Actor Observer Bias Flashcards, test questions and answers

D) autism

C) language and spatial relations

A) now recognize who does and does not belong in their social world

A) have established a solid identity in adolescence

c) there is gray matter growth

a) working memory and reaction time

b) many challenges

a) higher grade point averages

c) vague

b) that correlate with growth or maturation

b) spontaneous abortion or miscarriage

b) insecure attachment

a) embryo

d) Older adults often find their relationships with siblings especially meaningful.

d) fluid intelligence

b) In the latter months of pregnancy & first 18 mon. of life

c) A period of development begn. at puberty & ending at young adulthood

a) 65-year-old male

d) provides advantages in social behavior & language learning

d) important role of experience in wiring the brain

d) puberty

a) placenta

c) zygote

d) theory of mind

c) It does not have a reliable set of indicators.

d) fetus

c) identical twins

a) measures of heart rate, facial expression, and head movements

b) continuous in aspects & discontinuous in others

a term in social psychology that refers to a tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes, while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes.

an ascribed quality, character, or right.

behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards.

occurs when a person is persuaded by the content of the message

a social psychological term from the attributional approach referring to a set of beliefs about who is culpable in a given situation.

a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection.

refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.

the tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area.

In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, or inter-group bias, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members.

or just-world fallacy is the cognitive bias (or assumption) that a person's actions are inherently inclined to bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person, to the end of all noble actions being eventually rewarded and all evil actions eventually punished.

a term that was popularized by David McClellan and describes a person's need to feel a sense of involvement and "belonging" within a social group.

those people who do not belong to a specific in-group.

"nearness," and it is often qualified by the word close.

an element of social psychology concerning how we process information about people.

A situation in which a person is expected to play two incompatible roles. For example, a boss will suffer role conflict if forced to fire an employee who is also a close friend.

people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.

we determine our own social and personal worth based on how we stack up against others. As a result, we are constantly making self and other evaluations across a variety of domains (for example, attractiveness, wealth, intelligence, and success).

a conscious or subconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction. With a high level of social inhibition, situations are avoided because of the possibility of others disapproving of their feelings or expressions.

a set of rights, duties, expectations, norms and behaviors that a person has to face and fulfill. The model is based on the observation that people behave in a predictable way, and that an individual's behavior is context specific, based on social position and other factors.

a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space. Attachment does not have to be reciprocal. One person may have an attachment to an individual which is not shared.

or bystander apathy, is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present. The probability of help is inversely related to the number of bystanders.

the practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it.

Deindividuation is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention (see below). Sociologists also study the phenomenon of deindividuation, but the level of analysis is somewhat different.

the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.

refers to an emotional Arousal that occurs when you feel some of another person's pain, fear, or anguish.

can be more specifically defined as the tendency for a group to be in unity while working towards a goal or to satisfy the emotional needs of its members. This definition includes important aspects of cohesiveness, including its multidimensionality, dynamic nature, instrumental basis, and emotional dimension.

a successful element to any person's business. This essentially means harnessing the power of teams to multiply the individual efforts of the people who are serving with the organization.

the biases that a group experiences together.

close familiarity or friendship; closeness.

the attraction between people which leads to friendships and to platonic or romantic relationships. Interpersonal attraction, the process, is distinct from perceptions of physical attractiveness which involves views of what is and is not considered beautiful or attractive.

attributes that are internal

normal social things that people do like customs

love that is very emotional and passionate

attractiveness that is physical

any action intended to help others. One motivation for prosocial behavior is altruism, or the desire to help others with no expectation of reward. In this lesson, we explore prosocial behavior and the elements that social psychologists have identified as predicting it.

is a deep emotional, sexual and spiritual recognition and regard for the value of another person and relationship. Romantic love can generate many powerful feelings. It can provide a profound ecstasy, and a deep suffering when frustrated.

posits that people determine their attitudes and preferences by interpreting the meaning of their own behavior. Critcher and Gilovich looked at whether people also rely on the unobservable behavior that is their mindwandering when making inferences about their attitudes and preferences.

