In the sixth grade, early maturing girls show ___ with their figures than do late-maturing girls, but by the tenth grade late-maturing girls are more___.

greater satisfaction; satisfied More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/developmental-psych-3/

Which of the following is correct? a. Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social advantage b. Early maturing girls are more popular and self-assured than girls who mature late c. Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social disadvantage d. Early maturing boys are more popular and self-assured than boys who mature late

d. Early maturing boys are more popular and self-assured than boys who mature late More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/psy-100-chapter-5/

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Abnormal Psychology Early Maturing Girls Psychology Secondary Sex Characteristic Sexually Transmitted Infections

CHAPTER 14-16 – Flashcards 60 terms

Ken Ericksen

60 terms

Preview

CHAPTER 14-16 – Flashcards

question

1. The current average age of menarche in the U.S. is

answer

12 yrs, 8 mo.

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2. A chemical substance produced by a gland in the endocrine system and conveyed via the bloodstream to the rest of the body is called a

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hormone

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3. Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the ______ to the ____.

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hypothalamus; pituitary gland

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4. Which of these is another name for the sex glands?

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gonads

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5. How does body weight affect the timing of puberty?

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Excess weight correlates with earlier puberty

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6. Living in a stressful environment has been found to have what effect on the onset of puberty?

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It results in earlier puberty

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7. Which of these is a symptom of bulima nervosa?

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binging and purging at least once a week for three months

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8. The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty is referred to as

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growth spurt

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9. Of the following, which is typically the last part of the adolescent's body to mature?

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torso

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Organs or systems that are directly involved in reproduction are called

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primary sex characteristics

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According to the text, teenagers are likely to experience sleep deprivation as a consequence of their

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phase-delay sleep-wake pattern

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There is a vaccination that protects against future exposure to which STI?

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chlamydia

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13. Which is TRUE of project DARE?

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It has been found to significantly reduce adolescent drug use.

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14. Which drug, when used extensively during adolescence, inhibits growth and may result in becoming a shorter adult?

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tobacco

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15. What does the term "menarche" refer to?

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a girl's first menstrual period

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16. The hormonal signal to begin puberty is regulated by the

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adrenal gland

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17. The sex glands in a female are called ______ and in a male are called ______.

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vagina; the penis

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18. Sexual development before age 8 is referred to as:

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precocious puberty

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The hormone that affects appetite, is stored in fat, and is believed to affect the onset of puberty is:

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leptin

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Menstruation depletes a woman's body

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iron

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A person's idea of how his or her body looks is called:

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body image

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Which of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa?

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refusal to maintain body weight that is at least 85% of normal for age, sex, & height

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Towards the end of adolescence, the lungs will ____ in weight and the heart will _____ in size

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triple; double

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Jason is going through the adolescent growth spurt. The first observable evidence will likely be

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his fingers and toes lengthen

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Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic?

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maturation of testes

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According to the Monitoring the Future study on adolescent drug use,

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tobacco is the second most commonly used drug among high school seniors

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Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but indicate sexual maturity are referred to as

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secondary sex characteristics

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_____________ accounts for most cases of fatal uterine cancer.

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HPV

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According to research, steady drinking impairs memory and self-control by damaging the

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hippocampus and frontal cortex

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Which of the following attempts to decrease teen drug use appears to have been most effective?

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Project DARE

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Which characteristic of adolescent thought is demonstrated when a teen fails to recognize that others may not care about what they look like or how they act?

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The imaginary audience

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_________ involves propositions and possibilities that may or may not reflect reality

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Hypothetical thinking

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3. ________________ is sometimes called "top-down reasoning", because it involves applying a general principle to a particular case. Children can't do this, but beginning in adolescence it becomes possible.

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Deductive reasoning

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The describes two networks in the brain: one for intuitive and one for analytical processing.

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dual process model

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Thirteen-year-old Mark refuses to go to school because he has a pimple. He is convinced that everyone will make fun of him. Mark's behavior is an example of

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the imaginary audience

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What-if propositions require: thought.

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hypothetical

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________________ is sometimes called "bottom-up reasoning" because it involves generalizing from examples. Children, who are concrete thinkers, can do this.

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Inductive reasoning

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"Throwing good money after bad" is a phrase often used when we put more and more money into something that really was not worth it in the first place. Which of the following best explains why we often do not choose to "cut our losses"?

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sunk cost fallacy

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Julie is obsessed with how others will react to her behavior and appearance. It takes her over an hour to dress in the morning as she considers what both her friends and her enemies will think of her. Julie's behavior reflects the power of

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the imaginary audience

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During adolescence, psychosocial development is primarily a search to answer the question,

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Who am I?

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A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care about his or her identity is called

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identity diffusion or confusion

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A person who adopts his or her parents' values without question or analysis is said to be in

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foreclosure

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The development of political identity during adolescence is not as common as it once was, but our author suggests that political identity has been replaced with widespread concern with a(n) ____ identity.

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religious identity

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A large group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends is a(n)

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crowd

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Longitudinal research begun in 1998 found that federally funded abstinence-only sex education

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decreases the number of sexual partners & increases the use of contraceptives

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7. Serious depression among adolescents is

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more common in females than in males

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The rate of teen pregnancy is highest in

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U.S

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Thinking about suicide is called _________, and a failed suicide attempt is called __________.

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suicidal ideation; rumination

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What is Erikson's stage of psychosocial development during adolescence?

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Identity vs. role confusion

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The ultimate goal in resolving the crisis of identity achievement is to

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reconsider the goals & values set by parents and culture, accepting some and rejecting others

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2. Erikson's term for premature identity formation is:

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foreclosure

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13. Which of these might be considered a socially acceptable way for adolescents to delay identity commitment

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moratorium

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Mr. Sanchez gives the car keys to his son and asks, "Who are you going with to the movies and what time will you be home?" This questioning is an example of:

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parental monitoring

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15. What is a clique?

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a group of close friends who interact regularly and exclude outsiders

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16. Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms is

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peer pressure

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Which statement regarding teen pregnancy is TRUE?

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Rates of teen pregnancy are lower in European countries than in the U.S.

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Research has shown that the dip in self-esteem during adolescence:

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is experienced by both sexes

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Based on information regarding trends in North America and Europe since 1960, which of the following would MOST likely help to reduce teen suicide?

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restricting access to guns

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Crime rates, including serious crimes, are highest for those who are in their

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teens

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Recidivism rates show that adolescent criminal behavior is most likely to be reduced by placing the teen in

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therapeutic foster care

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Day Night Cycle Early Maturing Girls Introductory Psychology Psychology

PSY 205: Chapter 9 – Flashcards 32 terms

Tony Foust

32 terms

Preview

PSY 205: Chapter 9 – Flashcards

question

a girl's first menstrual period.

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Menarche is:

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spermarche.

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For boys, the event that most closely parallels menarche is:

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her hips growing wider.

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Nancy, age 12, has just experienced a sudden growth spurt. According to the usual sequence of puberty, soon she will notice:

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his penis growing longer and wider.

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Bill noticed that he has some pubic hair. According to the usual sequence of puberty, his next growth event will probably be:

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Testosterone

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___________ is the sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by males than females.

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is due to hormonal shifts.

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Since he entered puberty, Barry has been staying awake late at night and craving sleep in the mornings. His parents should realize that this:

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precocious puberty.

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Latisha experienced menarche when she was 8 years old. She experienced:

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teasing and name-calling from her classmates.

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Ellie is 10 years old and well into puberty. She will probably experience:

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growth of fingers and toes.

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One of the first signs of the growth spurt is:

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higher; body fat

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Janet and Carlos are both experiencing a growth spurt. If they are typical adolescents, Janet will have a ________ proportion of __________ than Carlos.

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match his size from the previous year.

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Garry is taking a weight-lifting class in high school. The weights he lifts should:

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an increase in skin oils and sweat.

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Adolescent acne is usually caused by:

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1300; 500

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The recommended daily dose of calcium is ____ milligrams; most teens consume less than ____ milligrams per day.

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a steak to increase her iron.

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Sharon is concerned about deficiencies in her daughter Alana's diet. If Alana is a typical teen, Sharon should feed her:

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They are dissatisfied with their bodies.

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Studies indicate that adolescents worldwide share this problem.

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anorexia nervosa.

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Patty is 5 feet tall and weighs 87 pounds yet when she looks in the mirror, she sees an overweight girl. She does aerobics for two hours daily and eats very little. Patty MOST likely suffers from:

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bulimia nervosa.

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Josefina is obsessed with her weight. She sometimes eats a whole package of Oreos at once and then makes herself vomit. Josefina is of normal weight, but she constantly has heartburn. She MOST likely suffers from:

question

His prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped.

answer

Xavier, 16, invites a group of his high school friends to swim in a neighbor's pool late at night while that neighbor is away. They climb the fence and jump in, playing wildly and loudly in the water. Just a few minutes later, the police arrive. How does adolescent brain development help explain Xavier's poor decision making?

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adolescent egocentrism.

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A 15-year-old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of:

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the invincibility fable.

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Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating:

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her belief in an imaginary audience.

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Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating:

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formal operational thought.

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Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence:

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put weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scale.

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Jeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably:

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concrete operational thought.

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In Inhelder and Piaget's balance experiment, trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of (What kind of thought?):

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hypothetical thought.

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Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines:

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inductive reasoning.

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Three different girls tell Brian that Titanic is their all-time favorite movie. He concludes that all girls love that movie. Brian has just used:

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deductive reasoning.

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Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of:

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intuitive

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Fifteen-year-old Richard wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver's license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, "I know other kids who do it, and it's just stupid that I have to wait another 3 months until I turn 16." This is an example of what kind of thinking?

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analytical

answer

Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, "I've never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?" This is an example of what kind of thinking?

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decline.

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Rachel and Matt are in their first year of middle school. Statistically, one would expect their academic achievement to:

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cyberbullying.

answer

Spreading insults and rumors by means of e-mails, text messages, or Web postings is called:

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300

answer

High school guidance counselors in the United States have an average caseload of _____ students.

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Early Maturing Girls Formal Operational Thought High Risk Behaviors Hiv And Aids Part Time Work Positive Body Image Sexually Transmitted Disease Sexually Transmitted Infections Storm And Stress

Human D ch 11 – Flashcards 31 terms

Charlotte Small

31 terms

Preview

Human D ch 11 – Flashcards

question

Compared to the moods of school-age children and adults, the moods of adolescents are

answer

less stable

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Parent-adolescent disagreements focus largely on

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day-to-day matters

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Early-maturing girls are viewed as

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unpopular, withdrawn, and more likely to be involved in deviant behavior.

