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Pyschology chp 11 (32 ?’s) – Flashcards 30 terms

Jacoby Flores
30 terms
Preview
Pyschology chp 11 (32 ?’s) – Flashcards
question
A failure to develop a typical theory of mind has been linked to the development of ____ (Gopnik, Capps, & Meltzoff, 2000). a) down syndrome b) depression c) language anomalies d) autism
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D) autism
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A spurt in myelination occurs between 6-13 years in parts of the brain associated with ____. a) visual acuity b) emotional functioning c) language and spatial relations d) memory
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C) language and spatial relations
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About the same time that infants begin to crawl, 6-8 months, they also begin to show separation anxiety. This indicates that they ____. a) now recognize who does & doesn't belong in their social world b) have not bonded w/ any particular person/s c) insecure form of attachment d) have an avoidant form of attachment
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A) now recognize who does and does not belong in their social world
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According to Erikson, one key to successful intimacy in adulthood is to ____. a) have established a solid identity in adolescence b) be among the majority in forms of intimacy c) have had many relationships as a teenager d) spend time with family as well as peers
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A) have established a solid identity in adolescence
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At the onset of puberty, ____. a) brain is fully adult b) risk of schizophrenia decreases c) there is gray matter growth d) brain development is virtually complete
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c) there is gray matter growth
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During adolescence, which of the following reach(es) adult levels? a) working memory and reaction time b) problem solving abilities c) ability to use executive processes d) analytical thinking
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a) working memory and reaction time
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Midlife is most often a time of ____. a) midlife crisis b) many challenges c) smooth sailing d) great joy
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b) many challenges
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Research suggests that African American & Hispanic youth who identify with an ethnic group during adolescence and young adulthood have ____). a) higher grade point averages b) more encounters w. law enforcement c) higher overall self-esteem d) greater generative capacity
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a) higher grade point averages
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The starting point of late adulthood best described as: a) becoming eligible for Medicare b) retirement age c) vague d) between age 70 and 72
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c) vague
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The study of human development considers changes in behavior ____. a) due to genetic history b) that correlate with growth or maturation c) due to experience d) that correlate environmental factors
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b) that correlate with growth or maturation
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The vast majority of genetic abnormalities in an embryo will result in ____. a) premature birth b) spontaneous abortion or miscarriage c) an infant with birth anomalies d) a normal birth
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b) spontaneous abortion or miscarriage
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What is the pattern of infant-caregiver bonding that can take several different forms, but is generally characterized as less desirable for the child's outcomes than secure attachment? a) disorganized b) insecure c) anxious-ambivalent d) avoidant
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b) insecure attachment
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What term describes a developing organism between the 3-8 weeks following conception in humans? a) embryo b) fetus c) zygote d) endoderm
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a) embryo
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Which of following best describes the relationships of older adults? a) Older adults have more friendships than younger adults. b) Older adults are more likely to form new friendships. c) Older adults don't gain significant benefits from their friendships. d) Older adults often find their relationships with siblings especially meaningful.
answer
d) Older adults often find their relationships with siblings especially meaningful.
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Which of the following types of intelligence is most likely to change due to aging? a) crystallized intelligence b) emotional intelligence c) general intelligence d) fluid intelligence
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d) fluid intelligence
question
During what time period does the human brain show rapid growth in gray matter? a) During the final trimester of the pregnancy b) In the latter months of pregnancy & first 18 mon. of life c) birth to age 12 months d) first 18 months of life
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b) In the latter months of pregnancy & first 18 mon. of life
question
How can adolescence best be described? a) period of physical changes leading to sexual maturity b) period of social development ending in ones mid-20s c) A period of development begn. at puberty & ending at young adulthood d) A period of increasing maturity & assumption of adult responsibilities
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c) A period of development begn. at puberty & ending at young adulthood
question
According to research (Kessler et al., 2003), who is least likely to experience depression? a) 65-year-old male b) 65-year-old female c) 30-year-old male d) 30-year-old female
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a) 65-year-old male
question
Newborns show an innate preference for looking at faces. This preference ____. a) is uniquely human b) lacks an adaptive advantage c) quickly recedes after the first month d) provides advan. in social behavior & lang. learning
answer
d) provides advantages in social behavior & language learning
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We produce many more synapses than we need & retain only those that are used in a "use it or lose it" fashion. This demonstrates? a) discontinuous model of development b) universal approach to development c) dominance of nature over nurture d) important role of experience wiring the brain
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d) important role of experience in wiring the brain
question
A period of physical changes leading to sexual maturity is called ____. a) adolescence b) secondary sex characteristics c) menarche d) puberty
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d) puberty
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Which organ provides the developing fetus w. nutrients & oxygen, & protects it from exposure to a variety of toxins & disease-causing agents? a) placenta b) ovaries c) uterus d) mammary glands
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a) placenta
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During which stage do cells begin to differentiate into 3 types: the ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm? a) gestational b) fetus c) zygote d) embryo
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c) zygote
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What is an important elaboration of Piaget's concept of egocentrism? a) naive theories b) the information processing model c) attachment theory d) theory of mind
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d) theory of mind
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What is the best description of the starting point for midlife? a) It begins w. certain physical changes. b) It begins at age 40. c) It does not have a reliable set of indicators. d) indicated by a growing sense of mortality.
answer
c) It does not have a reliable set of indicators.
question
What term describes a developing organism between 8-40 weeks following conception in humans? a) zygote b) endoderm c) embryo d) fetus
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d) fetus
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According to research (Fox, Hershberger, & Bouchard) who is most likely to reach milestones in motor development at the same time? a) fraternal twins b) two brothers c) identical twins d) two sisters
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c) identical twins
question
Babies cant talk. Which of following are ways which researchers directly rate sensory capacities of babies? a) measures of heart rate, facial expression, and head movements b) traditional hearing & vision exams c) interviews with parents d) sign language w. the baby
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a) measures of heart rate, facial expression, and head movements
question
Development is believed to ____. a) proceed gradually and smoothly over time b) continuous in aspects & discontinuous in others c) discontinuous in underlying processes & continuous in their observable aspect d) proceed somewhat abruptly from one stage to the next
answer
b) continuous in aspects & discontinuous in others
question
Kohlberg's postconventional reasoning has been criticized as not representing a universal stage of moral development, but being: (Murphy, Gilligan, & Puka). a) overly feminine in some aspects b) too dependent on interpersonal factors c) a characteristic of males in Europe and the United States d) overly rigid and sensitive to public opinion
answer
Actor Observer Bias
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Social Psychology Terminology – Flashcards 76 terms

Tiffany Hanchett
76 terms
Preview
Social Psychology Terminology – Flashcards
question
Actor-Observer bias
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a term in social psychology that refers to a tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes, while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes.
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attribution
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an ascribed quality, character, or right.
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conformity
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behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards.
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central route persuasion
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occurs when a person is persuaded by the content of the message
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defensive attribution
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a social psychological term from the attributional approach referring to a set of beliefs about who is culpable in a given situation.
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emotional component
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a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.
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ethnocentrism
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evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
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evolutionary psychology
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a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection.
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group polarization
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refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.
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halo effect
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the tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area.
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in-group bias
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In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, or inter-group bias, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members.
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just-world hypothesis
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or just-world fallacy is the cognitive bias (or assumption) that a person's actions are inherently inclined to bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person, to the end of all noble actions being eventually rewarded and all evil actions eventually punished.
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need to affiliate
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a term that was popularized by David McClellan and describes a person's need to feel a sense of involvement and "belonging" within a social group.
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outgroup
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those people who do not belong to a specific in-group.
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psyical proximity
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"nearness," and it is often qualified by the word close.
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person perception
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an element of social psychology concerning how we process information about people.
