AB problem

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The problem of inconsistency between attitudes (A) and behaviors (B)

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Halo/Horns effect

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Assuming positive/negative traits based on levels of attractiveness.

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The fundamental attribution error (FAE)

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We have an extreme tendency to make dispositional judgements (Castro Essays, friendly/unfriendly student)

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Defensive attribution

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The tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.

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self-serving bias

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The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting blame for failures on external factors.

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Social Identity

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an individual's sense of him/herself based on group membershi

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Social Comparison

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Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.

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Counterfactuals

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Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't. Affects measures of satisfactions (ex: bronze medalists happier than silver medalists).

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Forbidden Fruit

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The forbidding message that causes people to want that thing more. The more powerful the source, the more powerful the drive.

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

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matching hypothesis

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we look for mates with with similar attractiveness

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Attitude alignment

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attraction causes similarity as couples who stay together move closer together

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Romantic Ideals

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Idealizing partners, and focus on virtue, particularly in the beginning of a relationship.

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aggression

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behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person linked to the amygdala, limbic system, testosterone, and serotonin. aggression actually causes less aggression, and media causes more.

question

Zimbardo Study

answer

prisoner and guard study at stanford.

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AP Psychology Equal Status Contact Psychology Social Psychology

Psych Chapter 12 Flashcards 59 terms

Niamh Mitchell

59 terms

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Psych Chapter 12 Flashcards

question

According to your textbook, the _____ theory explains prejudice and discrimination between the Nazi soldiers and Jewish people during WWII.

answer

realistic conflict

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One way to reduce prejudice is to promote personal involvement with people from other groups that is cooperative and occurs when all groups are equal in terms of power or status. This is known as:

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equal status contact.

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Carl knows that his boss, Judy, has a stereotyped opinion of him because of his race. The effect on Carl of this knowledge is:

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stereotype vulnerability

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The "learner" in Milgram's study

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was an actor following a carefully prepared script.

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The door-in-the-face technique involves:

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asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment.

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Stanley Milgram set out to learn:

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how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure.

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Jackie is assigned to a group project. It is in her best subject, and she finds the material easy. Jackie will probably experience:

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social facilitation

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________ is the tendency to take our cues for appropriate behavior from others when we are in an ambiguous situation.

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Informational social influence

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Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of:

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groupthink.

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Researchers examining Milgram's work have:

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not found any one trait or group of traits that will predict obedience in situations such as in Milgram's study

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Julie is a psychologist involved in figuring out how to get people to purchase a certain brand of computer. Julie is involved in:

answer

consumer psychology

question

_______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.

answer

Companionate

question

According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined, the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship.

answer

romantic love

question

In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

answer

reciprocity

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Tyonna hates to exercise. However, when she does go to the gym and others are there exercising around her, she becomes completely motivated. Tyonna's change in behavior could be due to the effect of ______.

answer

social facilitation

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Oscar wants to feel accepted by his classmates, so when they all decide to skip school to have a party, he conforms by joining in. Oscar's need to conform is the result of ________.

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normative social influence

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Jonah's friends all love listening to rap music. Even if he didn't care too much for rap music before, Jonah now believes that rap music is cool. Jonah's attitude toward rap music is most likely formed through ______.

answer

his interaction with others

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The fundamental attribution error is less likely:

answer

in collectivist cultures.

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Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on:

answer

implicit personality theory.

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If a jury member voted "guilty" because the defendant had "shifty eyes" and not because of any of the evidence presented, he or she is demonstrating:

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peripheral-route processing.

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If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the:

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source, message, and target audience.

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The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the:

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amygdala.

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Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because:

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of the extreme effect it was having on the participants.

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Jim is studying in his room and hears someone yell for help. He is at the first helping decision point, which is:

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noticing.

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Most people associate the term cult with:

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a fringe group.

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Branch of psychology concerned with how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

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Social Psychology

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how we are influenced by others

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Social Influence

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how we think about others

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Social Cognition

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how we interact with others

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Social Interaction

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Changing one's own behavior to more closely match the actions of others

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Conformity

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increases as group size increases up to 4

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Group size

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even one dissenter significantly reduces conformity

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Group is unanimous (lack of dissension)

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when behavior is not private, but publicly known

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Group observes one's behavior

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collectivist cultures tend to show more conformity than individualistic cultures

answer

Culture

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Other research has shown feelings of ______, _______, _____ and all increase conformity

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incompetence, insecurity, low-self-esteem

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Occurs when people change their behavior as a result of another person or group asking or directing them to change.

answer

Compliance

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occurs when one changes his/her behavior at the command of an authority

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Obedience

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a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation

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Attitude

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1. the affective (emotional) component 2. the behavioral component 3. the cognitive component

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Three components of an attitude

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watching the actions and reactions of others to ideas, people, objects, and situations

answer

Vicarious conditioning

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the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation

answer

Persuasion

question

•people will either elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it •the future actions of those who do elaborate are more predictable than those who do not

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Elaboration Likelihood Model

question

sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's attitudes

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Cognitive dissonance

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Tendency to attribute someone else's behavior to their personal disposition and underestimate the effect of the situation

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Fundamental attribution error

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forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person

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Impression formation

question

the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past

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Social categorization

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a set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category

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stereotype

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negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group

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Prejudice

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treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong

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Discrimination

question

views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences

answer

Social cognitive theory

question

conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination

answer

Realistic conflict theory

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contact between groups in which the groups have equal status, with neither group having power over the other

answer

Equal status contact

question

the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison

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Social identity theory

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behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person

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Aggression

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socially desirable behavior that benefits others

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Prosocial behavior

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prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself

answer

Altruism

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the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help

answer

Bystander effect

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a person fails to take responsibility for action or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility

answer

Diffusion of responsibility

question

We form attitudes by

answer

Direct contact, direct instruction, interacting with others, vicarious conditioning

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AP Psychology Equal Status Contact Peripheral Route Processing Psychology Social Psychology Sporting Goods Store

Test Answers on PSYC Chapter 12 – Flashcards 74 terms

Tyree Bender

74 terms

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Test Answers on PSYC Chapter 12 – Flashcards

question

A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when

answer

that person is from Hong Kong

question

In groupthink, members of the group

answer

have an illusion of invulnerability

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When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. Then the commitments get more involved, such as staying for a longer period of time and eventually for major donations of money and moving in with the cult members. This is most like which of the following techniques?

answer

foot-in-the-door technique

question

Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment?

answer

Only a very small percentage showed any signs of psychological problems after one year

question

Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. Alex was most likely engaging in

answer

social loafing

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Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude?

answer

"Italian food is the best of the European cuisines."

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Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys of it. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through

answer

vicarious conditioning

question

Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion?

answer

the source

question

Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion?

answer

presence of supporters

question

"I didn't like the sermon at all today. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing?

answer

peripheral-route processing

question

In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to people in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were

answer

paid only $1

question

Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE?

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Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect

question

Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called

answer

schemas

question

Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. This is an example of a __________ cause.

answer

dispositional

question

John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. Eddie has made the

answer

fundamental attribution error

question

In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of

answer

situational factors

question

The behavioral component of prejudice is

answer

discrimination

question

The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of __________ between the groups.

answer

conflict

question

In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the

answer

test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group

question

Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory?

answer

superordinate goals

question

Which situation would be least likely to result in a decrease of prejudice?

answer

asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room

question

Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction?

answer

personality

question

The more you see someone, the more likely you are to __________ that person

answer

question

A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the

answer

reciprocity of liking effect

question

According to Sternberg, the emotional and physical arousal a person feels for another is the __________ component of love

answer

passion

question

Which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior?

answer

marijuana

question

The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the

answer

amygdala

question

Which of the following statements is true?

answer

Abused children grow up to become abusers about one-third of the time

question

According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)

answer

only one other person standing nearby

question

In the Latané and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when

answer

they were alone in the room

question

Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is

answer

taking responsibility

question

Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in __________ cultures

answer

collectivistic

question

To prevent groupthink, members of a group should do all but which of the following?

answer

Discourage questions and alternate solutions

question

Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors-oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. Maria had fallen victim to the __________ technique.

answer

lowball

question

Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the __________ technique of persuasion.

answer

foot-in-the-door

question

Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. Lately, she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than when she is playing alone. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of

answer

social facilitation

question

Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the __________ component of an attitude

answer

affective

question

The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation?

answer

direct instruction

question

Researchers have found that a __________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective, particularly when it is combined with __________ .

answer

moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences

question

Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. The defendant was not very well-spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Sandy was using __________ processing

answer

central-route

question

Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance?

answer

ignore the conflict

question

Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about

answer

impression formation

question

Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are all related to each other are called

answer

implicit personality theories

question

If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as

answer

a dispositional cause

question

The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the

answer

in-group

question

Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations?

answer

two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane

question

The __________ explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes.

answer

social cognitive

question

Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. Patrick has a strong

answer

social identity

question

The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of

answer

stereotype vulnerability

question

The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of __________ in combating prejudice

answer

equal status contact

question

Sarah found her soulmate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is

answer

proximity

question

According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called __________ love

answer

consummate

question

The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early __________ theory

answer

psychoanalytical

question

The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is

answer

testosterone

question

Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following

answer

increased levels of altruism in children

question

To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her?

answer

bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility

question

Cults use all of the following except __________ to gain new members

answer

talking with parents of the recruit

question

Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping?

answer

defining an emergency

question

Which statement is correct concerning cross-cultural research on the fundamental attribution error?

answer

Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions than Western cultures such as the United States.

question

What is the the primacy effect, as it relates to impression formation, more commonly known as?

answer

first impression

question

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?

answer

social loafing

question

Upon arriving at college and meeting your roommate, you sigh mightily as you listen to his endless droning on about how wonderful his girlfriend back home is. "I miss her so much and I can't wait to see her during Thanksgiving break," he comments. Knowing a bit about social psychology and the rules of interpersonal attraction, what are you most likely to think to yourself?

answer

This relationship is doomed, because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away.

question

In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latané?

answer

Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond.

question

Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies?

answer

one confederate gave a correct response

question

Luther operates a small nightclub that specializes in soul music and features up-and-coming African American singing groups. He actively discourages white couples from coming in and always gives them the worst seats if they insist on being admitted. Luther's behavior is BEST described as an example of ________.

answer

discrimination

question

Which statement is the best explanation of the fundamental attribution error?

answer

We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes.

question

You want to visit Argentina but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. Which component of attitude is being affected?

answer

cognitive

question

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the ________ component of her attitude toward him

answer

cognitive

question

A state of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's attitudes do not match the person's actions is called ________

answer

cognitive dissonance

question

Social comparison occurs when ________

answer

two people enter a beauty contest

question

In Zimbardo's prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. After the prisoners staged a revolt, the researchers found that ________

answer

the guards became more aggressive

question

Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called ________

answer

attribution

question

John has practiced his difficult trumpet solo over and over before his performance. He has played it perfectly in his practice room. However, when he performs in public he makes mistakes due to his anxiety. John is a victim of ________

answer

social impairment

question

What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward?

answer

altruism

STUDY

AP Human Geography Cash Flow Statement Command Economic System Equal Status Contact Planning And Decision Making Psychology World Geography

Human Geography Unit 2 Test – Flashcards 41 terms

Noel Macdonald

41 terms

Preview

Human Geography Unit 2 Test – Flashcards

question

Responsible use of resources requires cooperation at what levels?

answer

Local,national, and global

question

The population growth is influenced by what?