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

a mental concept that informs a person about what to expect from a variety of experiences and situations. Schemas are developed based on information provided by life experiences and are then stored in memory.

a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one that is reflected in a person's behavior.

a tension or clash resulting from the combination of two disharmonious or unsuitable elements.

between partners or spouses as equal companions. (of a person) acting as a companion.

make less sensitive

technique is a compliance method commonly studied in social psychology. The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader's face.

of persuasion is a dual process theory describing the change of attitudes form. The ELM was developed by Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo in the mid-1980s. The model aims to explain different ways of processing stimuli, why they are used, and their outcomes on attitude change.

technique is a compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request. The foot-in-the-door technique succeeds owing to a basic human reality that social scientists call "successive approximations".

also known as the correspondence bias or attribution effect, is the tendency for people to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics (personality) to explain someone else's behavior in a given situation rather than considering the situation's external

a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.

the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists.

the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant.

is derived from the discipline of social psychology and was first proposed by Elaine Hatfield and her colleagues in 1966, which suggests why people become attracted to their partner.

compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another's authority.

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.

occurs when the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message.

the expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms. The social norm of reciprocity often takes different forms in different areas of social life, or in different societies.

make a scapegoat of.

a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone. Compared to their performance when alone, when in the presence of others, they tend to perform better on simple or well-rehearsed tasks and worse on complex or new ones.

posits that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement.

a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object.

a Polish gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology in the United States. He created seminal pieces of work in impression formation, prestige suggestion, conformity, and many other topics in social psychology.

a professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, known for his evolutionary psychology research on human sex differences in mate selection

an American social psychologist, perhaps best known for cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory

an Austrian psychologist whose work was related to the Gestalt school. In 1958 he published The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, which expanded upon his creations of balance theory and attribution theory.

an American social psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles.

an American social psychologist, best known for his controversial experiment on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale.

a psychologist and a professor emeritus at Stanford University.

an American social psychologist known for developing a form of attribution theory which explains the emotional and motivational entailments of academic success and failure.

A career sales professional, Cindy Hazen enjoys over 35 years of involvement in the sales field. Starting at 8 years old selling Girl Scout cookies and graduating to working as a sales representative in commercial furnishings products to professional services, she has truly worked in all aspects of the selling world.

invented razor blades

an American social psychologist. She has been credited, alongside Ellen S. Berscheid, as one of the pioneers of relationship science. She is employed as a professor in the psychology department of the University of Hawaii.

a German-American psychologist, known as one of the modern pioneers of social, organizational, and applied psychology in the United States. Kurt Lewin, exiled from the land of his birth, made a new life for himself.

a research psychologist at Yale University and a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley most famous for his theory of "groupthink"

The scientific study of mental disorders and their treatment.

A Mental Disorder Is.... Atypical: not always a reflective disorder Example: Having hallucinations, is an atypical behavior that likely does reflect a disorder. Maladaptive: doing this that are not good for you Example: Being afraid to leave one's home is a atypical and maladaptive behavior that would interfere with daily functions. Disturbing:Insight on your disorder or not knowing about your disorder Example:drinking blood Irrational:Inability to use any critical thinking Example:A fear of birds might be so strong that even thinking about them causes great anxiety.

DSM Describes symptoms-common language for practitioners Information about prognosis and appropriate treatment Stimulates research into causes insurance

The downside to classifying a mental disorder, regardless of the system used, is that labels are attached to people, and this biases our perception of these people in terms of the labels. Our perception is no longer objective. Their is a famous study that demonstrates the perceptual biassing effect of labeling. David L. Rosenhan, then a psychology professor at Swarthmore College, and seven others went to several different hospitals in five states and tried to gain admission. They each faked a major symptom of schizophrenic disorders, auditory hallucinations (hearing voices). The voice in this case was saying the words "empty," "hollow," and "thud." Other than this sole symptoms, the researchers acted normal and only lied about their true identities. First, they wanted to see whether they would be admitted given this singular symptom. All of the pseudopatients (fake patients) were admitted with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and were stuck in psychiatric wards for between 8 and 52 days. Their subsequent normal behavior was misinterpreted in terms of their diagnoses.

