Home Page Social Science Psychology Educational Psychology Adequate Yearly Progress EDF2085 - Final Exam - Flashcards

EDF2085 – Final Exam – Flashcards

Jessica Forbes

7 July 2022

question

Which of the following might be considered new roles in classrooms that address race and ethnicity?

answer

A. Teachers become active agents of change. B. Teachers reach out to community members. C. Students interact with community groups involved in change efforts. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

All of the following might be good uses of content area knowledge in a classroom that is sensitive to race and ethnicity, except

answer

A. the history of diversity in the United States. B. the concepts of genotype and phenotype. *C. ethnocentric-oriented textbooks and resources.* D. unbiased content materials.

question

One problem with some standardized assessments is that

answer

they have been normed on only one racial or ethnic group (usually whites)

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The term for the belief that one's own "ways" are good, natural, and right, is

answer

ethnocentrism

question

Which of the following is not an extreme case of prejudice?

answer

A. racism B. hate groups C. racial profiling *D. ethnocentrism*

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Which of the following correctly describes the adjustment function of prejudice?

answer

prejudicial attitudes that aid in dealing with a complex world

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Which of the following correctly describes the value-expressive function of prejudice?

answer

prejudicial attitudes that demonstrate one's self-image to others

question

All of the following are components of prejudice formation, except

answer

A. behavioral component. *B. adjustment component.* C. affective component. D. cognitive component.

question

Which of the following ways in which children learn prejudice do you think might be changed through social and economic pressure?

answer

the media

question

The practice of racial profiling is best described as

answer

a practice of law enforcement that targets minority people

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Strategies that help individuals become less prejudiced strive to include all of the following, except

answer

A. improving critical thinking skills. B. avoiding stereotypes. *C. encouraging impulsive behavior.* D. encouraging examination of reasons or motivations behind one's thoughts and actions.

question

According to the authors, the best conditions under which social contact can be improved include

answer

personal familiarity, school norms encouraging intergroup interaction, equal status contact, and subordinate goals.

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It is well to be cautious when applying the contact hypothesis (bringing students from different groups together) because

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equal status within the school may not translate to equal contact outside of the school.

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The authors make the following recommendations to teachers for creating classroom environments that encourage critical thought, except

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*A. setting aside a specific time each day to practice critical thinking skills.* B. creating an environment of safety, trust, and respect. C. maintaining balance between student talk and teacher talk. D. emphasizing metacognition.

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Improving self-confidence and self-acceptance in students

answer

often decreases prejudice

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Prejudice implies a lack of thought or care in making judgments about others.

answer

TRUE

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Racial and ethnic prejudice can be expressed both positively and negatively; in the United States, it is most often expressed positively.

answer

FALSE

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Effective teachers in classrooms that address race and ethnicity need to be aware that majority children do not always understand the role race plays in their lives.

answer

TRUE

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The concept of phenotype refers to visible traits such as skin color, while the concept of genotype refers to shared genetic traits.

answer

TRUE

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Prejudicial attitudes that offer decision-making criteria about members of outgroups illustrate the ego-defensive function of prejudice.

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FALSE

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Children may learn prejudice as a survival technique as a way to "fit into a group." This way of learning prejudice is referred to in the literature as Group Membership.

answer

TRUE

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Hate groups may be defined as any organized body that denigrates and advocates violence against select groups of people based on race, religion, or sexual orientation.

answer

TRUE

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Research points to the fact that individuals with divergent thinking are more likely to have a high degree of prejudice.

answer

FALSE

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Individuals who use metacognition think about their thinking and strive to be aware of how they have come to a decision.

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TRUE

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Cooperative learning is a strategy for helping students learn to reduce prejudice.

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TRUE

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Globalization refers to all of the following, except

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A. a system that requires understanding, sensitivity, and collaboration. B. a system of increasingly complex intercultural interactions. C. a system of interconnectedness among the world's peoples. *D. a system of national loyalties and emerging nation-states.*

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The following are characteristics of the Cold War era, except

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A. division and walls. *B. balance between individuals and states.* C. "friends" and "enemies." D. one-on-one communication technologies.

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Which of the following is an emphasis on the statement of the National Council for the Social Studies on global perspectives?

answer

emphasis on human experience influenced by transnational and cross-cultural interaction

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Each of the following are part of Piaget's Stage Theory, except

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A. sensorimotor stage. B. preoperational stage. *C. discrete operations stage.* D. formal operations stage.

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Sana is a preschooler who exhibits an egocentric behavior. She is in the

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preoperational stage

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Which of the following constitutes a requirement for education in a global society?

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the preparation of individuals to perceive, think, communicate, and behave differently

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Hanvey uses the term perspective in "perspective consciousness" to describe an awareness that

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one's view of the world is not universally shared

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Catherine is aware that more than 16,000 children die from hunger-related causes each day. This is example of Catherine's

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state of the planet awareness

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Hanvey suggests that developing cross-cultural awareness may be the most difficult of the five dimensions to attain because

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it is a developmental process that takes time

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Knowledge of global dynamics suggests that

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we should expect some unanticipated effects as we modify the environment

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Dmitri's awareness of human choice refers to the fact that

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as he becomes more knowledgeable, he must rethink some of his earlier assumptions and decisions

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Effective pedagogies in the global classroom may include all of the following, except

answer

*A. unnecessary use of maps, newspapers, television programs, or U.N. materials.* B. traditional practices. C. developmentally appropriate practices. D. creative use of technology.

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With respect to the place of content knowledge in a global classroom, which of the following is not the case?

answer

A. Traditional content areas are broadened. *B. Lessons and units are contained within the traditional disciplines.* C. Content from international organizations and associations is integrated. D. Materials from international databases may be utilized.

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According to Hanvey, teaching from a global perspective

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can be integrated across the curriculum

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Which of the following is not an example of internationalizing the disciplines?

answer

A. including world literature in reading and language arts B. including the study of the natural environment and ecology in science *C. including the American view of the Revolutionary War in history* D. including the study of metrics in math

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Globalization has its own dominant culture that tends to create a homogenizing set of circumstances.

