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Case Control Study Cross Sectional Studies Environmental Public Health Public Health Topics In Public Health Work Related Stress

Env. Health Chap. 2 – Flashcards 33 terms

Amari Finch

33 terms

Preview

Env. Health Chap. 2 – Flashcards

question

Cohort study is to risk ratio as: A. Hippocrates is to scrotal cancer. B. Genetics is to environment. C. Case-control study is to odds ratio. D. Sir Percival Pott is to John Snow. E. None of the above

answer

Case-control study is to odds ratio.

question

During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1 associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was A. 13/97 times 100 B. 4/9 times 100 C. 9/87 times 100 D. 13/87 times 100 E. 4/87 times 100

answer

9/87 times 100

question

Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). What statement below is true about the triangle? A. Agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. B. The environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist. C. The host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent. D. Disease causality includes three major factors: agent, host, and environment. E. All of the above are true.

answer

All of the above are true.

question

4. Examples of purely observational epidemiologic studies do not usually include A. Experimental studies B. Cohort studies C. Counts D. Case series E. Cross-sectional studies

answer

Experimental studies

question

5. Hill's criteria of causality include: A. Strength B. Consistency C. Temporality D. Biological gradient E. All of the above

answer

All of the above(*)

question

6. Identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases: A. Sir Percival Pott B. John Snow C. Hippocrates D. KJ Rothman E. Socrates

answer

Hippocrates

question

7. John Snow, in Snow on Cholera A. Was the father of modern biostatistics B. Established postulates for transmission of infectious disease C. Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments D. Argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria E. Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

answer

Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments

question

8. Prevalence measures aid in A. Assessing variations in disease occurrence B. The development of hypotheses C. Determining the risk of disease D. Describing the scope of health problems E. A,B,D

answer

A,B,D (*)

question

9. Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to A. Was the father of modern biostatistics B. Established postulates for transmission of infectious disease C. Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments D. Argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria E. Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

answer

Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

question

10. The contributions of epidemiology to environmental health include A. Concern with populations B. Use of observational data C. Methodology for study designs D. Descriptive and analytic studies E. All of the above

answer

All of the above

question

11. The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that A. Accurate assessment of exposure is difficult. B. Environmentally associated diseases often have low incidence and prevalence. C. Long latency periods often occur between initial exposures and disease outcomes. D. The effects of exposures are often non-specific. E. All of the above.

answer

All of the above.

question

12. The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by A. The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0-4 age group B. A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year C. The prevalence for that disease during the past year D. The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time E. The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

answer

The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

question

13. The Texas Sharpshooter Effect A. A new insect pest that is invading the southwest B. A description of disease according to person variables C. A description of disease according to etiologic factors D. One cause of spurious or chance clustering E. None of the above

answer

One cause of spurious or chance clustering

question

14. Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as A. Incident cases B. Prevalent cases C. The population at risk D. The immune fraction E. None of the above

answer

The population at risk

question

15. Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)? A. Description of a single individual's symptoms B. Study of cancer occurrence in populations C. Treatment of a patient with lung cancer D. Diagnosis of a disease in a single individual E. A, C, D

answer

Study of cancer occurrence in populations

question

16. Which of the following observational designs is used for hypothesis testing? A. Proportionate mortality comparisons B. Cohort studies C. Counts D. Case series E. Cross-sectional studies

answer

Cohort studies

question

17. Which of the following statements is true about cohort studies? A. Subjects are classified according to their exposure. B. They are a type of longitudinal design. C. They may be either prospective or retrospective. D. The measure of association is called relative risk. E. All of the above

answer

All of the above

question

18. Which of the following statements is untrue about case-control studies? A. Exposure to a factor is determined retrospectively. B. They are a type of longitudinal design. C. The measure of association is the odds ratio. D. Exposure levels may be difficult to quantify precisely. E. They can examine many potential exposures.

answer

They are a type of longitudinal design.

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Epidemiology

answer

The branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

question

Environmental Epidemiology

answer

The study of disease and health conditions that occur in the population and are linked to environmental factors

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Descriptive Epidemiology

answer

Depiction of the occurrence of disease in populations according to classifications by person, place, and time variables

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Natural Experiments

answer

Naturally occurring circumstances in which subsets of the population have different levels of exposure to a supposed casual factor in a situation resembling an actual experiment where human subjects would be randomly allocated groups

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Prevalence

answer

Number of existing cases of or deaths from a disease or health condition in a population at some designated time

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Incidence

answer

The occurrence of new disease or mortality within a defined period or observation in a specified location

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Case Fatality Rate

answer

The number of deaths due to a specific disease within a specified time period divided by the number of cases of that disease during the same time period (times 100)

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Odds Ratio

answer

Measure of association between exposure and outcome used in a case-control study

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Relative Risk

answer

Measure of association used in cohort studies, the ratio of the incidence rate of a disease or health outcome in an exposed group to the incidence rate of the disease or condition in a non exposed group

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Analytic Epidemiology

answer

Examines causal hypotheses regarding the association between exposures and health conditions

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Natural Experiments

answer

Naturally occurring circumstances in which subsets of the population have different levels of exposure to a supposed casual factor, in a situation resembling an actual experiment

question

Sir Pervical Pott

answer

London Surgeon Thought to be the first individual to describe an environmental cause of cancer

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John Snow

answer

Linked a cholera outbreak to contaminated water from the Thames river

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Epidemiologic Triangle

answer

Fundamental model of causality used Three major factors; Agent, Host and Environment

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Latency Period

answer

The time interval between initial exposure to a diseas-causing agent and the appearance of the disease in a host

STUDY

AP Environmental Science Environmental Public Health Fish Research And Development

Env. Health Exam #3 Combined – Flashcards 75 terms

Misty Porter

75 terms

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Env. Health Exam #3 Combined – Flashcards

question

If a severely malnourished child is diagnosed as suffering from marasmus, this indicates that the victim's diet is deficient in: A: Protein B: Total calories/protein C: Iron D: Vitamin A

answer

B: total calories/ protein

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Worldwide, a dietary deficiency of what important nutrient is the single most important cause of preventable brain damage and mental retardation? A: Iodine B: Iron C: Vitamin A D: Vitamin D

answer

A: Iodine

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Which country leads the world in aquaculture production? A: United States B: India C: Chile D: China

answer

D: China

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Food additives are used to achieve all the following except: A: Provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage B: Make the food more attractive C: Keep food free from rodent filth D: Protect the nutritional quality of foods Keep certain products such as table salt from caking

answer

C: Keep food free from rodent filth

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the abbreviation GRAS stands for:

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Generally regarded as safe

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The agency tasked with regulation of food safety at the international level is the: A: FAO B: FSIS C: CIA D: EPA E: TTP

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A: FAO

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Lyme disease is a newly recognized ailment transmitted by the bite of which of these pests? A: Chiggers B: Ticks C: Mosquitoes D: Bedbugs

answer

B: Ticks

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Agent orange was used in Vietnam by the US military as a/n? A: Selective herbicide B: Anticoagulant rodenticide C: Nerve gas D: Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide

answer

A: Selective herbicide

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The mosquito-borne illness of greatest concern in the United States today is: A: Malaria B: West Nile Virus C: Dengue fever D: Yellow fever

answer

B: West Nile Virus

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when did ddt first come into widespread use?: A: Late 19th century B: After WWI (1918) C: After WWII (1945) D: After the Korean War (1953)