answer

Birthrate,death rate,immigration, and emigration

question

Factors of poverty in LDCs

answer

Lack of education opportunities, lack of technology,overpopulation, and uneven distribution of wealth

question

Traditional economic system

answer

•Custom decision making •Private ownership •Production driver by custom •Job choice decided by custom •Wages determined by N/A

question

Command economic system

answer

•Government Decision making •Government and private ownership •Production driven by government goals •job choice by government •wages determined by government

question

Market economic system

answer

•private decision-making •private ownership •Production driven by consumer demand •Job choice determined by individual •Wages determined by employee/employer

question

Mixed economic system

answer

•decision-making government, private •ownership by government, private •Production driven by government, private •Job choice determined by individual •wages determined by employee/employer negotiation; minimum-wage maybe sat by government

question

Acid rain

answer

Precipitation that has become acidic through the absorption of pollutants in the atmosphere, such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides

question

Biomass energy

answer

Power produced through the decomposition or burning of plants and/or organic waste

question

Bubonic plague

answer

A deadly, very contagious disease, carried by fleas and rats

question

Cultural convergence

answer

The contact and interaction of cultural groups

question

Cultural diffusion

answer

The process whereby one culture adopts traits of another culture

question

Cultural divergence

answer

Government policy that attempts to restrict the access of its population to outside culture

question

Cultural mosaic

answer

Groups living near each other while maintaining their unique cultures

question

Emigration

answer

Leaving one's homeland to settle in a new place

question

Immigration

answer

The movement of people to a new country

question

Ethnic cleansing

answer

Policy whereby one group of individuals of common ancestry is removed from an area by another group of individuals of common ancestry, either through death or expulsion

question

Geothermal energy

answer

How are produced from heat inside the earth

question

Hydroelectric energy

answer

How are produced in the movement of water

question

Pandemic

answer

The world wide spread of a deadly disease, e.g.,The plague

question

Sustainable development

answer

The ability to meet current needs without reducing the ability to meet future needs

question

Possible solutions to today's environmental issues

answer

Increased use of geothermal energy, rain forest preservation, recycling, sustainable development

question

Global development

answer

Increased peoples exposure to new ideas, created a global culture, reduce the number of people living in rural areas

question

Recycling

answer

A way to reduce solid waste

question

Renewable energy sources

answer

Biomass geothermal wind solar and hydroelectric

question

People interaction with their environment

answer

Changes to the earth environment can be harmful. People adapt to their environment. People change their environment. Changes to the earth environment can be beneficial.

question

Migration

answer

Moving from one place to another

question

Descriptions of the importance of the management of the Earth resources

answer

Resource management becomes more important as the population increases. Resource management is a global, local, and national issue

question

Over urbanization

answer

More people live in an area than the area can provide services for

question

Unsustainable development

answer

Resources are being used up at a faster rate than they can be replaced

question

T/F:culture is seldom a factor in world conflict

answer

False

question

T/F:The connections between the countries of the world are likely to increase in the future

answer

True

question

More developed countries:

answer

Use more of the worlds resources

question

Left about countries:

answer

Have more of the worlds resources

question

Acid rain:

answer

Affects our health, is a greater concern in more developed countries, and makes the soil less able to use the poor agriculture

question

Disadvantages of wind power:

answer

Not available at all times, can't be used everywhere, and noisy

question

Pandemics:

answer

Easily spread to new areas, highly contagious disease, and the bubonic plague and

question

Reasons why geographers study religion:

answer

To explain the role of religion in regional conflict and it to understand religions affect on the physical environment

question

Possible solutions to air pollution:

answer

Develop cost efficient methods to use solar energy, improve fuel efficiency and automobiles, increase the use of wind power, and reduce the use of coal and oil

question

Rain forest:

answer

Provides variety of food for the world, species found in rain forest have been used to cure disease, species found in the rain forest decreased every day, cures for diseases have been developed from resources in the rain forests

question

In which Area just clean drinking water present the biggest problem?

answer

Cities in LDCs

STUDY

Equal Status Contact Implicit Personality Theory Peripheral Route Processing Psychology

Test #3 (Chapter 12) – Flashcards 50 terms

Ewan Tanner

50 terms

Preview

Test #3 (Chapter 12) – Flashcards

question

In Asch's study conformity decreased when..

answer

at least one confederate agrees with the participant

question

Which of the following would not be effective in minimizing groupthink?

answer

Caroline wants her team to openly vote by a show of hands either for or against her business plan.

question

One of the keys to deindividuation is..

answer

anonymity

question

Conner needs just $20 more to go out with his friends. He asks his mother for $50 but she tells him he can have $30 instead. In the end, Conner ended up with $10 more than he originally planned. What techniques did Conner use?

answer

door-in-the-face-technique

question

Follow-up research to Stanley Milgram's original study has found that ________ of "teachers" will deliver shocks up to the point of being lethal.

answer

over 60 percent

question

Studies have found that attitude are primarily the results of..

answer

learned behavior

question

Which of the following represents the affective component of an attitude?

answer

"I love to go to the clubs- it makes me so happy!"

question

Erin hates snakes, even though she has never been bitten or been close to one. She developed her feelings by seeing her scared her mother was she came across them in the garden, or even when watching a movie or television show where there was a snake. Erin's attitude towards snakes was most likely acquired through...

answer

vicarious conditioning

question

As an attorney, you always recommend to your clients that they dress up in professional clothes for their day in court. What aspects if persuasion are you focusing upon?

answer

the source

question

One of your friends tell you, "I didn't like the environmental-awareness presentation today. First of all it was too long, not to mention the person that gave it was drinking out of a polystyrene cup and drove away in a huge SUV." What kind of processing might your friend be using?

answer

peripheral-route processsing

question

In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to woman in the waiting room about how interesting a task really was. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were....

answer

paid only $1

question

If you were to describe impression formation in just one word, what would that be?

answer

prediction

question

According to the phenomenon known as social categorization, what is most influential in helping us form an attitude about someone or something?

answer

Those things that happen first, also known as the primacy effect.

question

Johanna thinks that everyone who smiles must always be happy and this people who are quiet must naturally be shy. Such assumption are the bases for...

answer

implicit personality theory

question

Caleb almost always shows up late for work. His friends attribute this to Caleb laziness. This is an example of a _________ cause.

answer

dispositional

question

How might someone who unknowingly is committing the fundamental attribution error explain Stanley Milgram's obedience study?

answer

Subjects in that study must have been the kind of people that like to hurt others.

question

Prejudice is about _______ while discrimination is about _________.

answer

attitudes; behavior

question

Jewell and Amie became friends while taking an evening class at the local community college. Jewell's later horrified to find out Amia was actually a teacher at the college. Subsequently, Jewell stopped talking with Amie, thus ending their friendship. What theory of prejudice and discrimination might this be an example of?

answer

in group/ out-group theory

question

In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most starling finding was that the...

answer

test scores dropped each group during their respective turn as the out-group

question

Which of the following would be the most effective way to decrease prejudice?

answer

Create an environment of equal status, where groups must rely upon each other to solve a common problem.

question

The more you see someone, the more likely you are to like that person. Such a phenomenon is often due to...

answer

mere exposure

question

What doe the researcher say about the concept of opposites attract?

answer

Studies don not support this idea but instead offer the explanation of complementary qualities.

question

In grade school, 12-year-old Chase does not know 12-year- old Corrine well, but starts to like her when he hears from her friends that she has a crush on him. This is an example of...

answer

reciprocity of liking

question

According to Robert Sternberg's three components of love, which component addresses the physical aspects?

answer

passion

question

According to Sternberg, when all three components of love are present, a couple possesses _________ love.

answer

consummate

question

When people are unable to reach a goal, frustration may result, which can ultimately turn into.....

answer

aggression

question

Increased levels of aggression in those who drink alcohol may be due to decrease in what neurotransmitter?

answer

serotonin

question

Studies of the brain have found that the ___________ is influential in the presence of _____________ behavior.

answer

temporoparietal junction; altruistic

question

Which of the following scenarios probably will not result int he bystander effect?

answer

You come across someone lying on a walking path while you are walking alone at your nature center.

question

Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision- making process is....

answer

taking responsibility

question

Saul admits that he conforms so as to be liked by other. This is known as...

answer

normative social influence

question

According to the text, in which of the following has groupthink been known to occur?

answer

the sinking of the Titanic

question

Many business now require their employees to work in teams, believing that a group of four or five employees will accomplish more than four to five individuals working alone. This is an example of what concept?

answer

social facilitation

question

Maria was approached by her neighbor asking her to adopt two to three kittens that were abandoned by their mother. While Maria refused to take in threes kittens, she did agree to adopt just one. What compliance technique did her neighbor use on Maria?

answer

door-in-the-face

question

Which of the following people would probably not be prime candidate for membership into a cult?

answer

Lawerence, who has only has a high school diploma but tends to be independent and happy with his life

question

Follow-up studies to Stanley Milgram's have suggested that a teacher;s willingness to deliver potentially lethal shocks may be more a product of __________ than a obedience.

answer

social identity

question

The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation?

answer

direct instruction

question

Researchers have found the a __________ degree of fear is a message makes it more effective, particularly when it is combined with ____________.

answer

moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequence

question

Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. The defendant was not ver well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. She was using ______________ processing.

answer

central-route

question

Which of the following should Lashonda avoid if she wants to reduce cognitive dissonance?

answer

ignoring the conflict altogether

question

Gerald goes to a job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Obviously, Gerald knows nothing about...

answer

impression formation

question

If behavior is assumed to be caused by external characteristics, this is known as.....

answer

a situational cause

question

Thomas likes to "hang with the guys." These people with whom Thomas identifies most strongly with are called a (n)...

answer

in-group

question

The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of ___________ in combating prejudice.

answer

equal status contact

question

Vivan and Steve met at work. At first they were just friends, but over time, they found themselves falling in love- or as Vivian her her friends, "Steve just grew on me!" According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most like explanation for their attract is...

answer

mere exposure

question

According to Sternberg, a couple whose level is based off of intimacy and passion but who are not yet committed to a long-term relationship are in the form of love called _________ love.

answer

romantic

question

The concept that aggression results from social role is based on what psychological theory?

answer

learning

question

To which two processes do most social psychologist attributes the failure of those around LaShanda Calloway to help her?

answer

bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility

question

Cara knows that she can help people simply by dialing 9-1-1 on her cell phone if an emergency arises. Which step in the decision process for helping would Cara be at?

answer

planning a course of action

question

Which of the following would the field of social neuroscience be most like to study?

answer

what parts of the brain influence social behavior

STUDY

Advanced Pathophysiology Equal Status Contact Pathophysiology Psychology

Pathophysiology Ch.11/Ch.12 – Flashcards 124 terms

Kenneth McQuaid

124 terms

Preview

Pathophysiology Ch.11/Ch.12 – Flashcards

question

Stressors (work-life balance, constant availability, abuse, trauma, loss of job, illness, etc) Depends on the individual's age, health, stressor, genetics, social support, etc Perception of stress Some researchers feel that acute stress is immunoenhancing and chronic stress is immunosuppressive

answer

Physiologic stress

question

Dr. Selye termed the _________ as the general adaption syndrome

answer

Stress response

question

GAS three stages:

answer

1. Alarm stage 2. Stage of resistance or adaption 3. Stage of exhastion

question

◦Arousal of body defenses—fight or flight ◦Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. ◦Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and cortisol are released Cortisol will break down proteins, release lipids, and increase circulating glucose ◦Activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS):HR, BP, RR, GI function

answer

Alarm stage

question

◦Follows persistent stress ◦Characterized by decreased levels of cortisol due to negative feedback mechanisms ◦Long-term hypercortisolism: Impaired inflammatory and immune responses, tissue breakdown and glucose intolerance ◦Continued suppression of thyroid, growth and reproductive hormones alters growth, metabolism and reproduction

answer

Stage of resistance or adaption

question

◦Occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful. ◦Progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms ◦Characterized by energy depletion, tissue degeneration and poor health

answer

Stage of exhaustion

question

causes psychologic and physical responses A person experiences this when a demand exceeds the person's coping abilities can results in reactions such as disturbances of cognition, emotion, and behavior that can adversely affect well-being

answer

Stress

question

Involves physiologic response and psychologic stressors.