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Compared with African-American and Hispanic girls, Caucasian girls are

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more likely to internalize the cultural ideal of female attractiveness.

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During the growth spurt, males require about _____ calories daily, while females require _______ calories.

answer

2,700; 2,200

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Which of the following statements about anorexia nervosa is true?

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Anorexia nervosa occurs equally often among SES groups.

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Many bulimics are

answer

impulsive, sensation-seeking young people who lack self-control in many areas.

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Compared to their European and Canadian counterparts, U.S. youths

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become sexually active earlier.

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Research suggests that ________ and ________ are important contributors to homosexuality.

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genetic; prenatal biological influences

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Many gay, lesbian, or bisexual youths experience

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an inner struggle and a deep sense of isolation.

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True or False: Most students have only a limited understanding of STDs and how to avoid them

answer

True Most students have only a limited understanding of STDs and how to avoid them

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The number of American teenage births is lower than it was 50 years ago due to

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almost half of teen pregnancies ending in abortion

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Unmarried adolescent fathers...

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are less likely to remain in contact with their daughters than their sons.

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Adolescents who dabble in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are best described as

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psychologically healthy, sociable, and curious.

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When an adolescent becomes a drug abuser, __________ are generally needed to treat maladaptive parent-child relationships, impulsivity, low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.

answer

family and individual therapy

question

If you were asked to solve Piaget's pendulum problem, and you started by identifying all the factors that might affect the outcome and then systematically tested variations in the length of the string, the weight of the objects at the end of the string, and the height of the bar on which they hung, you would be showing evidence of

answer

hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

question

Which of the following propositions would a child under the age of 10 have trouble solving?

answer

If cats are larger than giraffes and giraffes are larger than mice, then cats are larger than mice.

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Information-processing researchers regard __________ as central to adolescent cognitive development.

answer

metacognition

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The best way to describe how scientific reasoning develops is

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gradually, as the result of many experiences.

question

give an example of an imaginary audience?

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When a fork falls off your tray in the cafeteria and clangs on the floor, you are certain that everyone is thinking how clumsy you are.

question

True or False: Boys and girls differ in general intelligence, but do not vary in specific mental abilities.

answer

False Boys and girls do not differ in general intelligence, but do vary in specific mental abilities.

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Girls are more likely than boys to ...

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blame their errors in math on lack of ability.

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What is a critical factor in eliminating gender differences in cognitive abilities?

answer

teaching girls how to think spatially

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Experiences like _____________ contribute to males' superior spatial performance.

answer

playing video games that require rapid mental rotation of visual images

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One explanation for why girls have a more difficult time with the transition from elementary school into junior high school is that

answer

the movement to junior high coincides with other life changes, like the onset of puberty and beginning to date.

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One way to ease students' adjustment to a school transition is to

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create smaller social units within large schools so that students have a closer relationship with their teachers and peers.

question

_________________ parenting is associated with higher grades, while ______________ parenting predicts the poorest grades.

answer

Authoritative; uninvolved

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Mr. and Mrs. Fischman keep tabs on their teenager's school progress and communicate with her teachers frequently. However, as their daughter moves into high school, they wonder whether they should decrease their level of involvement. What should you tell them?

answer

These efforts are just as important during high school as they were earlier.

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True or False: Being in a college track accelerates academic progress, but being assigned to a general education track decelerates it.

answer

True

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Many school dropouts show a persistent pattern of disruptive behavior and poor achievement, but

answer

a considerable number have just quietly disengaged from school

question

U.S. higher education rates

answer

rank among the highest in the world

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Early Maturing Girls Positive Body Image Primary Sexual Characteristics

HD Test 1 – Flashcard 86 terms

Sarah Taylor

86 terms

Preview

HD Test 1 – Flashcard

question

Puberty

answer

A flood of biological events leading to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity.

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causes of Puberty

answer

diet, weight, exercise, etc..

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Adolescence

answer

The transition between childhood and adulthood.

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What factors are taken into consideration into describing adolescence?

answer

biological (puberty) , environmental, social environment, cognitive development

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Physical growth of adolescent males

answer

-muscle growth, body and facial hair, shoulders broaden -growth complete by 17.5 -larger skeletal muscles

question

testes release what?

answer

androgen testosterone

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Physical growth of adolescent females.

answer

-Estrogen released by girls' ovaries -the breasts, uterus, and vagina to mature -hips broaden -fat is gained -regulation of the menstrual cycle. -Growth complete by age 16

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Only ___ percent of North American girls and __ percent of boys are active enough for good health.

answer

40, 50

question

A sharp raise in body weight can trigger?

answer

sexual maturation

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Identical Twins reach puberty?

answer

around the same time

question

Triggers of early and late puberty

answer

Athletic training, malnutrition, eating too little, family life,

question

Average age of menarche for females in North America?

answer

12.5

question

Average age of menarche for females in Western Europe?

answer

question

Average age of spermarche?

answer

13.5

question

Average age of onset of puberty for females?

answer

question

Average age of onset of puberty for males?

answer

11.5

question

Adolescents react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely.

answer

True

question

Females or males tell more about pubertal changes?

answer

females

question

How much sleep do adolescents need?

answer

8-9 hours

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adolescents perform poorly on ____ in the morning

answer

cognitive tasks

question

Which culture better prepares girls for menarche, treat it as an important milestone, and express less conflict over girls reaching sexual maturity

answer

African American

question

Advice for sexual talk

answer

-be open -non judgmental -answer all the questions -use appropriate terminology

question

4 Different Parental Styles

answer

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved

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high damandingness, high responsiveness

answer

Authoritative

question

high damandingness, low responsiveness

answer

Authoritarian

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low damandingness, high responsiveness

answer

Permissive

question

low damandingness, low responsiveness

answer

Uninvolved

question

Issues of parent-child conflicts?

answer

everyday matters. curfew, driving, dating

question

Characteristics of early and late maturers.

answer

-Early-maturing girls and late-maturing boys have difficulty b/c of extremes of physical development -feel out of place with their peers -Early-maturing adolescents seek out older companions -encouraged into activities they are not ready to handle emotionally" -sexual activity, drug and alcohol use, and minor delinquent acts.

question

Adolescents feel most comfortable with peers who . . .

answer

Match their own level of pubertal maturity.

question

The most common nutritional problem of adolescence is____ deficiency.

answer

iron

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Characteristics of those with eating disorders

answer

Not eating, eating a lot at once, extra trips to the bathroom, taking laxatives, underweight, obsessively exercising, high expectations of physical appearances, eroding of teeth enamel, other risky behaviors

question

treatment of eating disorders?

answer

family therapy, medication to reduce anxiety and neurotransmitter imbalances

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males account for _____ of people with eating disorders

answer

5-15%

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What type of intervention is the most affective for eating disorders?

answer

family therapy

question

North American attitudes towards sexual activity.

answer

-Sexual attitude is restrictive -parents avoid having meaningful talks with their children.

question

Percent of U.S. adolescents report having had sexual intercourse.

answer

over 50%

question

early sexual activity predicts what?

answer

delinquency, drug and alcohol use, lower academic achievement

question

Adolescents have highest rates of what?

answer

STDs

question

x/x sexually active teenagers contracts one of these illnesses each year

answer

1/6

question

_____ as easy for a male to infect a female with any STD

answer

twice

question

Characteristics of teenage mothers?

answer

-Less likely to graduate high school or to go on to college -know less about child development -low parental involvement -domestic violence -parental divorce -unmarried parenthood

question

Today's Challenge for teenage mothers versus past

answer

single mothers

question

Which substance do American adolescents experiment with most during high school?

answer

alcohol- 63%

question

Characteristics of a minimal drug experimenter?

answer

intelligent, curious, sociable

question

In adolescence, the speed of what increases?

answer

the speed of thinking and processing capacity increase

question

Adolescences will also see increase in ?

answer

knowledge and self regulation

question

Females do well academically in math and science but what decreases?

answer

self-confidence to perform in those subjects

question

High School dropout rate for US.

answer

10%

question

the Dropout rate is higher for what type of people?

answer

-minorities -poor -males

question

Piaget's Formal Operational Stage suggests that adolescents . .

answer

-can work with general logical rules and think hypothetically and abstractly

question

When does Piaget's Formal Operational Stage begin?

answer

question

Erikson's stage for adolescence

answer

Identity versus role confusion

question

Teenagers whose parents value achievement generally choose friends who share those values

answer

Teenagers whose parents value achievement generally choose friends who share those values

question

Identity Development stages

answer

Identity achievement, Identity moratorium, Identity foreclosure, Identity diffusion

question

committed to values and goals, sense of well-being, know where they are going

answer

Identity achievement

question

haven't made commitments, process of exploring, gathering info and trying activies with desire to find values and goals

answer

Identity moratorium

question

committed to values and goals without exploring. Accept a ready-made identity chosen for them by authority

answer

Identity foreclosure

question

lack direction, not committed and not trying to reach goals. Find tasks overwhelming

answer

Identity diffusion

question

Biculturally identified adolescents tend to have favorable relations with members of other ethnic groups.

answer

Biculturally identified adolescents tend to have favorable relations with members of other ethnic groups.

question

What introduces young people to social issues that broaden their perspective-taking opportunities?

answer

College

question

Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning.

answer

Preconventional, Conventional, Post conventional

question

children accept rules, morals are controlled by parents

answer

Preconventional

question

listen to social rules but don't view them for reasons for self-interest. Obeying the rules will keep positive relationships

answer

Conventional

question

understand morality based on their experiences

answer

Post conventional

question

Teenagers from which country are the most likely to report being religious?

answer

United States

question

The quality of the parent-child relationship is a predictor of what?

answer

mental health

question

Sibling rivalry ____ in high school years b/c trying to form own identities

answer

decrease

question

_____ provide foundation for future intimate relationships

answer

friendships

question

increased gender stereotyping of attitudes, behaviors

answer

Gender intensification

question

Gender intensification is stronger for _____ who feel less free to experiment with "other-gender"

answer

females

question

______ are psychologically healthier, more self-confident, willing to speak their own mind, better-liked by peers, and identity-achieved

answer

females

question

Those at risk for suicide

answer

gay and lesbian

question

Boys more likely to commit suicide by what ratio compared to girls

answer

3 or 4 to 1

question

Suicide is what number leading cause of death?