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TRUE

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One of the "balances" that must be taken into consideration when thinking about new global realities is that individuals have achieved more power through technology.

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TRUE

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The National Council for the Social Studies statement on global perspectives emphasizes that human beings must continue to rule over nature.

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FALSE

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As children progress from the preoperational stage to concrete operations they begin a process of "decentering," and accommodation of alternative points of view.

answer

TRUE

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One characteristic of Hanvey's element of a global perspective called perspective consciousness is that individuals come to realize that their own view of the world is not universally shared.

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TRUE

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The study of population growth, birth and death rates, and migration patterns is not really necessary to understand the state of the planet.

answer

FALSE

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Traditional pedagogical practices, such as lecturing and questioning, still have a role to play in a global classroom.

answer

TRUE

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A large-scale infusion of a global perspective is less desirable than a global education program restricted to social studies.

answer

FALSE

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The use of traditional assessment methods is banned in an effective global classroom.

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FALSE

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A very important ethical issue with respect to global perspective is attention to the fair allocation of available resources for all students in the school.

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TRUE

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Which of the following is not a characteristic of a learning-community classroom aimed at fostering democratic citizenship?

answer

A. active student participation B. a "community" orientation *C. desks bolted to the floor* D. "purposeful" clutter

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Which of the following is a contemporary version of Plato's dialectical method of teaching?

answer

interactive teaching and learning

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A central idea of the learning-community classroom is that

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everyone in the classroom is both a teacher and a learner.

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One of the differences between traditional classrooms and classrooms that are learning communities is that in learning-community classrooms

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content-area knowledge is sometimes acquired as it is necessary to accomplish other goals.

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According to Berger and Berger, language can be called

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the first institution encountered by the child

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Accents differ from standard language

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in the way words are pronounced

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Black English (Ebonics) can be best described as

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a dialect of English

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The term bidialectalism refers to

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the ability to speak two or more dialects and to switch back and forth easily.

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Nonverbal communication behaviors account for which of the following percentages of the messages we send and receive?

answer

more than 75% and up to 90%

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Proxemics, or "social space," is the study of

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comfortable distance between speakers when they are communicating with one another

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Keelia, who is field independent, has the ability to

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easily perceive discrete parts

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The study of learning style emerged from the work of psychologists interested in

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perception and other forms of cognition

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Which of the following court cases set the precedent for bilingual education?

answer

Lau v. Nichols

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Which of the following most accurately describes arguments about bilingual education in the United States?

answer

They are based largely on issues of social cohesion

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All of the following are stages of second language acquisition, except

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A. silent receptive or reproduction stage. B. early production stage. *C. speech introduction stage.* D. intermediate language proficiency stage.

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It is not the case that everyone participates in the activity-oriented environment of a learning community.

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FALSE

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In a learning-community classroom, disciplinary knowledge is sometimes learned as an end in itself and sometimes learned as a means to another end.

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TRUE

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It is true that language is introduced to a child in the family, but it is not true that this language structures the child's environment very much.

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FALSE

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Within any language, the meaning of elements (e.g., vocabulary, syntax, etc.) may vary widely.

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TRUE

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Standard English is one of many dialects of English.

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TRUE

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Although American Sign Language (ASL) is widely used, it is not considered an official language.

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FALSE

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One significance of the research on multiple intelligences is that teachers will need to learn to teach each student in his or her own preferred intelligence mode.

answer

FALSE

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Bilingual education is not new, but rather has its roots in the nineteenth century.

answer

TRUE

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In Lau vs. Nichols, the Supreme Court ruled that school districts must take affirmative steps to rectify English language deficiencies in students.

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TRUE

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The affirmative vote on Proposition 227 in California requires teachers to teach LEP students in classrooms where the students' native language is spoken.

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FALSE

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A good reason to include the study of religions in school is that

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religious references and allusions permeate our lives.

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The prohibition clause of the First Amendment specifies that

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Congress will make no laws prohibiting the free exercise of religion.

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All universal definitions of religion appear to refer in some way to

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A. concepts of a deity. B. shared values and an orientation toward the sacred. C. a sense of community. *D. All of these answers are correct.*

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The basic beliefs and structure of American schooling are derived in part from

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the values of New England Protestantism

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The widespread use of McGuffy Readers in schools across the nation in the 19th century is an example of

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the integration of Protestant values into public schools

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The second wave of Muslim immigrants to the United States included primarily

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educated professionals

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Sensitivity to potential (and sometimes immediate) conflicts among students of different religious backgrounds requires that teachers

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adopt the role of interpreter and mediator

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Since the controversy and court decisions about school prayer in 1963, most school people have dealt with religious issues by

answer

trying to avoid them altogether

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Assessment in a religiously sensitive classroom should be attentive to

answer

A. avoiding test questions that present a single view as truth. B. avoiding question content that is biased toward a single view. C. knowledge attainment rather than belief. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

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Much of the difficulty in sorting out religious controversies with respect to the schools has been generated around different interpretations of

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the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

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Freeman Butts categorizes controversy about the role of religion in schooling in two broad categories. These are

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the role of schooling in protecting private and public freedoms

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Concrete examples of schooling issues with respect to religious pluralism are

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A. compulsory attendance. B. prayer in schools. C. the use of public funds to support private religious education. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

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The argument that pledging allegiance to the flag is contrary to some religious beliefs is based on the idea that

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the flag is an "image" and cannot be worshipped

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The Supreme Court decision in Abington v. Schempp requires that

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students may not be required to participate in sectarian prayers

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Legislation such as the National Defense Act of 1958 and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 all provided

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public financial support for aspects of private schooling

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The establishment clause of the First Amendment prohibits laws regarding the free practice of religion.

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FALSE

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Theological points of view, knowledge of scriptures, and consequences of "falling away" from the faith are all aspects of universal definitions of religion.

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FALSE

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The belief that human begins are destined to rule over the natural world has its roots in the Judeo-Christian tradition.