answer

Reactive response

question

Physiologic response develop in anticipation of a disruption in homeostasis.

answer

Anticipatory response

question

◦Associates a stimulus with danger. ◦May cause posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or phobias.

answer

Conditional response

question

◦Are interactions of consciousness, the brain and spinal cord, and the body's defense mechanisms. Stressors: Elicit a stress response or stress system through actions of the nervous and endocrine systems. ◦Pain, cold, trauma, malnutrition, excitement, drugs, surgery, and other stressors

answer

Psychoneuroimmunologic Mediators

question

Is initiated by the central nervous system and the endocrine system. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus. ◦CRH is also peripherally released at inflammatory sites. Stressor can be a perceived or real threat. Norepinephrine ◦Promotes arousal, increased vigilance, increased anxiety, and other protective emotional responses.

answer

Stress response

question

Glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland

answer

Major stress hormones

question

-Balances the sympathetic nervous system -Influences the adaptation or maladaptation to stress

answer

Parasympathetic system

question

Adaptive physiologic response to stressful events

answer

Allostasis

question

-Long-term or chronic exaggerated responses to stress -Can lead to disease

answer

Chronic or disregulated allostasis

question

-aroused during the stress response. ◦Causes the adrenal gland medulla to release catecholamines.

answer

SNS

question

◦Mimic sympathetic stimulation. ◦Are released from the adrenal medulla. Large amounts of epinephrine Small amounts of norepinephrine

answer

Catecholamines

question

Raises blood pressure Dilates the pupils of the eye Increases sweat gland action Binds primarily to α-adrenergic receptors

answer

Norepinephrine

question

Influences cardiac function Inotropic- increases myocardial contractility Chronotropic- increases heart rate Vasodilation of skeletal muscle Metabolic regulation occurs, increasing the glucose level Binds and activates both α- and β-adrenergic receptors

answer

Epinephrine

question

◦Is activated by ACTH. ◦Stimulates gluconeogenesis. ◦Elevates the blood glucose level. Has a protein anabolic effect in the liver and a catabolic effect in other tissues. ◦Contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome and obesity ◦Chronic excess can result in type 2 diabetes and central obesity

answer

Cortisol

question

Is a powerful antiinflammatory or immunosuppressive agent. Causes poor wound healing and an increased susceptibility to infection. Systemic responses to stress may cause a decrease in innate immunity and enhance adaptive immunity Local responses to stress, under certain conditions, can induce proinflammatory activities

answer

Cortisol and the Immune system

question

◦Are proteins found in the brain that have pain-relieving capabilities. ◦In a number of conditions, individuals not only experience insensitivity to pain, but they also have increased feelings of excitement, positive well-being, and euphoria when endorphins and enkephalins are increased.

answer

Endorphins

question

Many immune-related conditions and diseases are associated This and negative emotions increase levels of proinflammatory cytokines, providing a possible link among stress, immune function, and disease. affect immune cell functions. ◦Causes decreased natural killer cell and T-cell cytotoxicity and impaired B-cell function.

answer

Stress and the immune system

question

General state of unpleasant stimulation after life events that result in physiologic, emotional, cognitive, and behavior changes.

answer

Psychologic distress

question

◦Is managing stressful demands and challenges that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person. ◦May be adaptive or maladaptive.

answer

Coping

question

◦Increased smoking ◦Change in eating habits ◦Disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle ◦Social support ◦Relaxation techniques ◦Many other strategies

answer

Methods of coping

question

Is another name for malignant tumor However, it is not always a tumor and a tumor is not always it Is an abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled proliferation; it serves no physiologic function Is also referred to as a neoplasm: New growth

answer

Cancer

question

-Slow growth -Not invasive -Well differentiated -Low mitotic index -Does not metastasize

answer

Benign

question

-Rapid growth -Invasive -Poorly differentiated: anaplasia -High mitotic index -Can spread distantly

answer

Malignant

question

◦Named according to the tissues from which they arise and include the suffix, -oma. Lipoma: Fat Leiomyoma: Smooth muscle

answer

Benign tumors

question

◦Are named according to the tissues from which they arise. -Malignant epithelial tumors: Carcinomas Adenocarcinoma: Ducts or glands Malignant connective tissue tumors: Sarcomas -Cancers of lymphatic tissue: Lymphomas

answer

Malignant tumors

question

Are substances produced by benign or malignant cells. Are found on or in a tumor cell, in the blood, in the spinal fluid, or in urine.

answer

Tumor markers

question

◦Liver and germ cell tumors Secrete a protein known as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) into the blood. ◦Prostate tumors Secrete prostate-specific antigen (PSA) into the blood. ◦If a tumor marker, itself, has biologic activity: Symptoms are expressed. May contribute to paraneoplastic syndrome.

answer

Tumor marker examples

question

◦Screen and identify individuals at high risk for cancer. ◦Diagnose specific types of tumors. ◦Observe the clinical course of cancer

answer

What tumor markers are used for

question

◦Is the process during which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell. ◦Autonomy: Is the cancer cell's independence from normal cellular controls. ◦Lacks contact inhibition. ◦Is anchorage independent. ◦Is immortal. ◦Anaplasia occurs (loss of differentiation).

answer

Transformation of cancer cells

question

◦Self-renew. Cell divisions create new stem cells. ◦Multipotent. Have the ability to differentiate into multiple different cell types.

answer

Cancer stem cells

question

-Cancer is predominantly a disease of agin -Clonal proliferation or expansion occurs -Multiple mutations are requires before cancer can develop -Active growth-promotion pathways -Block antigrowth signals -Allow tissue invasion and distant metastasis

answer

cancer-causing mutations

question

-Are mutant genes that, in their nonmutant state, direct protein synthesis and cellular growth. -Activation of proto-oncogenes, resulting in hyperactivity of growth-related gene products

answer

Oncogenes

question

◦Encode proteins that, in their normal state, negatively regulate proliferation. ◦Are also referred to as anti-oncogenes. ◦Mutation of genes, resulting in the loss or inactivity of gene products that would normally inhibit growth

answer

Tumor-suppressor genes

question

Are normal nonmutant genes that code for cellular growth.

answer

Proto-oncogenes

question

◦Changes occur in one or a few nucleotide base pairs ◦Ras gene converts a regulated proto-oncogene to an unregulated oncogene, accelerating growth.

answer

Point mutations

question

Piece of one chromosome is transferred to another

answer

Chromosome translocation

question

◦A piece of chromosome is duplicated over and over ◦Results in an increased expression of an oncogene Oncogene activation

answer

Gene amplification

question

◦Allows unregulated cellular growth ◦Takes two hits to inactivate the two alleles of a tumor-suppressor gene

answer

Inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes

question

◦Whole regions of chromosomes are shut off while the same regions in other cells remain active ◦Does not require mutations or changes in the DNA sequence

answer

Gene silencing

question

◦Are responsible for the maintenance of genomic integrity. ◦Encode proteins that are involved in repairing damaged DNA. ◦Loss of function of caretaker genes leads to increased mutation rates.

answer

Caretaker genes

question

Is the growth of new vessels. Is also called neovascularization.

answer

Angiogenesis

question

Immunization with tumor antigens to elicit the immune response against a particular cancer

answer

Active immunotherapy

question

Injecting the patient diagnosed with cancer with antibodies or lymphocytes directed against the tumor-associated antigens

answer

Passive imunotherapy

question

Is the spread of cancer cells from the site of the original tumor to distant tissues and organs through the body.

answer

Metastasis

question

Is a complex process that requires cells to have many new abilities. ◦Invade ◦Survive ◦Proliferate in a new environment ◦Recruit new blood vessel growth

answer

Metastasis

question

◦Is a prerequisite for metastasis and the first step in the metastatic process. ◦Cancer often spreads first to regional lymph nodes through the lymphatic system and then to distant organs through the bloodstream. ◦Invasion then requires that the cancer attach to specific receptors and survive in the specific environment.

answer

Invasion: Local spread

question

-Cancer cells secrete protease -Proteases digest the extracellular matrix and basement membranes -Must be able to withstand physiologic stresses of travel in the blood and lymphatic circulation

answer

Detachment and Invasion

question

An attempt to describe how far the cancer has spread within the body

answer

Staging

question

A measure of how abnormal the cells appear.... generally the higher the grade, the more aggressive or fast-growing the cancer.

answer

Grading

question

Confined to its organ of origin

answer

Stage 1

question

Locally invasive

answer

Stage 2

question

Has advanced to regional structures

answer

Stage 3

question

Has spread to distant sites

answer

Stage 4

question

◦Symptom complexes are triggered by a cancer but are not caused by direct local effects of the tumor mass. ◦Are caused by biologic substances released from the tumor (e.g., hormones) or by an immune response triggered by the tumor. ◦Can be life threatening.

answer

Manifestation of cancer: Paraneoplastic syndromes

question

◦Little or no pain is associated with early stages of malignancy. ◦Is associated with the late stage of cancer. ◦Mechanisms Pressure, obstruction, invasion of sensitive structures, stretching, tissue destruction, and inflammation

answer

Clinical manifestation of cancer: Pain

question

◦Is the most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer treatment. ◦Suggested causes Sleep disturbance, biochemical changes that are secondary to the disease and its treatment, psychosocial factors, level of activity, nutritional status, and environmental factors

answer

Manifestation of cancer : Fatique

question

◦Is the most severe form of malnutrition. ◦Leads to protein-calorie malnutrition and progressive wasting. ◦Manifestations Anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, anemia, asthenia, taste alterations, and altered protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism

answer

Manifestations of cancer: Cachexia

question

◦Is a decrease of hemoglobin in the blood. ◦Mechanisms Chronic bleeding that results in iron deficiency, severe malnutrition, chemotherapy, radiation, or malignancy in blood-forming organs

answer

Manifestations of cancer: Anemia

question

Chemotherapy drugs and radiation are toxic to bone marrow

answer

Manifestation of cancer: Leukopenia

question

Oral ulcers (stomatitis), malabsorption, diarrhea

answer

Manifestation of cancer: GI tract

question

◦Is a result of the chemotherapeutic effects on hair follicles. ◦Is usually temporary. ◦Hair may initially regrow with a different texture.