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C: After WWII (1945)

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Concerns regarding pesticide use include: A: Potential harm to agricultural workers B: Undesirable effects upon cattle C: Drift into schools and homes D: Unintentional killing of pets E: All of the above

answer

E: All of the above

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Biopesticides include: A: Canola Oil B: Paraquat C: Diazanon D: Permethrin

answer

A: Canola Oil

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A type of allergic reaction known as "Chinese restaurant syndrome" is experienced by many consumers who eat foods containing the food additive: A:Monosodium glutamate (MSG) B: Sodium bisulfite C: Sodium nitrite D: Lecithin

answer

A: Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

question

Some authorities advise consumers to avoid regular consumption of hot dogs, bacon, and lunch-meats because they contain a suspected carcinogenic food additive which is intended to deter spoilage and to make the meat look fresher. What is this controversial food additive?: A: Potassium sulfite B: Sodium chloride C: Lecithin D: Sodium nitrite

answer

D: Sodium Nitrite

question

Salmonellosis is an example of a: A: Foodborne bacterial infection B: Natural carcinogen in food C: Protozoan parasite associated with raw pork D: Poisoning caused by toxins in certain ocean fish

answer

A: Foodborne bacterial infection

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For the average American, which of the following represents the single largest source of exposure to ionizing radiation on a yearly basis?

answer

radon gas

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The sharp increase in skin cancer rates during the past few decades in the U.S. has largely been attributed to excess exposure to:

answer

ultraviolet light

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What disease is most frequently associated with low-level exposure to ionizing radiation?

answer

leukimia

question

What is the minimum SPF sunscreen rating that is effective for preventing skin damage?

answer

question

When would the largest number of health problems associated with detonation of a "dirty bomb" occur?

answer

immediately after the initial explosion, due to the blast itself

question

Which form of ionizing radiation is least penetrating, capable of being blocked by a layer of skin?

answer

alpha particles

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Which of the following statements in reference to health effects of radiation is false?

answer

if a person received a 2 Sv whole body dose of radiation within 5 minutes, the damage would be less than if the same dose were received over a period of 5 months

question

Which of the following forms of radiation is non-ionizing?

answer

ultraviolet light

question

Which of the following statements about skin cancer is false?

answer

malignant melanomas are the most common type of skin cancer, responsible for 400,000 new cases annually

question

Which of the following parts of the body is most vulnerable to the damaging effects of microwaves?

answer

eyes

question

Which type of skin cancer has the highest fatality rate?

answer

malignant melanoma

question

Why are substances that emit beta particles of special concern?

answer

they are chemically similar to normal body constituents, if taken internally they are incorporated into the bones or thyroid

question

A type of allergic reaction known as "Chinese restaurant syndrome" is experienced by many consumers who eat foods containing the food additive:

answer

monosodium glutamate (MSG)

question

Chronic arthritis may develop as a lasting after-effect of which foodborne illness?

answer

salmonellosis

question

For which two bacterial food- borne diseases is the infective dose thought to be very low?

answer

E. coli 0157:H7 and listeriosis

question

How does the federal government attempt to regulate pesticide residues on food?

answer

by setting "tolerance levels" for the maximum amount that may be present on specific crops

question

Outbreaks of bacterial food poisoning are most often associated with eating:

answer

poultry, meat, or diary products

question

Sneezing on foods during preparation or handling foods when an open cut or skin eruption is present is a likely way of inoculating foods with the pathogen responsible for which foodborne disease?

answer

Staphylococcus intoxication

question

answer

sodium nitrite

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The incidence of both tapeworm and roundworm infections in the U.S. has been increasing as a result of the growing popularity of which ethnic specialty?

answer

sushi

question

What is the "Danger Zone"—the temperature range which will support the multiplication of food poisoning bacteria and which should be avoided as much as possible during handling, preparation, and storage of susceptible foods?

answer

41°F-140°F

question

What is the most likely way in which the American consumer is currently being exposed to potentially dangerous pesticide residues?

answer

by eating imported fruits and vegetables on which overuse of chemicals banned in the U.S. is common

question

Which of the following foodborne diseases is particularly worrisome to public health officials because the pathogen involved is capable of growing quite well at temperatures considerably lower than those within the "Danger Zone"?

answer

Listeriosis

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Why are many researchers today worried about the continued use of antibiotics such as penicillin and tetracycline in livestock feed?

answer

their use may promote the development of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics and this resistance can then be transferred to bacteria which cause human diseases

question

An example of a persistent, broad-spectrum insecticide is:

answer

DDT

question

If a pesticide label indicates the product is "EPA-Registered," what does this mean in practical terms?

answer

the product is legal to sell and use in the United States

question

In recent years there has been a sharp rise in the incidence of malaria in many tropical countries due to

answer

development of resistant strains of insects

question

In which of the following groups of organisms would you expect to see the greatest effects of pesticide biomagnification?

answer

quaternary consumers (e.g. pelicans)

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Serious gastrointestinal diseases such as cholera and dysentery are carried by this insect vector:

answer

houseflies

question

The mosquito-borne illness of greatest concern in the United States today is:

answer

West Nile Virus

question

What characteristic of the organophosphate insecticides makes them more environmentally acceptable than the chlorinated hydrocarbons?

answer

not persistent

question

What characteristic of botanical insecticides such as pyrethrum and rotenone makes them useful?

answer

they are very effective against a wide range of insect pests, yet are harmless to humans and pets

question

What is the basic cause of the phenomenon known as "secondary pest outbreak"?

answer

population explosion of formerly insignificant pests which become economically important after spraying eliminates most of their natural enemies

question

What was the major reason EPA gave for banning the use of most chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides?

answer

the chemicals had been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals

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Which of the following pesticidal groups is most acutely toxic to the pesticide applicator?

answer

organophosphate insecticides

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Which of the following is a nonselective herbicide, capable of killing any plant it contacts?

answer

glyphosate

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For which toxic substances do researchers say there is no safe level—no threshold below which exposure will result in no adverse health impact?

answer

asbestos and lead

question

Mesothelioma, a cancer of the lung or stomach lining, is known as a "marker disease" because its only known cause is exposure to what toxic substance?

answer

asbestos

question

Human poisonings due to mercury exposure most commonly result in what kind of health damage?

answer

Brain and/ or nervous system disorders

question

The most serious effect of lead poisoning is:

answer

damage to brain and central nervous system

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PCBs, which biomagnify as they move up the food chain, are most commonly taken up by humans when they eat certain kinds of:

answer

freshwater fish

question

Reaffirming dioxin's status as an environmental toxin, a recent EPA report cited which of the following as the major threat posed by TCDD and related chemicals?

answer

disruption of endocrine disruptors

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What is the most problematic step in the risk assessment process?

answer

assessing the actual amount and duration of exposure received by human populations

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Where do PCBs, dioxins, or any of the chlorinated hydrocarbons concentrate in living tissues?

answer

fat

question

Which of the following is the leading source of dioxin emissions in the U.S.?

answer

medical waste incinerators

question

Which of the following is characteristic of both PCBs and dioxin?

answer

chemically very stable, don't break down readily

question

Which of the following toxic substances has been found as a contaminant in farmed salmon?

answer

PCBs

question

Which two of the following toxic substances are capable of crossing the placental barrier and causing severe fetal damage in humans?

answer

lead and mercury

question

In reference to cancer prevention, which of the following statements is false?