answer

third

question

Prevention of suicide?

answer

medication, gun control

question

Why are boys more likely than girls to be targets of delinquency?

answer

more active and impulsive, harder to control.

question

Prevention of delinquency?

answer

Authoritative parenting style

question

Androgynous gender identity

answer

straight, gay, transgender

question

linked to higher grades

answer

Authoritative parenting style

question

Autonomy

answer

sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual, not reliant on parents

question

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

answer

start with hypothesis, isolate and combine variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real world

question

able to think about possibilities of real world

answer

Idealism

question

focus of everyone's attention

answer

Imaginary audience

question

Certain that others are observing and thinking about them, teenagers develop an inflated opinion of their own importance - a feeling that they are special and unique.

answer

Personal fable

question

predicament in which people feel themselves at risk of confirming negative stereotyped about their social group

answer

Stereotype threat-

STUDY

Distorted Body Image Early Maturing Girls Psychology

Adolescent practice test – Flashcards 75 terms

Martha Hill

75 terms

Preview

Adolescent practice test – Flashcards

question

Which are, in general, the earliest changes that occur during pubertal growth?

answer

breast growth in females; growth of testes in males

question

Which of the following statements regarding body image is TRUE?

answer

African American adolescent girls are more likely to be satisfied with their bodies than are European American girls.

question

Professor Kendall has been researching adolescent maturation around the world. She is likely to find that all of the following contribute to the secular trend:

answer

nutrition, infectious diseases, sanitation.

question

Researchers have found that, with regard to adolescent sleep patterns:

answer

getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep a night is associated with poorer mental health and lower grades for adolescents.

question

Boys appear physically mature before they are actually capable of fathering a child.

answer

false

question

__________ is the leading cause of death among adolescents, but death due to _________ has shown the steepest rise over the past 10 years.

answer

auto accidents and other unintentional injuries; prescription drugs

question

Minority adolescents are at greater risk for developing health problems during adolescence than non-minority adolescents in part as a result of:

answer

inadequate access to health care

question

Which statement regarding adolescent cognitive development is true?

answer

-Maturation of the prefrontal cortex allows for complex activities such as planning, decision making, goal setting, and metacognition. -Pruning of the synapses leads to increases in cognitive abilities. -Changes in levels of neurotransmitters reduce sensitivity to reward, leading to an increase in sensation-seeking.

question

Scientists believe that much of the synaptic pruning that takes place in the frontal lobe during mid-adolescence is affected by:

answer

experience

question

According to research on behavioral decision theory, adolescents often decide to engage in behavior that seems risky to adults because adolescents:

answer

place a different value on the possible consequences than do adults.

question

Improved ability to regulate our emotions and coordinate our thoughts and feelings is due to:

answer

increased connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system

question

The part of the brain most important in the evaluation of risk and reward is the:

answer

orbitofrontal cortex

question

The extreme skepticism observed in many adolescents is most likely a result of:

answer

seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute

question

According to the textbook, the strategy that would be least likely to reduce adolescent risk taking is:

answer

classroom-based education programs designed to teach adolescents about the dangers of various activities

question

Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen. This change in Kaji's role and status may be referred to as:

answer

social redefinition.

question

. Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," characterized by all of these:

answer

-functioning as an independent person -exploring possible identities before making permanent choices -the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities

question

Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police, however, only arrested Jennifer for running away because for a minor, running away is considered:

answer

a status offense.

question

Societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the primary work activities tend to exhibit a more _____ transition between adolescence and adulthood.

answer

Continuous

question

Compared to the situation 50 years ago, today's transition to adulthood in the U.S. is:

answer

low on clarity and continuity

question

Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation and social disorganization, undermining a neighborhood's sense of:

answer

collective efficacy

question

Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is true?

answer

-Morals and values are shaped over a long period of time and therefore are less likely to be subject to disagreement between parents and their adolescents. -Personal tastes in music and clothing shift quickly and are likely to be influenced by peers rather than parents. -The generation gap between parents and adolescents is more likely to be noticed in such domains as music, clothing, and leisure activity than in matters such as ethics and morality.

question

Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______distant and _______emotionally intense.

answer

more; less

question

Studies support each of the following statements about gender differences in family relationships:

answer

-adolescents tend to be closer to their mothers -fathers are more likely to be perceived as relatively distant authority figures -the sex of the parent is more influential on gender differences in family relationships than the sex of the adolescents

question

Recent research indicates that authoritarian parenting may not be as harmful (and may have some benefits) for which group?

answer

ethnic minorities who live in dangerous neighborhoods.

question

The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is:

answer

the degree of conflict between parents.

question

Based on the research literature, which child would you expect to have the most immediate problems with a parental divorce?

answer

a young male child

question

Following a divorce, life tends to even out for parents and adolescents after approximately:

answer

2-3 years

question

The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons:

answer

-divorce is more commonplace. -families move residences every few years. -adolescents experience pressure from the mass media.

question

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.

answer

clique; crowd

question

By the end of high school, crowds:

answer

become less important to adolescents

question

The chief determinant of sociometric popularity in high school is:

answer

social competence.

question

Serena bumped into Josie in the cafeteria and the food on Josie's tray went all over her blouse. She immediately got angry, accused Serena of bumping her on purpose, and dumped Serena's tray, sending the food flying. Josie's reaction illustrates:

answer

reactive aggression and a hostile attribution bias

question

The most negative impact of bullying is on those who:

answer

are victims of it but don't see anyone else being victimized

question

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by a combination of:

answer

aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.

question

In terms of social status and peer acceptance, being labeled a 'nerd' or a 'brain' is not necessarily a bad thing. All of the following are related to higher social acceptance for nerds and brains:

answer

-participation in athletics -being outgoing and sociable -modesty about performing well in school

question

Gossiping serves no positive function for adolescents

answer

false

question

The average age of menarche in the U.S.

answer

12-13

question

The age of peak conformity

answer

question

When the full structural maturation of the prefrontal cortex is complete

answer

early adulthood

question

According to Piaget, most adolescents are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.

answer

formal operational

question

Changes in the limbic system involve levels of two neurotransmitters: _________________, which regulates the experience of reward, and ________________, which plays a role in the experience of different moods.

answer

dopamine, serotonin

question

Researchers who study peer relations refer to two different kinds of popularity: ________________ popularity which refers to how much status or prestige an adolescent has, and ______________ popularity which refers to how well-liked he or she actually is.

answer

perceived, sociometric

question

Baumrind characterized parenting styles as varying along two dimensions she called ____________ and ________.

answer

demandingness (or control), responsiveness (or warmth)

question

The parenting style that she found to be associated with better child outcomes is called ___________________.

answer

authoritative

question

Anti-delinquency programs that group antisocial youth together often backfire and actually end up increasing participants' problem behavior, an unintended negative effect referred to as an ___________________ effect.

answer

iatrogenic

question

_______________ Rising levels of leptin ___________________ Nutritional deficiencies _______________ Family conflict _______________ Father absence __________________ Peer pressure __________________ Excessive exercise

answer

accelerates, delays, accelerates, accelerates, neither, delays

question

Contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all of the following

answer

-later entry into adult work roles. -later entry into adult family roles. -earlier onset of puberty.

question

Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in 'emerging adulthood', which is characterized by all of the following

answer

-the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities. -functioning as an independent person. -exploring possible identities before making permanent choices.

question

Adolescence was not considered a distinct developmental period until:

answer

the industrial revolution.

question

Dr. Ralph argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the:

answer

inventionist perspective.

question

Which of the following is FALSE? A. Juveniles are more likely than adults to confess to a crime rather than remain silent. B. Juveniles are less likely than adults to discuss disagreements with their attorneys. C. Juveniles are less likely than adults to understand their rights when being questioned by the police. D. Nearly all juveniles under 15 years of age are competent to stand trial in a criminal proceeding.

answer

question

Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is:

answer

viewed as having potential benefit.

question

The Bar Mitzvah and Bas Mitzvah are contemporary examples of a traditional society's practice of:

answer

the accentuation of male and female differences.

question

Trestan feels older than most of the other kids in his grade. He is more likely to engage in all of the following activities:

answer

-spending more time with opposite-sex peers. -feeling more autonomous. -engaging in problem behavior.

question

Compared to the situation 50 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is:

answer

long and disorderly.

question

_______ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _______ are based on reputation rather than on actual social interaction.

answer

cliques; crowds

question

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:

answer

participant observation.

question

A(An) _______ is an individual who has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _______ is an individual who interacts with two or more peers who are members of cliques but who himself is not part of a clique.

answer

isolate; liaison

question

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:

answer

middle adolescence.

question

Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is NOT true of changes that take place in crowds?

answer

Their structure becomes more hierarchical.

question

Adolescent peer groups have been described as falling along two dimensions

answer

adult orientation; peer orientation

question

Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?

answer

Belle, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates

question

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following have been proposed as possible explanations for this phenomenon

answer

-attitudes toward other races. -differential levels of academic achievement. -socioeconomic influences.

question

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are most likely to have:

answer

had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood.

question

According to the textbook, all of the following are true about gangs/gang members

answer

-Gang members tend to have more emotional and behavioral problems than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members. -Gang members tend to be more isolated from their families. -Gangs are usually identified by name and common symbols.

question

Some critics of the No Child Left Behind act argued that it was having the unintended consequence of:

answer

providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school.

question

Mrs. McGonagall wants to provide the best educational opportunities for all of the students in her high school. As school principal, she should:

answer

keep remedial classes small, but not worry if other classes have as many as 40 students.

question

According to evidence cited in your book, the ideal size of a school for adolescents is about:

answer

600 to 900 students

question

Which of the following is NOT a benefit that small schools offer?

answer

more varied instruction.

question

According to the research (e.g., Jacquelynne Eccles), changes in school environment that occur when moving from elementary to middle school include all of the following

answer

-middle schools are larger and more impersonal. -middle school teachers are more likely to emphasize control and discipline. -teachers in middle schools are less likely to believe that students' abilities can be modified through instruction.

question

Which of the following statements about tracking is true?

answer

-Tracking procedures often discriminate against minority and poor students. -Tracking can cause hostility between students in different tracks. -Students who are tracked tend to socialize mainly with peers from the same academic group.

question

Which adolescent would be expected to have the most positive academic self-concept?

answer

Claudia, a gifted student who is integrated into the regular classroom.

question

By the 1960's, after Brown v. Board of Education, schools were called on to:

answer

implement desegregation programs.

question

Students from low-income neighborhoods perform better when they are placed in more socioeconomically diverse schools.

answer

true

question

According to your book, why do private school students academically outperform students at public schools?

answer

because of the characteristics of the students who attend private schools.