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TRUE

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The religion of Islam was introduced into the United States only in the last 50 years.

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FALSE

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In the Abington v. Schempp decision, the Supreme Court held that education cannot be complete without a study of comparative religion or the history of religious movements.

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TRUE

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The Fourth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution have been the source of much religious controversy in the United States.

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FALSE

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In Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925), the Supreme Court ruled that attendance at private religious schools did not satisfy the requirement of compulsory attendance.

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FALSE

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Today, the debate about tax support for parochial education centers of efforts to provide competition to the public education system.

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TRUE

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Early African-American interpretation and utilization of Protestant Christian scriptures and music produced a unique contribution to American religious and political life.

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TRUE

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The Protestant conservative, fundamentalist movement is the only such movement active in the world today.

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FALSE

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Considerable research on gender and learning has found that

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girls appear to learn better in collaborative situations.

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Competition has been used as a strategy in American classrooms in part because it

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reinforces dominant values of hard work and individual achievement

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Collaborative learning is about enhancing collaboration and

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enhancing individual learning and skills

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In collaborative classrooms, teaching

answer

is often done in cooperation with other teachers.

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Which of the following best describes the difference between sex and gender?

answer

Sex is biologically based and gender is socially based

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The term gender-role socialization can be defined as

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the process of internalizing one's knowledge of gender roles

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Many of the stereotypical traits associated with girls are found most often among

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members of the white middle class

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An important issue concerning the role of toys in sex role socialization is that

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girls' and boys' toys often differ in complexity and variety

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The sex role socialization of boys may be harder to change because

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it is often harsher and begins earlier than it does for girls

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The belief that girls are naturally passive, weak, illogical, indirect, gentle, and very emotional is an example of a

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gender role stereotype

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The term homophobia refers to

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fear of homosexuality and homosexuals.

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Misogyny and homophobia respectively mean

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hatred of women and fear of homosexuality

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Title IX, Education Amendments (1972) provides that

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no person can be denied participation in federally funded educational activities on the basis of sex

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The European American value of self-motivation and goal setting is sometimes not realized in the

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girls are not so often encouraged to be adventurous and aggressive

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Public awareness about homophobia has increased in recent years, largely due to

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gay and lesbian activism

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An important rationale for the use of a collaborative classroom is that since we live in an increasingly interdependent world, it is important that students be socialized to work cooperatively.

answer

TRUE

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It is not the case that in a collaborative classroom both competitive and collaborative approaches are useful.

answer

FALSE

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The term positive goal interdependence, when used in reference to cooperative learning, means that the group sinks or swims together.

answer

TRUE

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To ensure active cognitive processing of information is one of the goals of cooperative learning.

answer

TRUE

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It is not necessary that assessment techniques be compatible with instructional strategies.

answer

FALSE

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The rules associated with one's gender role are not universal, but vary by race, ethnicity, religion, etc.

answer

TRUE

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Sex bias refers to any action that denies opportunities, privileges, or rewards on the basis of sex.

answer

FALSE

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The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988 upheld the 1984 Supreme Court decision in Grove City v. Bell, which excluded from compliance with Title IX any school that did not receive direct federal funding.

answer

FALSE

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Cognitive knowledge about homosexuality is quite often enough to reduce the incidence of homophobia.

answer

FALSE

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Hostility and violence are more often directed toward gay men, while losing jobs or being evicted is more likely the experience of lesbians

answer

TRUE

question

Developmentally appropriate practices result from educational decisions based on

answer

A. knowledge about child development and learning. B. knowledge about the strengths, interests, and needs of each child. C. knowledge about the social and cultural contexts in which each child lives. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

Publication of Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) was an outcome of efforts undertaken by the

answer

National Association for Education of Young Children (NAEYC)

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The guidelines for Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) are based, in part, on principles of

answer

constructivism

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Theories of human development that emphasize a fairly universal succession of stages are those of

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Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson

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Developmentally appropriate practice is effective

answer

in teaching any students of any age group

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The term cognitive structure refers to

answer

concepts, ideas, and understandings that a child constructs

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According to constructivist theory, motivation to learn emerges when

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a child's cognitive structures are challenged

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A term referring to perspectives on children's development that emphasize the importance of cultural influences is

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social constructivism

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Which of the following constitute aspects of child-centered instruction?

answer

A. use of small group organization B. use of activity centers C. provision for student choice *D. All of the answers are correct.*

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In a constructivist approach to teaching, a major role for the teacher is to

answer

support children's exploration.

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In a developmentally appropriate classroom, the teacher assumes that

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during any particular lesson or activity, students may be learning different things

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Developmentally appropriate assessment focuses on

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observation of children in natural activity contexts.

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In the context of human development, "sensitive periods" or "critical periods" are

answer

points in the course of development when certain kinds of learning occur most readily

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The Montessori approach suggests that classrooms for students of any age should be designed

answer

for discovery and activity as teachers model and monitor

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The term developmental domain refers to

answer

aspects of development that progress more or less at the same time

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Knowledge about the sociocultural background of students is not necessary for those who wish to teach in a developmentally appropriate way.

answer

FALSE

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According to critics, economic goals for schooling place enormous pressures on young children to acquire more and more cognitive knowledge.

answer

TRUE

question

The theories of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson support a developmental perspective that is a universal one.

answer

TRUE

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According to constructivist theory, the "knower" constructs knowledge after assimilating a new mental structure that will accommodate it.

answer

FALSE

question

The constructivist view of readiness differs from the traditional view in that it emphasizes that readiness does not depend entirely on biological age.

answer

TRUE

question

The Waldorf approach evolved from a school established in 1919 for children of workers in Stuttgart, Germany.

answer

TRUE

question

The goal of teachers in a developmentally appropriate classroom is to make sure that students learn what they are supposed to learn.

answer

FALSE

question

In developmentally appropriate classrooms, screening and assessment are excellent ways to decide who should be placed in the top reading group.

answer

FALSE

question

Sensitive periods in human development are those times when a child (or a person) learns readily.

answer

TRUE

question

Given all we have learned about human development, the nature vs. nurture debate will probably be finally resolved within the next two or three years.

answer

FALSE

question

For students with disabilities, the term normalization means

answer

students with disabilities should, as much as possible, participate in the experiences other students participate in.

question

The major legal basis for inclusive education for students with disabilities is found in

answer

the principle of Least Restrictive Environment contained in P.L. 94-142.

question

The concept that students with disabilities should be allowed to attend schools and classes they would attend if they did not have disabilities is

answer

often called "full inclusion."

question

All of the following are dimensions of disability under the IDEA guidelines, except

answer

ethnic differences

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In 1860, nearly two-thirds of all individuals in American almshouses were

answer

children with disabilities

question

"Ungraded" classes in the common schools of the early twentieth century were forerunners of

answer

classes for children with cognitive disabilities.