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role conflict
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A situation in which a person is expected to play two incompatible roles. For example, a boss will suffer role conflict if forced to fire an employee who is also a close friend.
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self-serving bias
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people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.
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social comparison
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we determine our own social and personal worth based on how we stack up against others. As a result, we are constantly making self and other evaluations across a variety of domains (for example, attractiveness, wealth, intelligence, and success).
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social inhibition
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a conscious or subconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction. With a high level of social inhibition, situations are avoided because of the possibility of others disapproving of their feelings or expressions.
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social roles
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a set of rights, duties, expectations, norms and behaviors that a person has to face and fulfill. The model is based on the observation that people behave in a predictable way, and that an individual's behavior is context specific, based on social position and other factors.
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attachment
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a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space. Attachment does not have to be reciprocal. One person may have an attachment to an individual which is not shared.
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bystander effect
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or bystander apathy, is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present. The probability of help is inversely related to the number of bystanders.
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collectivism
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the practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it.
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deindividuation
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Deindividuation is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention (see below). Sociologists also study the phenomenon of deindividuation, but the level of analysis is somewhat different.
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discrimination
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the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.
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empathetic arousal
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refers to an emotional Arousal that occurs when you feel some of another person's pain, fear, or anguish.
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group cohesiveness
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can be more specifically defined as the tendency for a group to be in unity while working towards a goal or to satisfy the emotional needs of its members. This definition includes important aspects of cohesiveness, including its multidimensionality, dynamic nature, instrumental basis, and emotional dimension.
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group productivity
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a successful element to any person's business. This essentially means harnessing the power of teams to multiply the individual efforts of the people who are serving with the organization.
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group prejudice
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the biases that a group experiences together.
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intimacy
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close familiarity or friendship; closeness.
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interpersonal attraction
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the attraction between people which leads to friendships and to platonic or romantic relationships. Interpersonal attraction, the process, is distinct from perceptions of physical attractiveness which involves views of what is and is not considered beautiful or attractive.
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internal attributes
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attributes that are internal
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norm
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normal social things that people do like customs
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passionate love
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love that is very emotional and passionate
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physical attractiveness
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attractiveness that is physical
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prosocial behavior
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any action intended to help others. One motivation for prosocial behavior is altruism, or the desire to help others with no expectation of reward. In this lesson, we explore prosocial behavior and the elements that social psychologists have identified as predicting it.
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romantic love
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is a deep emotional, sexual and spiritual recognition and regard for the value of another person and relationship. Romantic love can generate many powerful feelings. It can provide a profound ecstasy, and a deep suffering when frustrated.
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self-perception
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posits that people determine their attitudes and preferences by interpreting the meaning of their own behavior. Critcher and Gilovich looked at whether people also rely on the unobservable behavior that is their mindwandering when making inferences about their attitudes and preferences.
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social loafing
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
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social schemas
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a mental concept that informs a person about what to expect from a variety of experiences and situations. Schemas are developed based on information provided by life experiences and are then stored in memory.
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stereotypes
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a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
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attitude
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a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one that is reflected in a person's behavior.
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cognitive dissonance
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a tension or clash resulting from the combination of two disharmonious or unsuitable elements.
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companionate love
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between partners or spouses as equal companions. (of a person) acting as a companion.
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desensitization
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make less sensitive
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door-in-the-face effect
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technique is a compliance method commonly studied in social psychology. The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader's face.
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elaboration likelihood model
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of persuasion is a dual process theory describing the change of attitudes form. The ELM was developed by Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo in the mid-1980s. The model aims to explain different ways of processing stimuli, why they are used, and their outcomes on attitude change.
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foot-in-the-door effect
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technique is a compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request. The foot-in-the-door technique succeeds owing to a basic human reality that social scientists call "successive approximations".
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fundamental attribution error
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also known as the correspondence bias or attribution effect, is the tendency for people to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics (personality) to explain someone else's behavior in a given situation rather than considering the situation's external
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groupthink
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a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.
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illusory correlation
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the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists.
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individualism
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the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant.
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matching hypothesis
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is derived from the discipline of social psychology and was first proposed by Elaine Hatfield and her colleagues in 1966, which suggests why people become attracted to their partner.
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obedience
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compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another's authority.
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prejudice
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preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
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peripheral rout persuasion
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occurs when the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message.
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reciprocity norm
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the expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms. The social norm of reciprocity often takes different forms in different areas of social life, or in different societies.
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scapegoating
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make a scapegoat of.
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.
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social facilitation
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the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone. Compared to their performance when alone, when in the presence of others, they tend to perform better on simple or well-rehearsed tasks and worse on complex or new ones.
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social learning theory
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posits that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement.
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cult
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a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object.
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soloman asch
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a Polish gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology in the United States. He created seminal pieces of work in impression formation, prestige suggestion, conformity, and many other topics in social psychology.
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david buss
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a professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, known for his evolutionary psychology research on human sex differences in mate selection
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leon festinger
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an American social psychologist, perhaps best known for cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory
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fritz heider
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an Austrian psychologist whose work was related to the Gestalt school. In 1958 he published The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, which expanded upon his creations of balance theory and attribution theory.
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harold kelly
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an American social psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles.
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stanley milgram
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an American social psychologist, best known for his controversial experiment on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale.
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philip zimbardo
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a psychologist and a professor emeritus at Stanford University.
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bernard weiner
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an American social psychologist known for developing a form of attribution theory which explains the emotional and motivational entailments of academic success and failure.
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cindy hazen
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A career sales professional, Cindy Hazen enjoys over 35 years of involvement in the sales field. Starting at 8 years old selling Girl Scout cookies and graduating to working as a sales representative in commercial furnishings products to professional services, she has truly worked in all aspects of the selling world.
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philip shaver
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invented razor blades
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elaine hatfield
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an American social psychologist. She has been credited, alongside Ellen S. Berscheid, as one of the pioneers of relationship science. She is employed as a professor in the psychology department of the University of Hawaii.
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kurt lewin
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a German-American psychologist, known as one of the modern pioneers of social, organizational, and applied psychology in the United States. Kurt Lewin, exiled from the land of his birth, made a new life for himself.
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irving janis
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a research psychologist at Yale University and a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley most famous for his theory of "groupthink"
Abnormal Psychology
Actor Observer Bias
False Uniqueness Effect
People Get What They Deserve
Psychology
Exam 4 Study Objectives : Abnormal Psychology Chapter 4 – Flashcards 56 terms

Ruth Blanco
56 terms
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Exam 4 Study Objectives : Abnormal Psychology Chapter 4 – Flashcards
question
What is abnormal psychology?
answer
The scientific study of mental disorders and their treatment.
question
What makes a behavior "abnormal"?List the four criteria used by psychologists to make this decision, and provide examples of abnormal behavior that meets these criteria.
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A Mental Disorder Is.... Atypical: not always a reflective disorder Example: Having hallucinations, is an atypical behavior that likely does reflect a disorder. Maladaptive: doing this that are not good for you Example: Being afraid to leave one's home is a atypical and maladaptive behavior that would interfere with daily functions. Disturbing:Insight on your disorder or not knowing about your disorder Example:drinking blood Irrational:Inability to use any critical thinking Example:A fear of birds might be so strong that even thinking about them causes great anxiety.
question
Name the manual used to determine what disorder is represented by an individual's abnormal behavior. What are advantages to having such a classification system?
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DSM Describes symptoms-common language for practitioners Information about prognosis and appropriate treatment Stimulates research into causes insurance
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Describe the disadvantages of a diagnostic classification system for mental disorders (labels). What happened in the Rosenhan (1973) study, and how does this illustrate the power of labeling?