answer

Including more fats in the daily diet and avoiding irritating fibrous foods can help in preventing stomach, colon, and rectal cancer.

question

Pregnant women whose diet is deficient in folic acid are at heightened risk of bearing a child with what type of birth defect?

answer

neural tube defect

question

Regular consumption of which of the following foods is believed capable of reducing an individual's chances of developing cancer?

answer

broccoli

question

The death rate due to which of the following type of cancer has declined dramatically over the past 50 years because of improved diagnostic procedures?

answer

uterine cancer

question

The fact that asbestos workers who smoke are 60 times more likely to develop lung cancer than are their nonsmoking colleagues is an example of:

answer

synergism

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What are aflatoxins?

answer

carcinogens produced by a fungus growing on grains and nuts

question

What is p53?

answer

a tumor suppressor gene whose mutant form is believed responsible for many cancers

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What is the cause of Down syndrome?

answer

presence of 47 chromosomes per cell rather than the normal 46

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Which of the following statements about lung cancer is true?

answer

Lung cancer rates are higher among both men and women in regions where air quality is poor.

question

Which of the following types of cancer is sometimes associated with a prior viral infection?

answer

liver cancer

question

Which of the following substances acts as a mutagen, a teratogen, and a carcinogen?

answer

x- rays

question

Which of these teratogenic substances is the cause of approximately 5% of all deaths among newborns in the U.S., most of them resulting from low birth weight caused by a reduction in blood oxygen levels?

answer

cigarette smoke

STUDY

Environmental Public Health Public Health Southwestern United States Topics In Public Health

EHMidterm – Flashcard 72 terms

Larry Charles

72 terms

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EHMidterm – Flashcard

question

The estimated global burden of disease (percent) linked to environmental sources is:

answer

30%

question

Why do children in comparison with adults represent a group that is especially vulnerable to environmental hazards? (Check/circle all that apply)

answer

Their organs are not fully developed and functional. Their immune systems are still developing. They may be exposed more often to toxicants in the soil and dust.

question

The natural population replacement fertility rate in the U.S. is estimated to be:

answer

2.1 births per woman

question

The epidemiologic risk transition is characterized by a:

answer

Growing burden of chronic, degenerative diseases

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Stage 2 of the demographic transition demonstrates:

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Declining mortality rates; high fertility rates

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Effects of rapid growth of the world's population likely include:

answer

All of the above. Urbanization, Overtaxing carrying capacity, Food insecurity, Loss of biodiversity

question

35) What is the threshold dose for chemical 1?

answer

0.1 mg/kg/day

question

36) What is the LD50 for the mixture

answer

0.75 mg/kg/day

question

37) What type of chemical interaction is this? (graph)

answer

Synergism

question

Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). What statement below is true about the triangle?

answer

All of the above are true. Agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. The environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist. The host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent. Disease causality includes three major factors: agent, host, and environment.

question

39) The causative agent for malaria is a type of:

answer

Protozoa

question

40) The causative agent for bubonic plague is a:

answer

Bacterium

question

41) The natural host and reservoir for West Nile virus is:

answer

Birds

question

42) Arboviral diseases:

answer

Refer to arthropod-borne viral disease Can produce central nervous system illness Are often spread by mosquitoes May produce acute flu-like symptoms

question

43) Which of the following is/ are classified as an arboviral disease?

answer

Dengue fever Tick-broen viral encephalitis

question

44) Factors contributing to increases in the occurrence of emerging zoonoses include:

answer

Changes in agriculture Environmental changes Mass food processing technology Urbanization

question

45) The vector and reservoir for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern US are:

answer

Rodents

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46) Methods for the control of mosquito-borne diseases include:

answer

Application of mosquito repellants Removing standing water around the home Use of mosquito-eating fish Wearing long clothing

question

47) Identify the correct fact about rabies:

answer

Human cases of rabies occur rarely in the US Post-exposure prophylaxis has successfully prevented human rabies. Vectors are mammals Hydrophobia is a characteristic symptom

question

48) Which of the following metals is not classified as a major toxic with multiple effects?

answer

Silver

question

49) Substances on the National Priorities List (United States) have the following characteristics:

answer

They have known or suspected toxicity. They have potential for human exposure. They appear frequently in uncontrolled or abandoned waste sites. They are scheduled for possible remediation under the Superfund.

question

50) Possible routes of exposure to metals include:

answer

Inhalation of dusts Inhalation of metal fumes Skin contact with dusts Ingestion

question

51) Biomagnification of heavy metals is a hazard particularly associated with:

answer

Mercury

question

52) For fetuses, infants, and children, the hazards of some heavy metals include:

answer

Impairment of physical and mental development Damage to internal organs Brain damage Some forms of cancer

question

53) Lead exposure can arise from:

answer

Lead paint used in/on homes Certain types of pottery Lead dusts brought home from work Tap water from soldered pipes

question

54) DDT has been found to:

answer

Accumulate in the tissues of many animals Persist in the environment

question

55) Pesticides are:

answer

Always highly toxic to humans All synthetic chemicals Always the best weapon against insect pests

question

56) Concerns regarding pesticide use include:

answer

Potential harm to agricultural workers Undesirable effects upon cattle Drift into schools and homes Unintentional killing of pets or non-target organisms

question

57) Which statement(s) about dioxins is/are true? (Check/circle all that apply)

answer

They are highly toxic chemicals. They may be produced as a byproduct of incineration. They require many years to decompose

question

58) The health effects of exposure to dioxins include:

answer

Chloracne Cancer Liver damage Endocrine effects

question

59) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are:

answer

Persistent in the environment

question

60) An advantage of hazardous chemicals is that they:

answer

Are important to the functioning of modern society

question

61) The endotoxin produced by genetically modified Bt corn is an example of what type of pesticide:

answer

Biopesticide

question

62) Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei and are radioactive are:

answer

Radioisotopes

question

63) The amount of exposure to radiation that a person receives is affected by: (Check/circle all that apply)

answer

Total time of exposure Distance from the source Degree of radioactivity of the material

question

64) Which of the following forms of radiation can readily pass through your body?

answer

gamma rays X-rays

question

65) A measure of the tissue-specific, biologically effective dose of radiation:

answer

The rem or Sievert

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66) Alpha radiation is non-penetrating and therefore:

answer

It is only dangerous when ingested or inhaled and localizes in certain tissues.

question

67) The term that refers to low levels of ionizing radiation exposure over long time periods that are associated with an increased probability of the occurrence of an adverse health event is:

answer

Stochastic effect

question

68) Sources of non-ionizing radiation include:

answer

Radiation from power lines Radio waves Infrared radiation Visible light radiation

question

69) The portion of the optical spectrum (non-ionizing radiation) that has been most closely associated with adverse human health effects is:

answer

UVB

question

70) The most dangerous health effect actually linked to cell phone use is:

answer

Traffic accidents

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71) Organic arsenic is toxic when ingested.

answer

False

question

Which of the following statements is true about cohort studies?

answer

All of the above The measure of association is called relative risk. They may be either prospective or retrospective. They are a type of longitudinal design. They can examine many possible outcomes.

question

The existence of a dose-response relationship may be used to establish the following kinds of information:

answer

Causal association between a toxicant and biological effects Minimum dose(s) needed to produce a biological effect

question

The concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by

answer

All of the above Individual sensitivity Duration of exposure Received dose of the chemical Route of entry into body

question

Chronic exposures are those that occur

answer

More than three months

question

Risk characterization refers to the question of:

answer

What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population?