answer

Manifestation of cancer: Hair loss

question

◦Eradicates enough tumor cells to enable the body's natural defenses to eradicate the remaining cells. ◦Can be a single-agent or combination

answer

Chemotherapy

question

Causes shrinkage or the disappearance of tumors

answer

Induction chemotherapy

question

Administered after the surgical excision with a goal of eliminating micrometastases

answer

Adjuvant chemotherapy

question

Administered before localized treatment

answer

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

question

Used to kill cancer cells while minimizing the damage to normal structures

answer

Radiation Therapy

question

-Damages cells by impairing enough ionizing radiation to cause molecular damage to DNA -Causes irreversible damage to normal cells

answer

Ionizing radiation

question

Indicated for relief of symptoms

answer

Palliative

question

Catecholamines are released from where? A: Cerebellum B: Hypothalamus C: Adrenal medulla D: Medulla oblongata

answer

Adrenal Medulla

question

Stress induced tachycardia is a result of which of the following? A: Decreased secretion cortisol B: Increased secretion ADH C: Decreased secretion norepinephrine D: Increased secretion of catecholamines

answer

Increased secretion of catecholamines

question

During a stress response, the helper T1 response is suppressed by which hormone? A: prolactin B: ADH C: cortisol D: growth hormone

answer

Cortisol

question

Mr. Jones is experiencing a state of stress due to his hospitalization. He has contracted an infection that is most likely due to increases in what hormone? A: endorphins B: enkephalins C: cortisol D: epinephrine

answer

Cortisol

question

Which of the following is NOT seen with increased release of epinephrine? A: Increased glucose B: Vasodilation of skeletal muscle C: Bronchodilation D: Miosis (pupil constriction)

answer

Miosis

question

The stage of exhaustion occurs in which circumstances? A: Follows the initial alarm stage B: Occurs only when adaption is unsuccessful C: Occurs due to sympathetic stimulation D: Follows persistent stress

answer

Occurs only when adaption is unsuccessful

question

Decreased levels of cortisol accompany what stage of general adaption syndrome? A: Stage of resistance or adaption B: Alarm stage C: Stage of exhaustion D: Fight or flight mechanism

answer

Stage of resistance or adaption

question

What is the effect of increased secretions of epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone? A: hypertension B: hyperglycemia C: bronchodilation D: pupil dilation

answer

Hyperglycemia

question

Your patient is anxious about the bone marrow biopsy scheduled for the afternoon. Which hormone, released from the hypothalamus, initiates the stress response? A: Antidiuretic hormone B: Adrenocorticotropic hormone C: Corticotropin releasing hormone D: Cortisol

answer

Corticotropin releasing hormone

question

Which is true of the parasympathetic response? A: There is increased gastric motility B: There is increased release of norepinephrine C: It is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system D: It is aroused during the stress response

answer

There is increased gastric motility

question

Perceived stress elicits an emotional, anticipatory response in the brain that is controlled by: A: pineal gland B: cerebellum C: limbic system D: anterior pituitary

answer

Limbic System

question

The most significant factor in whether a person will experience a stress reaction is: A: Intelligence level B: Coping ability C: History of stress D: Overall health

answer

Coping ability

question

Diagnostic bloodwork on individuals who perceive themselves to be in a chronic stress state will likely demonstrate: A: decreased hepatocytes B: increased platelets C: decreased cytotoxic T cells D: increased erythrocytes

answer

decreased cytotoxic T cells

question

The alarm stage of the stress response involves hormone production from which target organ? A: Pancreas B: Ovary C: Thyroid D: Adrenal

answer

Adrenal

question

Which of the following findings would you expect from a patient experiencing stress-age syndrome? A: Decreased appetite from increased cortisol B: Deep vein thrombosis from increased coagulation C: Increased adaptive capacity from previous experience D: Decreased blood pressure from decreased release of catecholamines

answer

Deep vein thrombosis from increased coagulation

question

An increase in HR and blood pressure occur in this state. A: Sympathetic response B: Parasympathetic response C: Both A and B D: Neither

answer

Sympathetic response

question

Which physiological system is activated with the ³fight-or-flight´reaction to danger? A: central nervous system B: sympathetic nervous system C: parasympathetic nervous system D: reproductive system

answer

Sympathetic nervous system

question

Stress-induced stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system triggers endocrine system secretion of: A: epinephrine and aldosterone B: norepinephrine and cortisol C: epinephrine and norepinephrine D: acetylcholine and cortisol

answer

epinephrine and norepinephrine

question

Stress-induced release of cortisol will stimulate changes in metabolism. Some of the expected short term changes include: A: low serum glucose B: hyperglycemia C: hypoalbuminemia D: low serum lipid levels

answer

hyperglycemia

question

What is the definition of a reactive response? A: mounting a response in anticipation of a stressor B: mounting a response in reaction to a stressor C: mounting a response to a learned stressor D: mounting a response to a physical stressor

answer

mounting a response in reaction to a stressor

question

Malignant tumor cells generally have poor cellular differentiation and they do NOT look like the tissue of origin. This is known as: A: autonomy B: anaplasia C: tropism D: proliferation

answer

anaplasia

question

The neoplasms loss of differentiation: A: autonomy B: anaplasia C: tropism D: proliferation

answer

anaplasia

question

Mr. Frank was told by his physician that his pancreatic cancer is growing due to new blood vessels providing nutrients and oxygen to the tumor. This phenomenon is known as? A: Anaplasia B: Angiogenesis C: Leukopenia D: Thrombocytopenia

answer

Angiogenesis

question

Which of the following statements is true? A: Benign tumors are never fatal. B: Benign tumors metastasize to the brain and bone marrow. C: Benign tumor cells resemble the neighboring cells. D: Benign tumors are only found in the pituitary, brain, and prostate.

answer

Benign tumor cells resemble the neighboring cells

question

Brachytherapy is a type of cancer treatment. It works by A: Excision of cancerous tissue B: It is a radiation technique utilized by implantation of seeds C: It is a type of chemotherapy to eradicate cancer cells D: It is a nuclear medical scan used to detect cancer

answer

It is a radiation technique utilized by implantation of seeds

question

The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer? A: Ovarian B: Cervical C: Vaginal D: Uterine

answer

Cervical

question

Which type of chemotherapy is used AFTER surgical excision to eliminate micrometastases? A: Brachytherapy B: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy C: Adjuvant chemotherapy D: Introduction chemotherapy

answer

Adjuvant chemotherapy

question

If a mutagen occurs in germline cells, which of the following is true? A: It may be passed to future generations B: It cannot be passed to future generations C: It can be passed to future generations only when somatic cells also have mu

answer

It may be passed to future generations

question

Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells. Thus, patients may experience hair loss, GI upset, and immunosuppression. A low WBC count is known as: A: thrombocytopenia B: leukemia C: leukocytosis D: leukopenia

answer

leukopenia

question

Based on accepted nomenclature, which one of the following represents a malignant cancer of glandular cells? A: Epithelioma B: Adenoma C: Adenocarcinoma D: Glioma

answer

Adenocarcinoma

question

Which of the following is characteristic of a malignant rather than a benign tumor? A: Can be fatal B: Undergoes metastasis C: Develops a blood supply D: Cells divide an unlimited number of times

answer

Undergoes metastasis

question

Cancer prognosis has improved most dramatically when treatment plans include which of the following? A: aggressive chemotherapy B: multiple types of treatment C: surgical procedures D: pinpointed radiation

answer

multiple types of treatment

question

Which of the following genes promote cancer and is NOT a normal´gene? A: Tumor suppressor gene B: Mutator gene C: Protooncogene D: Oncogene

answer

Oncogene

question

A tumor secretes a substance that mimics antidiuretic hormone, resulting in water and sodium retention which leads to edema. The altered fluid and electrolyte balance is considered an example of a: A: Paraneoplastic syndrome B: Local spread C: Metastases D: Direct extension

answer

Paraneoplastic syndrome

question

A large tumor in the breast that has not spread to distant sites but has been detected in the internal mammary lymph nodes is: A: T3, N1, M0 B: T3, D0, M1 C: T3, N0, M0 D: B3, S0, M1

answer

T3, N1, M0

question

Which of the following is the primary advantage of targeted cancer therapy? A: It has a shorter course of treatment than other therapies B: It is unlikely to cause nausea and vomiting C: It uses drugs that selectively attack only malignant cancer cells D: It can be administered on an outpatient basis

answer

It uses drugs that selectively attack only malignant cancer cells

question

Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14. This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes? A: Point mutation B: Chromosome translocation C: Gene amplification D: Gene silencing

answer

Chromosome translocation

question

Which of the following tumor markers is beneficial with identification of prostate cancer? A: hCG B: AFP C: CA-125 D: PSA

answer

PSA

question

When in its normal state, which gene negatively regulates proliferation? A: Oncogenes B: Tumor suppressor genes C: Proto-oncogenes D: Telomeres

answer

Tumor suppressor genes

question

Which of the following cancers is associated with Epstein- Barr virus? A: Kaposi sarcoma B: Liver cancer C: Burkitt lymphoma D: Cervical cancer

answer

Burkitt lymphoma

question

Which of the following is NOT a stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A: exhaustion B: alarm C: resistance D: plateau

answer

Plateau

question

Which statement is true regarding the effects of circulating epinephrine in the body? A: the heart rate will slow down B: the heartಬs contractility will decrease C: transient hyperglycemia will result D: blood vessels to skeletal muscle will constrict

answer

transient hyperglycemia will result

question

The system that regulates emotions like fear, anger, excitement and anxiety: A: Limbic system B: Cerebral cortex C: Autonomic nervous system D: Reticular activating system

answer

Limbic system

question

Epinephrine stimulates the: A: parasympathetic nervous system B: sympathetic nervous system C: somatic nervous system D: pyramidal motor system

answer

sympathetic nervous system

question

The NCLEX is in 10 minutes. Your heart rate and respiratory rate are elevated slightly. Your hands are sweaty. You are experiencing a(n): A: anticipatory response B: reactive response C: conditional response D: phobia

answer

anticipatory response

question

What does TNM stand for?

answer

Tumor node metastasis

question

When neoplasms have spread to distant sites by way of the lymph system or blood vessels: A: Carcinoma in situ B: Angiogenesis C: Local spread D: Metastases

answer

Metastases

question

Substances that can be detected in cells or body fluids and can provide clues to the presence, extent, and treatment response of certain neoplasms: A: teratogens B: tumor markers C: telomerase D: tropism

answer

tumor markers

question

Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes? A: Cells have broken through the local basement membrane. B: Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue. C: Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells D: Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia.

answer

Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells

STUDY

Adequate Yearly Progress Birth And Death Rates Critical Thinking Skills Equal Status Contact Students With Disabilities

EDF2085 – Final Exam – Flashcards 200 terms

Jessica Forbes

200 terms

Preview

EDF2085 – Final Exam – Flashcards

question

Which of the following might be considered new roles in classrooms that address race and ethnicity?

answer

A. Teachers become active agents of change. B. Teachers reach out to community members. C. Students interact with community groups involved in change efforts. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

All of the following might be good uses of content area knowledge in a classroom that is sensitive to race and ethnicity, except

answer

A. the history of diversity in the United States. B. the concepts of genotype and phenotype. *C. ethnocentric-oriented textbooks and resources.* D. unbiased content materials.

question

One problem with some standardized assessments is that

answer

they have been normed on only one racial or ethnic group (usually whites)

question

The term for the belief that one's own "ways" are good, natural, and right, is

answer

ethnocentrism

question

Which of the following is not an extreme case of prejudice?

answer

A. racism B. hate groups C. racial profiling *D. ethnocentrism*

question

Which of the following correctly describes the adjustment function of prejudice?

answer

prejudicial attitudes that aid in dealing with a complex world

question

Which of the following correctly describes the value-expressive function of prejudice?

answer

prejudicial attitudes that demonstrate one's self-image to others

question

All of the following are components of prejudice formation, except

answer

A. behavioral component. *B. adjustment component.* C. affective component. D. cognitive component.

question

Which of the following ways in which children learn prejudice do you think might be changed through social and economic pressure?

answer

the media

question

The practice of racial profiling is best described as

answer

a practice of law enforcement that targets minority people

question

Strategies that help individuals become less prejudiced strive to include all of the following, except

answer

A. improving critical thinking skills. B. avoiding stereotypes. *C. encouraging impulsive behavior.* D. encouraging examination of reasons or motivations behind one's thoughts and actions.

question

According to the authors, the best conditions under which social contact can be improved include

answer

personal familiarity, school norms encouraging intergroup interaction, equal status contact, and subordinate goals.

question

It is well to be cautious when applying the contact hypothesis (bringing students from different groups together) because

answer

equal status within the school may not translate to equal contact outside of the school.