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During the nineteenth century, special education services for children with disabilities were provided mainly in

answer

residential facilities

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Under Public Law 94-142 (amended in 1990 as P.L. 101-476, The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act),

answer

all students with disabilities must be identified and provided with a Free Appropriate Public Education based on an Individual Education Program (IEP).

question

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-476. added two additional disability categories to those that were already in place. They are

answer

autism and traumatic brain injury.

question

Which of the following is true of children with chronic illness?

answer

Their need and eligibility for special education services depends on whether the condition adversely affects educational functioning.

question

In the context of special education services for students with disabilities, interdisciplinary means

answer

integration of perspectives of all team members in meeting the needs of a student with disabilities

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Under P.L. 94-142, amended in 1990 as P.L. 101-476, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, assessment to determine a child's eligibility must be

answer

multifactored and nondiscriminatory.

question

Constructivist approaches are of particular importance in special education because

answer

they provide a balance to medical and behavioral models

question

The largest classification of students eligible for special education services is

answer

Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD).

question

All of the following elements of an inclusive classroom may require adaptation, except

answer

schedule of the academic year

question

Over the past 175 years, the definition of who shall be educated has remained essentially the same.

answer

FALSE

question

Normalization is the idea that the lives of exceptional individuals should be characterized, as much as possible, by the same kinds of experiences as those without disabilities.

answer

TRUE

question

The Response to Intervention (RTI) approach is designed to address key concerns associated with past practices.

answer

TRUE

question

Motor difficulties or problems with vitality are not categories defined as disabilities by IDEA.

answer

FALSE

question

Horace Mann believed that the goal of education as preparation for citizenry applied to all children, even crippled ones.

answer

TRUE

question

Early interest in, and efforts toward, special education for the gifted emerged in the 1920s.

answer

TRUE

question

Subsequent amendments to P.L. 94-142 didn't change the laws very much but simply reauthorized funding for them.

answer

FALSE

question

The team approach in which professionals integrate their perspectives in developing a unified plan for a child with disabilities is called an interdisciplinary team approach.

answer

TRUE

question

The transdisciplinary team approach is more integrative than an interdisciplinary team approach.

answer

TRUE

question

It is not necessary for teachers and parents to maintain a close relationship for successful inclusive teaching to take place.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following is an argument utilized by proponents of standardized testing?

answer

American education is too child-centered

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All of the following are characteristics of demand model of assessment (as proposed by Kohn), except

answer

A. students are perceived as workers who are obliged to do a better job. B. students who do not succeed are said to have chosen not to study or not to have earned a given grade. *C. teachers are perceived as fully responsible for student achievement.* D. responsibility is removed from the teacher and attention is deflected away from the curriculum and the context in which learning is supposed to occur.

question

Which of the following is not a dimension of difference in the place of content knowledge when teaching children of different social class backgrounds?

answer

A. emphasis on "advanced" versus "basic" skills B. emphasis on conceptual understanding *C. emphasis on getting good grades* D. emphasis on "practical" or vocational knowledge

question

Which of the following is true of assessment when dealing with students from a wide variety of social class backgrounds?

answer

Assessments should measure growth over time.

question

Which of the following seems to be the case in terms of American beliefs and behavior?

answer

Americans believe they live in a classless society

question

Which of the following is not a social class marker in the United States?

answer

A. family income *B. ethnicity* C. educational level of the head of the family D. prestige of the neighborhood one lives in

question

The terms social class and social status can be defined in the following way:

answer

social class is the hierarchical stratification of people in social groups; social status is similar, but less tied to wealth.

question

Which of the following is true with respect to the five social classes found in the United States?

answer

The upper middle class consists of professionals, corporate managers, or leading scientists

question

The class occupied by those who work, but in minimum wage jobs with no benefits and low job security is called

answer

the working poor

question

Which of the following is the case with respect to the relationship between social class and child-rearing practices?

answer

Parents from different class backgrounds emphasize different values when raising their children.

question

Social status is usually defined as

answer

a hierarchical position in society determined, not by income, but by prestige.

question

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) requires public school districts to implement the following, except

answer

A. measuring students' progress and reporting it in the Adequate Yearly Progress report. B. making incremental achievements over the years. C. employing only highly-qualified teachers. *D. developing a plan to restructure when meeting the Adequate Yearly Progress.*

question

Most of the cases filed with respect to school funding are based on the idea that

answer

the property tax as a method of funding schools is inequitable

question

Although the cases filed in the interest of changing the way we fund schools have had mixed results, some cases have had interesting and positive outcomes. One of these is

answer

Rose v. Council for Better Education

question

Which of the following may give rise to potential ethical issues in assessment?

answer

A. when subjectivity becomes bias B. when labeling for special services results in an overrepresentation of a particular group of students C. when assessments are made too quickly, on too little information *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

Accountability and the standards movement emerged after a large number of critical studies of schooling in the 1980s.

answer

TRUE

question

Central to the idea of the Educate American Act of 1992 was the conviction that high standards of achievement should be set by the federal government.

answer

FALSE

question

In the support model of assessment, teaching and learning become subject-centered.

answer

FALSE

question

The federal role in educational accountability and standards has increased, with the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) of 2001.