question

What problem in the policy cycle may be encountered in the problem definition stage?

answer

Poorly defined problems

question

What problem in the policy cycle may be encountered in the policy implementation stage?

answer

Lack of government support

question

Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry

answer

Serve as the principal federal public agency involved with hazardous waste issues

question

Methods for transmission of zoonotic pathogens include:

answer

All of the above Ingestion of contaminated food or water Direct inhalation Bite or scratch of a vector Contact with the skin

question

Which of the following acts regulates herbicides in food:

answer

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

question

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

answer

Through research, reduce the burden of human illness and dysfunction due to environmental causes

question

Environmental Protection Agency

answer

Develop and enforce regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by Congress

question

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

answer

Conduct research to reduce work related injuries and illness

question

The precautionary principle states that:

answer

Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment.

question

The principle of environmental sustainability states that:

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A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment.

question

What type of combination of two chemicals produces an effect that is equal to their individual effects taken together?

answer

Additive

question

What type of interaction between two chemicals causes one chemical that is toxic to become less toxic?

answer

Antagonistic

question

An example of in vitro testing in toxicology is:

answer

Experiments with bacteria looking at mutations caused by a xenobiotic Experiments with cells derived from human tissues

question

Exposure assessment refers to the question of:

answer

What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions?

question

Of the following routes of exposure, which two are the most common among the general healthy population?

answer

Ingestion and Inhalation

question

A relative risk of less than 1 may mean that there is a health protective association between exposure and outcome.

answer

True

question

The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that:

answer

All of the above Long latency periods usually occur between initial exposures and disease outcomes. Environmentally associated diseases rarely have high incidence and prevalence. Accurate assessment of exposure is difficult.

question

Hill's Criteria of Causality include:

answer

Strength and Temporality

question

Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to...:

answer

Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

question

Which of the following statements is true about case-control studies?

answer

Exposure to a factor is determined retrospectively. The standard measure of association is the odds ratio. Exposures may be difficult to quantify precisely. They can examine many potential exposures.

question

Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach as opposed to the clinical approach?

answer

Study of cancer occurrence in populations

question

The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is usually determined by:

answer

The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

question

38) Example of disease vectors include:

answer

Rate and mice Mosquitoes Ticks Sand flies

question

Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by:

answer

All of the above. Physical factors, Biological factors, Social Factors, Psychosocial factors.

STUDY

Environmental Public Health Prevention And Control Topics In Public Health

et – Flashcard 63 terms

Tiffany Hanchett

63 terms

Preview

et – Flashcard

question

How can the built environment encourage healthy lifestyles?

answer

Encouraging walking, public transportation, and co-locating businesses and residences

question

MACT standards pertain to?

answer

Control of hazardous air pollutants

question

What agency is responsible for environmental regulation at the international level?

answer

WHO

question

What is the concept of environmental justice?

answer

All people must receive fair treatment in the enforcement of environmental laws

question

The polluter-pays principle states that...

answer

A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

question

The precautionary principle states that...

answer

Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

question

The principle of environmental sustainability states that...

answer

A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

question

What act provided the superfund?

answer

CERCLA

question

What problem may be encountered in the assessment/evaluation stage?

answer

Lack of sound scientific data

question

What problem may be encountered in the policy establishment stage?

answer

inability to coordinate and assess research information

question

What problem may be encountered in the policy implementation stage?

answer

Lack of gov't support

question

What problem may be encountered in the problem definition stage?

answer

poorly defined problems

question

What problems may be encountered in the agenda setting stage?

answer

Lack of info, and lack of coordination

question

Which of the following aspects is not included in the built environment?

answer

Undeveloped land

question

Mammals, crustaceans, insects, and trees are all covered under what act?

answer

Endangered Species Act

question

What are the contributions of epidemiology to environmental health?

answer

Concern for populations, use of observational data, methodology for study designs, and descriptive and analytic studies

question

What does the Texas Sharpshooter effect illustrate?

answer

One cause of spurious or chance clustering

question

agent factors can include particles,toxic chem and pesticides; the environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist; host is the person who affords lodgement of an infectious agent; disease causality includes three major factors: agent, host, and environment are all true about.....

answer

Epidemiologic triangle

question

Who was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments?

answer

John Snow, in snow on Cholera

question

Who was the London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer?

answer

Sir Percival Pott (Chirurgical Observations Relative to..)

question

Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)?

answer

study of cancer occurrence in populations

question

Identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases:

answer

Hippocrates

question

The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by:

answer

The incidence rate for that disease in a given time period

question

Prevalence measures aid in...

answer

Assessing variations in disease occurrence, development of hypotheses and describing the scope of health problems

question

number of new cases divided by the population is....

answer

Incidence rate

question

point prevalence is....

answer

# of people with disease divided by the population

question

During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1-associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was:

answer

9/87*100

question

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are know as....

answer

population at risk

question

Examples of purely observational epidemiologic studies do not usually include...

answer

experimental studies

question

Which of the following observational designs is used for hypothesis testing?

answer

cohort studies

question

What is untrue about case-control studies?

answer

they are a type of longitudinal design

question

Subjects are classified according to their exposure. They are a type of longitudinal design. They may be either prospective or retrospective. The measure of association is called relative risk. are all true about what type of study

answer

cohort studies

question

cohort study is to risk ratio as...

answer

case -control study is to odds ratio

question

hill's criteria of causality includes

answer

Strength, consistency, temporality, and biological gradient

question

T or F Used in cohort studies relative risk is a measure of the strength of association between a possible risk factor and a disease

answer

false

question

what type of study is one that examines a group as the unit of analysis?

answer

ecologic study

question

T or F cross-sectional studies may be used to formulate hypotheses that can be followed up in analytic studies?

answer

false

question

what type of study is one where cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not

answer

case-control study

question

T or F A relative risk of less than 1 means that there is no association between exposure and outcome

answer

false

question

The founder of toxicology was?

answer

Paracelsus

question

what is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicology?

answer

studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variable

question

What abbreviation is used to describe toxic effects of chemicals

answer

LD50

question

causal association between toxin and biological effects;min dosages needed to produce a biological effect and rate of accumulation of harmful effects are established by....

answer

Dose response relationship

question

the portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body is called?

answer

Internal dose

question

route of entry, received dose of chem, duration of exposure, and individual sensitivity all effect what

answer

concentration and toxicity

question

Which rate of exposure has the most rapid effect?

answer

Intravenous

question

In comparison with the general pop, workers may receive exposures to toxic chemicals that are...

answer

At higher concentrations for much longer periods

question

Subacute exposures are those that last for

answer

one month or less

question

What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans is the question refered to by.....

answer

dose -response assessment

question

Hazard identification refers to the question of...

answer

what are the health effects that this agent can cause

question

risk management refers to the question

answer

none of the above

question

exposure assessment refers to the question of

answer

what exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions

question

risk characterizations refers to the question of

answer

what is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population

question

antibiotics, therapeutic drugs, dioxins, PCBs are examples of

answer

xenobiotics

question

what type of combo of two chem produces an effect that is equal to their individual effects taken together?

answer

additive

question

what type of interaction among several agents that have no known toxic effects produces a toxic effect?