question

The authors make the following recommendations to teachers for creating classroom environments that encourage critical thought, except

answer

*A. setting aside a specific time each day to practice critical thinking skills.* B. creating an environment of safety, trust, and respect. C. maintaining balance between student talk and teacher talk. D. emphasizing metacognition.

question

Improving self-confidence and self-acceptance in students

answer

often decreases prejudice

question

Prejudice implies a lack of thought or care in making judgments about others.

answer

TRUE

question

Racial and ethnic prejudice can be expressed both positively and negatively; in the United States, it is most often expressed positively.

answer

FALSE

question

Effective teachers in classrooms that address race and ethnicity need to be aware that majority children do not always understand the role race plays in their lives.

answer

TRUE

question

The concept of phenotype refers to visible traits such as skin color, while the concept of genotype refers to shared genetic traits.

answer

TRUE

question

Prejudicial attitudes that offer decision-making criteria about members of outgroups illustrate the ego-defensive function of prejudice.

answer

FALSE

question

Children may learn prejudice as a survival technique as a way to "fit into a group." This way of learning prejudice is referred to in the literature as Group Membership.

answer

TRUE

question

Hate groups may be defined as any organized body that denigrates and advocates violence against select groups of people based on race, religion, or sexual orientation.

answer

TRUE

question

Research points to the fact that individuals with divergent thinking are more likely to have a high degree of prejudice.

answer

FALSE

question

Individuals who use metacognition think about their thinking and strive to be aware of how they have come to a decision.

answer

TRUE

question

Cooperative learning is a strategy for helping students learn to reduce prejudice.

answer

TRUE

question

Globalization refers to all of the following, except

answer

A. a system that requires understanding, sensitivity, and collaboration. B. a system of increasingly complex intercultural interactions. C. a system of interconnectedness among the world's peoples. *D. a system of national loyalties and emerging nation-states.*

question

The following are characteristics of the Cold War era, except

answer

A. division and walls. *B. balance between individuals and states.* C. "friends" and "enemies." D. one-on-one communication technologies.

question

Which of the following is an emphasis on the statement of the National Council for the Social Studies on global perspectives?

answer

emphasis on human experience influenced by transnational and cross-cultural interaction

question

Each of the following are part of Piaget's Stage Theory, except

answer

A. sensorimotor stage. B. preoperational stage. *C. discrete operations stage.* D. formal operations stage.

question

Sana is a preschooler who exhibits an egocentric behavior. She is in the

answer

preoperational stage

question

Which of the following constitutes a requirement for education in a global society?

answer

the preparation of individuals to perceive, think, communicate, and behave differently

question

Hanvey uses the term perspective in "perspective consciousness" to describe an awareness that

answer

one's view of the world is not universally shared

question

Catherine is aware that more than 16,000 children die from hunger-related causes each day. This is example of Catherine's

answer

state of the planet awareness

question

Hanvey suggests that developing cross-cultural awareness may be the most difficult of the five dimensions to attain because

answer

it is a developmental process that takes time

question

Knowledge of global dynamics suggests that

answer

we should expect some unanticipated effects as we modify the environment

question

Dmitri's awareness of human choice refers to the fact that

answer

as he becomes more knowledgeable, he must rethink some of his earlier assumptions and decisions

question

Effective pedagogies in the global classroom may include all of the following, except

answer

*A. unnecessary use of maps, newspapers, television programs, or U.N. materials.* B. traditional practices. C. developmentally appropriate practices. D. creative use of technology.

question

With respect to the place of content knowledge in a global classroom, which of the following is not the case?

answer

A. Traditional content areas are broadened. *B. Lessons and units are contained within the traditional disciplines.* C. Content from international organizations and associations is integrated. D. Materials from international databases may be utilized.

question

According to Hanvey, teaching from a global perspective

answer

can be integrated across the curriculum

question

Which of the following is not an example of internationalizing the disciplines?

answer

A. including world literature in reading and language arts B. including the study of the natural environment and ecology in science *C. including the American view of the Revolutionary War in history* D. including the study of metrics in math

question

Globalization has its own dominant culture that tends to create a homogenizing set of circumstances.

answer

TRUE

question

One of the "balances" that must be taken into consideration when thinking about new global realities is that individuals have achieved more power through technology.

answer

TRUE

question

The National Council for the Social Studies statement on global perspectives emphasizes that human beings must continue to rule over nature.

answer

FALSE

question

As children progress from the preoperational stage to concrete operations they begin a process of "decentering," and accommodation of alternative points of view.

answer

TRUE

question

One characteristic of Hanvey's element of a global perspective called perspective consciousness is that individuals come to realize that their own view of the world is not universally shared.

answer

TRUE

question

The study of population growth, birth and death rates, and migration patterns is not really necessary to understand the state of the planet.

answer

FALSE

question

Traditional pedagogical practices, such as lecturing and questioning, still have a role to play in a global classroom.

answer

TRUE

question

A large-scale infusion of a global perspective is less desirable than a global education program restricted to social studies.

answer

FALSE

question

The use of traditional assessment methods is banned in an effective global classroom.

answer

FALSE

question

A very important ethical issue with respect to global perspective is attention to the fair allocation of available resources for all students in the school.

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a learning-community classroom aimed at fostering democratic citizenship?

answer

A. active student participation B. a "community" orientation *C. desks bolted to the floor* D. "purposeful" clutter

question

Which of the following is a contemporary version of Plato's dialectical method of teaching?

answer

interactive teaching and learning

question

A central idea of the learning-community classroom is that

answer

everyone in the classroom is both a teacher and a learner.

question

One of the differences between traditional classrooms and classrooms that are learning communities is that in learning-community classrooms

answer

content-area knowledge is sometimes acquired as it is necessary to accomplish other goals.

question

According to Berger and Berger, language can be called

answer

the first institution encountered by the child

question

Accents differ from standard language

answer

in the way words are pronounced

question

Black English (Ebonics) can be best described as

answer

a dialect of English

question

The term bidialectalism refers to

answer

the ability to speak two or more dialects and to switch back and forth easily.

question

Nonverbal communication behaviors account for which of the following percentages of the messages we send and receive?

answer

more than 75% and up to 90%

question

Proxemics, or "social space," is the study of

answer

comfortable distance between speakers when they are communicating with one another

question

Keelia, who is field independent, has the ability to

answer

easily perceive discrete parts

question

The study of learning style emerged from the work of psychologists interested in

answer

perception and other forms of cognition

question

Which of the following court cases set the precedent for bilingual education?

answer

Lau v. Nichols

question

Which of the following most accurately describes arguments about bilingual education in the United States?

answer

They are based largely on issues of social cohesion

question

All of the following are stages of second language acquisition, except

answer

A. silent receptive or reproduction stage. B. early production stage. *C. speech introduction stage.* D. intermediate language proficiency stage.

question

It is not the case that everyone participates in the activity-oriented environment of a learning community.

answer

FALSE

question

In a learning-community classroom, disciplinary knowledge is sometimes learned as an end in itself and sometimes learned as a means to another end.

answer

TRUE

question

It is true that language is introduced to a child in the family, but it is not true that this language structures the child's environment very much.

answer

FALSE

question

Within any language, the meaning of elements (e.g., vocabulary, syntax, etc.) may vary widely.

answer

TRUE

question

Standard English is one of many dialects of English.

answer

TRUE

question

Although American Sign Language (ASL) is widely used, it is not considered an official language.

answer

FALSE

question

One significance of the research on multiple intelligences is that teachers will need to learn to teach each student in his or her own preferred intelligence mode.

answer

FALSE

question

Bilingual education is not new, but rather has its roots in the nineteenth century.

answer

TRUE

question

In Lau vs. Nichols, the Supreme Court ruled that school districts must take affirmative steps to rectify English language deficiencies in students.

answer

TRUE

question

The affirmative vote on Proposition 227 in California requires teachers to teach LEP students in classrooms where the students' native language is spoken.

answer

FALSE

question

A good reason to include the study of religions in school is that

answer

religious references and allusions permeate our lives.

question

The prohibition clause of the First Amendment specifies that

answer

Congress will make no laws prohibiting the free exercise of religion.

question

All universal definitions of religion appear to refer in some way to

answer

A. concepts of a deity. B. shared values and an orientation toward the sacred. C. a sense of community. *D. All of these answers are correct.*

question

The basic beliefs and structure of American schooling are derived in part from

answer

the values of New England Protestantism

question

The widespread use of McGuffy Readers in schools across the nation in the 19th century is an example of

answer

the integration of Protestant values into public schools

question

The second wave of Muslim immigrants to the United States included primarily

answer

educated professionals

question

Sensitivity to potential (and sometimes immediate) conflicts among students of different religious backgrounds requires that teachers

answer

adopt the role of interpreter and mediator

question

Since the controversy and court decisions about school prayer in 1963, most school people have dealt with religious issues by

answer

trying to avoid them altogether

question

Assessment in a religiously sensitive classroom should be attentive to

answer

A. avoiding test questions that present a single view as truth. B. avoiding question content that is biased toward a single view. C. knowledge attainment rather than belief. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

Much of the difficulty in sorting out religious controversies with respect to the schools has been generated around different interpretations of

answer

the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

question

Freeman Butts categorizes controversy about the role of religion in schooling in two broad categories. These are

answer

the role of schooling in protecting private and public freedoms

question

Concrete examples of schooling issues with respect to religious pluralism are

answer

A. compulsory attendance. B. prayer in schools. C. the use of public funds to support private religious education. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

The argument that pledging allegiance to the flag is contrary to some religious beliefs is based on the idea that

answer

the flag is an "image" and cannot be worshipped

question

The Supreme Court decision in Abington v. Schempp requires that

answer

students may not be required to participate in sectarian prayers

question

Legislation such as the National Defense Act of 1958 and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 all provided

answer

public financial support for aspects of private schooling

question

The establishment clause of the First Amendment prohibits laws regarding the free practice of religion.

answer

FALSE

question

Theological points of view, knowledge of scriptures, and consequences of "falling away" from the faith are all aspects of universal definitions of religion.

answer

FALSE

question

The belief that human begins are destined to rule over the natural world has its roots in the Judeo-Christian tradition.

answer

TRUE

question

The religion of Islam was introduced into the United States only in the last 50 years.

answer

FALSE

question

In the Abington v. Schempp decision, the Supreme Court held that education cannot be complete without a study of comparative religion or the history of religious movements.

answer

TRUE

question

The Fourth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution have been the source of much religious controversy in the United States.

answer

FALSE

question

In Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925), the Supreme Court ruled that attendance at private religious schools did not satisfy the requirement of compulsory attendance.

answer

FALSE

question

Today, the debate about tax support for parochial education centers of efforts to provide competition to the public education system.

answer

TRUE

question

Early African-American interpretation and utilization of Protestant Christian scriptures and music produced a unique contribution to American religious and political life.

answer

TRUE

question

The Protestant conservative, fundamentalist movement is the only such movement active in the world today.

answer

FALSE

question

Considerable research on gender and learning has found that

answer

girls appear to learn better in collaborative situations.

question

Competition has been used as a strategy in American classrooms in part because it

answer

reinforces dominant values of hard work and individual achievement

question

Collaborative learning is about enhancing collaboration and

answer

enhancing individual learning and skills

question

In collaborative classrooms, teaching

answer

is often done in cooperation with other teachers.

question

Which of the following best describes the difference between sex and gender?

answer

Sex is biologically based and gender is socially based

question

The term gender-role socialization can be defined as

answer

the process of internalizing one's knowledge of gender roles

question

Many of the stereotypical traits associated with girls are found most often among

answer

members of the white middle class

question

An important issue concerning the role of toys in sex role socialization is that

answer

girls' and boys' toys often differ in complexity and variety

question

The sex role socialization of boys may be harder to change because

answer

it is often harsher and begins earlier than it does for girls

question

The belief that girls are naturally passive, weak, illogical, indirect, gentle, and very emotional is an example of a

answer

gender role stereotype

question

The term homophobia refers to

answer

fear of homosexuality and homosexuals.