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The downside to classifying a mental disorder, regardless of the system used, is that labels are attached to people, and this biases our perception of these people in terms of the labels. Our perception is no longer objective. Their is a famous study that demonstrates the perceptual biassing effect of labeling. David L. Rosenhan, then a psychology professor at Swarthmore College, and seven others went to several different hospitals in five states and tried to gain admission. They each faked a major symptom of schizophrenic disorders, auditory hallucinations (hearing voices). The voice in this case was saying the words "empty," "hollow," and "thud." Other than this sole symptoms, the researchers acted normal and only lied about their true identities. First, they wanted to see whether they would be admitted given this singular symptom. All of the pseudopatients (fake patients) were admitted with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and were stuck in psychiatric wards for between 8 and 52 days. Their subsequent normal behavior was misinterpreted in terms of their diagnoses.
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Define bio-psycho-social approach and explain how it relates back to the four research perspectives in psychology.
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Definition: Explaining abnormality as the result of the interaction among biological, psychological (behavioral and cognitive), and sociocultural factors. It appears best to formulate an explanation in terms of more than one kind of cause
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What are anxiety disorders?
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Disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances, such as avoidance behaviors.
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Describe the symptoms (behaviors) observed in specific phobia.
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An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of specific objects or situations that is excessive and unreasonable Example: A woman had a specific phobia of birds. She became housebound because of her fear of encountering a bird. Any noises that she heard within the house she thought were birds that had somehow gotten in. Even without encountering an actual bird, the dreaded anticipation of doing so completely controlled her behavior. When she did leave her house, she would carefully back out of her driveway so that she did not hit the bird, she feared that the birds would retaliate if she did. She realized that such cognitive activity was beyond the capabilities of birds, but she could not control her fear. Her behavior and thinking were clearly abnormal.
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Describe the symptoms (behaviors) observed in social anxiety behavior (social phobia).
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An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of one or more social performance situations in which embarrassment may occur and in which there is exposure to unfamiliar people or scrutiny by others. Example: The person may fear eating in public and will have great difficulty managing lunch at work; she will reject all lunch and dinner invitations, greatly limiting her social opportunities.
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Describe the symptoms (behaviors) observed in Agoraphobia.
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An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing. Example: being in a crowd, standing in a line, and traveling in a crowded bus or train or in a car in heavy traffic
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Describe the symptoms (behaviors) observed in Panic Disorder.
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An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurrent panic attacks. A panic attack includes symptoms such as trembling, sweating, heart palpitations, chest pains, shortness of breath, and feeling of choking and dizziness Example: Some panic attacks occur when a person is faced with a dreaded situation such as going to the dentist
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Describe the symptoms (behaviors) observed in Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
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An anxiety disorder in which a person has excessive, global anxiety and worries that he cannot control, occurring more days than not for at least a period of 6 months. The person cannot stop worrying, and the anxiety is general-- it is not tied to specific objects or situations as it is in a phobic disorder.
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The second major category of mental disorders is obsessive-compulsive disorders, which is previous DSMs was categorized under "anxiety disorders." What is obsessive - compulsive disorder?
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A disorder in which the person experiences recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are perceived by the person as excessive or unreasonable, but cause significant distress and disruption in the person's daily life.
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Learn the difference between obsessions and compulsions.
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Obsession: Is a persistent intrusive thought, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety Compulsion: Is a repetitive and rigid behavior that a person feels compelled to perform in order to reduce anxiety
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Name and describe three obsessive-compulsive related disorders.
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Hoarding disorder reflects a persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items and the distress associated with discarding them Such clutter may not only impair personal and social functioning but also result in fire hazards and unhealthy sanitary conditions. Individuals with hoarding disorders seldom seek consultation for hoarding symptoms Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder People with this disorder keep picking at their skin, leading to sores and other skin problems, as well as, in some cases, lesions. Most people with this disorder pick their fingers and center their focus on one area of the body, most often the face The skin-picking is usually triggered and accompanied by anxiety and stress Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) Continually pull out hair from the scalp or other areas of the body The hair-pulling typically is only focused on one body part, most often the scalp, eyebrows, or eyelids, and done one hair at a time, sometimes in a ritualistic manner This disorder is triggered and accompanied by anxiety and stress
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What are depressive disorders?
answer
Disorders that involve the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual's capacity to function
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Describe the symptoms (behaviors) observed in major depressive disorder.
answer
A major depressive episode is characterized by symptoms such as feelings of intense hopelessness, low self-esteem, and worthlessness; extreme fatigue; dramatic changes in eating and sleeping behavior; inability to concentrate; and greatly diminished interest in family, friends, and activities for a period of two weeks or more.
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What is manic episode?
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An episode characterized by abnormally elevated mood in which the person experiences symptoms such as inflated self-esteem with grandiose delusions, a decreased need for sleep, constant talking, distractibility, restlessness, and poor judgment for a period of at least a week. Example: A postal worker stayed up all night and then went off normally to work in the morning, however, having quit his job, withdrawn all of his family savings, and spent it on fish and aquariums. He told his wife that, the night before, he had discovered a way to keep fish alive forever. He then ran off to canvass the neighborhood for possible sales.
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Describe the symptoms (behaviors) observed in bipolar disorder.
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A disorder in which recurrent cycles of depressive and manic episodes occur
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The 2 types of bipolar disorder
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Bipolar I disorder: the person has both major manic and depressive episodes Bipolar II disorder: the person has full-blown depressive episodes, but the manic episodes are milder Bipolar I disorder is more common than Bipolar II disorder.
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Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder-- What does this mean?
answer
Schizophrenia is referred to as a psychotic disorder, because it is characterized by a loss of contact with reality.
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Schizophrenia is what people usually mean when they refer to "insane" or "crazy" folks, and that this is the hardest mental disorder to treat. Are schizophrenia and split personality the same thing?
answer
No, in schizophrenia, the split is between the mental functions and their contact with reality; in multiple personality disorder, one's personality is split into two or more distinct personalities.
question
Distinguish between the positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia, and provide examples.
answer
Positive Something has been added Symptoms are the more active symptoms that reflect an excess or distortion of normal thinking or behavior; including hallucinations (false sensory perceptions) and delusions (false beliefs). Example: hallucinations and delusions Negative Something has been removed These are deficits or losses in emotion, speech, energy level, social activity, and even basic drives such as hunger and thirst. Example: Many people with Schizophrenia suffer a flat affect in which there is a marked lack of emotional expressiveness. Disorganized symptoms Nonsensical speech and behavior and inappropriate emotion One thought does not follow the other. Those who show inappropriate emotion may smile when given terrible news. Their emotional reactions seem unsuited to the situation. Example: Disorganized speech sounds like a "word salad" with unconnected words incoherently spoken together and shifting from one topic to another without any apparent connections.
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What is catatonic behavior?
answer
Physical actions that do not appear to be goal directed, such as assuming and maintaining postured and remaining motionless for a long period of time Takes extreme forms ranging from immobility to hyperactivity (such as rocking constantly).
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What is Schizophrenia?
answer
A psychotic disorder in which at least two of the following symptoms are present most of the time during a 1-month period---hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms such as loss of emotion.
question
Distinguish between chronic and acute schizophrenia, and Type I and Type II schizophrenia.
answer
In chronic schizophrenia, their is a long period of development, over years, and the decline in the person's behavior and thinking occurs gradually. In acute schizophrenia, their is a sudden onset of symptoms that usually can be attributed to a crisis in the person's life, and the person functioned normally before the crisis with no clinical signs of the disorder. Acute schizophrenia is more of a reactive disorder, and recovery is more likely. Type I is characterized by positive symptoms, and Type II by negative symptoms. Type I is similar to acute schizophrenia. People with Type I schizophrenia respond better to drug therapy than do those with Type II. This difference may because the positive symptoms of Type I result from neurotransmitter inbalances, which are affected by drugs, whereas the most permanent structural abnormalities in the brain that produce the negative symptoms of Type II are not affected by drugs.