answer

TRUE

question

Students from different social class backgrounds quite often leave high school with similar educations.

answer

FALSE

question

Assessments for students from different social class backgrounds should measure growth across time.

answer

TRUE

question

In predominantly working-class schools, following directions often includes some figuring out, some choice, and some decision-making.

answer

FALSE

question

In the demand (or expectation) model of assessment, the assumption is that students are workers who are obliged to work hard.

answer

TRUE

question

Currently the top 10 percent of income earners in the United States own 70% of the wealth, and the wealthiest 1 percent own more than the bottom 95%.

answer

TRUE

question

When teachers expect students to do poorly, and they, in fact, do well, the phenomenon is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

answer

FALSE

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question

Which of the following might be considered new roles in classrooms that address race and ethnicity?

answer

A. Teachers become active agents of change. B. Teachers reach out to community members. C. Students interact with community groups involved in change efforts. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

All of the following might be good uses of content area knowledge in a classroom that is sensitive to race and ethnicity, except

answer

A. the history of diversity in the United States. B. the concepts of genotype and phenotype. *C. ethnocentric-oriented textbooks and resources.* D. unbiased content materials.

question

One problem with some standardized assessments is that

answer

they have been normed on only one racial or ethnic group (usually whites)

question

The term for the belief that one's own "ways" are good, natural, and right, is

answer

ethnocentrism

question

Which of the following is not an extreme case of prejudice?

answer

A. racism B. hate groups C. racial profiling *D. ethnocentrism*

question

Which of the following correctly describes the adjustment function of prejudice?

answer

prejudicial attitudes that aid in dealing with a complex world

question

Which of the following correctly describes the value-expressive function of prejudice?

answer

prejudicial attitudes that demonstrate one's self-image to others

question

All of the following are components of prejudice formation, except

answer

A. behavioral component. *B. adjustment component.* C. affective component. D. cognitive component.

question

Which of the following ways in which children learn prejudice do you think might be changed through social and economic pressure?

answer

the media

question

The practice of racial profiling is best described as

answer

a practice of law enforcement that targets minority people

question

Strategies that help individuals become less prejudiced strive to include all of the following, except

answer

A. improving critical thinking skills. B. avoiding stereotypes. *C. encouraging impulsive behavior.* D. encouraging examination of reasons or motivations behind one's thoughts and actions.

question

According to the authors, the best conditions under which social contact can be improved include

answer

personal familiarity, school norms encouraging intergroup interaction, equal status contact, and subordinate goals.

question

It is well to be cautious when applying the contact hypothesis (bringing students from different groups together) because

answer

equal status within the school may not translate to equal contact outside of the school.

question

The authors make the following recommendations to teachers for creating classroom environments that encourage critical thought, except

answer

question

Improving self-confidence and self-acceptance in students

answer

often decreases prejudice

question

Prejudice implies a lack of thought or care in making judgments about others.

answer

TRUE

question

Racial and ethnic prejudice can be expressed both positively and negatively; in the United States, it is most often expressed positively.

answer

FALSE

question

Effective teachers in classrooms that address race and ethnicity need to be aware that majority children do not always understand the role race plays in their lives.

answer

TRUE

question

The concept of phenotype refers to visible traits such as skin color, while the concept of genotype refers to shared genetic traits.

answer

TRUE

question

Prejudicial attitudes that offer decision-making criteria about members of outgroups illustrate the ego-defensive function of prejudice.

answer

FALSE

question

Children may learn prejudice as a survival technique as a way to "fit into a group." This way of learning prejudice is referred to in the literature as Group Membership.

answer

TRUE

question

Hate groups may be defined as any organized body that denigrates and advocates violence against select groups of people based on race, religion, or sexual orientation.

answer

TRUE

question

Research points to the fact that individuals with divergent thinking are more likely to have a high degree of prejudice.

answer

FALSE

question

Individuals who use metacognition think about their thinking and strive to be aware of how they have come to a decision.

answer

TRUE

question

Cooperative learning is a strategy for helping students learn to reduce prejudice.

answer

TRUE

question

Globalization refers to all of the following, except

answer

question

The following are characteristics of the Cold War era, except

answer

A. division and walls. *B. balance between individuals and states.* C. "friends" and "enemies." D. one-on-one communication technologies.

question

Which of the following is an emphasis on the statement of the National Council for the Social Studies on global perspectives?

answer

emphasis on human experience influenced by transnational and cross-cultural interaction

question

Each of the following are part of Piaget's Stage Theory, except

answer

A. sensorimotor stage. B. preoperational stage. *C. discrete operations stage.* D. formal operations stage.

question

Sana is a preschooler who exhibits an egocentric behavior. She is in the

answer

preoperational stage

question

Which of the following constitutes a requirement for education in a global society?

answer

the preparation of individuals to perceive, think, communicate, and behave differently

question

Hanvey uses the term perspective in "perspective consciousness" to describe an awareness that

answer

one's view of the world is not universally shared

question

Catherine is aware that more than 16,000 children die from hunger-related causes each day. This is example of Catherine's

answer

state of the planet awareness

question

Hanvey suggests that developing cross-cultural awareness may be the most difficult of the five dimensions to attain because

answer

it is a developmental process that takes time

question

Knowledge of global dynamics suggests that

answer

we should expect some unanticipated effects as we modify the environment

question

Dmitri's awareness of human choice refers to the fact that

answer

as he becomes more knowledgeable, he must rethink some of his earlier assumptions and decisions

question

Effective pedagogies in the global classroom may include all of the following, except

answer

*A. unnecessary use of maps, newspapers, television programs, or U.N. materials.* B. traditional practices. C. developmentally appropriate practices. D. creative use of technology.

question

With respect to the place of content knowledge in a global classroom, which of the following is not the case?

answer

question

According to Hanvey, teaching from a global perspective

answer

can be integrated across the curriculum

question

Which of the following is not an example of internationalizing the disciplines?

answer

question

Globalization has its own dominant culture that tends to create a homogenizing set of circumstances.