STUDY

Developmental Psychology Early Maturing Girls Elementary School Years Human Growth And Development Middle And Late Childhood Psychology

PSY 230 Test 3 Study Guide – Flashcards 163 terms

Karen Combs

163 terms

Preview

PSY 230 Test 3 Study Guide – Flashcards

question

Improvements in attention, memory, effortful and goal-directed thinking, and behavior have been linked to:

answer

aerobic exercise.

question

A shift in brain activation of school-age children from more diffuse to more focal areas in the prefrontal cortex was linked to:

answer

increased cognitive efficiency and cognitive control.

question

According to recent studies, exercising ________ times a week for 60 minutes was effective in lowering both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

answer

three

question

All of the following are associated with childhood obesity in the United States EXCEPT:

answer

the part of the country where the child lives.

question

Comparing data from 2009-2010 to that from 2011-2012, the percent of two- to five-year-olds who were obese ________, while the percent of U.S. 6- to 11-year-olds

answer

decreased; stayed the same

question

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of ________ inches a year until age 11, with the average sized ________ being taller than the average sized ________.

answer

two to three; girl; boy

question

In terms of brain development in school-age children, synaptic pruning is part of the shift in activation from:

answer

larger diffuse areas to smaller focal areas.

question

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper, something she could not do at age three. What BEST accounts for her improving dexterity?

answer

Increased myelination of the central nervous system

question

Kim's mom wants to help her daughter succeed in school. To boost and maintain Kim's intellectual development, her mother should do all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

let Kim exercise alone rather than exercise with her.

question

On average, children gain ________ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.

answer

5 to 7

question

Which was the largest group of students with a disability to be served by federal programs and receive special education in the 2011-2012 school year?

answer

Students with a learning disability

question

________ children with a learning disability have a reading problem

answer

Most

question

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that:

answer

all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education.

question

What causes the autism spectrum disorders?

answer

A brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters

question

Which of the following is NOT a trend in body growth for children in middle and late childhood?

answer

They triple their strength capacity.

question

Jeff's son is trying to learn the names of the five great lakes in the United States. While going over them Jeff points out that the first letter of each lake can be organized to spell "HOMES," so his son starts repeating the names in that order. Jeff was successful in:

answer

embedding memory-relevant language.

question

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory

answer

Concrete operational stage

question

In terms of a mathematical relationship, a person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100, would indicate that person's:

answer

intelligence quotient.

question

Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer than B and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is:

answer

transitivity.

question

If Sergio's mental age is eight, but his chronological age is nine, we would say that Sergio's IQ is

answer

below average.

question

Cassidy is a teacher who loves to try Piagetian questions on her young son. One day in the car she asked him who the fastest runners in his class were. To confirm she asked, "Kevin is faster than Bill, right?" and later she asked, "Nate is faster than Kevin, right?" Waiting a while, she asked, "Is Nate or Bill faster?" She smiled when her son said, "________," because he was demonstrating ________.

answer

Bill; seriation

question

By age five or six, children usually know all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

related items are easier to remember than unrelated ones.

question

Daryl quizzed his roommate's creativity by asking, "How many different uses for a newspaper can you come up with?" This is a test of:

answer

divergent thinking.

question

Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of ________, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as size or length.

answer

seriation

question

Her mother noticed Karlee was giving her full attention to her crayons, placing them on the table from the tallest down to the shortest. Karlee is fascinated with her new skill of ________.

answer

seriation

question

According to the fuzzy trace theory, the ________ consists of the precise details of the information.

answer

verbatim memory trace

question

Amber is given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Her mental age is determined to be 14 and her chronological age is 10. Which of the following can be said about Amber?

answer

Her IQ score is above the majority of the population.

question

Luis's grandfather decided to challenge Luis to a game. He placed coins on the table and asked his grandson to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. This game is testing the Piagetian concept of:

answer

seriation.

question

According to Sternberg, someone who scores high on traditional IQ tests and has high grades in school is also high in ________ intelligence.

answer

analytical

question

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development emphasizes a child's ability to reason logically and to mentally reverse actions by using the term ________, while also emphasizing that the child can only apply this reasoning to specific, often physical examples by using the term ________.

answer

operational; concrete

question

With regard to the cognitive development theory, Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from approximately ________ years of age.

answer

7 to 11

question

According to Howard Gardner, successful theologians and psychologists are most likely to have high levels of which type of intelligence?

answer

Intrapersonal

question

Expertise in an area brings all the following characteristics EXCEPT:

answer

an increased ability to gain expertise in entirely different areas.

question

________ develop(s) more rapidly during early childhood, and ________ develop(s) more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

answer

Short-term memory; long-term memory

question

A process called ________ involves understanding how to use language in culturally appropriate ways.

answer

pragmatics

question

Mental age (MA) is:

answer

an individual's level of mental development relative to others.

question

At Jackson Elementary, children are taught to read by learning to recognize entire words and sentences and to use the context words that are used in the text to guess their meaning. Their reading material consists of stories, poems, and later, newspapers and magazines. This school is using the ________ approach to reading instruction.

answer

whole-language

question

Which of the following statements about the effect of genetics on intelligence is TRUE?

answer

Studies of fraternal and identical twins suggest a low correlation between genetics and intelligence.

question

Self-control/inhibition, working memory, and flexibility are all dimensions of:

answer

executive function.

question

Voletta does more than just memorize and give back information in the way it was given to her. Rather, she thinks productively and reviews, connects, and reflects as a means of evaluating evidence. This means that she is engaging in:

answer

critical thinking.

question

Which of the following statements represents the current thinking among increasing numbers of experts in the field of reading?

answer

Direct instruction in phonics is a key aspect of learning to read.

question

Which of the following statements about children who are bilingual is NOT true?

answer

Children who are bilingual are less conscious of the structure of spoken language than children who speak only one language.

question

Between ages 6 and 11 years, a child's vocabulary size typically grows from:

answer

14,000 to 40,000 words.

question

Which of the following is TRUE about second-language learning?

answer

For adolescents and adults, new vocabulary is easier to learn than new sounds or new grammar.

question

Dual-language instruction, formerly known as bilingual education, involves:

answer

a teacher speaking both English and the native language of the learner during instruction.

question

Which of the following improves considerably during the elementary school years, allowing for advances in vocabulary and grammar?

answer

Metalinguistic awareness

question

Louise is teaching her son to read by telling him the sound that each letter of the alphabet stands for. As he makes the sounds he begins to form words, and then smiles when he recognizes the written version of a word he uses all the time. What approach is his mother using?

answer

phonics

question

Recent studies have found that for ELLs (English Language Learners), the most effective approach is:

answer

dual-language learning.

question

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this?

answer

They may get upset easily when they lose a competition or receive a critique of their performance.

question

According to Erik Erikson, parents who continually see their children's efforts at making things as "mischief" or "making a mess," and communicate this to their children often, will tend to foster a sense of ________ in their children.

answer

inferiority

question

Kohlberg believed that development from one moral stage to the next was prompted by opportunities for perspective taking and:

answer

the conflict between an individual's current stage and the challenge posed by reasoning from someone at a higher level.

question

In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to:

answer

compare themselves with others.

question

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests but also let others do the same?

answer

Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

question

Children and adolescents who choose their actions based on wanting to be seen as "good girls" or "good boys" by the important people in their lives are displaying:

answer

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity.

question

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called:

answer

industry versus inferiority.

question

Consistently praising children for mediocre or even poor performance can lead to ________, which may cause children with ________ self-esteem to avoid important learning experiences.

answer

an inflated self-esteem; low

question

During the elementary years, a child's self-understanding includes increasing references to all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

physical characteristics.

question

Which of the following was NOT listed as an important change in the emotional development of school-age children?

answer

Ability to move quickly from one emotion to another

question

Mariel wants to know how everything works, and if you aren't keeping an eye on her, she will start taking things apart to see what's inside. If there is a knob to turn or door to open, she will do it! Mariel is typical of a child developing what Erik Erikson called:

answer

industry.

question

Which of the following statements about self-regulation is FALSE?

answer

It is characterized by an impulsiveness to perform challenging tasks.

question

Sarah is listening to her parents debate the morality of stealing items from already destroyed businesses during a natural disaster. They are discussing the importance of maintaining law and order when faced with stealing food or medicines to survive. Kohlberg would say this debate reflects thinking in the ________ stage.

answer

social contract or utility and individual rights

question

Which of the following statements about perspective taking is FALSE?

answer

As perspective-taking abilities increase, children's level of skepticism of others' claims decreases.

question

The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is:

answer

moderate

question

Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is FALSE?

answer

Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes.

question

Which of the following is TRUE of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy?

answer

They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.

question

Which of the following is not true regarding gender differences in the use of aggression?

answer

Girls report experiencing and expressing more anger than boys.

question

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the differences in helping behavior of males versus females?

answer

Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature.

question

Which of the following is not true regarding gender and school contexts?

answer

Boys get better grades.

question

Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls?

answer

Belittled about religion or race

question

Among the types of sociometric statuses, ________ and ________ children are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend.

answer

rejected; neglected

question

Which of the following statements about peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood is TRUE?

answer

Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately 30% of their time with peers

question

Which of the following is the approach of the bullying intervention program created by Dan Olweus?

answer

Decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying

question

Bullies often:

answer

are in the same class as their victims.

question

Which of the following is the MOST frequent type of bullying among girls?

answer

Subject of sexual comments or gestures

question

Ella looks forward to Sophia coming to visit. Sophia always has interesting stories to tell and often brings a book or a new toy. Ella is looking forward to the ________ part of friendship.

answer

companionship

question

Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

answer

Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis

question

In one analysis, ________ of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems, compared with ________ in intact, never-divorced families.

answer

25%; 10%

question

Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because Andy is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says that Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny describing?

answer

Stimulation and ego support

question

Which of the following is FALSE regarding stepfamilies?

answer

There are more infants and preschool children in stepfamilies than older children.