Definition: Explaining abnormality as the result of the interaction among biological, psychological (behavioral and cognitive), and sociocultural factors. It appears best to formulate an explanation in terms of more than one kind of cause

Disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances, such as avoidance behaviors.

An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of specific objects or situations that is excessive and unreasonable Example: A woman had a specific phobia of birds. She became housebound because of her fear of encountering a bird. Any noises that she heard within the house she thought were birds that had somehow gotten in. Even without encountering an actual bird, the dreaded anticipation of doing so completely controlled her behavior. When she did leave her house, she would carefully back out of her driveway so that she did not hit the bird, she feared that the birds would retaliate if she did. She realized that such cognitive activity was beyond the capabilities of birds, but she could not control her fear. Her behavior and thinking were clearly abnormal.

An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of one or more social performance situations in which embarrassment may occur and in which there is exposure to unfamiliar people or scrutiny by others. Example: The person may fear eating in public and will have great difficulty managing lunch at work; she will reject all lunch and dinner invitations, greatly limiting her social opportunities.

An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing. Example: being in a crowd, standing in a line, and traveling in a crowded bus or train or in a car in heavy traffic

An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurrent panic attacks. A panic attack includes symptoms such as trembling, sweating, heart palpitations, chest pains, shortness of breath, and feeling of choking and dizziness Example: Some panic attacks occur when a person is faced with a dreaded situation such as going to the dentist

An anxiety disorder in which a person has excessive, global anxiety and worries that he cannot control, occurring more days than not for at least a period of 6 months. The person cannot stop worrying, and the anxiety is general-- it is not tied to specific objects or situations as it is in a phobic disorder.

A disorder in which the person experiences recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are perceived by the person as excessive or unreasonable, but cause significant distress and disruption in the person's daily life.

Obsession: Is a persistent intrusive thought, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety Compulsion: Is a repetitive and rigid behavior that a person feels compelled to perform in order to reduce anxiety

Hoarding disorder reflects a persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items and the distress associated with discarding them Such clutter may not only impair personal and social functioning but also result in fire hazards and unhealthy sanitary conditions. Individuals with hoarding disorders seldom seek consultation for hoarding symptoms Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder People with this disorder keep picking at their skin, leading to sores and other skin problems, as well as, in some cases, lesions. Most people with this disorder pick their fingers and center their focus on one area of the body, most often the face The skin-picking is usually triggered and accompanied by anxiety and stress Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) Continually pull out hair from the scalp or other areas of the body The hair-pulling typically is only focused on one body part, most often the scalp, eyebrows, or eyelids, and done one hair at a time, sometimes in a ritualistic manner This disorder is triggered and accompanied by anxiety and stress

Disorders that involve the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual's capacity to function

A major depressive episode is characterized by symptoms such as feelings of intense hopelessness, low self-esteem, and worthlessness; extreme fatigue; dramatic changes in eating and sleeping behavior; inability to concentrate; and greatly diminished interest in family, friends, and activities for a period of two weeks or more.

An episode characterized by abnormally elevated mood in which the person experiences symptoms such as inflated self-esteem with grandiose delusions, a decreased need for sleep, constant talking, distractibility, restlessness, and poor judgment for a period of at least a week. Example: A postal worker stayed up all night and then went off normally to work in the morning, however, having quit his job, withdrawn all of his family savings, and spent it on fish and aquariums. He told his wife that, the night before, he had discovered a way to keep fish alive forever. He then ran off to canvass the neighborhood for possible sales.

A disorder in which recurrent cycles of depressive and manic episodes occur

Bipolar I disorder: the person has both major manic and depressive episodes Bipolar II disorder: the person has full-blown depressive episodes, but the manic episodes are milder Bipolar I disorder is more common than Bipolar II disorder.

Schizophrenia is referred to as a psychotic disorder, because it is characterized by a loss of contact with reality.

No, in schizophrenia, the split is between the mental functions and their contact with reality; in multiple personality disorder, one's personality is split into two or more distinct personalities.