answer

coalitive

question

what type of interaction between two chemicals causes one chemical tat is not toxic to become more toxic

answer

potentiative

question

an example of vitro testing for toxicology is

answer

experiments with cells derived from human sources

question

thalidomide is an ex of a drug that

answer

was associated with heart problems among adults

question

what type of study is one where cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not

answer

case-control study

question

limitations of environmental epidemiology are

answer

all of the above

question

What is untrue about case-control studies?

answer

they are a longitudinal design

question

point prevalence is....

answer

number of residents with the disease divided by the population

STUDY

Environmental Public Health

Test Answers on Environmental Health Exam 1 – Flashcards 87 terms

Sarah Taylor

87 terms

Preview

Test Answers on Environmental Health Exam 1 – Flashcards

question

Why do children in comparison with adults represent a group that is especially vulnerable to environmental hazards (choose the incorrect answer)

answer

they spend more time indoors

question

reasons for the potential spread of anvian influenze include

answer

intensive animal husbandry practices

question

Identify the incorrect statement: the 2009 swine flu outbreak

answer

spread thourght north america to other parts of the globe

question

environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by

answer

all of the above Physical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors

question

True or false cholera outbreaks occurred in New York CIty during the mid 1800s

answer

true

question

the estimated global burden of disease linked to environmental health

answer

25-33 percent

question

when used as a food additive, nitrates and nitrites

answer

they react with other substances to form carcinogens

question

risk management refers to the question of

answer

none of the above

question

the concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by

answer

all of the above route of entry into the body, received dose of the chemical, duration of exposure, individual sensitivity

question

of the following routes of exposure which one has the most rapid effect

answer

intravenous

question

cohort study is to risk ratio as

answer

case control odds ratio

question

those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease of condition are known as

answer

the population at risk

question

the risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by

answer

the incidence rate for that given period

question

identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases

answer

hippocrates

question

which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)

answer

study of cancer occurence in populations

question

environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic traingle) what stateent belows is true about the triangle?

answer

all of the above agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. the environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist. the host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent

question

Worm

answer

T. spiralis

question

Bacterium

answer

C. jejuni

question

Prion

answer

BSE

question

What was healthy people 2010 goal number 8

answer

"to promote health for all through a healthy environment"

question

what were the goals objectives?

answer

outdoor air quality, water quality, toxics and wastes, healthy homes and healthy communities, infrastructure and surveillance, global environmental health

question

what are some environmental health threats

answer

trash that fouls beaches, hazardous wastes from disposal sites, air pollution, exposures to toxis chemicals, deforestation

question

the 3 P's

answer

pollution, population, poverty

question

pollution

answer

combustion of fossil fuels that disperse green house gases into atmosphere may cause global warming and change in distribution of insect vectors

question

population

answer

overpopulation in developing nations is leading to the humman population exceeding the carrying capacity of the planet

question

avain influenza

answer

outbreaks on poltury fars in Asia. Health officials were concerned that the virus might mutate, enabling human to human transsmission and resulting in a pandemic

question

Swine flue

answer

spread through North America to other poarts of the globe. WHO declared a pandemic, was concern that a large porportion of the population might be suseptble to infection

question

Poverty

answer

linked to population growth. on of the well-recognized determinants of adverse health outcomes

question

What chronic diseases does environmental health contribute to

answer

cancer (cervical, prostate, and breast)

question

Environmental Risk Transition

answer

changes in envirionmental risks that happen as as consequence of economic development in the less developed regions of the world. before transition occurs there is a poor quality of food, air, water

question

What are some environmental problems after the transition?

answer

acid rain precursors, ozone-depleting chemicals, green house gases

question

population growth

answer

increasing at expotential rate, threatens to overwhelm available resources, periodic food scarcity and famine in certain areas

question

causes of population growth

answer

increases in fertility, reductions in mortality, migration

question

three stages of demographic transitions

answer

1: population mostly young and fertility andm ortality rates are high. population remains small 2: mortality rates drop and fertility rates remain high. rapid increase in population, usually in young age groups 3: fertility rates drop and cause a more even distribution of the population according to age and sex

question

4 consequences of population increases

answer

urbanization, overtaxing carrying capacity, food insecurity, loss of biodiversity

question

urbanization

answer

worldwide the proportion of urban residents has increased from 5% in 1800 to 50% in 2000 projected 66% by 2030

question

factors that lead to urbanization

answer

industrialization, food availability, employement opportunities, lifestyle considerations, escape from political conflict

question

what is carrying capacity

answer

the population that an area will support without undergoing environmental deterioration

question

define environment

answer

the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival

question

define ecosystem

answer

dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communityies and nonliving environment interacting as a functional unit

question

Hippocrates and Environmental Health

answer

emphasized the role of the environment as an influence on people's health and health status in On Airs, Waters, and Places

question

exposure dose

answer

the amount of a substance encountered in the environment

question

external dose

answer

a dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

question

absorbed dose

answer

the amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body

question

interal does

answer

the portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body through ingestion, absorption

question

what is red tide

answer

a bloom of Karenia brevis, a dinoflagellate. produces brevetoxin

question

point of prevelance

answer

all cases of death from disease/condition at a particular point in time within the population

question

incidence rate

answer

rate formed by dividing number of new cases by individuals in population at risk over a period of time

question

case fatality rate

answer

nuber of deaths due to a specific disease divided by number of cases of disease in the same time x 100

question

who was the first person to describe an environmental cause of cancer

answer

sir percival pott, chimney sweep and prostate cancer

question

who discovered the source of a cholera outbreak of 1849

answer

John Snow

question

criteria of causality

answer

a centra concern of evnironmental epidemiology is to be able to assert that a causal association exists between an agent factor and a disease in the host

question

what are Hills criteria of causality

answer

strength, consitency, specifity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence

question

case series study

answer

Pts who share a disease in common is gathered over time

question

ecological study

answer

a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of ppl

question

cross-sectional study

answer

examines the relationship between diseases as they exist in defined populations at a specific time

question

case-control study

answer

cases have disease, controls to do not. compare/contrast

question

odds ratio

answer

measure of association between exposure and outcome, only in case-control studies

question

cohort study

answer

classifies subjects according to exposure to a factor of interest and then observes them overtime, document new cases

question

relative risk

answer

ratio of the incidence rate of a disease/outcome in an exposed group to the incidence rate in a non-exposed group, only in cohort studies

question

what are limitations in detecting disease

answer

long and variable latency periods between exposure and disease diagnosis, etiologic nonspecificty of disease clinical features, small population size coupled with low disease frequency, observer bias

question

limitations in measuring exposure

answer

dependence on indirect, surrogate estimates of exposure and dose. uncertainty regarding pathways of exposure, probable low-dose levels in most settings, frequent inability to develop useful dose-response data

question

characteristics of environmental epidemiology

answer

deals with nondisease effects, invovles numerour variables, tends to be community specific

question

weakness of environmental epidemiology

answer

sample size, important variables "uncontrolled" exposure estimation invalid

question

strengths of environmental epidemiology

answer

engages the real world, unique perspective on disease/health, basis for action despite ignorance of mechanism

question

is food poisoning correct

answer

no, it is foodbourne diseases and infections

question

has foudbourne illness increased in industrialized nations

answer

yes

question

what contributes to increase in foodbourne illness

answer

changees in agricultural and food processing methods, globalization of food distribution, social and behavioral changes among the human population