answer

TRUE

question

One of the "balances" that must be taken into consideration when thinking about new global realities is that individuals have achieved more power through technology.

answer

TRUE

question

The National Council for the Social Studies statement on global perspectives emphasizes that human beings must continue to rule over nature.

answer

FALSE

question

As children progress from the preoperational stage to concrete operations they begin a process of "decentering," and accommodation of alternative points of view.

answer

TRUE

question

One characteristic of Hanvey's element of a global perspective called perspective consciousness is that individuals come to realize that their own view of the world is not universally shared.

answer

TRUE

question

The study of population growth, birth and death rates, and migration patterns is not really necessary to understand the state of the planet.

answer

FALSE

question

Traditional pedagogical practices, such as lecturing and questioning, still have a role to play in a global classroom.

answer

TRUE

question

A large-scale infusion of a global perspective is less desirable than a global education program restricted to social studies.

answer

FALSE

question

The use of traditional assessment methods is banned in an effective global classroom.

answer

FALSE

question

A very important ethical issue with respect to global perspective is attention to the fair allocation of available resources for all students in the school.

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a learning-community classroom aimed at fostering democratic citizenship?

answer

A. active student participation B. a "community" orientation *C. desks bolted to the floor* D. "purposeful" clutter

question

Which of the following is a contemporary version of Plato's dialectical method of teaching?

answer

interactive teaching and learning

question

A central idea of the learning-community classroom is that

answer

everyone in the classroom is both a teacher and a learner.

question

One of the differences between traditional classrooms and classrooms that are learning communities is that in learning-community classrooms

answer

content-area knowledge is sometimes acquired as it is necessary to accomplish other goals.

question

According to Berger and Berger, language can be called

answer

the first institution encountered by the child

question

Accents differ from standard language

answer

in the way words are pronounced

question

Black English (Ebonics) can be best described as

answer

a dialect of English

question

The term bidialectalism refers to

answer

the ability to speak two or more dialects and to switch back and forth easily.

question

Nonverbal communication behaviors account for which of the following percentages of the messages we send and receive?

answer

more than 75% and up to 90%

question

Proxemics, or "social space," is the study of

answer

comfortable distance between speakers when they are communicating with one another

question

Keelia, who is field independent, has the ability to

answer

easily perceive discrete parts

question

The study of learning style emerged from the work of psychologists interested in

answer

perception and other forms of cognition

question

Which of the following court cases set the precedent for bilingual education?

answer

Lau v. Nichols

question

Which of the following most accurately describes arguments about bilingual education in the United States?

answer

They are based largely on issues of social cohesion

question

All of the following are stages of second language acquisition, except

answer

A. silent receptive or reproduction stage. B. early production stage. *C. speech introduction stage.* D. intermediate language proficiency stage.

question

It is not the case that everyone participates in the activity-oriented environment of a learning community.

answer

FALSE

question

In a learning-community classroom, disciplinary knowledge is sometimes learned as an end in itself and sometimes learned as a means to another end.

answer

TRUE

question

It is true that language is introduced to a child in the family, but it is not true that this language structures the child's environment very much.

answer

FALSE

question

Within any language, the meaning of elements (e.g., vocabulary, syntax, etc.) may vary widely.

answer

TRUE

question

Standard English is one of many dialects of English.

answer

TRUE

question

Although American Sign Language (ASL) is widely used, it is not considered an official language.

answer

FALSE

question

One significance of the research on multiple intelligences is that teachers will need to learn to teach each student in his or her own preferred intelligence mode.

answer

FALSE

question

Bilingual education is not new, but rather has its roots in the nineteenth century.

answer

TRUE

question

In Lau vs. Nichols, the Supreme Court ruled that school districts must take affirmative steps to rectify English language deficiencies in students.

answer

TRUE

question

The affirmative vote on Proposition 227 in California requires teachers to teach LEP students in classrooms where the students' native language is spoken.

answer

FALSE

question

A good reason to include the study of religions in school is that

answer

religious references and allusions permeate our lives.

question

The prohibition clause of the First Amendment specifies that

answer

Congress will make no laws prohibiting the free exercise of religion.

question

All universal definitions of religion appear to refer in some way to

answer

A. concepts of a deity. B. shared values and an orientation toward the sacred. C. a sense of community. *D. All of these answers are correct.*

question

The basic beliefs and structure of American schooling are derived in part from

answer

the values of New England Protestantism

question

The widespread use of McGuffy Readers in schools across the nation in the 19th century is an example of

answer

the integration of Protestant values into public schools

question

The second wave of Muslim immigrants to the United States included primarily

answer

educated professionals

question

Sensitivity to potential (and sometimes immediate) conflicts among students of different religious backgrounds requires that teachers

answer

adopt the role of interpreter and mediator

question

Since the controversy and court decisions about school prayer in 1963, most school people have dealt with religious issues by

answer

trying to avoid them altogether

question

Assessment in a religiously sensitive classroom should be attentive to

answer

question

Much of the difficulty in sorting out religious controversies with respect to the schools has been generated around different interpretations of

answer

the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

question

Freeman Butts categorizes controversy about the role of religion in schooling in two broad categories. These are

answer

the role of schooling in protecting private and public freedoms

question

Concrete examples of schooling issues with respect to religious pluralism are

answer

A. compulsory attendance. B. prayer in schools. C. the use of public funds to support private religious education. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

The argument that pledging allegiance to the flag is contrary to some religious beliefs is based on the idea that

answer

the flag is an "image" and cannot be worshipped

question

The Supreme Court decision in Abington v. Schempp requires that

answer

students may not be required to participate in sectarian prayers

question

Legislation such as the National Defense Act of 1958 and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 all provided

answer

public financial support for aspects of private schooling

question

The establishment clause of the First Amendment prohibits laws regarding the free practice of religion.

answer

FALSE

question

Theological points of view, knowledge of scriptures, and consequences of "falling away" from the faith are all aspects of universal definitions of religion.

answer

FALSE

question

The belief that human begins are destined to rule over the natural world has its roots in the Judeo-Christian tradition.