Positive Something has been added Symptoms are the more active symptoms that reflect an excess or distortion of normal thinking or behavior; including hallucinations (false sensory perceptions) and delusions (false beliefs). Example: hallucinations and delusions Negative Something has been removed These are deficits or losses in emotion, speech, energy level, social activity, and even basic drives such as hunger and thirst. Example: Many people with Schizophrenia suffer a flat affect in which there is a marked lack of emotional expressiveness. Disorganized symptoms Nonsensical speech and behavior and inappropriate emotion One thought does not follow the other. Those who show inappropriate emotion may smile when given terrible news. Their emotional reactions seem unsuited to the situation. Example: Disorganized speech sounds like a "word salad" with unconnected words incoherently spoken together and shifting from one topic to another without any apparent connections.

Physical actions that do not appear to be goal directed, such as assuming and maintaining postured and remaining motionless for a long period of time Takes extreme forms ranging from immobility to hyperactivity (such as rocking constantly).

A psychotic disorder in which at least two of the following symptoms are present most of the time during a 1-month period---hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms such as loss of emotion.

In chronic schizophrenia, their is a long period of development, over years, and the decline in the person's behavior and thinking occurs gradually. In acute schizophrenia, their is a sudden onset of symptoms that usually can be attributed to a crisis in the person's life, and the person functioned normally before the crisis with no clinical signs of the disorder. Acute schizophrenia is more of a reactive disorder, and recovery is more likely. Type I is characterized by positive symptoms, and Type II by negative symptoms. Type I is similar to acute schizophrenia. People with Type I schizophrenia respond better to drug therapy than do those with Type II. This difference may because the positive symptoms of Type I result from neurotransmitter inbalances, which are affected by drugs, whereas the most permanent structural abnormalities in the brain that produce the negative symptoms of Type II are not affected by drugs.

Positive

A disorder characterized by inflexible, long standing personality traits that lead to behavior that impairs social functioning and deviates from cultural norms

The avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

Shows total disregard for the rights of others and the moral rules of the culture.

Psychopath or sociopath

Biomedical therapy: involves the use of biological interventions, such as drugs, to treat disorders Psychotherapy:involves the use of psychological interventions to treat disorders

Clinical psychologist: Doctoral degree in clinical psychology; provides therapy for people with mental disorders Counseling psychologist: Doctoral degree in psychological or educational counseling; counsels people with milder problems such as academic, job, and relationship problems Psychiatrist: Medical degree with residency in mental health; provides therapy for people with mental disorders and is the only type of therapist who can prescribe drugs or other biomedical treatment Psychoanalyst: Any of the above types of credential, but with training in psychoanalysis from a psychoanalytic institute; provides psychoanalytic therapy for psychological disorders Clinical social worker:Master's doctoral degree in social work with specialized training in counseling; provides help with social problems, such as family problems

The earliest biological treatment was trephining, which was done in the Middle Ages. In this primitive treatment, a trephine (stone tool) was used to cut away a section of the person's skull, supposedly to let evil spirits exit the body, thus freeing the person from the disorder. The "tranquilizing chair" was designed by Benjamin Rush, the "father of American psychiatry," who actually instituted many humane reforms in the treatment of mental patients. The treatment called for patients to be strapped into a tranquilizing chair, with the head enclosed inside a box, for long periods of time. The restriction of activity and stimulation was supposed to have a calming effect by restricting the flow of blood to the patient's brain.