question

how many people does foodbourne illness affect each year

answer

one qaurter of the population, 9,000 deaths, costs 5 billion annually

question

what is FoodNet

answer

CDC foodbourbe diseases active surveillance network. an active system whereby public health officials maintain frequent direct contact with clinical laboratory directors to identify new cases of foodbourne illnesses

question

4 major categories of food hazards

answer

biological, physical, chemical, nutritional (excessive of deficient amounts)

question

Salmonellosis

answer

one of the most frequent types, 2-4 million cases are estimated, 500 deaths annually. occur in animal resviors. fodo we eat but also cats, dogs and turtles can be carriers. transfered from raw meat, animal feces, contaiminated water and soil

question

E. coli

answer

causes hemorrahgic colitis, 73,000 cases and 61 deaths yearly, major outbreaks in restaurant chains

question

Trichinosis

answer

eating raw meat that contains a nematode Trinchinella

question

tapeworms

answer

organiss may induve human illness following the consumption of raw or undercooked infected beef or pork

question

Viral Hepatitis A

answer

fruits, sandwiches w/ cold cuts, dairy products, veggies, and shellfish. common mode of is infected workers in food processing plants and restaurants

question

norovirus

answer

transmitted easily within closed environments such as cruise ships. symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration

question

Prions

answer

bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease

question

toxins

answer

naturally occuring toxins such as those from seafood and mushrooms maybe associated with foodbourne illness ex: ciguatoxin, scombroid toxin, paralytic shllfish poison, pufferfish toxin

question

heavy metls

answer

when present in high concentration, can cause vomitting that occurs few minutes to several hours after ingestion

question

sourcces of heavy metals

answer

candy wrappers from mexica, chicknem may contain high levels of arsenic

question

approved antimicrobials given to animals

answer

amoxicilli, penicillin, bacitracin, erthromycin

question

intention (direct) additives

answer

added to foods in order to improve their quality

question

incidental (indirect) additives

answer

maybe present in foods as a result of unintentional contamination during packaging, storage, and handling

question

Malicious additives

answer

include substances such as poisons that saboteurs introduce into foods for various reasons

question

Food and Drug Administration

answer

US agency charged with regulation and enforcement of food safet

question

US departmetn of agriculture

answer

regulate the safety of meat and poultry products

STUDY

Environmental Public Health Make The Food Nitrates And Nitrites Topics In Public Health

Ch. 11&12 25 terms

Kenneth Miller

25 terms

Preview

Ch. 11&12

question

Chemical hazards that may be present in food include:

answer

Marine toxins; Heavy metals; Monosodium glutamate; Mushroom toxins

question

The most favored method for waste management is:

answer

Source reduction

question

Which of the following is inappropriate for composting?

answer

Fats, oils, grease

question

The term 'recycling' usually applies to all the following except:

answer

Discarding materials in landfills

question

Hazards associated with sanitary landfill operations included:

answer

spreading of disease by scavenging animals; Leaching of nutrients into adjacent waterways; Air pollution; Release of VOC's

question

Paper contributes the following percentage of the total municipal solid waste stream:

answer

30-40%

question

A product (that could be used as a fuel) of anaerobic decomposition of:

answer

Methane

question

The greatest danger of medical waste is to:

answer

Those who are occupationally exposed onsite

question

The Love Canal site:

answer

All of the above

question

The term leachate denotes:

answer

Water that collects contamination as it trickles through wastes

question

In the FDA video viewed in class:

answer

Emphasized that sanitation and food temperature are critical to food safety.

question

Which of the following is an interpretation of the Delaney Clause?

answer

Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts.

question

A justification for the hazard analysis of critical control points is that:

answer

Health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption.

question

Foodborne illnesses:

answer

Are a major cause of morbidity in the U.S. and other countries of the world

question

Four major categories of food hazards are:

answer

biological, chemical, physical, nutritional

question

In the study Rat Hoarder:

answer

Was determined to be a nuisance resulting in an extensive removal and clean-up effort.

question

The abbreviation GRAS stands for:

answer

Generally Regarded As Safe chemical additives

question

Prions are:

answer

Regarded as the cause of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a neurological disease in cattle.

question

Food additives are used to achieve all the following except:

answer

Keep food free from rodent filth

question

One of the agents responsible for many publicized outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness on cruise ships is:

answer

Norovirus

question

An example of a hepatitis virus that can be transmitted by food is:

answer

HAV

question

The U.S. agency tasked generally with assuring the safety of meat, poultry, and dried and liquid eggs is the:

answer

USDA

question

The U.S. agency tasked generally with assuring the safety of all domestic and imported food with the exception of meats, poultry, and dried and liquid eggs is the:

answer

FDA

question

The U.S. agency tasked generally with providing leadership in control of foodborne illness is the:

answer

CDC

question

The method for investigating a foodborne outbreak include:

answer

Case identification; Descriptive epidemiologic study; Listing the food served; Collecting samples of blood, stools, vomit

STUDY

Environmental Public Health Topics In Public Health United States

CPH320: Water Safety Flashcards 53 terms

Darren Farr

53 terms

Preview

CPH320: Water Safety Flashcards

question

*Finished water is defined as:

answer

water that is delivered to the distribution system AFTER treatment

question

*Which microbial agents can survive processing by U.S. public water treatment plans?

answer

Cryptosporidium Payrum

question

*Community drinking water in most large cities goes through a treatment process. What is completed last in the process?

answer

Fluoridation

question

*T/F-- The Hydrological cycle refers only to freshwater evaporation and precipitation for drinking water?

answer

FALSE

question

*What water-related disease is not caused by drinking contaminated water?

answer

Legionnaire's disease-- produce lung infections (form of pneumonia)

question

Define: -Surface water -Ground water -Hydrology - Hydrological cycle -Finished water -potable water

answer

-Surface water- from rivers and lakes; all water on the surface -Ground water- stored naturally in underground acquirers -Hydrology- the field of water science -Hydrological cycle- natural cycle; water evaporates and returns to ocean as rain -Finished Water- water delivered to the distribution system after treatment -potable water- water from wells and runoff from land's surface

question

Describe principal reserves for water. Which areas of the world have adequate supplies and which are facing a chronic shortage?

answer

Scarce: Sub-Saharan and North Africa (highest pop growth rates in world)

question

How is the majority of water used in the average household?

answer

50-70% outdoor usage

question

Explain the 4 states of the water treatment

answer

1. Coagulation- filters dirt out & adds chemicals to clean 2. Sedimentation- heavy particles fall to bottom; clear water moves on 3. Filtration- pass through filters help remove even smaller particles 4. Disinfection- small amount of CL- is added to kill bacteria

question

Waterborne disease

answer

conditions that are \"transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated water and water acts as primary carrier of the infectious agent\". ex: gastroenteritis gets in public water by malfunctioning water processing system.

question

Water Disinfection By-Products (DBPs)

answer

chemicals used to disinfect water-- Cl-, chloramines, chlorine dioxide, and ozone

question

*What if NOT a natural air pollutant?

answer

Lead

question

*What pollutant is not listed by the EPA as a criteria air pollutant?

answer

Smog- smoke + fog

question

*What will be caused by temperature inversion?

answer

Greater concentration of pollutants close to the earth's surface.

question

*What is smog?

answer

It is a mixture of pollutants, principally ground- level ozone.

question

*What is NOT a typically indoor air pollution source?

answer

Lead paint?