answer

TRUE

question

The religion of Islam was introduced into the United States only in the last 50 years.

answer

FALSE

question

In the Abington v. Schempp decision, the Supreme Court held that education cannot be complete without a study of comparative religion or the history of religious movements.

answer

TRUE

question

The Fourth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution have been the source of much religious controversy in the United States.

answer

FALSE

question

In Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925), the Supreme Court ruled that attendance at private religious schools did not satisfy the requirement of compulsory attendance.

answer

FALSE

question

Today, the debate about tax support for parochial education centers of efforts to provide competition to the public education system.

answer

TRUE

question

Early African-American interpretation and utilization of Protestant Christian scriptures and music produced a unique contribution to American religious and political life.

answer

TRUE

question

The Protestant conservative, fundamentalist movement is the only such movement active in the world today.

answer

FALSE

question

Considerable research on gender and learning has found that

answer

girls appear to learn better in collaborative situations.

question

Competition has been used as a strategy in American classrooms in part because it

answer

reinforces dominant values of hard work and individual achievement

question

Collaborative learning is about enhancing collaboration and

answer

enhancing individual learning and skills

question

In collaborative classrooms, teaching

answer

is often done in cooperation with other teachers.

question

Which of the following best describes the difference between sex and gender?

answer

Sex is biologically based and gender is socially based

question

The term gender-role socialization can be defined as

answer

the process of internalizing one's knowledge of gender roles

question

Many of the stereotypical traits associated with girls are found most often among

answer

members of the white middle class

question

An important issue concerning the role of toys in sex role socialization is that

answer

girls' and boys' toys often differ in complexity and variety

question

The sex role socialization of boys may be harder to change because

answer

it is often harsher and begins earlier than it does for girls

question

The belief that girls are naturally passive, weak, illogical, indirect, gentle, and very emotional is an example of a

answer

gender role stereotype

question

The term homophobia refers to

answer

fear of homosexuality and homosexuals.

question

Misogyny and homophobia respectively mean

answer

hatred of women and fear of homosexuality

question

Title IX, Education Amendments (1972) provides that

answer

no person can be denied participation in federally funded educational activities on the basis of sex

question

The European American value of self-motivation and goal setting is sometimes not realized in the

answer

girls are not so often encouraged to be adventurous and aggressive

question

Public awareness about homophobia has increased in recent years, largely due to

answer

gay and lesbian activism

question

An important rationale for the use of a collaborative classroom is that since we live in an increasingly interdependent world, it is important that students be socialized to work cooperatively.

answer

TRUE

question

It is not the case that in a collaborative classroom both competitive and collaborative approaches are useful.

answer

FALSE

question

The term positive goal interdependence, when used in reference to cooperative learning, means that the group sinks or swims together.

answer

TRUE

question

To ensure active cognitive processing of information is one of the goals of cooperative learning.

answer

TRUE

question

It is not necessary that assessment techniques be compatible with instructional strategies.

answer

FALSE

question

The rules associated with one's gender role are not universal, but vary by race, ethnicity, religion, etc.

answer

TRUE

question

Sex bias refers to any action that denies opportunities, privileges, or rewards on the basis of sex.

answer

FALSE

question

answer

FALSE

question

Cognitive knowledge about homosexuality is quite often enough to reduce the incidence of homophobia.

answer

FALSE

question

Hostility and violence are more often directed toward gay men, while losing jobs or being evicted is more likely the experience of lesbians

answer

TRUE

question

Developmentally appropriate practices result from educational decisions based on

answer

question

Publication of Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) was an outcome of efforts undertaken by the

answer

National Association for Education of Young Children (NAEYC)

question

The guidelines for Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) are based, in part, on principles of

answer

constructivism

question

Theories of human development that emphasize a fairly universal succession of stages are those of

answer

Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson

question

Developmentally appropriate practice is effective

answer

in teaching any students of any age group

question

The term cognitive structure refers to

answer

concepts, ideas, and understandings that a child constructs

question

According to constructivist theory, motivation to learn emerges when

answer

a child's cognitive structures are challenged

question

A term referring to perspectives on children's development that emphasize the importance of cultural influences is

answer

social constructivism

question

Which of the following constitute aspects of child-centered instruction?

answer

A. use of small group organization B. use of activity centers C. provision for student choice *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

In a constructivist approach to teaching, a major role for the teacher is to

answer

support children's exploration.

question

In a developmentally appropriate classroom, the teacher assumes that

answer

during any particular lesson or activity, students may be learning different things

question

Developmentally appropriate assessment focuses on

answer

observation of children in natural activity contexts.

question

In the context of human development, "sensitive periods" or "critical periods" are

answer

points in the course of development when certain kinds of learning occur most readily

question

The Montessori approach suggests that classrooms for students of any age should be designed

answer

for discovery and activity as teachers model and monitor

question

The term developmental domain refers to

answer

aspects of development that progress more or less at the same time

question

Knowledge about the sociocultural background of students is not necessary for those who wish to teach in a developmentally appropriate way.

answer

FALSE

question

According to critics, economic goals for schooling place enormous pressures on young children to acquire more and more cognitive knowledge.

answer

TRUE

question

The theories of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson support a developmental perspective that is a universal one.

answer

TRUE

question

According to constructivist theory, the "knower" constructs knowledge after assimilating a new mental structure that will accommodate it.

answer

FALSE

question

The constructivist view of readiness differs from the traditional view in that it emphasizes that readiness does not depend entirely on biological age.

answer

TRUE

question

The Waldorf approach evolved from a school established in 1919 for children of workers in Stuttgart, Germany.

answer

TRUE

question

The goal of teachers in a developmentally appropriate classroom is to make sure that students learn what they are supposed to learn.

answer

FALSE

question

In developmentally appropriate classrooms, screening and assessment are excellent ways to decide who should be placed in the top reading group.

answer

FALSE

question

Sensitive periods in human development are those times when a child (or a person) learns readily.