Drug therapy

Advantages Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors increase the availability of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine (which affect our mood) by preventing their breakdown Tricyclics make the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin more available by blocking their reuptake during synaptic gap activity Research indicates that Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors are fairly succesful in combating depressive symptoms Antidepressent medicine is significant for patients with very severe depression Benzodiazepines reduces anxiety by increasing the activity of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. When GABA's activity is increased, it reduced anxiety by slowing down and inhibiting neural activity, getting it back to normal levels. Some antidepressant drugs, especially the SSRIs, has been very successful in treating anxiety disorders. Antipsychotic drugs are drugs that reduce psychotic symptoms. This drug works antagonistically by globally blocking receptor sites for dopamine, thereby reducing its activity. These drugs greatly reduced the positive symptoms of schizophrenia but had little impact on the negative symptoms. Abilify (third generation antipsychotic drug) achieves its effects by stabilizing the levels of both dopamine and serotonin activity in certain areas of the brain. It blocks receptor sites for these two neurotransmitters when their activity levels are too high and stimulates these receptor sites when their activity levels are too high. Disadvantages Monoamine oxidase (MAO) are not used often because of a potentially very dangerous side effect. Their interaction with several different foods and drinks may result in fatally high blood pressure. Recent evidence has shown that benzodiazepines has potentially dangerous side effects, such as physical dependence or fatal interactions with alcohol. The traditional drugs (for example, Thorazine and Stelazine) produce side effects in motor movement that are similar to the movement problems of Parkinson's disease. There is a long-term use side effect of traditional antipsychotic drugs called tardive dyskinesia in which the patient has uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue. Long-term antipsychotic treatment was associated with smaller volumes of both brain tissues and gray matter. Other studies have found similar decreases in gray matter in the short term memory. Antipsychotic drugs may lead to loss of brain tissue or exacerbate declines in brain volume caused by schizophrenia.

A biomedical treatment for severe depression that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure

yes

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A biomedical treatment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed

No, because it is involves irreversible brain injury, psychosurgery is done very infrequently today. These procedures are used only in cases of serious disorders when all other treatments have failed, and only with the patient's permission.

A type of psychosurgery in which the neuronal connections of the frontal lobes to lower brain areas are severed.

Freeman developed the transorbital lobotomy technique--gaining access to the frontal lobes through the eye socket behind the eyeball with an ice-pick-like instrument, and then swinging the instrument from side to side, cutting the fiber connections to the lower brain Because it renders the patient unconscious, ECT was often used as the anesthetic Unfortunately, these primitive procedures had already left thousands of victims in a zombelike, deteriorated state

Psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies are usually referred to as insight and therapies-- they focus on the person achieving insight into (conscious awareness and understanding of) the causes of his behavior and thinking. In contrast, behavioral and cognitive therapies are usually referred to as action therapies-- they focus on the actions of the person in changing his behavior or ways of thinking.

Such problems are repressed in the unconscious but continue to influence the person's behavior and thinking. The task for the psychoanalyst is to discover these underlying unconscious problems and then help the patient gain insight. The therapist has to identify conscious reflections of the underlying problems and interpret them. The major task of the psychoanalyst, then is to interpret many sources of input--including free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-in order to find the unconscious roots of the person's problems.

A style of chotherapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy to help the person to gain insight into his or her self-concept.

A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist uses the principles of classical and operant conditioning to change the person's behavior from maladaptive to adaptive.

Behavioral therapies are based in either classical or operant conditioning.

Counterconditioning therapies, such as systematic desensitization, virtual reality therapy, and flooding, have been especially successful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Systematic desensitization is when the patient first develops a hierarchy of situations that evoke a fear response, from those that evoke slight fear up to those that evoke tremendous fear. Once the hierarchy is set, the patient is then taught how to use various techniques to relax. Once this relaxation training is over, the therapy begins. The patient starts working through the hierarchy and attempts to relax at each step. First the patient relaxes in imagined situations in the hierarchy and latter in the actual situations. With both imagined and actual situations, the anxiety level of the situation is increased slowly. In Virtual reality therapy the person wears a motion-sensitive display helmet that projects a three-dimensional virtual world, the patient experiences seemingly real computer-generated images rather than imagined and actual situations as in systematic desensitization. When the patient achieves relaxation, the simulated scene becomes more fearful until the patient can relax in the stimulated presence of the feared object or situation.

Behavioral therapies using operant conditioning principles reinforce desired behaviors and extinguish undesired behaviors.

Yes, it has been fairly successful in managing autistic and schizophrenic institutionalized populations.