question

Kathryn Kerns and her colleagues have found that during the middle and late childhood years, ________ is associated with a lower level of internalized symptoms, anxiety, and depression in children.

answer

secure attachment

question

Which of the following is FALSE regarding developmental changes in parent-child relationships?

answer

Elementary school children tend to receive more physical discipline than they did as preschoolers.

question

Which of the following is FALSE regarding bullying?

answer

Having support friends does not lower the level of bullying.

question

Researchers have found that family management practices are positively related to:

answer

students' grades and self-responsibility.

question

While researching the reasons for the large cross-cultural differences in math and science scores, Stevenson and his colleagues observed that more than ________ of total classroom time in the first grade was spent on math instruction in Japan, compared with only ________ of the time in the U.S. first-grade classrooms.

answer

one-fourth; one-tenth

question

According to Pomerantz, differences in academic achievement between students in the United States and China is primarily a function of:

answer

parental involvement.

question

Which of the following results do advocates of statewide standardized testing argue will be positive outcomes of the testing?

answer

Increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested

question

Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a:

answer

direct instruction approach.

question

What is the result of the public and government demand for increased accountability from schools?

answer

The spread of state-mandated tests to assess what students had or had not learned

question

Which of the following is usually not true for students who live in poverty and their schools?

answer

They receive a high percentage of government money for teaching materials.

question

Melanie and Derek are planning to move to a new home, and are strongly considering different school options for their children. Melanie wants her children to be active learners who can think creatively and critically. She also wants a student-centered approach. Melanie is looking for a:

answer

constructivist approach.

question

Mr. Trahan teaches English from a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is LEAST likely that the students will be:

answer

memorizing important Shakespearean quotes.

question

Those who support the Common Core Standards and mandatory standardized testing in each state were worried by data indicating that many states were:

answer

keeping their choice of a passing grade very low.

question

The Every Student Succeeds Act has made all of the following changes to the previous No Child Left Behind law EXCEPT:

answer

increasing the use and frequency of standardized tests.

question

________ is a brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that occur in this period of development.

answer

Puberty

question

A girl's first menstruati

answer

menarch; late

question

Which statement is TRUE of adolescents, gender differences, and body image?

answer

Both boys and girls become more positive about their bodies as they move through puberty.

question

In the United States, the average age of menarche has ________ since the mid-nineteenth century.

answer

declined significantly

question

Which of the following was found to offer a protective factor against early sexual intercourse?

answer

Academic achievement

question

Over the last two decades, for adolescents age 15 to 19, the frequency of sexual intercourse, being sexually active, and having sexual intercourse with four or more partners has:

answer

decreased.

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty for both boys and girls.

question

The ________, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.

answer

corpus callosum

question

Which of the following statements about the timing and variations in puberty is TRUE?

answer

For girls, menarche is considered within the normal range if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15.

question

The endocrine system's role in puberty involves the interaction of the:

answer

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads.

question

Which of the following is typically the last male pubertal characteristic to occur?

answer

Maximum growth in height and weight

question

The neurotransmitter associated with risk taking and use of addictive drugs is:

answer

dopamine.

question

Which of the following brain linkages would be the last to reach maturity?

answer

Planning

question

The textbook author would agree with all of the following statements about adolescents except that:

answer

too many adolescents are lacking opportunities to become competent adults.

question

Which is TRUE regarding the development of sexual identity in gay and lesbian youth?

answer

Gay and lesbian youth do not follow a predictable pattern in developing their sexual identity.

question

Since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has ________ to the current level where suicide accounts for ________ of the deaths among adolescents 15 to 19 years old

answer

tripled; 12%

question

0 out of 0 points The National Sleep Foundation survey of adolescents found that inadequate sleep on school nights was related to all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

eating more.

question

________ is the illicit drug most widely used in the United States, and its use by adolescents increased from 2008 to 2011.

answer

Marijuana

question

According to the study by Lloyd Johnston and his colleagues at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan monitoring the drug use of America's high school seniors in a wide range of public and private high schools, the percentage of illicit drug use:

answer

has declined since the late 1990s.

question

Diego is worried and afraid every time his daughter leaves in a car with one of her friends. He knows among car accidents, the most prevalent is:

answer

intoxication while driving.

question

Mary Carskadon and her colleagues concluded from their research of the sleep patterns of U.S. adolescents that:

answer

early school starting times may be linked to negative outcomes for adolescents.

question

Nazeer is very concerned about his son. He just saw some statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics, published in 2014, that show that ________ is the second-leading cause of death, especially among African American males.

answer

homicide

question

Mary Carskadon and her colleagues' research on adolescent sleep patterns found that:

answer

when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night.

question

National data indicate that the percentage of overweight U.S. 12- to 19-year-olds increased from ________ to ________, from the early 1990s to 2011-2012.

answer

11%; 21%

question

Myron is concerned that his son is not getting enough exercise, particularly for a teenager. After some research, Myron finds that the U.S. federal government's exercise recommendations for adolescents are a:

answer

minimum of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise per day.

question

The Carnegie Foundation evaluated U.S. middle schools and recommended that:

answer

smaller "communities" or "houses" should be developed to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools.

question

Abe is giving his children some brain teaser challenges. He asked, "If a smot is bigger than a hek, a kom is bigger than duj, and a smot is bigger than a kom, then which is bigger: a hek or a duj?" His younger child wants to draw pictures of each item, but his older child can do it mentally. His younger child is ________, while his older child is ________.

answer

concrete operational; formal operational

question

Service learning is often more effective when two conditions are met: (1) giving students some degree of choice in the service activities in which they participate, and (2) ________.

answer

providing students opportunities to reflect about their participation

question

According to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent:

answer

egocentrism.

question

Peter and Roland are trying to figure out if they can mow the yard before they go to soccer practice. Peter says, "Let's just try it." Roland says, "We can figure this out. Walk with the mower across the yard and I'll time you. Then we'll estimate how may swipes it will take and get a total time." Roland is thinking like someone using

answer

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

question

According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ________ stage, begins.

answer

formal operational

question

Leila, age 14, feels that nobody understands her, especially her parents and teachers. Leila's feelings reflect the ________ aspect of an adolescent's egocentrism.

answer

Personal fable

question

Attention-seeking behaviors, such as desires to be noticed, are motivated by the adolescent characteristic called:

answer

imaginary audience

question

Kamal, now able to think abstractly, has taken an interest in politics. He realizes the potential in individuals and the many good things large groups of people might accomplish. Using Piaget's terms, Kamal is showing ________.

answer

idealism

question

Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school today because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. "I can't let everyone see me this way," she thinks. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?

answer

Imaginary audience

question

Gabriel said to his son, "I can tell you are getting smarter because you can talk about things like democracy and freedom in a more philosophical way." Basically, Gabriel is saying his son is capable of:

answer

abstract thinking.

question

A recent meta-analysis showed that higher levels of parental monitoring and rule enforcement were linked to:

answer

greater use of condoms and later initiation of sexual intercourse.

question

The lowest school dropout rate in the United States in 2013 occurred for:

answer

Asian Americans.

question

Which of the following is a concern related to U.S. high school education?

answer

Fostering of passivity in students

question

The most effective programs that discourage dropping out of high school include:

answer

early reading programs

question

Two teachers are discussing lesson plans for first-grade students. One teacher asks, "What do you think about a unit on motivation and ambition?" The other replied, "We need to be careful with that because our students are not yet ________.

answer

abstract thinking

question

Abigail's parents own a small restaurant. She has helped out and worked there for as long as she can remember. Her father keeps saying that Abigail will eventually run the business side and her brother, Anthony, will run the kitchen. Abigail has accepted this for her future, knowing it would devastate her parents if she didn't. Abigail is displaying:

answer

identity foreclosure.

question

Cala is proud of her Arabic heritage. She enjoys the art, food, and culture, and plans to pass it along to her children some day. As Cala realizes this is important to her, Erikson would say she is building her sense of:

answer

identity.

question

Conflict with parents often escalates during ________ and lessens as the adolescent reaches age ________ or soon after.

answer

early adolescence; 17

question

Jayden never seems to care about anything. He doesn't have a plan for what to do after high school, saying he'll figure that out after graduation. He tries to take the easiest classes and uses his free time to play video games. Jayden is displaying:

answer

identity diffusion.

question

Leopold enjoys his life and gets excited about any new opportunity. He really enjoyed biology last year, so he proclaimed he wanted to be a doctor. Over the summer he had an opportunity to fly in a small plane, and promptly announced he wanted to be a pilot and study aerodynamics. Erikson would predict that this trend should continue as long as Leopold is in:

answer

psychosocial moratorium

question

Ms. Kroger asked her tenth-grade class to write an essay to answer the question, "If someone could only know three things about you, what would they be?" By asking her students to choose their most important personal characteristics and explain why those things are important, she is asking them to work with Erikson's stage of:

answer

identity versus identity confusion.

question

Noah is a happy guy who makes jokes about everything. While his friends are researching colleges and careers, Noah prefers to spend time on his motorcycle. Everyone keeps telling him that he should be concerned about the future, but he really never thinks much beyond the next few weeks. Noah is displaying:

answer

identity diffusion.

question

Researchers find that a positive ethnic identity is related to ________ for minority adolescents.

answer

lower substance abuse

question

Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades. Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would:

answer

be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities.

question

Tea, a Latina female, retains many of her family's customs and attitudes, but also has embraced many of the attitudes expressed by her non-Latino white peers. Tea has developed a:

answer

bicultural identity.

question

The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that:

answer

in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.

question

The old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that:

answer

as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents

question

Which of the following statements about identity development is TRUE?

answer

Identity development is a lifelong process of adjustments.

question

________ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives, whereas ________ is one's personal investment in identity.

answer

Crisis; commitment

question

A recent study of 8- to 12-year-old girls found that a higher level of media multitasking was linked to:

answer

negative social well-being.

question

A study of 200 tenth-graders revealed that:

answer

having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency.

question

According to a recent meta-analysis, which of the following program types was linked to a reduction in recidivism for juvenile offenders?

answer

family treatment

question

At which grade level does conformity to peers, particularly to their antisocial standards, peak?

answer

Eighth and ninth grades

question

By about age 15, adolescent females have a rate of depression that is ________ that of adolescent males.

answer

double

question

In terms of adolescents developing romantic relationships, early bloomers are those who are in or have been in a relationship at age ________ or younger, and late bloomers are those who have not had a relationship that lasted more than four months by age ________.