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Do positive or negative symptoms lead to a better prognosis?
answer
Positive
question
What is personality disorder?
answer
A disorder characterized by inflexible, long standing personality traits that lead to behavior that impairs social functioning and deviates from cultural norms
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What are the three clusters into which personality disorders are organized?
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The avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
question
What are the characteristics of a person with antisocial personality disorder?
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Shows total disregard for the rights of others and the moral rules of the culture.
question
How were these individuals referred to in the past?
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Psychopath or sociopath
question
List and describe the two major types of therapy for mental disorders.
answer
Biomedical therapy: involves the use of biological interventions, such as drugs, to treat disorders Psychotherapy:involves the use of psychological interventions to treat disorders
question
What type of mental health professionals treat mental disorders, and how does their educational background differ?
answer
Clinical psychologist: Doctoral degree in clinical psychology; provides therapy for people with mental disorders Counseling psychologist: Doctoral degree in psychological or educational counseling; counsels people with milder problems such as academic, job, and relationship problems Psychiatrist: Medical degree with residency in mental health; provides therapy for people with mental disorders and is the only type of therapist who can prescribe drugs or other biomedical treatment Psychoanalyst: Any of the above types of credential, but with training in psychoanalysis from a psychoanalytic institute; provides psychoanalytic therapy for psychological disorders Clinical social worker:Master's doctoral degree in social work with specialized training in counseling; provides help with social problems, such as family problems
question
Historically, how were the mentally ill treated? Provide examples.
answer
The earliest biological treatment was trephining, which was done in the Middle Ages. In this primitive treatment, a trephine (stone tool) was used to cut away a section of the person's skull, supposedly to let evil spirits exit the body, thus freeing the person from the disorder. The "tranquilizing chair" was designed by Benjamin Rush, the "father of American psychiatry," who actually instituted many humane reforms in the treatment of mental patients. The treatment called for patients to be strapped into a tranquilizing chair, with the head enclosed inside a box, for long periods of time. The restriction of activity and stimulation was supposed to have a calming effect by restricting the flow of blood to the patient's brain.
question
What is by far the most frequently used treatment for mental disorders?
answer
Drug therapy
question
What are the advantages and disadvantages of drug therapy? Does it work?
answer
Advantages Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors increase the availability of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine (which affect our mood) by preventing their breakdown Tricyclics make the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin more available by blocking their reuptake during synaptic gap activity Research indicates that Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors are fairly succesful in combating depressive symptoms Antidepressent medicine is significant for patients with very severe depression Benzodiazepines reduces anxiety by increasing the activity of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. When GABA's activity is increased, it reduced anxiety by slowing down and inhibiting neural activity, getting it back to normal levels. Some antidepressant drugs, especially the SSRIs, has been very successful in treating anxiety disorders. Antipsychotic drugs are drugs that reduce psychotic symptoms. This drug works antagonistically by globally blocking receptor sites for dopamine, thereby reducing its activity. These drugs greatly reduced the positive symptoms of schizophrenia but had little impact on the negative symptoms. Abilify (third generation antipsychotic drug) achieves its effects by stabilizing the levels of both dopamine and serotonin activity in certain areas of the brain. It blocks receptor sites for these two neurotransmitters when their activity levels are too high and stimulates these receptor sites when their activity levels are too high. Disadvantages Monoamine oxidase (MAO) are not used often because of a potentially very dangerous side effect. Their interaction with several different foods and drinks may result in fatally high blood pressure. Recent evidence has shown that benzodiazepines has potentially dangerous side effects, such as physical dependence or fatal interactions with alcohol. The traditional drugs (for example, Thorazine and Stelazine) produce side effects in motor movement that are similar to the movement problems of Parkinson's disease. There is a long-term use side effect of traditional antipsychotic drugs called tardive dyskinesia in which the patient has uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue. Long-term antipsychotic treatment was associated with smaller volumes of both brain tissues and gray matter. Other studies have found similar decreases in gray matter in the short term memory. Antipsychotic drugs may lead to loss of brain tissue or exacerbate declines in brain volume caused by schizophrenia.
question
What is ECT, and what is it used to treat?
answer
A biomedical treatment for severe depression that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure
question
Does ECT work?
answer
yes
question
What is a promising new alternative to ECT?
answer
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
question
What is psychosurgery?
answer
A biomedical treatment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed
question
Is psychosurgery common today?
answer
No, because it is involves irreversible brain injury, psychosurgery is done very infrequently today. These procedures are used only in cases of serious disorders when all other treatments have failed, and only with the patient's permission.
question
What is lobotomy?
answer
A type of psychosurgery in which the neuronal connections of the frontal lobes to lower brain areas are severed.
question
How did Freeman and his "drive-thru lobotomies" impact the lives of those in mental institutions?
answer
Freeman developed the transorbital lobotomy technique--gaining access to the frontal lobes through the eye socket behind the eyeball with an ice-pick-like instrument, and then swinging the instrument from side to side, cutting the fiber connections to the lower brain Because it renders the patient unconscious, ECT was often used as the anesthetic Unfortunately, these primitive procedures had already left thousands of victims in a zombelike, deteriorated state
question
Distinguish between "insight" and "action" psychotherapy techniques.
answer
Psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies are usually referred to as insight and therapies-- they focus on the person achieving insight into (conscious awareness and understanding of) the causes of his behavior and thinking. In contrast, behavioral and cognitive therapies are usually referred to as action therapies-- they focus on the actions of the person in changing his behavior or ways of thinking.
question
Describe psychoanalysis in terms of how it is used to treat mental disorders.
answer
Such problems are repressed in the unconscious but continue to influence the person's behavior and thinking. The task for the psychoanalyst is to discover these underlying unconscious problems and then help the patient gain insight. The therapist has to identify conscious reflections of the underlying problems and interpret them. The major task of the psychoanalyst, then is to interpret many sources of input--including free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-in order to find the unconscious roots of the person's problems.
question
What is client-centered therapy, and who developed it?
answer
A style of chotherapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy to help the person to gain insight into his or her self-concept.
question
What is behavioral therapy?
answer
A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist uses the principles of classical and operant conditioning to change the person's behavior from maladaptive to adaptive.
question
Upon what principles is behavioral therapy based upon?
answer
Behavioral therapies are based in either classical or operant conditioning.
question
How is behavioral therapy used to treat anxiety disorders?
answer
Counterconditioning therapies, such as systematic desensitization, virtual reality therapy, and flooding, have been especially successful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Systematic desensitization is when the patient first develops a hierarchy of situations that evoke a fear response, from those that evoke slight fear up to those that evoke tremendous fear. Once the hierarchy is set, the patient is then taught how to use various techniques to relax. Once this relaxation training is over, the therapy begins. The patient starts working through the hierarchy and attempts to relax at each step. First the patient relaxes in imagined situations in the hierarchy and latter in the actual situations. With both imagined and actual situations, the anxiety level of the situation is increased slowly. In Virtual reality therapy the person wears a motion-sensitive display helmet that projects a three-dimensional virtual world, the patient experiences seemingly real computer-generated images rather than imagined and actual situations as in systematic desensitization. When the patient achieves relaxation, the simulated scene becomes more fearful until the patient can relax in the stimulated presence of the feared object or situation.
question
What is the goal of behavioral therapies using operant conditioning?
answer
Behavioral therapies using operant conditioning principles reinforce desired behaviors and extinguish undesired behaviors.
question
Does behavioral therapies using operant conditioning work?
answer
Yes, it has been fairly successful in managing autistic and schizophrenic institutionalized populations.
question
What is cognitive therapy?
answer
A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to change the person's thinking from maladaptive to adaptive
question
Describe the differences between Ellis' rational-emotive therapy and Beck's cognitive therapy.
answer
In Ellis's rational-emotive therapy, the therapist directly confronts and challenges the patient's unrealistic thoughts and beliefs to show that they are irrational. Rational-emotive therapists are usually very direct and confrontational in getting their clients to see the errors of their thinking. Aaron Beck's form of cognitive therapy is not confrontational. A therapist using Beck's cognitive therapy works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has a person carefully consider the objective evidence for his beliefs in order to see the errors in his thinking. The therapist is like a good teacher, helping the person to discover the problems with his thinking.
question
For what type of mental disorders is cognitive therapy especially effective?
answer
Depressive disorders
question
Is psychotherapy effective?
answer
None of the psychotherapies are very successful in treating schizophrenia.
question
Is one type of psychotherapy more effective than others overall?
answer
No one particular type of psychotherapy, is superior to all the others.
question
When it comes to treating a particular disorders, such as anxiety disorders and depression is one psychotherapy more effective than another?
answer
Some types of psychotherapy seem to be more effective in treating particular disorders. Behavioral therapies have been very successful in treating phobias and other anxiety disorders. Cognitive therapies tend to be very effective in treating depressive disorders.