A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to change the person's thinking from maladaptive to adaptive

In Ellis's rational-emotive therapy, the therapist directly confronts and challenges the patient's unrealistic thoughts and beliefs to show that they are irrational. Rational-emotive therapists are usually very direct and confrontational in getting their clients to see the errors of their thinking. Aaron Beck's form of cognitive therapy is not confrontational. A therapist using Beck's cognitive therapy works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has a person carefully consider the objective evidence for his beliefs in order to see the errors in his thinking. The therapist is like a good teacher, helping the person to discover the problems with his thinking.

Depressive disorders

None of the psychotherapies are very successful in treating schizophrenia.

No one particular type of psychotherapy, is superior to all the others.

Some types of psychotherapy seem to be more effective in treating particular disorders. Behavioral therapies have been very successful in treating phobias and other anxiety disorders. Cognitive therapies tend to be very effective in treating depressive disorders.

a. Attribution error b. Judgment heuristic c. Representativeness error d. Halo effect E. OVERCONFIDENCE BIAS

a. Miscommunication on the unit b. Unclear medical directives c. Understaffing on the unit D. A NEGLIGENT NURSE e. Incomplete lab tests

a. Telling employees what is true about a given situation b. Being as rational as possible in every situation c. Pointing out why the employee's thinking is wrong D. ENCOURAGING EMPLOYEES TO DISCUSS THEIR PRECONCEPTIONS AND BELIEFS. e. Issuing an explanatory notice to all employees

a. Cognition B. SCHEMA c. Stereotype d. Attribution e. Memory

a. Correlation b. Outcome c. Expectation d. Framing E. AVAILABILITY

a. Physicians and other providers b. Volunteers c. Senior management D. ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT

a. To monitor their area of expertise in terms of market developments b. To provide input to the planning department and senior management on an ongoing basis c. To monitor and control targeted strategies over time d. To communicate strategies and rationales to staff E. ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT

A. NOT ENOUGH STRATEGIES TO IMPLEMENT b. Strategies that do not align with the organization's culture c. Lack of focus on the strategies d. All of these are potential barriers

a. To ensure that there are scenarios to address both the organization and the physician b. To provide a scenario for each different department in the organization C. TO CONSIDER THE MOST LIKELY SCENARIOS SINCE A FUTURECAST DEALS WITH A VARIETY OF PREDICTIONS d. To ensure that there are scenarios to address both the organization and the physician

a. Tactical plans answer the who, what, when, where, and how questions of strategy implementation b. Tactical plans are necessary for managers to understand their roles in strategy execution c. Tactical plans are necessary for budgeting purposes d. Tactical plans are used to monitor the implementation of a strategy E. ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT

social psychology

social cognition

social influence

self-concept

self-esteem

temporal comparison

social comparison

reference groups

downward social comparison

upward social comparison

relative deprivation

terror management theory

social identity

sociometer theory

self-schemas

social perception

self-fulfilling prophecy

attribution

internal attribution

external attribution

consensus

consistency

distinctiveness

fundamental attribution error

ultimate attribution error

actor-observer bias

self-serving bias

unrealistic optimism

unique invulnerability

attitude

cognitive component of attitude

affective component of attitude

behavioral component of attitude

subjective norm

perceived control

mere-exposure effect

elaboration likelihood model

three factors of persuasion

need for cognition

need for closure

cognitive dissonance theory

self-affirmation

self-perception theory

stereotypes

prejudice

discrimination

authoritarianism

illusory correlation

contact hypothesis

jigsaw technique

aversive racism

matching hypothesis

interdependent

commitment

triangular theory

spreading of activation theory

according to the spreading of activation theory, which type of memory error is most likely when participants have to recall training objects they have seen?

according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, conservation tasks are mastered during which stage? and what age?

focusing on the role of classical conditioning is most closely related to which approach to psychological disorders?

mild changes in bodily sensations become cues that are associated with excessive panic. thus, those mild changes in bodily sensations act as? A. unconditioned stimuli B. conditioned stimuli C. unconditioned response D. conditioned responses

Patient 2: I am terrified of having a panic attack at a meeting. I dread the thought of others noticing how nervous I am. I'm worried that others will think I am weird. I don't go to meetings anymore. For patient 2, panic attacks act as: A. discriminatory stimuli B. signaling stimuli C. positive punishers D. negative punishers