question

Misogyny and homophobia respectively mean

answer

hatred of women and fear of homosexuality

question

Title IX, Education Amendments (1972) provides that

answer

no person can be denied participation in federally funded educational activities on the basis of sex

question

The European American value of self-motivation and goal setting is sometimes not realized in the

answer

girls are not so often encouraged to be adventurous and aggressive

question

Public awareness about homophobia has increased in recent years, largely due to

answer

gay and lesbian activism

question

An important rationale for the use of a collaborative classroom is that since we live in an increasingly interdependent world, it is important that students be socialized to work cooperatively.

answer

TRUE

question

It is not the case that in a collaborative classroom both competitive and collaborative approaches are useful.

answer

FALSE

question

The term positive goal interdependence, when used in reference to cooperative learning, means that the group sinks or swims together.

answer

TRUE

question

To ensure active cognitive processing of information is one of the goals of cooperative learning.

answer

TRUE

question

It is not necessary that assessment techniques be compatible with instructional strategies.

answer

FALSE

question

The rules associated with one's gender role are not universal, but vary by race, ethnicity, religion, etc.

answer

TRUE

question

Sex bias refers to any action that denies opportunities, privileges, or rewards on the basis of sex.

answer

FALSE

question

The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988 upheld the 1984 Supreme Court decision in Grove City v. Bell, which excluded from compliance with Title IX any school that did not receive direct federal funding.

answer

FALSE

question

Cognitive knowledge about homosexuality is quite often enough to reduce the incidence of homophobia.

answer

FALSE

question

Hostility and violence are more often directed toward gay men, while losing jobs or being evicted is more likely the experience of lesbians

answer

TRUE

question

Developmentally appropriate practices result from educational decisions based on

answer

A. knowledge about child development and learning. B. knowledge about the strengths, interests, and needs of each child. C. knowledge about the social and cultural contexts in which each child lives. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

Publication of Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) was an outcome of efforts undertaken by the

answer

National Association for Education of Young Children (NAEYC)

question

The guidelines for Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) are based, in part, on principles of

answer

constructivism

question

Theories of human development that emphasize a fairly universal succession of stages are those of

answer

Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson

question

Developmentally appropriate practice is effective

answer

in teaching any students of any age group

question

The term cognitive structure refers to

answer

concepts, ideas, and understandings that a child constructs

question

According to constructivist theory, motivation to learn emerges when

answer

a child's cognitive structures are challenged

question

A term referring to perspectives on children's development that emphasize the importance of cultural influences is

answer

social constructivism

question

Which of the following constitute aspects of child-centered instruction?

answer

A. use of small group organization B. use of activity centers C. provision for student choice *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

In a constructivist approach to teaching, a major role for the teacher is to

answer

support children's exploration.

question

In a developmentally appropriate classroom, the teacher assumes that

answer

during any particular lesson or activity, students may be learning different things

question

Developmentally appropriate assessment focuses on

answer

observation of children in natural activity contexts.

question

In the context of human development, "sensitive periods" or "critical periods" are

answer

points in the course of development when certain kinds of learning occur most readily

question

The Montessori approach suggests that classrooms for students of any age should be designed

answer

for discovery and activity as teachers model and monitor

question

The term developmental domain refers to

answer

aspects of development that progress more or less at the same time

question

Knowledge about the sociocultural background of students is not necessary for those who wish to teach in a developmentally appropriate way.

answer

FALSE

question

According to critics, economic goals for schooling place enormous pressures on young children to acquire more and more cognitive knowledge.

answer

TRUE

question

The theories of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson support a developmental perspective that is a universal one.

answer

TRUE

question

According to constructivist theory, the "knower" constructs knowledge after assimilating a new mental structure that will accommodate it.

answer

FALSE

question

The constructivist view of readiness differs from the traditional view in that it emphasizes that readiness does not depend entirely on biological age.

answer

TRUE

question

The Waldorf approach evolved from a school established in 1919 for children of workers in Stuttgart, Germany.

answer

TRUE

question

The goal of teachers in a developmentally appropriate classroom is to make sure that students learn what they are supposed to learn.

answer

FALSE

question

In developmentally appropriate classrooms, screening and assessment are excellent ways to decide who should be placed in the top reading group.

answer

FALSE

question

Sensitive periods in human development are those times when a child (or a person) learns readily.

answer

TRUE

question

Given all we have learned about human development, the nature vs. nurture debate will probably be finally resolved within the next two or three years.

answer

FALSE

question

For students with disabilities, the term normalization means

answer

students with disabilities should, as much as possible, participate in the experiences other students participate in.

question

The major legal basis for inclusive education for students with disabilities is found in

answer

the principle of Least Restrictive Environment contained in P.L. 94-142.

question

The concept that students with disabilities should be allowed to attend schools and classes they would attend if they did not have disabilities is

answer

often called "full inclusion."

question

All of the following are dimensions of disability under the IDEA guidelines, except

answer

ethnic differences

question

In 1860, nearly two-thirds of all individuals in American almshouses were

answer

children with disabilities

question

"Ungraded" classes in the common schools of the early twentieth century were forerunners of

answer

classes for children with cognitive disabilities.

question

During the nineteenth century, special education services for children with disabilities were provided mainly in

answer

residential facilities

question

Under Public Law 94-142 (amended in 1990 as P.L. 101-476, The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act),

answer

all students with disabilities must be identified and provided with a Free Appropriate Public Education based on an Individual Education Program (IEP).

question

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-476. added two additional disability categories to those that were already in place. They are

answer

autism and traumatic brain injury.

question

Which of the following is true of children with chronic illness?

answer

Their need and eligibility for special education services depends on whether the condition adversely affects educational functioning.

question

In the context of special education services for students with disabilities, interdisciplinary means

answer

integration of perspectives of all team members in meeting the needs of a student with disabilities

question

Under P.L. 94-142, amended in 1990 as P.L. 101-476, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, assessment to determine a child's eligibility must be

answer

multifactored and nondiscriminatory.

question

Constructivist approaches are of particular importance in special education because

answer

they provide a balance to medical and behavioral models

question

The largest classification of students eligible for special education services is

answer

Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD).

question

All of the following elements of an inclusive classroom may require adaptation, except

answer

schedule of the academic year

question

Over the past 175 years, the definition of who shall be educated has remained essentially the same.

answer

FALSE

question

Normalization is the idea that the lives of exceptional individuals should be characterized, as much as possible, by the same kinds of experiences as those without disabilities.

answer

TRUE

question

The Response to Intervention (RTI) approach is designed to address key concerns associated with past practices.

answer

TRUE

question

Motor difficulties or problems with vitality are not categories defined as disabilities by IDEA.

answer

FALSE

question

Horace Mann believed that the goal of education as preparation for citizenry applied to all children, even crippled ones.

answer

TRUE

question

Early interest in, and efforts toward, special education for the gifted emerged in the 1920s.

answer

TRUE

question

Subsequent amendments to P.L. 94-142 didn't change the laws very much but simply reauthorized funding for them.

answer

FALSE

question

The team approach in which professionals integrate their perspectives in developing a unified plan for a child with disabilities is called an interdisciplinary team approach.

answer

TRUE

question

The transdisciplinary team approach is more integrative than an interdisciplinary team approach.

answer

TRUE

question

It is not necessary for teachers and parents to maintain a close relationship for successful inclusive teaching to take place.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following is an argument utilized by proponents of standardized testing?

answer

American education is too child-centered

question

All of the following are characteristics of demand model of assessment (as proposed by Kohn), except

answer

A. students are perceived as workers who are obliged to do a better job. B. students who do not succeed are said to have chosen not to study or not to have earned a given grade. *C. teachers are perceived as fully responsible for student achievement.* D. responsibility is removed from the teacher and attention is deflected away from the curriculum and the context in which learning is supposed to occur.

question

Which of the following is not a dimension of difference in the place of content knowledge when teaching children of different social class backgrounds?

answer

A. emphasis on "advanced" versus "basic" skills B. emphasis on conceptual understanding *C. emphasis on getting good grades* D. emphasis on "practical" or vocational knowledge

question

Which of the following is true of assessment when dealing with students from a wide variety of social class backgrounds?

answer

Assessments should measure growth over time.

question

Which of the following seems to be the case in terms of American beliefs and behavior?

answer

Americans believe they live in a classless society

question

Which of the following is not a social class marker in the United States?

answer

A. family income *B. ethnicity* C. educational level of the head of the family D. prestige of the neighborhood one lives in

question

The terms social class and social status can be defined in the following way:

answer

social class is the hierarchical stratification of people in social groups; social status is similar, but less tied to wealth.

question

Which of the following is true with respect to the five social classes found in the United States?

answer

The upper middle class consists of professionals, corporate managers, or leading scientists

question

The class occupied by those who work, but in minimum wage jobs with no benefits and low job security is called

answer

the working poor

question

Which of the following is the case with respect to the relationship between social class and child-rearing practices?

answer

Parents from different class backgrounds emphasize different values when raising their children.

question

Social status is usually defined as

answer

a hierarchical position in society determined, not by income, but by prestige.

question

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) requires public school districts to implement the following, except

answer

A. measuring students' progress and reporting it in the Adequate Yearly Progress report. B. making incremental achievements over the years. C. employing only highly-qualified teachers. *D. developing a plan to restructure when meeting the Adequate Yearly Progress.*

question

Most of the cases filed with respect to school funding are based on the idea that

answer

the property tax as a method of funding schools is inequitable

question

Although the cases filed in the interest of changing the way we fund schools have had mixed results, some cases have had interesting and positive outcomes. One of these is

answer

Rose v. Council for Better Education

question

Which of the following may give rise to potential ethical issues in assessment?

answer

A. when subjectivity becomes bias B. when labeling for special services results in an overrepresentation of a particular group of students C. when assessments are made too quickly, on too little information *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

Accountability and the standards movement emerged after a large number of critical studies of schooling in the 1980s.

answer

TRUE

question

Central to the idea of the Educate American Act of 1992 was the conviction that high standards of achievement should be set by the federal government.

answer

FALSE

question

In the support model of assessment, teaching and learning become subject-centered.

answer

FALSE

question

The federal role in educational accountability and standards has increased, with the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) of 2001.

answer

TRUE

question

Students from different social class backgrounds quite often leave high school with similar educations.

answer

FALSE

question

Assessments for students from different social class backgrounds should measure growth across time.

answer

TRUE

question

In predominantly working-class schools, following directions often includes some figuring out, some choice, and some decision-making.

answer

FALSE

question

In the demand (or expectation) model of assessment, the assumption is that students are workers who are obliged to work hard.

answer

TRUE

question

Currently the top 10 percent of income earners in the United States own 70% of the wealth, and the wealthiest 1 percent own more than the bottom 95%.

answer

TRUE

question

When teachers expect students to do poorly, and they, in fact, do well, the phenomenon is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

answer

FALSE

STUDY

AP Psychology Equal Status Contact Furniture Introductory Psychology Positive Self Esteem Psychology