Actor Observer Bias
Cognition
Failed The Test
Fundamental Attribution Error
Internal And External Factors
Middle Aged Man
Social Psychology
Strategic Planning Process
Tactical Plans
Chapter 4/5 Quiz – Introduction to Health Care Management – Flashcards 10 terms

Mike Bryan
10 terms
Preview
Chapter 4/5 Quiz – Introduction to Health Care Management – Flashcards
question
A manager reports that she makes the right hiring decision 90% of the time. This is an example of _________________.
answer
a. Attribution error b. Judgment heuristic c. Representativeness error d. Halo effect E. OVERCONFIDENCE BIAS
question
A physician who believes a medical error occurred due to ______ may be making a fundamental attribution error.
answer
a. Miscommunication on the unit b. Unclear medical directives c. Understaffing on the unit D. A NEGLIGENT NURSE e. Incomplete lab tests
question
A "thinking manager could best address information misperceptions by:
answer
a. Telling employees what is true about a given situation b. Being as rational as possible in every situation c. Pointing out why the employee's thinking is wrong D. ENCOURAGING EMPLOYEES TO DISCUSS THEIR PRECONCEPTIONS AND BELIEFS. e. Issuing an explanatory notice to all employees
question
A(n) _________ is a mental representation that contains one's general knowledge and expectations about a concept.
answer
a. Cognition B. SCHEMA c. Stereotype d. Attribution e. Memory
question
An emergency department planning team was asked whether more suicides or more homicides occurred in the city. Team members did a quick mental check of instances of each they saw come into the ED. This is an example of using the ___________ heuristic.
answer
a. Correlation b. Outcome c. Expectation d. Framing E. AVAILABILITY
question
Ideally, who should provide input in the development of the strategic plan?
answer
a. Physicians and other providers b. Volunteers c. Senior management D. ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT
question
What is the role of the manager in the strategic planning process?
answer
a. To monitor their area of expertise in terms of market developments b. To provide input to the planning department and senior management on an ongoing basis c. To monitor and control targeted strategies over time d. To communicate strategies and rationales to staff E. ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT
question
Which of the following is not a potential barrier to successful execution of a strategic plan?
answer
A. NOT ENOUGH STRATEGIES TO IMPLEMENT b. Strategies that do not align with the organization's culture c. Lack of focus on the strategies d. All of these are potential barriers
question
Why is it important to develop multiple scenarios for the futurecast?
answer
a. To ensure that there are scenarios to address both the organization and the physician b. To provide a scenario for each different department in the organization C. TO CONSIDER THE MOST LIKELY SCENARIOS SINCE A FUTURECAST DEALS WITH A VARIETY OF PREDICTIONS d. To ensure that there are scenarios to address both the organization and the physician
question
Why is the development of tactical plans important?
answer
a. Tactical plans answer the who, what, when, where, and how questions of strategy implementation b. Tactical plans are necessary for managers to understand their roles in strategy execution c. Tactical plans are necessary for budgeting purposes d. Tactical plans are used to monitor the implementation of a strategy E. ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT
Actor Observer Bias
Social Psychology
AP Psych Chapter 17- Social Cognition 55 terms

Patricia Harrah
55 terms
Preview
AP Psych Chapter 17- Social Cognition
question
the scientific study of how people's thoughts and feelings influence their behavior toward others and how the behavior of others influences people's own thoughts, feelings, and behavior
answer
social psychology
question
the mental processes associated with the ways in which people perceive and react to other individuals and groups
answer
social cognition
question
how social factor affect individuals, helping to shape behaviors from aggression to self-sacrifice
answer
social influence
question
the beliefs we hold about who we are and what characteristics we have
answer
self-concept
question
the evaluations we make about how worthy we are as human beings
answer
self-esteem
question
we consider the way we are now in relation to how we were in the past
answer
temporal comparison
question
using other people as a basis of comparison for evaluating oneself
answer
social comparison
question
categories of people to which people compare themselves
answer
reference groups
question
to protect one's self esteem, one would use this method to compare themselves to those who are not as good as they are
answer
downward social comparison
question
comparing oneself with people who do much better, used to protect one's self esteem by creating optimism about what is possible (if they can do it, so can I)
answer
upward social comparison
question
the belief that no matter how much you are getting in terms of recognition, status, money, and so forth, it is less than you deserve
answer
relative deprivation
question
proposed by Jeff Greenberg, Tom Psyzcynski, and Sheldon Solomon that human beings are the only creatures capable of thinking about the future. Includes realization that we will all eventually die, and the sense of terror it may bring. Humans develop protective psychological strategies to manage this terror (self esteem)
answer
terror management theory
question
our beliefs about the groups to which we belong
answer
social identity
question
humans as a species want high self esteem because it shows that they are accepted by their peers, may date back to early clan life when those who were ostracized from the group had little chance of surviving and reproducing
answer
sociometer theory
question
people's beliefs about themselves and the attributes they possess
answer
self-schemas
question
the process through which people interpret information about others, form impressions of them, and draw conclusions about the reasons for that behavior
answer
social perception
question
a process through which an initial impression of someone leads that person to behave in accordance with that impression
answer
self-fulfilling prophecy
question
the process of explaining the causes of people's behavior, including our own
answer
attribution
question
attributing behavior to a personality trait or tendency
answer
internal attribution
question
attributing behavior to outside circumstances or events
answer
external attribution
question
part of Harold Kelly's attribution theory, this is the degree to which other people's behavior is similar to the actors (people who perform actions that cause other people to make attributions
answer
consensus
question
part of Kelly's attribution theory, this is the degree to which the behavior is the same across time and/or situations.