Interoceptive awareness involves sensitivity to increases in the activity of the: A. reticular activation system B. autonomic nervous system C. limbic system D. somatic nervous system

limitations in the ability to systematically manipulate participants' physiological states and their sensitivity to changes in those states is a characteristic of what type of research

Harlequin ichthyosis, a rare genetic disorder, causes the skin to become thick and scaly. Flaking skin behind the eyelids of individuals with this condition is most likely to damage which structure of the eye? A. choroid B. cornea C. lens D. retina

sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way? A. chemically B. mechanically C. electrically D. synaptically

actor-observer bias

in a study, each trial involves administering a drop of lemon juice to the participant's tongue and measuring the participants level of salivation. as more trials are conducted, the researcher finds that the magnitude of salivation declines. after a certain point, the researcher switches to administering lime juice. this researcher is most likely studying which process? A. sensory perception B. habituation and dishabituation C. stimulus generalization in classical conditioning D. conditioned responses in classical conditioning

optimal arousal theory

which measure would be most useful if the researchers were interested in studying the degree of sympathetic arousal experienced in different conditions? A. a measure of electrical conductivity of the skin B. a CT scan of the hindbrain C. a PET scan of the parietal cortex D. a measure of melatonin levels

Selye's general adaptation syndrome

damage to which nervous system structure is most likely to cause problems in the participants' ability to perform synchronous behaviors? A. hippocampus B. hypothalamus C. cochlea D. cerebellum

which type of design is LEAST appropriate for research on residential segregation? A. ethnographic methods B. experimental methods C. quantitative methods D. survey methods

often utilized when studying communicable diseases, which type of analysis maps the series of relationships among a set of individuals? A. social support analysis B. social network analysis C. social stratification analysis D. social reproduction analysis

which effect is LEAST likely to occur with the process of gentrification? A. development of affordable housing B. increased neighborhood stratification C. displacement of lower-income residents D. expanded tax base for local government

gentrification

group polarization

behaviorist theory focuses on

validity

according to erkison's theory of psychosocial development, the generativity versus stagnation crisis occurs in

which statement does NOT identify an aspect of the concept of assimilation? A. assimilation is the influence that cultural changes have on an individual's health B. assimilation is the process of cultural adaptation that results from geographic mobility C. assimilation occurs when individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant culture D. assimilation occurs when individuals relinquish the cultural norms of their childhood

assimilation

a researcher suggests that the benefits of bilingualism are related to the idea that the structure of language affects the perceptions of its speakers. this researcher is referring to which concept? A. weber's law B. the nativist hypothesis C. schacter-singer theory D. linguistic relativity

sociologists describe the health benefits of social support as resulting from all of the following EXCEPT: A. friends and family members that help patients adhere to medical treatment B. friends and family members that help patients to reduce harmful behaviors C. social relationships that help individuals to cope with stressful events D. social activities that help individuals to avoid loneliness and boredom

social support

capacity of working memory in adults

which assessment represents a subjective measure of motivation? A. the number of grid sequences participants attempted to solve on the computer task B. the participants' decision to continue playing the game or stop to read a magazine C. participants' answers on the exit questionnaire D. participants' time spent not playing the game using the computer mouse

an immigrant teen starts to reject the ethnic customs of his family and instead identifies himself as an American by dressing, speaking, and acting in ways that are associated with American culture. In this scenario, Americans become which type of group for the teenager? A. assimilated group B. reference group C. majority group D. peer group

reference group

after initially learning to ride a bike, riding a bike becomes easy for an individual. each time the individual rides a bike thereafter, what type of memory is being used? A. semantic B. episodic C. explicit D. procedural

procedural memory

role strain

role conflict

conflict theory

a student is investigating the bystander effect and receives permission to conduct the study in the school cafeteria. what is a potential dependent variable that can be measured by the student? A. the time of day that the experiment is carried out B. the number of people present in the cafeteria C. the amount of time a student takes to assist another student in distress D. the temperature in the cafeteria

dependent variable in studies of the bystander effect

which research methodology involves the extended, systematic observation of a complete social environment? A. comparative methods B. enthographic methods C. experimental methods D. survey methods

which term refers to closed status positions that hinder social mobility? A. class systems B. caste systems C. economic systems D. financial system

caste system

in collectivist cultures

primacy effect

Cognitive dissonance can occur in monkeys and even pre-school age children.