Cognition 74 terms

Marvel Brown

74 terms

Preview

Cognition

question

vegetables, fruit, and animals are all examples of ______, or categories of objects

answer

concepts

question

a recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with _____, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial

answer

schizophrenia

question

recent studies support Rosch-Heider's theory of ______, rather than the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

answer

cognitive universalism

question

language allows people to _____ and _____

answer

communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity

question

making a list of all the ways one could use a butter knife requires______

answer

divergent thinking

question

the term that refers to the mental activity that takes place in the brain when a person is processing information, and includes things such as problem solving, communication, and organization of material, is _____

answer

cognition

question

algorithms always result in a _____ solution

answer

correct

question

examples of algorithms

answer

mathematical formulas

question

writing a term paper may best be approached by _____

answer

subgoals

question

strategies to stimulate divergent thinking include _____

answer

brainstorming, keeping a journal, and subject mapping

question

Csikszentmihalyi found that _____

answer

creative people are not necessarily unconventional in all aspects of their lives

question

a mental image that is larger and covers more distance takes _____ to view than one that is smaller and more compact

answer

longer

question

intelligence testing began in France because French educators wanted _____

answer

a way to identify students in need of more help with learning

question

the higher one's degree of practical intelligence, the _____ likely that person will succeed in an academic setting

answer

less

question

_____ is a developmental delay related to living in poverty and one that usually produces relatively mild intellectual disabilities

answer

familial retardation

question

when the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale requires a subject to recall a mixed list of numbers in correct ascending order, it is testing _____

answer

working memory

question

Sternberg's 3 types of intelligence are _____

answer

analytical, creative, and practical

question

standard deviation is the average variation of scores from the _____

answer

mean

question

_____ is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, and is a biological cause of intellectual disablity

answer

fragile x syndrome

question

mental images

answer

mental representation that stands for objects or events and have a picture-like quality

question

concept

answer

ideas that represent a class of group of objects, events, or activities and share common characteristics

question

formal concepts

answer

concepts formed by learning the specific rules of features that define it -many acquired in school

question

natural concepts

answer

concepts formed as a result of people's experience in the the real world

question

prototype

answer

example that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept -from exposure to objects or knowledge a person has about objects in a category

question

decision making

answer

process of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them

question

problem solving

answer

thoughts and actions required to achieve a certain goal

question

trial-and-error

answer

trying one possible outcome after another until finding one that works -mechanical solutions

question

algorithms

answer

systematic step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem -e.g., mathematical formula

question

insight

answer

solution seems to suddenly come to mind

question

heuristics

answer

educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down possible solutions -\"rule of thumb\"

question

representativeness heuristic

answer

categorizes objects and associates them with other objects in a category

question

availability heuristic

answer

estimation of frequency or likelihood of an event based on how we remember it

question

working backwards/subgoals

answer

can be used together, but don't have to be

question

irrelevant information

answer

barrier to effective problem solving

question

functional fixedness

answer

thinking of an object only in terms of their most common uses

question

mental sets

answer

tendency to focus on solving a problem using a strategy that worked in the past

question

confirmation bias

answer

tendency to search for evidence that only supports our preconceptions while ignoring evidence to the contrary

question

creativity

answer

ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable

question

convergent thinking

answer

problem is seen as having only 1 solution and all lines lead to 1 single answer by using previous knowledge and logic

question

divergent thinking

answer

person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point

question

language

answer

open (free to change) and symbolic communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas

question

phonemes

answer

smallest distinctive unit of sound -\"chat\" (ch-a-t)

question

morpheme

answer

smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or part of a word -plural \"s\" -pre-view-ed

question

grammar

answer

set of rules that govern the structure and use of language

question

semantics

answer

rules determining the meaning of words and sentences -\"ed\" means actions happened in the past

question

syntax

answer

rules for ordering words into grammatically correct sentences

question

pragmatics

answer

practical aspects of communicating with others, or social \"niceties\" of language -talking with friends vs. parents -taking turns -intonation

question

linguistic relativity hypothesis (who?)

answer

thought processes in a culture are determined by language -Vygotsky

question

cognitive universalism (who?)

answer

concepts are universal and influence the development of language -Piaget

question

intelligence

answer

ability to learn from experience, acquire knowledge, and use resources to adapt to new situations of solve problems

question

intelligence is a _____, not a _____

answer

concept; thing

question

reifcation

answer

viewing an abstract immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing

question

Spearman's g theory

answer

intelligence is best characterized by a general capacity (reasoning and problem solving) -s factor: specific intelligence (music, business, art, etc.)

question

Howard Gardner

answer

existence of 9 different kinds of intelligence based on intelligence and other abilities -e.g., verbal/linguistic, logical/mathematical, musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist, etc.

question

Robert Sternberg

answer

triarchic theory -analytical (book smarts), creative, practical (street smarts)

question

emotional intelligence

answer

ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions

question

assessing intelligence

answer

assessment of individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores (IQ)

question

aptitude (IQ) test

answer

intended to predict ability to learn new skill

question

achievement test

answer

intended to reflect what you have already learned

question

Alfred Binet

answer

intelligence test that would predict children's future progress in Paris school system -expressed \"mental age\"

question

Louis Terman

answer

adapted Binet's system for American school children and named it the Stanford-Binet test (IQ)

question

David Wechsler

answer

developed WAIS (adult), WISC (children), and WPPSI (preschool and primary) scales

question

test construction

answer

must be standard, reliable, and valid

question

standardization of intelligence testing

answer

administration of test to representative sample using consistent methods

question

Flynn effect

answer

1/3 point increase in average IQ score per year

question

reliability of intelligence testing

answer

yields consistent result each time

question

validity -content -predictive

answer

accuracy of test -content: extent a test measures to a particular behavior or trait that it's supposed to measure -predictive: function of test in predicting particular behavior or trait

question

average IQ score

answer

100

question

high IQ score

answer

135

question

low IQ score

answer

question

stereotype threat

answer

reduces performance of individuals who belong to negatively stereotyped groups

question

schema

answer

mental generalizations of places or objects

question

scripts

answer

involves familiar sequence of events

question

answer

intelligence quotient -(mental age/chronological age)x100

STUDY

AP Psychology Diffusion Of Responsibility Equal Status Contact Psychology

Chapter 12 MyPsychLab 25 terms

Kelly Fisher

25 terms

Preview

Chapter 12 MyPsychLab

question

Each student in Dr. Boyd's class was assigned to a group to complete a service learning project. Dennis, who believed the task to be overwhelming, decided not to participate as much as the other group members. As a result of his lack of group participation, Dr. Boyd required Dennis to work alone, which caused him to work harder. Dennis's behavior can be best characterized as

answer

social loafing

question

in his experiment on conformity, Ash found that

answer

conformity increased with each new confederate, up to four confederates

question

Jackie is assigned to a group project. It is her best subject, and she finds the material easy. Jackie will probably experience

answer

question

Leaders of the United States Congress decided to make a stand to shut down the government so that various demands could be made. Despite the fact that many would be out of work, certain benefits would go unpaid, and the middle- and lower-class population would suffer tremendously, others followed the positions of the congressional leaders, and the government was shut down. This behavior is a good demonstration of

answer

question

the challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because

answer

some people knew the shuttle was not okay to launch, but they did not speak up and thereby disrupt group cohesion.

question

After their college basketball team won the NCAA championship, a large group of students ran around the campus vandalizing school property. Not aware that anyone would notice him because he was simply part of the crowd, Jonathan joined in the vandalism. Jonathan's behavior was most likely influenced by his sense of

answer

question

in Asch's line experiment, participants

answer

conformed to the group answer slightly more than one third of the time.

question

Raheem is questioned about his failure to provide assistance to a fellow student who was calling out for help while being bullied by other students. Raheem replies, "No one else did anything, so I did nothing." Raheem's response is an example of

answer

diffusion of responsibility

question

socially desirable behavior that benefits others is referred to as

answer

prosocial behavior

question

Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He does not run over to help her because he assumes there is probably a doctor or nurse in the crowd who can provide better assistance. This is an example of

answer

diffusion of responsibility

question

in Sternberg's theory, _____ encompasses the physical aspects of love

answer

passion

question

once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision making process is

answer

planning a course of action

question

Jim is studying in his room and hears someone yell for help. He is at the first helping decision point, which is

answer

noticing

question

researchers found that reciprocity of liking does not work when

answer

a person suffers from feelings of low self-worth

question

the group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group

answer

with the least power

question

One way to reduce prejudice is to promote personal involvement with people from other groups that is cooperative and occurs when all groups are equal in terms of power or status. This is known as

answer

equal status contact

question

A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Jane nevertheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to h

answer

central-route processing

question

As Vivian was driving to work the other day, she was passed by a vehicle that swerved uncontrollably until it came to a complete stop on the side of the road. Unaware that the driver's steering wheel was malfunctioning, Vivian said out loud to herself, "Some people just can't drive and need to stay off the road." Vivian's assumption about the other driver can be referred to as

answer

a fundamental attribution error

question

in explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational rather than personal attributions. such a phenomenon is known as

answer

the actor-observer bias

question

americans tend to assume that personality is

answer

question

Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. This type of thinking is an example of

answer

the fundamental attribution error

question

When parents tell their children that smoking cigarettes is dangerous and unhealthy, and the children develop negative attitudes toward smoking, this is an example of

answer

direct instruction

question

Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on

answer

implicit personality theory

question

Clara, a member of a grand jury, voted "guilty" because the defendant had "shifty eyes" and not because of any of the evidence presented. Clara was demonstrating

answer

question

Janet is presenting a paper at a psychology conference. She buys a new suit and shoes, has her hair and nails done, and spends extra time on her makeup the morning of the presentation. Janet appears to be concerned about

answer

impression formation

STUDY

Elaboration Likelihood Model Equal Status Contact Stanford Prison Study

Psych101: Chapter 10 Social Psychology 82 terms

Henry Smith

82 terms

Preview

Psych101: Chapter 10 Social Psychology

question

In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to

answer

give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task.

question

A person demanding _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change.

answer

obedience

question

In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level.

answer

61 and 66

question

A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through

answer

persuasion.

question

_____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude.

answer

Prejudice; discrimination

question

The formation of in-groups and out-groups

answer

begins in childhood.

question

The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is

answer

stereotype vulnerability.

question

According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and

answer

commitment.

question

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of

answer

intimacy and commitment.

question

_______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility.

answer

Diffusion of responsibility

question

The "learner" in Milgram's study

answer

was an actor following a carefully arranged script.

question

The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to _____.

answer

the presence of multiple witnesses

question

Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______.

answer

public; women; men

question

The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of

answer

groupthink.

question

Attitudes

answer

are learned through experiences and contact with others.

question

People can reduce cognitive dissonance by

answer

forming new cognitions to justify their behavior.

question

Scapegoats are

answer

typically members of the out-group.

question

Strategies for overcoming prejudice include

answer

education and equal status contact.

question

The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study

answer

highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people.

question

If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the

answer

foot-in-the-door technique.

question

Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of

answer

direct contact.

question

Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Marco is using an example of

answer

situational cause.

question

Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

answer

proximity

question

Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Karen is engaging in

answer

aggression.

question

Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. This is an example of

answer

altruism.

question

The door-in-the-face technique involves

answer

asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment.

question

When trying to persuade an audience, the message should

answer

present both sides of the argument.

question

The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because

answer

some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion.

question

As we interact with others on a daily basis, our behavior, feelings, and thoughts are often guided by

answer

social influence.

question

Groupthink can be minimized by

answer

voting by secret ballot

question

Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. Chris is showing

answer

compliance.

question

Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Nicole will probably experience

answer

cognitive dissonance.

question

answer

central-route processing

question

Studies have shown more conformity

answer

in collectivist cultures.

question

When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called

answer

discrimination.

question

Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is

answer

a basic human instinct.

question

In Sternberg's theory, _______ encompasses the physical aspects of love.

answer

passion

question

_________ is common in college settings, where students and instructors from many different backgrounds live, work, and study together.

answer

Intergroup contact

question

In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter

answer

told them that they had to continue.