answer
consistency
question
part of Kelly's attribution theory, this is the extent to which the actor's response to one situation stands out from the responses to similar situations
answer
distinctiveness
question
a tendency to over-attribute the behavior of others to internal factors, such as personality traits
answer
fundamental attribution error
question
when members of a social or ethnic out-group (people we see as different) do something positive, we attribute this behavior to luck or some external causes. However, negative behavior is attributed to internal causes. For the in-group (people we see as being like ourselves) it is vice versa
answer
ultimate attribution error
question
the tendency to attribute other people's behavior to internal causes while attributing our own behavior (especially errors and failures) to external causes
answer
actor-observer bias
question
the tendency to take personal credit for success but to blame external causes for failure
answer
self-serving bias
question
the tendency to believe that positive events are more likely to happen to yourself than others and that negative events are more likely to happen to others than yourself
answer
unrealistic optimism
question
driving forced behind unrealistic optimism
answer
unique invulnerability
question
the tendency to think, feel, or act positively or negatively toward objects in our environment
answer
attitude
question
a set of beliefs about the attitude object
answer
cognitive component of attitude
question
emotional feelings about the attitude obejct
answer
affective component of attitude
question
the way people act toward the attitude object
answer
behavioral component of attitude
question
our view of how important people in our lives want us to act
answer
subjective norm
question
the belief that someone can actually perform a behavior
answer
perceived control
question
all else being equal, attitudes towards an object will become more positive the more frequently people are exposed to it
answer
mere-exposure effect
question
a model suggesting that attitude change can be driven by evaluation of the content of a persuasive message (central route) or by irrelevant persuasion cues, such as confidence or attractiveness (peripheral route)
answer
elaboration likelihood model
question
1. the person communicating the message, 2. the content of the message, and 3. the audience who receives it
answer
three factors of persuasion
question
people who like to engage in thoughtful mental activities and are therefore more likely to use the central route to attitude change
answer
need for cognition
question
people who are uncomfortable with uncertainty, more likely to use the peripheral route
answer
need for closure
question
theory of Leon Festinger, attitude change is driven by efforts to reduce tension caused by inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviors
answer
cognitive dissonance theory
question
theory of Claude Steele, people will not change their attitudes after recognizing their own attitude-behavior inconsistency if they can do something else that makes them look good and feel good about themselves
answer
self-affirmation
question
theory of Daryl Bem, attitudes can change as people consider their behavior in certain situations and then infer what their attitude must be
answer
self-perception theory
question
the perceptions, beliefs, and expectations a person has about members of some group. Usually make the false assumption that all members of a group have the same characteristics
answer
stereotypes
question
a positive or negative attitude toward an individual simply based on membership in some group
answer
prejudice
question
differing treatment of individuals who belong to different groups
answer
discrimination
question
a personality trait that includes an acceptance of conventional or traditional values, a willingness to unquestioningly follow the orders of authority figures, and an inclination to act aggressively toward individuals or groups identified by these authority figures as threatening the values held by one's in-group
answer
authoritarianism
question
The perception of a relationship where none exists
answer
illusory correlation
question
a hypothesis that states that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with that group increases
answer
contact hypothesis
question
small desegregated groups dependent on each member to learn the material or complete the task---effective at reducing prejudice
answer
jigsaw technique
question
even when people know and promote the idea that racism is wrong, they still show characteristics of racial prejudice without knowing it
answer
aversive racism
question
the notion that people are most likely to form relationships with those who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness
answer
matching hypothesis
question
when the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of one person affect the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of the other
answer
interdependent
question
the extent to which each party is psychologically attached to the relationship and wants to remain in it
answer
commitment
question
theory of Robert Sternberg, the three basic components of love are passion, intimacy, and commitment. Various combinations of these three concepts result in different types of love. Consummate love is the perfect balance of all three components
answer
triangular theory
Actor Observer Bias
General Adaptation Syndrome
General Adaption Syndrome
James Lange Theory Of Emotion
Language Acquisition Device
Mapping
Quantitative And Qualitative
Psych/Soc AAMC Practice Test 43 terms

Marta Browning
43 terms
Preview
Psych/Soc AAMC Practice Test
question
when a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it
answer
spreading of activation theory
question
recalling objects that were not presented but are from the same category as the training objects
answer
according to the spreading of activation theory, which type of memory error is most likely when participants have to recall training objects they have seen?
question
concrete operations stage 7-12
answer
according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, conservation tasks are mastered during which stage? and what age?
question
behaviorist
answer
focusing on the role of classical conditioning is most closely related to which approach to psychological disorders?
question
conditioned stimuli
answer
mild changes in bodily sensations become cues that are associated with excessive panic. thus, those mild changes in bodily sensations act as? A. unconditioned stimuli B. conditioned stimuli C. unconditioned response D. conditioned responses
question
positive punishers the patient describes the panic attacks as highly aversive and mentions that he no longer goes to meetings for fear of a panic attack. thus, the frequency of the patient's attendance at meetings has decreased as the result of the panic attacks.
answer
Patient 2: I am terrified of having a panic attack at a meeting. I dread the thought of others noticing how nervous I am. I'm worried that others will think I am weird. I don't go to meetings anymore. For patient 2, panic attacks act as: A. discriminatory stimuli B. signaling stimuli C. positive punishers D. negative punishers
question
autonomic nervous system interoceptive awareness is described as increased sensitivity to internal bodily sensations, such as heartbeat and blood pressure, which are regulated by the autonomic nervous system
answer
Interoceptive awareness involves sensitivity to increases in the activity of the: A. reticular activation system B. autonomic nervous system C. limbic system D. somatic nervous system
question
experimental studies
answer
limitations in the ability to systematically manipulate participants' physiological states and their sensitivity to changes in those states is a characteristic of what type of research
question
cornea the cornea is in direct contact with the eyelid and is thus most susceptible to damage from flaking skin
answer
Harlequin ichthyosis, a rare genetic disorder, causes the skin to become thick and scaly. Flaking skin behind the eyelids of individuals with this condition is most likely to damage which structure of the eye? A. choroid B. cornea C. lens D. retina
question
mechanically hair cells of the cochlea are specialized mechanoreceptors
answer
sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way? A. chemically B. mechanically C. electrically D. synaptically
question
actors attribute their own behavior to situational factors (not feeling well) whereas observers attribute actors' behavior to dispositional factors (social awkwardness)
answer
actor-observer bias
question
habituation and dishabituation the study involves reduced responding to a repeating stimulus, which is best described as habituation. the researcher then changes the stimulus, which will likely lead to dishabituation
answer
in a study, each trial involves administering a drop of lemon juice to the participant's tongue and measuring the participants level of salivation. as more trials are conducted, the researcher finds that the magnitude of salivation declines. after a certain point, the researcher switches to administering lime juice. this researcher is most likely studying which process? A. sensory perception B. habituation and dishabituation C. stimulus generalization in classical conditioning D. conditioned responses in classical conditioning
question
optimal performance requires optimal arousal and that arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance
answer
optimal arousal theory
question
a measure of electrical conductivity of the skin increased electrical conductivity of the skin is a physiological indication of increased sympathetic arousal, which is associated with anxiety
answer
which measure would be most useful if the researchers were interested in studying the degree of sympathetic arousal experienced in different conditions? A. a measure of electrical conductivity of the skin B. a CT scan of the hindbrain C. a PET scan of the parietal cortex D. a measure of melatonin levels
question
people's response to various stressor is SIMILAR
answer
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
question
cerebellum involved in the execution of a coordinated motor task
answer
damage to which nervous system structure is most likely to cause problems in the participants' ability to perform synchronous behaviors? A. hippocampus B. hypothalamus C. cochlea D. cerebellum
question
experimental methods it would be unethical and impractical to randomly assign participants to groups in which segregation is manipulated as an independent variable
answer
which type of design is LEAST appropriate for research on residential segregation? A. ethnographic methods B. experimental methods C. quantitative methods D. survey methods
question
social network analysis social network analysis involves the mapping of social relationships among individuals
answer
often utilized when studying communicable diseases, which type of analysis maps the series of relationships among a set of individuals? A. social support analysis B. social network analysis C. social stratification analysis D. social reproduction analysis
question
development of affordable housing
answer
which effect is LEAST likely to occur with the process of gentrification? A. development of affordable housing B. increased neighborhood stratification C. displacement of lower-income residents D. expanded tax base for local government
question
the reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, which results from the influx of more affluent groups with the arrival of more affluent residents, housing demand increases and generally results in a decrease of affordable housing for lower income residents
answer
gentrification
question
people's attitudes toward some attitude object become more extreme after interacting with like-minded individuals
answer
group polarization
question
the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior
answer
behaviorist theory focuses on
question
a measure that actually measures what it is intended to measure
answer
validity
question
mid-adulthood
answer
according to erkison's theory of psychosocial development, the generativity versus stagnation crisis occurs in
question
assimilation is the influence that cultural changes have on an individuals health this answer speculates about a possible consequence of assimilation
answer
which statement does NOT identify an aspect of the concept of assimilation? A. assimilation is the influence that cultural changes have on an individual's health B. assimilation is the process of cultural adaptation that results from geographic mobility C. assimilation occurs when individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant culture D. assimilation occurs when individuals relinquish the cultural norms of their childhood
question
the process of social integration and generally refers to when new members adopt the main elements of a culture aspects of assimilation- cultural adaptation, adopting new norms, relinquishing old norms
answer
assimilation
question
linguistic relativity
answer
a researcher suggests that the benefits of bilingualism are related to the idea that the structure of language affects the perceptions of its speakers. this researcher is referring to which concept? A. weber's law B. the nativist hypothesis C. schacter-singer theory D. linguistic relativity
question
social activities that help individuals to avoid loneliness and boredom activities rather than relationships in this option
answer
sociologists describe the health benefits of social support as resulting from all of the following EXCEPT: A. friends and family members that help patients adhere to medical treatment B. friends and family members that help patients to reduce harmful behaviors C. social relationships that help individuals to cope with stressful events D. social activities that help individuals to avoid loneliness and boredom
question
refers to social network ties (friends, family, and other relationships) that provide an individual with various types of assistance, which are associated with improving health or reducing harm
answer
social support
question
"7 plus or minus 2" between 5 and 9 items
answer
capacity of working memory in adults
question
participants' answer on the exit questionnaire the only subjective measure taken because they provided their personal opinions and degree to which they liked the game providing an INDIRECT measure of motivation objective measures are DIRECT
answer
