et – Flashcard
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How can the built environment encourage healthy lifestyles?
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Encouraging walking, public transportation, and co-locating businesses and residences
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MACT standards pertain to?
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Control of hazardous air pollutants
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What agency is responsible for environmental regulation at the international level?
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WHO
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What is the concept of environmental justice?
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All people must receive fair treatment in the enforcement of environmental laws
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The polluter-pays principle states that...
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A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures
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The precautionary principle states that...
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Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment
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The principle of environmental sustainability states that...
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A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment
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What act provided the superfund?
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CERCLA
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What problem may be encountered in the assessment/evaluation stage?
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Lack of sound scientific data
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What problem may be encountered in the policy establishment stage?
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inability to coordinate and assess research information
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What problem may be encountered in the policy implementation stage?
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Lack of gov't support
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What problem may be encountered in the problem definition stage?
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poorly defined problems
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What problems may be encountered in the agenda setting stage?
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Lack of info, and lack of coordination
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Which of the following aspects is not included in the built environment?
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Undeveloped land
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Mammals, crustaceans, insects, and trees are all covered under what act?
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Endangered Species Act
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What are the contributions of epidemiology to environmental health?
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Concern for populations, use of observational data, methodology for study designs, and descriptive and analytic studies
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What does the Texas Sharpshooter effect illustrate?
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One cause of spurious or chance clustering
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agent factors can include particles,toxic chem and pesticides; the environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist; host is the person who affords lodgement of an infectious agent; disease causality includes three major factors: agent, host, and environment are all true about.....
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Epidemiologic triangle
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Who was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments?
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John Snow, in snow on Cholera
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Who was the London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer?
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Sir Percival Pott (Chirurgical Observations Relative to..)
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Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)?
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study of cancer occurrence in populations
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Identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases:
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Hippocrates
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The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by:
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The incidence rate for that disease in a given time period
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Prevalence measures aid in...
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Assessing variations in disease occurrence, development of hypotheses and describing the scope of health problems
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number of new cases divided by the population is....
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Incidence rate
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point prevalence is....
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# of people with disease divided by the population
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During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1-associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was:
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9/87*100
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Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are know as....
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population at risk
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Examples of purely observational epidemiologic studies do not usually include...
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experimental studies
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Which of the following observational designs is used for hypothesis testing?
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cohort studies
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What is untrue about case-control studies?
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they are a type of longitudinal design
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Subjects are classified according to their exposure. They are a type of longitudinal design. They may be either prospective or retrospective. The measure of association is called relative risk. are all true about what type of study
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cohort studies
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cohort study is to risk ratio as...
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case -control study is to odds ratio
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hill's criteria of causality includes
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Strength, consistency, temporality, and biological gradient
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T or F Used in cohort studies relative risk is a measure of the strength of association between a possible risk factor and a disease
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false
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what type of study is one that examines a group as the unit of analysis?
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ecologic study
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T or F cross-sectional studies may be used to formulate hypotheses that can be followed up in analytic studies?
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false
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what type of study is one where cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not
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case-control study
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T or F A relative risk of less than 1 means that there is no association between exposure and outcome
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false
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The founder of toxicology was?
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Paracelsus
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what is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicology?
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studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variable
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What abbreviation is used to describe toxic effects of chemicals
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LD50
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causal association between toxin and biological effects;min dosages needed to produce a biological effect and rate of accumulation of harmful effects are established by....
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Dose response relationship
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the portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body is called?
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Internal dose
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route of entry, received dose of chem, duration of exposure, and individual sensitivity all effect what
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concentration and toxicity
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Which rate of exposure has the most rapid effect?
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Intravenous
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In comparison with the general pop, workers may receive exposures to toxic chemicals that are...
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At higher concentrations for much longer periods
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Subacute exposures are those that last for
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one month or less
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What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans is the question refered to by.....
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dose -response assessment
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Hazard identification refers to the question of...
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what are the health effects that this agent can cause
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risk management refers to the question
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none of the above
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exposure assessment refers to the question of
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what exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions
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risk characterizations refers to the question of
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what is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population
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antibiotics, therapeutic drugs, dioxins, PCBs are examples of
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xenobiotics
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what type of combo of two chem produces an effect that is equal to their individual effects taken together?
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additive
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what type of interaction among several agents that have no known toxic effects produces a toxic effect?
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coalitive
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what type of interaction between two chemicals causes one chemical tat is not toxic to become more toxic
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potentiative
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an example of vitro testing for toxicology is
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experiments with cells derived from human sources
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thalidomide is an ex of a drug that
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was associated with heart problems among adults
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what type of study is one where cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not
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case-control study
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limitations of environmental epidemiology are
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all of the above
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What is untrue about case-control studies?
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they are a longitudinal design
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point prevalence is....
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number of residents with the disease divided by the population