question

Define the following sources of air pollutant: -Stationary -Mobile -Natural -Anthropogenic

answer

-Stationary- electric generating plants; factories -Mobile- vehicles (cars, busses, etc) -Natural- Anthropogenic- stationary and mobile

question

Explain the adverse health effects attributed to carbon monoxide.

answer

can result in death of serious health problems; coronary heart disease, as well as circulatory, lung and respiratory disease.

question

Temperature inversion- how do is contribute to the creation of smong?

answer

atmospheric condition where a warm layer of car stalls over a cool air that is closer to the surface of the earth

question

Greenhouse gases? How do they contribute to the greenhouse affect?

answer

Greenhouse gases- rise from natural sources and anthropogenic activities (such as burning of fossil fuels) may accumulate in the atmosphere.

question

What are the 3 methods that control the greenhouse gases? Which is most effective?

answer

-Deforestation- decreases the capacity of trees and the forest ecosystem to reduce CO2 amount in atmosphere ????

question

Diesel Exhaust- Aerosol particles- Sulfur dioxide-

answer

-(PAHs) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons- carcinogenic -Aerosol particles--- also known as particulate matter (PM)- includes dust, soot, that are suspended in and move with the air -Sulfur dioxide- gas produced by burning sulfur contaminants in fuel (ex. coal)

question

*Which of the following is an interpretation of the Delaney Clause? (chapter 11)

answer

Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

question

*One of the agents responsible for many publicized outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness on cruise ship is:

answer

Norovirus

question

*The U.S. agency tasked generally with providing leadership in control of food borne illness is the:

answer

CDC

question

*What food borne pathogens is a particular concern for pregnant women?

answer

Listeria monocytogenes

question

*What about clostridium botulinum is FALSE?

answer

FALSE- Highly acidic food, like orange and grapefruit juice, are most commonly associated with botulism.

question

*The most favored method of waste management is: (chapter 12)

answer

source reduction

question

*Paper contributes the following percentage of the total municipal solid waste stream:

answer

30-40

question

*The primary stage of sewage processing involves:

answer

question

*Leachate is:

answer

water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes

question

*The term garbage denotes:

answer

items that people discard such as trimmings, plastics, and glass.

question

*An occupational disease caused by the inhalation of certain dust particles is called: (chapter 13)

answer

Pneumonconiosis

question

*What condition accounted for approximately 12% of occupational illness (excluding injuries) in the U.S.?

answer

Dermatitis

question

*The job classification that involves the highest percentage of anxiety, stresses, and neurotic disease is:

answer

Technical, sales, and administrative support

question

*The sound vibrations picked up by the eardrum are translated into nerve impulses in the:

answer

Cochlea

question

*Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) are:

answer

airborne concentrations of substances that represent conditions under which all workers may be unaffected.

question

*Which of the following topics is NOT included in the file of injury studies? (Chapter 14)

answer

Hearing loss

question

*The highest costs for medical expenditures for treatment of injuries in the U.S. were incurred by:

answer

Females aged 65+

question

*What method for classifying injuries organizes injury data into helpful grouping for making international and national comparisons?

answer

ICD Injury Matrices

question

*The first step in developing strategies for prevention of unintentional injuries is:

answer

Problem definition

question

*The age group with the highest motor vehicle traffic fatality rates in the U.S was:

answer

Age 16- 20

question

Municipal solid wastes

answer

question

composting

answer

leaves, grass, and food scraps; produces soil in gardens

question

incineration

answer

used to generate energy, at the same time as reducing volume and weight of waste

question

Stages of processing sewage

answer

1. Prelimary- screening of large solids; grit removal by flow attenuation 2. Primary- settlement of suspended solids 3. Secondary- biological treatment; (bacteria breakdown) 3. Tertiary- phosphorus and or nitrate reduction; disinfection by UV or filter membrane

question

Advantages of recycling:

answer

-reduces emissions of greenhouse gasses - prevents pollution generated by new material -decreases the amount of material shipped to landfills -preserves natural resources -opens new manufacturing employment opportunities -saves energy

question

ototoxic

answer

agents that can produce hearing loss

question

Silicosis

answer

inhaling respirable crystalline silica dust -chronic- long period -accelerated- rapidly progressing -acute- heavy exposure short time Sand blasting, cutting tiles and masonry, and grinding cement.

question

Byssinosis

answer

question

Decibel (dB)

answer

the standard measure of the strength of a sound

question

difference between unintentional injury and accident?

answer

accident is not in favor as a scientific term; 5th leading cause of death in world

question

Unintentional injuries:

answer

-children -motor vehicles -firearm -falls

STUDY

Environmental Public Health Public Health Replacement Fertility Rate Work Related Stress

Env. Health Chap. 1-6 – Flashcards 22 terms

Trina Garrison

22 terms

Preview

Env. Health Chap. 1-6 – Flashcards

question

Currently, the number of years required for the world's population to double is approximately A. 53 years B. 73 years C. 43 years D. 13 years E. 93 years

answer

43 years

question

3. Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by A. Physical factors B. Biological factors C. Social factors D. Psychosocial factors E. All of the above

answer

All of the above

question

4. Environmental risk transition is most likely to be characterized by: A. Increasing levels of poor food, air, and water quality B. Increasing frequency of diarrhea caused by unsafe water C. Air pollution from poor-quality indoor fuels D. Control of household risks and creation of a new set of problems E. Increases in acute respiratory diseases

answer

Control of household risks and creation of a new set of problems

question

5. In 2050, the world's three most populous countries will be A. China, India, United States B. United States, Russia, and Japan C. China, Indonesia, and Brazil D. India, China, United States E. Indonesia, Brazil, Nigeria

answer

India, China, United States

question

6. Identify the incorrect statement: The 2009 swine flu outbreak A. Was caused by the H5N1 virus B. Spread through North America to other parts of the globe C. Was classified as a pandemic by WHO D. Showed evidence of person-to-person transmission E. Initial cases showed no evidence of contact with pigs

answer

Was caused by the H5N1 virus

question

7. Lemuel Shattuck's proposals set forth in the Report of the Sanitary Conditions of Massachusetts A. Argued for the creation of state health departments B. Described how environmental sanitation affected health C. Were extremely innovative for their time D. Ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use E. All of the above

answer

All of the above

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8. On Airs, Waters, and Places was significant because it: A. Identified an environmental cause of cancer B. Described unsafe and hazardous working environments C. Described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc D. Emphasized the role of the environment in people's health E. None of the above

answer

Emphasized the role of the environment in people's health

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9. Reasons for the potential spread of avian influenza include: A. Intensive animal husbandry practices B. Restriction of international travel C. Demonstrated person-to-person transmission D. B & C E. All of the above

answer

Intensive animal husbandry practices

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10. Stage 1 of the demographic transition demonstrates: A. Drop in mortality rates; high fertility rates B. Fertility and mortality rates are high C. Dropping fertility rates; more even age and sex distributions D. Increasing mortality rates; dropping mortality rates E. None of the above

answer

Fertility and mortality rates are high

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11. Stage 2 of the demographic transition demonstrates: A. Drop in mortality rates; high fertility rates B. Fertility and mortality rates are high C. Dropping fertility rates; more even age and sex distributions D. Increasing mortality rates; dropping mortality rates E. None of the above