which assessment represents a subjective measure of motivation? A. the number of grid sequences participants attempted to solve on the computer task B. the participants' decision to continue playing the game or stop to read a magazine C. participants' answers on the exit questionnaire D. participants' time spent not playing the game using the computer mouse
question
reference group
answer
an immigrant teen starts to reject the ethnic customs of his family and instead identifies himself as an American by dressing, speaking, and acting in ways that are associated with American culture. In this scenario, Americans become which type of group for the teenager? A. assimilated group B. reference group C. majority group D. peer group
question
groups that individuals emulate the attitudes and behaviors of that they admire and would like to join important for self-evaluation and identity formation
answer
reference group
question
procedural
answer
after initially learning to ride a bike, riding a bike becomes easy for an individual. each time the individual rides a bike thereafter, what type of memory is being used? A. semantic B. episodic C. explicit D. procedural
question
memory for the performance of particular types of action
answer
procedural memory
question
tension that results from competing demands within the context of a single role
answer
role strain
question
tension between different roles that a single individual holds
answer
role conflict
question
emphasizes the competition between groups over the allocation of societal resources. it assumes that power and authority are unequally distributed across a society, and that groups attempt to maintain their advantages
answer
conflict theory
question
the amount of time a student takes to assist another student in distress
answer
a student is investigating the bystander effect and receives permission to conduct the study in the school cafeteria. what is a potential dependent variable that can be measured by the student? A. the time of day that the experiment is carried out B. the number of people present in the cafeteria C. the amount of time a student takes to assist another student in distress D. the temperature in the cafeteria
question
helping response
answer
dependent variable in studies of the bystander effect
question
ethnographic methods
answer
which research methodology involves the extended, systematic observation of a complete social environment? A. comparative methods B. enthographic methods C. experimental methods D. survey methods
question
caste systems
answer
which term refers to closed status positions that hinder social mobility? A. class systems B. caste systems C. economic systems D. financial system
question
closed stratification systems that do not allow for social mobility
answer
caste system
Actor Observer Bias
Base Rate Neglect
Inclusion And Exclusion
Combo with “General Psychology MyPsychLab Chapter 12 Exam”” and 2 others – Flashcards” 115 terms

August Dunbar
115 terms
Preview
Combo with “General Psychology MyPsychLab Chapter 12 Exam”” and 2 others – Flashcards”
question
The fundamental attribution error is less likely:
answer
in collectivist cultures
question
Which of the following memory phenomena has been supported in impression formation?
answer
primacy effect
question
Which of the following statements concerning cognitive dissonance is true?
answer
Cognitive dissonance can occur in monkeys and even pre-school age children.
question
The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions.
answer
feelings
question
Most people associate the term cult with:
answer
a fringe group
question
Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably a doctor or nurse in the crowd who can provide better assistance. This is an example of:
answer
diffusion of responsibility
question
Jim is studying in his room and hears someone yell for help. He is at the first helping decision point, which is:
answer
noticing
question
One common cause of aggression is:
answer
frustration
question
When Jane Elliot divided her class into two groups based on eye color:
answer
the test scores of the out-group dropped
question
In the third element of social identity theory, people use ______ to improve their self-esteem.
answer
social comparison
question
The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group:
answer
with the least power.
question
Cheyenne detests smoking and has thus formed a negative ______ toward the behavior.
answer
attitude
question
Theresa found out after being denied a job opportunity that she had no chance of ever getting the job. It was leaked through an anonymous source that the company had planned to hire a man from the start, and that they would only interview women to make the company look fair and equal. Theresa's experience is a good example of _____.
answer
discrimination
question
Taylor is a member of the United States Marines. When told by his command to shoot, he shoots. Taylor is demonstrating _____.
answer
obedience
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In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?
answer
reciprocity
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In Sternberg's theory, _______ encompasses the physical aspects of love.
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passion
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______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.
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Companionate
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______ is the tendency to take our cues for appropriate behavior from others when we are in an ambiguous situation.
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Informational social influence
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To minimize the possibility of groupthink:
answer
leaders should remain impartial.
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The "learner" in Milgram's study:
answer
was an actor following a carefully prepared script.
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Researchers examining Milgram's work have:
answer
not found any one trait or group of traits that will predict obedience in situations such as in Milram's study.
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The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because:
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some poeple knew the shuttle was not OK to launch, but they did not speak up and thereby disrupt group cohesion.
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Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. This illustrates:
answer
group polarization.
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Social loafing can be explained by the fact that:
answer
it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people.
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People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique:
answer
in collectivist cultures.
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Source misattribution
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The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an ecent from information you learned about the event elsewhere
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Explicit memory
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Conscious international recollection of an event or of an item of information
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Recall
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The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material
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Recognition
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The ability to identify previously encountered material
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Implicit memory
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Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or action
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Priming
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A method for measuring implicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and us later tested to see wether the information affects performance on another type of task
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Relearning method
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A method for measuring retention that compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material
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Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model
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A model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all ape rating in parallel. Also called a connectionest model
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Sensory register
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A memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information
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Short term memory (STM)
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In the three box model of memory a limited capacity memory system involved in the retention of information for brief periods; it is also used to hold information retrieved from long term memory for temporary use
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Chunk
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A meaningful unit of information; it may be composed of smaller units
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Working memory
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In many models of memory a cognitively complex form of short-term memory; it involves active mental processes that control retrieval of information from long-term memory and interpret that information appropriately for a given task
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Long term memory (LTM)
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In the three-box model of memory, the memory system involved in the long-term storage of information
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Procedural memories
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Memories for the performance of actions or skills ("knowing how")
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Declarative memories
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Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events ("knowing that") they include semantic and episodic memories
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Semantic memories
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Memories of general knowledge including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions
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Episodic memories
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Memories of personally experienced events and the context in which they occurred
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Serial position effect
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The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of the items in the middle of the list
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Long-term potential
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A long lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness, thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory
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Consolidation
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The process by which a long term memory becomes durable and relatively stable
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Mnemonics
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Strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula
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Maintenance rehearsal
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Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory
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Elaborative rehearsal
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Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable
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Deep processing
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In the encoding of information, the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus
question
Decay theory
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The theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed, it apply a better to short-term than long-term memory
question
Retroactive interference
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Forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously
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Proactive interference
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Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar
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Cue-dependent forgetting
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The inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insufficient cues from recall
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State-dependent memory
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The tendency to remember somthing when the rememberer is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience
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Mood-congruent memory
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The tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with ones current mood and overlook or forget experiences that are not
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Amnesia
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The partial or complete loss of memory for important personal information
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Repression
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In psychoanalytic theory, the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious
question
Childhood(infantile) amnesia
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The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life
question
A researcher shows participants a list of words, one at a time, for only a few seconds. Later in the day, the same people participate in a word-association task, and their answers are frequently the words they'd been shown earlier. The researcher concludes that
answer
the word list primed responses on the word association test
question
Where is information stored that allows us to learn, get around in the environment, build a sense of identity, and have a personal histo
answer
Long-term memory
question
John recently started attending group therapy sessions at a local school. The participants shared their emotional stories during these sessions, but often John found their memories disrupted while doing so. This is because ________.