feelings

a fringe group

diffusion of responsibility

noticing

frustration

the test scores of the out-group dropped

social comparison

with the least power.

attitude

discrimination

obedience

reciprocity

passion

Companionate

Informational social influence

leaders should remain impartial.

was an actor following a carefully prepared script.

not found any one trait or group of traits that will predict obedience in situations such as in Milram's study.

some poeple knew the shuttle was not OK to launch, but they did not speak up and thereby disrupt group cohesion.

group polarization.

it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people.

in collectivist cultures.

The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an ecent from information you learned about the event elsewhere

Conscious international recollection of an event or of an item of information

The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material

The ability to identify previously encountered material

Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or action

A method for measuring implicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and us later tested to see wether the information affects performance on another type of task

A method for measuring retention that compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material

A model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all ape rating in parallel. Also called a connectionest model

A memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information

In the three box model of memory a limited capacity memory system involved in the retention of information for brief periods; it is also used to hold information retrieved from long term memory for temporary use

A meaningful unit of information; it may be composed of smaller units

In many models of memory a cognitively complex form of short-term memory; it involves active mental processes that control retrieval of information from long-term memory and interpret that information appropriately for a given task

In the three-box model of memory, the memory system involved in the long-term storage of information

Memories for the performance of actions or skills ("knowing how")

Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events ("knowing that") they include semantic and episodic memories

Memories of general knowledge including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions

Memories of personally experienced events and the context in which they occurred

The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of the items in the middle of the list

A long lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness, thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory

The process by which a long term memory becomes durable and relatively stable

Strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula

Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory

Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable

In the encoding of information, the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus

The theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed, it apply a better to short-term than long-term memory

Forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously

Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar

The inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insufficient cues from recall

The tendency to remember somthing when the rememberer is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience

The tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with ones current mood and overlook or forget experiences that are not

The partial or complete loss of memory for important personal information

In psychoanalytic theory, the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious

The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life

the word list primed responses on the word association test

Long-term memory

they were given a drug that prevented the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine

paying attention to how each word is spelled and how it sounds.

Chinese students are more likely than American students to report early memories that focus on family and friends

Recognition

a network of processing units operating in parallel.

children can be influenced by leading questions and suggestions from the person interviewing them.

it emphasizes sequential operations, but the brain operates in parallel

retain the information in the visual subsystem of the sensory register for half a second at most.

previous experience with the stimuli.

a change in the readiness to release neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse.

when they are questioned, adults are highly influenced by the wording of the questions.

words that are similar in meaning as well as sound and form.

Flashbulb memories

Declarative memories

suggested that memory is largely reconstructive.

The serial position effect

The sensory register

you have thought about and talked about the event many times.

Seven plus or minus two

short-term memory largely functioned for storage, whereas working memory both holds and operates on the information.

Implicit memory

Implicit memory

Short-term memory largely functioned for storage, whereas working memory both holds and operates on the information

Visual images remain in the sensory register for a shorter period of time compared to auditory images

Short-term memory task

4 or 5 of the letters

Angry when trying to remember an event, if you where also angry when the event occurred

A change in the readiness to release neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse

Chinese students are more likely than American students to report early memories that focus on family and friends

The word list primed responses on the word association test

problem-focused

resistance

problem-focused

to ignore the stressor

coping strategies

boosts the immune system by increasing the number of natural killer cells.

Delta brain waves increase.

Coping

integration.

the way a person thinks about and appraises the stressor

optimism

the way people think about and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes.

Phil is a sensitive, pleasant guy who avoids confrontation. He does not get along with his coworker, but rather than tell her when he disagrees with her, he internalizes his emotion and frustration.

primary appraisal

Seligman

divorce

external frustration

approach-avoidance

stressors

avoidance-avoidance

pressure.

escape or withdrawal

elderly people

aggression

catastrophe