answer

Drop in mortality rates; high fertility rates

question

12. Stage 3 of the demographic transition demonstrates: A. Drop in mortality rates; high fertility rates B. Fertility and mortality rates are high C. Dropping fertility rates; more even age and sex distributions D. Increasing mortality rates; dropping mortality rates E. None of the above

answer

Dropping fertility rates; more even age and sex distributions

question

13. The author of On Airs, Waters, and Places was: A. Socrates B. Aristotle C. Hippocrates D. Pliny the Elder E. Galen

answer

Hippocrates

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14. The author of the First Essay on Population was: A. John Snow B. Charles Darwin C. Thomas Malthus D. Paul Ehrlich E. None of the above

answer

Thomas Malthus

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15. The effects of rapid growth of the world's population include A. Urbanization B. Overtaxing carrying capacity C. Food insecurity D. Loss of biodiversity E. All of the above

answer

All of the above

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16. The environment plays a role in human health through associations with A. Acute conditions B. Allergic responses C. Disability D. Chronic disease E. All of the above

answer

All of the above

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17. The epidemiologic risk transition is characterized by a A. Population comprised of predominantly young individuals B. Growing burden of chronic, degenerative diseases C. Rapid increase in population D. High mortality rates E. None of the above

answer

Growing burden of chronic, degenerative diseases

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18. The estimated global burden of disease (percent) linked to environmental sources is A. 5% to 20% B. 25% to 33% C. 35% to 50% D. 55% to 70% E. 75% to 89%

answer

25% to 33%

question

19. The natural population replacement fertility rate in the U.S. is estimated to be A. 2.1 births per woman B. 2.9 births per woman C. 3.1 births per woman D. 3.9 births per woman E. 3.5 births per woman

answer

2.1 births per woman

question

20. Which of the following outcomes is not usually associated with world population growth? A. Prosperity B. Pollution C. Poverty D. Urban crowding E. Increases in infectious diseases

answer

Prosperity

question

21. Which of the following statements is untrue about ecosystems? A. Human beings are not considered to be a part of ecosystems. B. An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism communities. C. A temporary pond in a hollow tree can be an ecosystem. D. Ecosystems are being degraded rapidly. E. The interconnected components of an ecosystem are in a steady state.

answer

Human beings are not considered to be a part of ecosystems.

question

Why do children in comparison with adults represent a group that is especially vulnerable to environmental hazards? Choose the incorrect answer A. Their immune systems are still developing. B. they may be exposed more often to toxins in the outdoor air. C. They may be exposed more often to toxins in the soil. D. They spend more time indoors. E. They may inadvertently ingest toxic substances

answer

They spend more time indoors.

question

1. According to Healthy People 2010, the social environment includes A. Air, water, and soil B. Chemical, biological, and physical agents C. Housing, transportation, urban development D. Work-related stress, injury, and violence

answer

Work-related stress, injury, and violence

STUDY

Biological Systems Dose Response Relationship Environmental Public Health

Env. Health Chap 3 – Flashcards 22 terms

Sabrina Peterson

22 terms

Preview

Env. Health Chap 3 – Flashcards

question

1. An example of in vitro testing for toxicology is: A. Experiments with normal volunteers B. Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures C. Studies of animals exposed to toxins D. Dose-response assessments in human populations E. Experiments with cells derived from human sources

answer

Experiments with cells derived from human sources (correct)

question

2. An internal dose refers to A. The dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources B. The amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body C. The portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body D. The quantity of a substance that is administered E. None of the above

answer

The portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body (correct)

question

3. Chose the incorrect statement below. Thalidomide is an example of a drug that A. Was a potent teratogen B. Was developed before the advent of rigorous clinical trials C. Was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy D. Was associated with heart problems among adults E. None of the above

answer

Was associated with heart problems among adults(correct)

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4. Direct adverse effects of xenobiotics do not include A. Cell replacement B. Interference with nutrition C. Damage to an enzyme system D. Disruption of protein synthesis E. DNA damage

answer

Interference with nutrition (correct)

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5. Dose-response assessment refers to the question of A. What are the health effects that this agent can cause? B. What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans (or animals)? C. What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions? D. What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population? E. None of the above.

answer

What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans (or animals)? (correct)

question

6. Exposure assessment refers to the question A. What are the health effects that this agent can cause? B. What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans? C. What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions? D. What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population? E. None of the above.

answer

What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions? (correct)

question

7. Hazard identification refers to the question of A. What are the health effects that this agent can cause? B. What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans? C. What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions? D. What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population? E. None of the above.

answer

What are the health effects that this agent can cause? (correct)

question

8. In comparison with the general population, workers may receive exposures to toxic chemicals that are A. At lower levels for shorter time periods B. At higher concentrations for much longer time periods C. Confined to a single time episode D. More likely to be associated with acute effects than long-term effects E. None of the above

answer

At higher concentrations for much longer time periods (correct)

question

9. Of the following routes of exposure, which one has the most rapid effect? A. Intravenous B. Ingestion C. Dermal D. Intramuscular E. Inhalation

answer

Intravenous

question

10. One of the founders of toxicology was A. Socrates B. Theophrastus C. Claudius D. Da Vinci E. Paracelsus

answer

Paracelsus(*)

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11. Risk characterization refers to the question of A. What are the health effects that this agent can cause? B. What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans? C. What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions? D. What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population? E. None of the above.

answer

What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population? (*)

question

12. Risk management refers to the question of A. What are the health effects that this agent can cause? B. What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans? C. What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions? D. What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population? E. None of the above.

answer

None of the above.(*)

question

13. Specific examples of xenobiotics are A. Antibiotics B. Therapeutic drugs C. Dioxins D. PCBs E. All of the above

answer

All of the above(*)

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14. Subacute exposures are those that last A. Less than 24 hours and occur once B. Less than 24 hours and occur more than once C. One month or less D. One to three months E. More than three months

answer

One month or less(*)

question

15. The concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by A. Route of entry into the body B. Received dose of the chemical C. Duration of exposure D. Individual sensitivity E. All of the above

answer

All of the above(*)

question

16. The existence of a dose-response relationship may be used to establish the following kinds of information A. Causal association between a toxin and biological effects B. Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect C. Rate of accumulation of harmful effects D. All of the above E. A & B only

answer

All of the above(*)

question

17. The poisonous substance in Amanita phalloides ("death cap" mushroom) is an example of a: A. Toxicant B. Toxin C. Anthropogenic form of poison D. A poison caused by bacterial activity E. None of the above

answer

Toxin

question

18. What type of combination of two chemicals produces an effect that is equal to their individual effects taken together A. Additive B. Synergistic C. Potentiative D. Coalitive E. Antagonistic

answer

Additive

question

19. What type of interaction among several agents that have no known toxic effects produces a toxic effect? A. Additive B. Synergistic C. Potentiative D. Coalitive E. Antagonistic

answer

Coalitive

question

20. What type of interaction between two chemicals causes one chemical that is not toxic to become more toxic A. Additive B. Synergistic C. Potentiative D. Coalitive E. Antagonistic

answer

Potentiative

question

21. Which of the following abbreviations is used to describe toxic effects of chemicals? A. VOCs B. TLV C. TFR D. AQI E. LD50

answer

LD50

question

22. Which of the following is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicology A. Laboratory studies of the role of xenobiotics in carcinogenesis in mice B. Studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables C. In vitro studies D. In vivo studies E. They all characterize the toxicologic approach.

answer

Studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables

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