answer
they were given a drug that prevented the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine
question
Of the following, the shallowest method of processing a word list is
answer
paying attention to how each word is spelled and how it sounds.
question
moved to the US recently and enrolled for a course in a leading school. He met Rob, an American classmate of his, and they exchanged childhood stories which were contrasting in nature. This is because
answer
Chinese students are more likely than American students to report early memories that focus on family and friends
question
true or false test requires _____
answer
Recognition
question
The connectionist model of memory suggests that memory is
answer
a network of processing units operating in parallel.
question
lesson learned from the McMartin preschool case is that ________
answer
children can be influenced by leading questions and suggestions from the person interviewing them.
question
One limitation of the three-box model of memory is that ________.
answer
it emphasizes sequential operations, but the brain operates in parallel
question
People who are shown an array of letters for only a fraction of a second typically will
answer
retain the information in the visual subsystem of the sensory register for half a second at most.
question
The size of a chunk of information in short-term storage is primarily dependent on
answer
previous experience with the stimuli.
question
Short-term memory involves
answer
a change in the readiness to release neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse.
question
Elizabeth Loftus' study in which participants estimated the speed of cars involved in an accident suggests that ________.
answer
when they are questioned, adults are highly influenced by the wording of the questions.
question
When a word is on the tip of the tongue, people tend to recall
answer
words that are similar in meaning as well as sound and form.
question
Vivid recollections of emotional events are sometimes known
answer
Flashbulb memories
question
Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events ("knowing that") are known as
answer
Declarative memories
question
Sir Frederic Bartlett was influential in the history of memory research because
answer
suggested that memory is largely reconstructive.
question
The finding that retention of any item on a list depends on its position in the list is known as _
answer
The serial position effect
question
According to the three-box model, information from the environment enters the human memory first in ________.
answer
The sensory register
question
Confabulation is most likely to occur when ________.
answer
you have thought about and talked about the event many times.
question
The most well-known estimate of the capacity of short-term memory, orginally proposed by Miller, is
answer
Seven plus or minus two
question
The difference between the original conception of short-term memory and the newer view of working memory is that
answer
short-term memory largely functioned for storage, whereas working memory both holds and operates on the information.
question
Priming is a method for measuring
answer
Implicit memory
question
Unconscious retention of information is known as
answer
Implicit memory
question
The difference between the original conception of short-term memory and the newer view of working memory is that
answer
Short-term memory largely functioned for storage, whereas working memory both holds and operates on the information
question
A difference between the visual sensory register and the auditory sensory register is
answer
Visual images remain in the sensory register for a shorter period of time compared to auditory images
question
The frontal lobes are associated with
answer
Short-term memory task
question
People who are shown an array of 12 letters for only a fraction of a second typically can report
answer
4 or 5 of the letters
question
According to the theory of state-dependent memory, your memory is most effective if you are
answer
Angry when trying to remember an event, if you where also angry when the event occurred
question
Short term memory involves
answer
A change in the readiness to release neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse
question
Cisco moved to the us recently and enrolled for a course in a leading school. He met rob, an American classmate of his, and they exchanged childhood stories which where contrasting in nature. This is because
answer
Chinese students are more likely than American students to report early memories that focus on family and friends
question
A researcher shows participants a list of words, one at a time, for only a few seconds. Later in the day, the same people participate in a word-association task, and their answers are frequently the words they'd been shown earlier. The researcher concludes that
answer
The word list primed responses on the word association test
question
Kip failed her first psychology test, so she went to the instructor to get some study suggestions before the next test. According to Lazarus, Kip attempted to deal with her situation by using ______ coping.
answer
problem-focused
question
When Rosalina first found out that she had three term papers due in two weeks, she felt queasy. However, she soon started doing her research, and she began to feel better. Although the stressors were still present, Rasalina had begun to adapt to this situation. Rosalina is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
answer
resistance
question
Julie is a gymnast who consistently falls off the beam when attempting one particular trick. She has an upcoming competition, and she is experiencing stress due to worry that she will fall again. Julie decides to set up a private lesson with her coach to try to figure out what she is doing wrong. This is an example of what coping strategy?
answer
problem-focused
question
When it is not possible to change or eliminate a stressor, the best emotion-focused way to cope is:
answer
to ignore the stressor
question
Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors are:
answer
coping strategies
question
Researchers have found that laughter:
answer
boosts the immune system by increasing the number of natural killer cells.
question
Which of the following is NOT true of concentrative meditation?
answer
Delta brain waves increase.
question
________ strategies are actions people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stress.
answer
Coping
question
Alan's job required him to move to France. He took the opportunity to take some French cooking classes so he could cook for his friends when he returned home, and he also took French language lessons. He tried to speak French when he was out, but at home he still spoke English. Alan is dealing with acculturation through:
answer
integration.
question
According to Lazarus's cognitive mediational theory, what is the main influence on how much stress a person experiences in response to a stressor?
answer
the way a person thinks about and appraises the stressor
question
Which of the following activities is associated with a rise in immune system functioning?
answer
optimism
question
According to psychologist Richard Lazarus, the cognitive-mediational theory suggests that:
answer
the way people think about and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes.
question
Which of the following describes a person with a Type C personality?
answer
Phil is a sensitive, pleasant guy who avoids confrontation. He does not get along with his coworker, but rather than tell her when he disagrees with her, he internalizes his emotion and frustration.
question
According to the cognitive-mediational theory, the step during which a stressor is appraised and assessed as a threat is the:
answer
primary appraisal
question
The work of this psychologist and his colleagues has focused on ways to increase optimism in individuals, which by extension increases aspects of physical and psychological health.
answer
Seligman
question
Which of the following has the highest score on the SRRS?
answer
divorce
question
Faith experienced a high degree of stress when she did not receive a job offer she was expecting. This is an example of:
answer
external frustration
question
The decision to go back to school to get a new degree in order to begin a new career, with the positive and negative points to consider, is an example of which type of conflict?
answer
approach-avoidance
question
Stress-causing events are called:
answer
stressors
question
The phrase "out of the frying pan, into the fire," describes which type of conflict?
answer
avoidance-avoidance
question
When people feel that they must work harder, faster, or do more, they are experiencing a type of stressor known as:
answer
pressure.
question
Dropping out of school or quitting a job are forms of:
answer
escape or withdrawal
question
Researchers found that _______ were much more strongly affected by hassles such as shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather.
answer
elderly people
question
Sam put his last dollar into a vending machine to buy himself a snack. The machine accepted the dollar but did not release the snack. Sam tried the snack button again, but it still did not work. Sam pushed the button for coin return, but the machine did not refund his money. Sam reacted by kicking the machine as hard as he could several times until a snack fell out. Kicking the machine is an example of:
answer
aggression
question
The destruction of the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, is an example of a(n):
answer
catastrophe