question

Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do.

answer

attribution theory

question

Social categorization is

answer

a natural process.

question

_____ is the tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation.

answer

Attitude

question

Anthony assumes that happy people are also friendly and talkative. This is an example of

answer

a schema.

question

When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes

answer

dissonance.

question

If a jury member voted "guilty" because the defendant had "shifty eyes" and not because of any of the evidence presented, he or she is demonstrating

answer

peripheral-route processing.

question

Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on

answer

implicit personality theory.

question

Research suggests a relationship between the network sites particular students use and their

answer

ethnicity.

question

Some research suggests that ______ is one of the main factors that influence people's choices for selecting people they want to know better.

answer

physical attractiveness

question

The "jigsaw classroom"

answer

works at the college level and in the lower school grades.

question

According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others.

answer

social identity

question

The "jigsaw classroom"

answer

is a technique that gives each individual only part of the information needed to solve a problem, so they must work with others to find the solution

question

_________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression.

answer

Testosterone

question

Jim is studying in his room and hears someone yell for help. He is at the first helping decision point,

answer

noticing.

question

The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the

answer

amygdala.

question

The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is

answer

ambiguous.

question

The _________ theory states that aggressive behavior is learned by watching aggressive models get reinforced for their aggressive behavior.

answer

social learning

question

Most people associate the term cult with

answer

a fringe group.

question

Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. Carol is showing

answer

obedience.

question

When a person changes his or her own behavior to more closely match the actions of others, this is

answer

conformity.

question

People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique

answer

in collectivist cultures.

question

In his experiment on conformity, Asch found that

answer

conformity increased with each new confederate, up to four.

question

Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved

answer

asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room.

question

Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. This is an example of

answer

diffusion of responsibility.

question

A woman falls on the sidewalk in front of Ben. There is no one else around. Studies have shown that Ben is _________ in this situation.

answer

more likely to help

question

Racial and ethnicity differences between a victim and a bystander

answer

decrease the probability of helping.

question

People who are in a good mood are less likely to help if

answer

helping will destroy their good mood.

question

When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes

answer

dissonance.

question

Assigning a person you have just met to a category based on characteristics they have in common with other people or groups whom you have had prior experience with is called

answer

social categorization.

question

According to the ________, people either expand on what they hear or they pay attention to surface characteristics of persuasive messages.

answer

elaboration likelihood model

question

Attitudes are

answer

poor predictors of actual behavior.

question

John thinks of himself as a good friend. When his friend, Dylan, is in the hospital and asks John to visit him, John lies and says he's too busy. John may then experience

answer

cognitive dissonance.

question

When parents tell their children that smoking cigarettes is dangerous and unhealthy, and the children develop negative attitudes toward smoking, it is an example of

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direct instruction.

question

Which of the following memory phenomena has been supported in impression formation?

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primacy effect

question

Lashonda is a gifted pianist and is looking for a boyfriend who loves music. Lashonda is focusing on which factor of interpersonal attraction?

answer

similarity

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Researchers found that reciprocity of liking doesn't work when

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a person suffers from feelings of low self-worth.

question

Nick wanted his friend Jason to go skiing with him for the day. Jason didn't want to go because he said it would cost too much money. Nick said it would just cost $20. When they got there, lift tickets cost $20 as Nick said, but Jason also had to pay for ski rentals and rental insurance. Nick used the

answer

lowball technique.

question

To minimize the possibility of groupthink,

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leaders should remain impartial.

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Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of

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groupthink

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In Asch's black line experiment, participants

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conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time.

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_____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others.

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Social psychology

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Which of the following emotions about being stereotyped creates a self-fulfilling prophecy?

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anxiety about supporting the stereotype

question

______ serve as targets for the frustrations and negative emotions of the in-group.

answer

Scapegoats

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AP Psychology Equal Status Contact High Moral Standards Psychology Social Psychology Stanford Prison Study

Psych 1A Chapter 12 Social Influence 58 terms

Marie Florence

58 terms

Preview

Psych 1A Chapter 12 Social Influence

question

In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to

answer

give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task

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Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______.

answer

public; women; men

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A person demanding _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change

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obedience

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A door-in-the-face technique involves

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asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a small commitment

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In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter:

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todl them that they had to continue.

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Which of the following statement best describes attitudes

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Attitudes are learned through experiences as we live and work with others

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according to the __, people either expand on what they hear or they pay attention to the surface characteristics of persuasive messages

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elaboration likelihood model

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Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she doesn't like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of

answer

direct contact

question

Warren has been struggling to eat healthier, but he forgot to pack a lunch and he is starving. He pulls into the fast food drive-though lane, and as he ponders the options he decides to order a hamburger instead of a cheeseburger. He gets a small order of French fires instead of a large order. By adding a diet soda instead of a regular one, Warren is trying to reduce the _______ that he is experiencing.

answer

cognitive dissonance

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People can reduce cognitive dissonance by:

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forming new cognitions to justify their behavior

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Studies have found that the _____ is particularly active when people have made a decision that reduces dissonance and then acted on that decision

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left frontal cortex

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Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on:

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implicit personality theory

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Research has found that social categorization is:

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a natural process

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In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situation rather than personal attributions. Such a phenomenon is known as:

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the actor-observer bias

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Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Marco is using an example of:

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situational cause

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_____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude

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Prejudice; discrimination

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The formation of in-groups and out-groups

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begins in childhood

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The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is

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stereotype vulnerability

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Strategies for overcoming prejudice include

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intergroup and equal status contact.

question

Some research suggest that ________ is one of the main factors that influence people's choices for selecting people they want to know better

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physical attractiveness

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Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of

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intimacy and commitment.

question

In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

answer

reciprocity

question

_______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.

answer

Companionate

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In Sternberg's theory, _______ encompasses the physical aspects of love.

answer

passion

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The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study

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highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people.

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Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Karen is engaging in

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aggression

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Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is

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planning a course of action.

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In the Latane and Darley smoke-filled room study, participants were most likely to report the smoke when

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they were the only ones in the room.

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The presence of others heavily influences helping behavior when a situation is:

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ambiguous

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End of Ch. 12

answer

question

In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level

answer

61 and 66

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A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through

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persuasion.

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According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and

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commitment

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_______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility

answer

Diffusion of responsibility

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Studies have found that the _____ is particularly active when people have made a decision that reduces dissonance and then acted on that decision

answer

left frontal cortex

question

If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the

answer

foot-in-the-door technique.

question

Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of

answer

direct contact.

question

Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

answer

proximity

question

Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. This is an example of

answer

altruism

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The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of

answer

groupthink.

question

Attitudes

answer

are learned through experiences and contact with others

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People can reduce cognitive dissonance by

answer

forming new cognitions to justify their behavior

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Scapegoats are

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typically members of the out-group.

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The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to _____.

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the presence of multiple witnesses

question

answer

vicarious conditioning.

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Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on

answer

impression formation. <=== It is NOT this one implicit personality theory. fundamental attribution error. prejudice.

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When parents tell their children that smoking cigarettes is dangerous and unhealthy, and the children develop negative attitudes toward smoking, it is an example of

answer

direct instruction.

question

answer

central-route processing

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Jackie is assigned to a group project. It is in her best subject, and she finds the material easy. Jackie will probably experience

answer

social facilitation.

question

The ABC Model of Attitudes includes

answer

Affect, Behavior, and Cognition.

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According to your textbook, the _____ theory explains prejudice and discrimination between the Nazi soldiers and Jewish people during WWII

answer

realistic conflict

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_________ is common in college settings, where students and instructors from many different backgrounds live, work, and study together.

answer

Discrimination

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_________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression

answer

Testosterone

question

According to the ________, people either expand on what they hear or they pay attention to surface characteristics of persuasive messages

answer

theory of social facilitation elaboration likelihood model that's-not-all technique <=== It is NOT this one ABC model of attitudes

question

The "jigsaw classroom"

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is a technique that gives each individual only part of the information needed to solve a problem, so they must work with others to find the solution

question

Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do.

answer

attribution theory

question

Groupthink can be minimized by

answer

voting by secret ballot

question

Zimbardo's prison guard experiment supports the idea that

answer

taking on particular social roles can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior.

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AP Psychology Equal Status Contact Psychology Social Responsibility Norm Two Factor Theory Of Emotion Win Win Solution

Psychology Test Test Answers – Flashcards 43 terms

Alexandra Robertson

43 terms

Preview

Psychology Test Test Answers – Flashcards

question

Minimal levels of father care are associated levels of...

answer

Aggression

question

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as...

answer

The chameleon effect

question

To a social psychologist, a perceived incompatibility of goals in indicative of...

answer

Conflict

question

After watching a large number of sexually violent movies, Ollie will probably be...

answer

Less likely to believe that women are seriously harmed by rape

question

In one experiment, White respondents typically took longer to identify words such as peace and paradise as "good" when the words were associated with Black sounding names rather than White sounding names. This best illustrates...

answer

Implicit prejudice

question

Studies of implicit prejudice indicate that prejudice is often...

answer

Unconscious

question

The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people...

answer

Experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar

question

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying...

answer

Social inequalities

question

The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because...

answer

Arousal inhibits the correct performance of difficult tasks

question

If a cluster of people stand gazing upward, passerby will often pause to do likewise. This best illustrates...

answer

The chameleon effect

question

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates...

answer

In group bias

question

Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?

answer

Birds of a feather flock together

question

According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from...

answer

Frustration

question

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the...

answer

Social responsibility norm

question

Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of _________ on aggression

answer

Genetic influences

question

To help people avoid social traps, psychologists should promote an increased awareness of...

answer

The social responsibility norm

question

The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the...

answer

"Teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress

question

Behaving with unselfish concern for the welfare of others is called...

answer

Altruism

question

Women are attracted to healthy looking men, but especially to those who seem to be...

answer

Mature

question

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to...

answer

Exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal

question

The longer Chinese people have resided in a Western country, the less likely they exhibit...

answer

Social loafing

question

The ill fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of...

answer

Groupthink

question

Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of...

answer

A dispositional attribution

question

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of __________ and to overestimate the impact of _________ in explaining the behavior of others

answer

Situational influences; personal dispositions

question

Deindividuation refers to...

answer

A loss of self awareness and self restraint in group situations that fosters arousal and anonymity

question

Aggressive behavior is most likely to be __________ by injections of testosterone and _____________ by consumption of food

answer

Increased; increased

question

According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by...

answer

Calculations of costs and benefits

question

Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior was inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by...

answer

Hindsight bias

question

After 3 months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates...

answer

The mere exposure effect

question

Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be...

answer

Even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished

question

In one experiment, White Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed...

answer

Reduced prejudice against Black Americans

question

The tendency to categorize people on the basis of their gender is most likely to lead Jack to believe that...

answer

Women all have pretty much the same attitudes about sex

question

In Major League baseball games, the probability of batters being hit by a pitched ball increases with...

answer

Higher air temperatures

question

Aggression replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid...

answer

Modeling violence

question

Prejudice is an _____________; discrimination is a _________

answer

Attitude; behavior

question

The fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to attribute a stranger's...

answer

Act of kindness to a compassionate personality

question

According to the text, aggression always involves...

answer

The intent to hurt

question

Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy?

answer

Announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise

question

We are NOT likely to make the fundamental attribution error if we observe someone...

answer

In a variety of situations

question

At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between...

answer

Explicit and implicit attitudes

question

A wide economic gulf between a country's rich and poor is especially likely to be associated with...

answer

High crime rates

question

GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through...

answer

Conciliation

question

Cassandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephones Mike and asked him for a date. According to the 2 factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Cassandra during their phone conversation if he has just...

answer

Completed a series of aerobic exercises

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