answer

13; 17

question

Stefan and Martina are preparing to graduate from high school and go to the same college. They have been in a stable relationship for 14 months. They are in the ________ stage of developing romantic relationships in adolescence.

answer

consolidating dyadic romantic bonds

question

Sullivan argued that the need for social ________ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.

answer

intimacy

question

The 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey found that 11- to 14-year-olds were engaging with media approximately ________ hours a week.

answer

question

The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is:

answer

a high school graduation ceremony.

question

The immigrant risk model and immigrant paradox model differ in terms of predicting the ________ of adolescents in immigrant families.

answer

level of well-being

question

The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is:

answer

a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).

question

Which of the following statements about gender differences around the world is TRUE?

answer

Gender differences in sexual expression and educational opportunities appear to be narrowing over time.

question

Which of the following statements about juvenile delinquency is TRUE?

answer

Males have higher delinquency rates than females.

question

Which of the following was NOT one of the common components of programs that have been successful in preventing or reducing adolescent problems?

answer

Integrate law enforcement into high-risk schools

STUDY

Abnormal Psychology Early Maturing Girls Genetics Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning Problem Solving Ability Psychology

PSY FINAL – Flashcard Test Answers 76 terms

James Storer

76 terms

Preview

PSY FINAL – Flashcard Test Answers

question

_____ is a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily change.

answer

Pubety

question

According to Plato, ___ appears in adolescence.

answer

Reason

question

G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a period of...

answer

Considerable turmoil.

question

Historians believe the concept of adolescence was first formed from ____; they now call this period the "age of adolescence."

answer

1890 to 1920

question

Psychologists such as Peter Benson believe that U.S. social policies...

answer

place too much empasis on developmental deficits of youth and not enouogh on strengths.

question

According to statistics from 2006, approximately ____% of children and adolescents in the United States are living in poverty.

answer

22%

question

Which of the following characterizes emerging adulthood? A) It occurs when the individual is about 16-22 yrs old B) It is a period when most people are financially self-sufficient. C) Most people get married during this developmental period. D) It is a period of experimentation and exploration.

answer

D) It is a period of experimentation and exploration.

question

Jeffery Arnett concluded that five key features characterize emerging adulthood: exploring one's identity, experienceing instability, feeling in-between, sensing an age of possibilities, and ____.

answer

Being self-focused

question

Piaget's theory is a ____ developmental theory with ___ stages

answer

Cognitive; four

question

Puberty takes place between ages ____ for most youth.

answer

9 and 16

question

Chemical substances that are secreted by the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream are known as...

answer

Hormones

question

Vygotsky stressed the role of _____ on cognitive development. A) Interaction with others B) Cooperative activities C) Social influences D) All of these

answer

D) All of these

question

Robert Sternberg's beliefs about wisdom focus on a balance between ____ and ____.

answer

Self interest; interests of others.

question

____ are the main class of sex hormones in males; and ___ are the main class of female sex hormones.

answer

Androgens; estrogens

question

Which of the following concepts has been attributed to Jean Piaget? A) Children as active knowers B) Adaptation C) Use of schemes to organize our experiences D) All of these

answer

D) All of these

question

Carl Rogers argued that a strong discrepancy between the real aself and the ideal self is a sign of....

answer

Maladjustment

question

Researcher Labouvie-Vief asserts that the development of a coherent, integrated worldview does not happen until which ages?

answer

30-39

question

Erikson called the gap between the security of childhood and adult autonomy a....

answer

Psychosocial moratorium.

question

Individuals who are about the same age or maturity level are called....

answer

Peers

question

Which of the following theorists stressed that it is through peer interaction that adolescents learn the symmetrical reciprocal mode of relationships? A) George Kelly B) Melanie Klein C) Harry Stack Sullivan D) Viktor Frankel

answer

C) Harry Stack Sullivan

question

Research on premarital education has shown all of the following to be true EXCEPT A) Premarital education has been linked to lower rates of divorce. B) Premarital education has been linked to lower levels of destructive marital conflict. C) Premarital education is best if the couple begins classes at least a year before the marriage. D) Premarital education focuses on relationship advice.

answer

C) Premarital education is best if the couple begins classes at least a year before the marriage.

question

The most influential theorist in the study of adolescent friendship has been....

answer

Harry Stack Sullivan.

question

The key concept in understanding Kohlberg's theory of moral development is...

answer

internalization

question

The two stages of Kohlberg's preconventional reasons level are individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange, and...

answer

Punishment and obedience orientation

question

Which of the following is good advice for parents and emerging adult children who are considering living together? A) Agree on conditions ahead of time B) Treat each other as adults C) Address and concerns that arise before hard feelings develop D) All of these are good advice

answer

D) All of these are good advice

question

The two ethnic groups that tend to place the largest emphasis on family duty and obligation are Asian Americans and...

answer

Latinos

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic socail needs identified by Harry Stack Sullivan? A) Need for secure attachment B) Need for competitive companionship C) Need for intimacy D) Need for social acceptance

answer

B) Need for competitive companionship

question

In the Murian culture of Eastern India, children live...

answer

In dormitories from age 6 until marriage.

question

Which of the following statements about peer groups across the world is TRUE? A) Street youth rely on peer networks for survival. B) In cultures where peer interaction is limited, adolescents rely more on the advice of parents. C) The peer group is more important to Japanese adolescents than to adolescents in the United States. D) In Sub-Saharan Africa, peers are not an important aspect of adolescents' lives.

answer

A) Street youth rely on peer networks for survival

question

Which of the following statements regarding the constructivist view of student learning is TRUE? A) It is learner-centered B) Individuals actively construct their knowledge. C) Teachers are guides to learning. D) All of these are true

answer

D) All of these are true

question

The U.S. government's effort to hold schools accountable for the success or failure of their students is called the ____ initiative

answer

No Child Left Behind

question

Which of the following statements about the transition from high school to college is NOT true? A) There is an increased focus on achievement and performance. B) The transition to college usually involved moving to a more personal setting. C) Students have more time to spend with peers in college. D) Students have more opportunities to explore different values in college

answer

B) The transition to college usually involved moving to a more personal setting.

question

The largest group of U.S. students to receive special education is children with...

answer

learning disabilities

question

Adolescents who are gifted have a superior talent in some domain and/or...

answer

have an above-normal average IQ, usually 130 or higher

question

Rewards and punishments are______ in adolescents' motivation.

answer

Extrinsic factors

question

Which psychological approaches stress the importance of intrnsic motivation in achievement?

answer

Humanistic approaches

question

Which of the following is NOT true of individuals who score highly on John Holland's realistic career-personality type? A) They like working in manual activities B) They prefer to work with others rather than alone. C) They have difficulty in demanding situations D) They like the outdoors

answer

B) They prefer to work with others rather than alone

question

The top-dog phenomenon occurs when...

answer

students go from being the most powerful in a school to the least powerful in a new, higher-level school.

question

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funds dropout-reduction programs that emphasize which strategy?

answer

Keeping at-risk students with the same teachers through their high school years

question

Which approach emphasizes that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce the problems that adolescents, emerging adults, and people of other ages develop?

answer

The Biospsychosocial approach

question

Research by Alan Sroufe and colleagues found that anxiety problems in adolescence are linked with...

answer

Insecure resistant attachment in infancy.

question

Research by Alan Sroufe and colleagues has shown a link between avoidant attachment in infancy and _____ in adolescence.

answer

Conduct problems

question

The behavioral problems that most likely cause adolescents to be referred to a clinic for mental health treatments are...

answer

feelings of sadness or depression

question

Which of the following statements about being overweight is TRUE? A) Being overweight as a child is a strong predictor of being overweight as an adolescent. B) Numbers of overweight emerging adults, as well as children and adolescents, have increased recently. C) African American girls and Latino boys have especially high rates of being overweight in adolescence D) All of these are true

answer

D) ALl of these are true

question

Which of the following is the BEST way to treat depression in adolescence? A) Cognitive behavioral therapy B) Antidepressent medication C) A Combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication D) Psychoanalytic therapy

answer

C) A combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication

question

Suicide is the ____ leading cause of death in 10-19-year-olds in the US

answer

Third

question

Addictive drugs, such as heroin, that cause a feeling of euphoria and pain relief, are known as...

answer

opiates

question

Which of the following drugs is a prescription painkiller?A) Vicodin B) Vitorin C) Heroin D) Lovaza

answer

B) Viorin

question

The "I Have a Dream" Program is designed to...

answer

prevent students from dropping out of school.

question

ADHD is categorized as...

answer

a disability

question

A learning disability can involved all of the following EXCEPT difficulty with A) Math B) Reading C) Spelling D) Music

answer

D) Music

question

Recent research has shown that in many families around the world today, children are likely to be reared...

answer

in a manner that combines individualistic and collectivist ways.

question

In the US an event that comes closest to culture-wide rite of passage is...

answer

High-school graduation

question

Wes takes a career-personality test that says that he would be best suited for a career as a farmer, truck driver, or pilot. These careers match which of the career-related personality types identified by John Holland?

answer

Realistic

question

The two main approaches to student learning are constructivist and...

answer

direct instruction

question

The transition to middle school or junior high school is stressful because...

answer

many changes are taking place at the same time.

question

Individuals who have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell have a type of learning disability known as...

answer

dyslexia

question

ADHD is best treated with...

answer

medication and behavior management

question

A written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored for children or adolescents with a disability is called...

answer

an individualized education plan.

question

Educating a child or adolescent with special education needs in the regular classroom fulltime is called...

answer

inclusion.

question

Which of the following is NOT true of adolescents and achievement? A) Adolescence is a critical juncture in achievement. B) As demands on adolescents intensify, different areas of their lives may come into conflict. C) Adolescents' achievement is primarily due to their intellectual abilities. D) New academic and social pressures force adolescents toward different roles.

answer

C) Adolescents' achievement is primarily due to their intellectual abilities

question

Self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort are all _____ in adolescents' motivation.

answer

Intrinsic factors

question

Which of the following is NOT a social context in career development? A) Socioeconomic status B) Geographical location C) Influences of parents D) Influences of peers

answer

B) Geographical location

question

Which of the following is NOT one of career-related personality types identified by John Holland? A) Professional B) Realistic C) Social D) Conventional

answer

A) Professional

question

Holland's personality types are incorporated into the _____, a widely used measure in career guidance.