answer

TRUE

question

Given all we have learned about human development, the nature vs. nurture debate will probably be finally resolved within the next two or three years.

answer

FALSE

question

For students with disabilities, the term normalization means

answer

students with disabilities should, as much as possible, participate in the experiences other students participate in.

question

The major legal basis for inclusive education for students with disabilities is found in

answer

the principle of Least Restrictive Environment contained in P.L. 94-142.

question

The concept that students with disabilities should be allowed to attend schools and classes they would attend if they did not have disabilities is

answer

often called "full inclusion."

question

All of the following are dimensions of disability under the IDEA guidelines, except

answer

ethnic differences

question

In 1860, nearly two-thirds of all individuals in American almshouses were

answer

children with disabilities

question

"Ungraded" classes in the common schools of the early twentieth century were forerunners of

answer

classes for children with cognitive disabilities.

question

During the nineteenth century, special education services for children with disabilities were provided mainly in

answer

residential facilities

question

Under Public Law 94-142 (amended in 1990 as P.L. 101-476, The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act),

answer

all students with disabilities must be identified and provided with a Free Appropriate Public Education based on an Individual Education Program (IEP).

question

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-476. added two additional disability categories to those that were already in place. They are

answer

autism and traumatic brain injury.

question

Which of the following is true of children with chronic illness?

answer

Their need and eligibility for special education services depends on whether the condition adversely affects educational functioning.

question

In the context of special education services for students with disabilities, interdisciplinary means

answer

integration of perspectives of all team members in meeting the needs of a student with disabilities

question

Under P.L. 94-142, amended in 1990 as P.L. 101-476, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, assessment to determine a child's eligibility must be

answer

multifactored and nondiscriminatory.

question

Constructivist approaches are of particular importance in special education because

answer

they provide a balance to medical and behavioral models

question

The largest classification of students eligible for special education services is

answer

Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD).

question

All of the following elements of an inclusive classroom may require adaptation, except

answer

schedule of the academic year

question

Over the past 175 years, the definition of who shall be educated has remained essentially the same.

answer

FALSE

question

Normalization is the idea that the lives of exceptional individuals should be characterized, as much as possible, by the same kinds of experiences as those without disabilities.

answer

TRUE

question

The Response to Intervention (RTI) approach is designed to address key concerns associated with past practices.

answer

TRUE

question

Motor difficulties or problems with vitality are not categories defined as disabilities by IDEA.

answer

FALSE

question

Horace Mann believed that the goal of education as preparation for citizenry applied to all children, even crippled ones.

answer

TRUE

question

Early interest in, and efforts toward, special education for the gifted emerged in the 1920s.

answer

TRUE

question

Subsequent amendments to P.L. 94-142 didn't change the laws very much but simply reauthorized funding for them.

answer

FALSE

question

The team approach in which professionals integrate their perspectives in developing a unified plan for a child with disabilities is called an interdisciplinary team approach.

answer

TRUE

question

The transdisciplinary team approach is more integrative than an interdisciplinary team approach.

answer

TRUE

question

It is not necessary for teachers and parents to maintain a close relationship for successful inclusive teaching to take place.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following is an argument utilized by proponents of standardized testing?

answer

American education is too child-centered

question

All of the following are characteristics of demand model of assessment (as proposed by Kohn), except

answer

question

Which of the following is not a dimension of difference in the place of content knowledge when teaching children of different social class backgrounds?

answer

A. emphasis on "advanced" versus "basic" skills B. emphasis on conceptual understanding *C. emphasis on getting good grades* D. emphasis on "practical" or vocational knowledge

question

Which of the following is true of assessment when dealing with students from a wide variety of social class backgrounds?

answer

Assessments should measure growth over time.

question

Which of the following seems to be the case in terms of American beliefs and behavior?

answer

Americans believe they live in a classless society

question

Which of the following is not a social class marker in the United States?

answer

A. family income *B. ethnicity* C. educational level of the head of the family D. prestige of the neighborhood one lives in

question

The terms social class and social status can be defined in the following way:

answer

social class is the hierarchical stratification of people in social groups; social status is similar, but less tied to wealth.

question

Which of the following is true with respect to the five social classes found in the United States?

answer

The upper middle class consists of professionals, corporate managers, or leading scientists

question

The class occupied by those who work, but in minimum wage jobs with no benefits and low job security is called

answer

the working poor

question

Which of the following is the case with respect to the relationship between social class and child-rearing practices?

answer

Parents from different class backgrounds emphasize different values when raising their children.

question

Social status is usually defined as

answer

a hierarchical position in society determined, not by income, but by prestige.

question

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) requires public school districts to implement the following, except

answer

question

Most of the cases filed with respect to school funding are based on the idea that

answer

the property tax as a method of funding schools is inequitable

question

Although the cases filed in the interest of changing the way we fund schools have had mixed results, some cases have had interesting and positive outcomes. One of these is

answer

Rose v. Council for Better Education

question

Which of the following may give rise to potential ethical issues in assessment?

answer

question

Accountability and the standards movement emerged after a large number of critical studies of schooling in the 1980s.

answer

TRUE

question

Central to the idea of the Educate American Act of 1992 was the conviction that high standards of achievement should be set by the federal government.

answer

FALSE

question

In the support model of assessment, teaching and learning become subject-centered.

answer

FALSE

question

The federal role in educational accountability and standards has increased, with the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) of 2001.

answer

TRUE

question

Students from different social class backgrounds quite often leave high school with similar educations.

answer

FALSE

question

Assessments for students from different social class backgrounds should measure growth across time.

answer

TRUE

question

In predominantly working-class schools, following directions often includes some figuring out, some choice, and some decision-making.

answer

FALSE

question

In the demand (or expectation) model of assessment, the assumption is that students are workers who are obliged to work hard.

answer

TRUE

question

Currently the top 10 percent of income earners in the United States own 70% of the wealth, and the wealthiest 1 percent own more than the bottom 95%.

answer

TRUE

question

When teachers expect students to do poorly, and they, in fact, do well, the phenomenon is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

answer

FALSE

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