answer

The Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory

question

The tendency to facor one's own cultural group over other groups is known as

answer

Ethnocentrism

question

In individualistic cultures, which of the following in NOT one of the four beliefs that parents have identified as necessary for adolescent autonomy? A) Personal choice B) Extrinsic motivation C) Self-esteem D) Self-maximization

answer

B) Extrinsic motivation

question

Which of the following is one of the three values that reflect parents' beliefs in collectivist cultures? A) Respect and obedience B) Competitiveness C) Personal choice D) Intrinsic motivation

answer

A) Respect and obedience.

question

Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to a grouping of people who are similar in all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A) Ethnicity B) Economic C) Educational D) Occupational

answer

A) Ethnicity

question

Immigrants from different ethnicity have different A) Reasons for migrating B) Socioeconomic backgrounds C) Social and historical backgrounds D) All of these

answer

D) All of these

question

Which of the following results was found in a recent study of participants in online teen chat rooms?

answer

Younger participants (10-13) disclosed the most about their identity.

question

Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychological factor in an adolescent's problems?

answer

Socioeconomic status

question

Peers and _____ influences are believed to be especially important factors in adolescent problems.

answer

Family

question

Variations in the psychological problems that adolescents experience across cultures are linked to all of the following EXCEPT

answer

Geographic location of the culture.

question

DISCUSSION QUESTION Refer to pages 469-471. Be able to describe some problems and disorders that characterize adolescents and emerging adults in at least 10 sentences. It needs to include drug use, juvenile delinquence, depression and suicide and eating disorders.

answer

question

DISCUSSION QUESTION Refer to page 438-441. Be able to describe what might cause stress for an adolescent. What are ways they deal with it. Be sure to mention coping including the different kinds of coping. What are other ways to get rid of stress? At least 10 sentences.

answer

STUDY

Developmental Psychology Early Maturing Girls Educational Psychology Life Span Development Storm And Stress

Lifespan-Chapters 9-14 – Flashcards 80 terms

Rebecca Baker

80 terms

Preview

Lifespan-Chapters 9-14 – Flashcards

question

In this type of classroom, the teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making and does most of the talking.

answer

Traditional Classroom

question

In this type of classroom, children are encouraged to construct their own knowledge.

answer

Constructivist classroom

question

In this type of classroom, children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings.

answer

Social-constructivist classroom

question

A teacher and two to four students form a collaborative group and take turns leading dialogues on the content of a text passage.

answer

Reciprocal teaching

question

Children may adopt teachers' positive or negative views and start to live up to them.

answer

Educational self-fulfilling prophecies

question

Students with learning difficulties are placed in regular classrooms for part of the school day, a practice designed to prepare them for participation in society.

answer

Mainstreaming

question

Placement in regular classrooms full time.

answer

Full inclusion

question

Poverty is a poor predictor of health during the school years.

answer

False

question

Today, 15 percent of Canadian and 16 percent of American children are obese.

answer

True

question

Research shows that heredity, not environment, is the primary cause of obesity.

answer

False

question

By middle childhood, obese children report more emotional, social, and school difficulties and display more behavior problems than their normal-weight peers.

answer

True

question

Boys, African-American children, and children who were born underweight, whose parents smoke, or who live in poverty are at greatest risk for asthma.

answer

True

question

Children experience a somewhat lower rate of illness during the first two years of elementary school than later.

answer

False

question

Both body growth and more efficient information processing play a role in improved motor performance in school-age children.

answer

True

question

In middle childhood, boys outperform girls in skipping, jumping, and hopping.

answer

False

question

Research indicates that participation in organized sports contributes to low self-esteem for most children.

answer

False

question

Children's rough and tumble play resembles the social behavior of many other young mammals.

answer

True

question

Student with IQs between 55 and 70 who show problems in adaptive behavior, or skills of everyday living.

answer

Mild mental retardation

question

Children who have great difficulty with one or more aspects of learning, usually reading.

answer

Learning disabilities

question

Children who display exceptional intellectual strength.

answer

Gifted

question

The ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate--something others have not thought of that is useful in some way.

answer

Creativity

question

The generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem.

answer

Divergent Thinking

question

Thinking that involves arriving at a single correct answer and is emphasized on intelligence tests.

answer

Convergent thinking

question

Outstanding performance in a specific field.

answer

Talent

question

As in early childhood, an adult must be present for a school-age child to feel pride or guilt.

answer

False

question

Research shows that guilt motivates children to take on further challenges.

answer

False

question

An appreciation of mixed emotions helps children realize that people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings.

answer

True

question

In problem-centered coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.

answer

True

question

When outcomes are beyond their control (e.g., after receiving a bad grade), school-age children opt for a distraction or try to redefine the situation.

answer

True

question

Emotional self-efficacy fosters a favorable image and an optimistic outlook.

answer

True

question

Although emotionally well-regulated children are upbeat in mood, they impulsively unleash negative emotion.

answer

False

question

Not until age 11 can children "step into another person's shoes" and reflect on how that person might regard their own thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

answer

False

question

Children as young as 6 are capable of evaluating two people's perspectives simultaneously.

answer

False

question

Research shows that social experiences actually have little impact on children's perspective talking.

answer

False

question

Menarche takes place immediately before the peak of the height spurt.

answer

False

question

In the sequence of pubertal events, the growth spurt occurs at approximately the same age for both boys and girls.

answer

False

question

Both heredity and physical health contribute to pubertal growth.

answer

True

question

Research indicates that adolescence is a period of storm and stress for most teenagers.

answer

True

question

Both biological and social forces contribute to the experience of adolescence.

answer

True

question

Girls adjust especially well to puberty when their fathers are aware of pubertal changes.

answer

True

question

Compared to girls, boys tend to get less social support for the physical chnages of puberty.

answer

True

question

Most researchers agree that high sex hormone levels are primarily responsible for adolescent moodiness.

answer

False

question

Physchological distancing between parents and children is normal during adolescence, and most parent-child conflict is mild.

answer

True

question

Late-maturing boys and early-maturing girls tend to be popular, self-confident, and sociable.

answer

False

question

As adolescents' social world expands, contradictory self-descriptions increase.

answer

True

question

Compared with school-aged children, teenagers place less emphasis on social virtues, such as being friendly, considerate, kind, and cooperative.

answer

False

question

For the majority of young people, level of self-esteem drops drastically in adolescence.

answer

False

question

Individualized differences in self-esteem become increasingly stable in adolescence.

answer

True

question

In a study of adolescents in 13 industrialized nations, most were pessimistic about the future.

answer

False

question

Authoritarian parenting predicts high self-esteem in adolescence, just as it did in childhood.

answer

False

question

Identity development often varies across identity domains, such as sexual orientation, vocation, and religious and political values.

answer

True

question

Young people in long-term foreclosure and diffusion are more likely to view school and work as feasible avenues for realizing their aspirations and are more advanced in moral reasoning.

answer

False

question

Forclosed teenagers usually have close bonds with parents but lack opportunities for healthy separation.

answer

True

question

Minority youths often feel caught between the standards of the larger society and those of their culture of origin.

answer

True

question

Stories that present a conflict between two moral values.

answer

Moral dilemmas

question

Morality is externally controlled: Behaviors that result in punishment are viewd as bad, and those that lead to rewards are seen as good.

answer

Preconventional level

question

Individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and social order.

answer

Conventional

question

Individuals define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

answer

Postconventional--Principle Led level

question

The degree to which morality is central to self-concept.

answer

Moral self-revelance

question

Cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operations.

answer

Postformal thought

question

Refers to our reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas.

answer

Epistemic cognition

question

Dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they.

answer

Dualistic thinking

question

Viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought.

answer

Relativistic thinking

question

Instead of choosing between opposing views, the most mature individuals try to formulate a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions.

answer

Commitment within relativistic thinking

question

A structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems.

answer

Pragmatic thought

question

Awareness and coordination of positive and negative feelings into a complex, organized structure.

answer

Cognitive-affective complexity

question

Acquisition of extensive knowledge in a filed or endeavor

answer

Expertise

question

Erickson's theory has had little impact on the study of adult personality development.

answer

False

question

Research confirms that a secure identity fosters attainment of intimacy.

answer

True

question

People with a sence of isolation tend to compete rather than cooperate, are not accepting of differences, and are easily threatened when others get too close.

answer

True

question

In Levinson's theory, the life structure has little to do with one's happiness and psychological well-being.

answer

False

question

Most career-oriented women display "split dreams" in which both marriage and career are prominent.

answer

True

question

"Settling down" accurately describes women's experiences during their thirties.

answer

False

question

Both Vaillant and Levinson agree that quality of relationships with important people shape the life course.

answer

True

question

According to Vaillant, during their forties, men focus on career consolidation and individual achievement.

answer

False

question

Few societies have time tables for accomplishing major developmental tasks.

answer

False

question

A major source of personality change in adulthood is conformity to or departure from the social clock.

answer

True

question

This marks the beginning of adolescence.

answer

Puberty

question

Adolescent moodiness is linked to this.

answer

Negative life events

question

Side effect of steroid use.

answer

Mood swings

STUDY

Early Maturing Girls Human Anatomy And Physiology 1 Human Development Intelligence Life Span Development Make The Transition Psychology

Human Development chpt 9 – Flashcards 16 terms

Sam Arent

16 terms

Preview

Human Development chpt 9 – Flashcards

question

During middle childhood, __________ contributes enormously to vocabulary growth.

answer

reading

question

Participation in community athletic teams

answer

seems to foster self-esteem and social skills.

question

Research reveals that the rise in childhood obesity is due in part to

answer

the many hours children spend watching television.

question

Physical growth during the school years

answer

continues at the slow, regular pace of early childhood.

question

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory, generating useful solutions to new problems relies on __________ intelligence.

answer

creative

question

Children who are fluent in two languages

answer

outperform others on tests of cognitive flexibility.

question

Research on learning environments suggests that __________ fosters a strong commitment to learning in Asian families and schools.

answer

emphasis on effort

question

Many experts recommend that the content of physical education programs be changed to emphasize

answer

individual exercise.

question

IQ often enters into educational decisions because it

answer

predicts school performance and educational attainment.

question

As children make the transition from emergent literacy to conventional reading, __________ continues to predict reading and spelling progress.

answer

phonological awareness

question

In a social-constructivist classroom,

answer

teachers, students, and peers work together on a wide range of challenging activities.

question

Which of the following statements about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?

answer

Boys are diagnosed with ADHD about four times as often as girls.

question

Which of the following statements about evidence of heritability in intelligence testing is true?

answer

Researchers estimate that about half the differences in IQ among children can be traced to their genetic makeup.

question

According to Piaget, children are first able to __________ in middle childhood.

answer

successfully complete conservation tasks

question

By far, the most common chronic disease or condition of children in the United States is

answer

asthma.

question

When children of low-IQ biological mothers were adopted at birth by parents who were well above average in income and education, they

answer

scored above average in IQ during the school years.

STUDY

Abnormal Psychology Early Maturing Girls Psychology Theory And Research

Adolescent Exam 2 study 195 terms

Ruth Jones

195 terms

Preview

Adolescent Exam 2 study

question

Meena's father died when she was a baby, and there is a lot of ongoing conflict in the household between her mother and stepfather. According to research discussed in the text, Meena may be more likely to

answer

reach puberty earlier

question

Which of the following is a valid criticism of the \"distancing hypothesis\"?

answer

Distancing does not occur in all cultures

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding female reproductive development?

answer

Fertility may be inconsistent during the first two years after menarche

question

Age-grading in schools contributes to

answer

social comparison of physical maturity

question

According to the text there are many factors which may affect the onset of pubertal changes. Which scenario would most likely lead to delayed onset?

answer

Lee is a wrestler who constantly diets and over exercises to maintain a lower weight class

question

According to the text, why should you be skeptical when you read studies about parents and adolescents in biological families where the behavior of parents is claimed to be the cause of the characteristics of adolescents?

answer

Behavior may be caused by biology and not environment

question

Which of the following best represents the health status of emerging adults? Emerging adulthood is the period when a person is

answer

-at peak form in terms of strength and energy -the least susceptible to physical illness -the most susceptible to health problems resulting from risk behaviors

question

One of the problems associated with the body of research on puberty today is that

answer

it is mainly focused on White adolescents in Western, industrialized countries

question

Which statement most accurately represents the feedback loop in the endocrine system?

answer

A \"communication system\" between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads, and adrenal glands which monitors and adjusts the level of sex hormones

question

One caution in interpreting the research on early and late maturation is that

answer

effects of individuals depend on their particular abilities, experiences, and situations

question

Darlene and Geoff are both taking math classes at Westgate High School. Darlene is in a class where her teacher is constantly doing \"hands on\" projects with the class. Geoff's teacher primarily lectures and assigns homework. Who is more likely to exhibit formal operational thinking?

answer

Darlene

question

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is defined as

answer

engaging in a systematic test of possible solutions

question

Imagine your wrote a brilliant paper that discussed the \"individual differences in formal operations.\" Your view would be contrary to

answer

Jean Piaget

question

What are the three separate capacities in the information processing model?

answer

attention, processing and memory

question

Overproduction of synaptic connections is especially concentrated in the

answer

frontal lobe

question

Mrs. Nichol is trying to explain to her son that everyone has bad hair days and its not the end of the world. Little Jack refuses to leave the house because he knows the humiliation he will endure will go on for months. This shows an example of

answer

Imaginary audience

question

The term \"adolescent egocentrism\" refers to adolescents' beliefs that

answer

everyone is watching and judging them

question

Imagine you are a neurological researcher looking at a PET scan of a 16-year-old boy. Compared to the brain scan of an 8-year-old girl, you'd most likely see

answer

a larger cerebellum

question

Suppose you wrote a profound paper on dialectical thought. You would most likely conclude young adults develop an awareness that most problems

answer

are complex and don't have a single solution

question

The primary purpose of pragmatism is to enhance logical thinking with an awareness of

answer

practical constraints of real-life situations

question

According to the text, religious belief systems typically contain prescriptions for socializations related to the outcome(s) of:

answer

-sources of meaning -self-regulation -role preparation

question

In a culture characterized by narrow socialization, what traits are highly prized?

answer

obedience and conformity

question

Rani is a young Muslim girl. As Ramadan is approaching, Rani is preparing for her first fast. Knowing this we can conclude that likely

answer

Rani has reached menarche

question

One cultural belief which underlies the practice of dating is that young people should

answer

have the right to decide who they are intimate with

question

A study that investigated religious participation versus how people reported their religious activity concluded that

answer

participation was lower than self-reports

question

Emerging adults' political participation is generally higher now than during previous generations.

answer

False

question

After following his participants for 20 years, Kohlberg found

answer

none had reached stage 6

question

According to Piaget, who is the most effective in promoting moral development?

answer

peers

question

Another critique of Kohlberg's theory is that moral reasoning is based on

answer

hypothetical solutions

question

What do the development of religious and political thinking in adolescents have in common?

answer

in both areas, adolescents in Western cultures begin to move toward greater abstraction

question

The content of girls' magazines is focused predominantly on physical appearance and attracting boys, while boys' magazines are more likely to focus on

answer

hobbies and activities

question

Which of the following best represents a gender difference versus a sex differences?

answer

girls tend to have more negative body image than boys

question

Awareness of gender roles and expectations tends to ___________ during adolescence.

answer

intensify

question

Most research studies on masculinity, femininity, and androgyny have been conducted on

answer

white college students

question

The text's author (Arnett) describes which of the following as a research area in which further investigation is needed?

answer

Investigating adolescents' own perceptions of the gender specialization process

question

Research indicates that conformity to gender roles during adolescence is most likely among adolescence whose

answer

parents influence them toward gender compliance

question

Which of the following is associated with gender schema theory?

answer

an assumption that people organize information in terms of gender

question

According to research, gender roles may temporarily become more flexible during middle childhood.

answer

true

question

Gender differences may be exaggerated because

answer

our gender schemas alert us to information that confirms our expectations

question

Which of the following best reflects the socialization patterns of boys and girls in Western culture?

answer

Girls are more self-conscious about their appearance and take more interest in forming intimate friendships

question

Recent research has shown that an effective way of increasing school-related self-esteem is to

answer

teach them knowledge and skills that can be the basis of real achievements

question

According to research, an adolescent is most likely to put on a \"false self\" with

answer

dating partners

question

According to most scholars, increased emotionality in adolescence can be attributed to

answer

cognitive and environmental factors

question

One reason that depression is more prevalent in adolescence than in childhood may be that

answer

feelings of inadquatacy stems from large discrepancies between actual and ideal selves

question

Which of the following may contribute to a decline in self-esteem experienced in adolescence?

answer

imaginary audience

question

Mobashar lives in Pakistan and is a member of a rap group. His favorite recording artist is Jaz-Z. His rap group integrates traditional music with rap. He plans to study information and communication technology at college and is happy with the arranged marriage that awaits him. Mobashar's situation best exemplifies

answer

hybrid identity

question

Juan is a high school senior. He's not sure what he wants to study in college, but he is considering either teaching or nursing. He has a part-time job as a clerk in a medical clinic and volunteers at his step-sister's preschool. We could say that Juan is experiencing

answer

psychological moratorium

question

The key areas of identity formation in adolescence are love, work, and

answer

ideology

question

Recent studies have shown that adolescents who are bicultural or assimilated have

answer

higher self-esteem

question

In terms of culture and identity, critics of Erikson's theory argue that it is

answer

assumes independent self

question

Based on the biological and cognitive changes of adolescence, parent-adolescent conflict is universal and \"natural.\"

answer

false

question

According to research, what family members do adolescents rate as having the closest attachments with?

answer

parents

question

Adolescents of permissive parents are more likely than other adolescents to be immature, irresponsible, and to conform to their peers

answer

true

question

According to research in Western cultures, what relationship is marked by the highest level of conflict? An adolescent's relationship with

answer

siblings

question

Passive and conforming adolescents are most likely being raised by what type of parents?

answer

authoritarian

question

In regard to attachment theory, which statement does NOT belong?

answer

it depends on the emotional relationship between siblings of similar age

question

According to attachment theory, what shapes expectations and interactions in relationships to others throughout a child's life?

answer

an internal working model

question

Freddie is a 15-year-old boy who has a secure attachment to both his mother and father. In terms of his friendships at school, Freddie is more likely than others to

answer

express his feelings and develop close relationships

question

In most divorced families, a young person's contact with his or her father

answer

declines steadily over time

question

According to research, in the year following divorce, mothers are more likely to be

answer

-less affectionate -less consistent with parenting -more permissive

question

Generally, during early adolescence, most of a person's social life takes place in

answer

same-sex cliques

question

Which of the following factors is related to popularity across the life span?

answer

-social skills -intelligence -physical attractiveness

question

Which of the following represents a way that parents influence their adolescent children's peer relationships?

answer

-religious practices -choice of school -location of family home

question

Huxley is shy. Most of his classmates neither like nor dislike him. Which of the following is most likely the case? Huxley is a(n) _____________ adolescent.

answer

neglected

question

Which of the following situations best reflects the meaning of prefigurative culture?

answer

young jane teaches her mother how to use the internet

question

From mid- to late-adolescence, crowd structure becomes

answer

less hierarchical and less influential

question

According to the text, crowd formation is salient during adolescence mostly because of adolescents'

answer

ability to think in abstract terms

question

According to research, who do 15-year-olds typically indicate is their primary source of emotional support?

answer

same-gender friends

question

From early- to mid-adolescence, crowd structure becomes

answer

more differentiated and less influential

question

The saying \"birds of a feather flock together\" best reflects

answer

selective association

question

Ed likes Sandy but he is not sure how to tell her and feels he wants to avoid any direct rejection. Ed asks Cory to ask Allison to ask Sandy if she likes Ed. Ed is probably in what Bradford Brown refers to as the ___________ phase of adolescent love.

answer

status

question

According to research, what is the most common reason for college students breaking up?

answer

lack of common interests

question

According to the text, what do men and women rate as the highest characteristic in their \"ideal\" man or woman?

answer

kindness and honesty

question

Rae-Ann is a young adolescent mother living in Minneapolis. If Rae-Ann is like most young mothers raising a daughter alone, she has a likelihood of

answer

being a high school dropout

question

Stella is in 8th grade and has been sexually harassed by the boys in her school. The boys have called her names and made sexual jokes at her expense. Stella's experience is like what percentage of other girls her age?

answer

45%

question

During the 1990s, the effects of AIDS, a decline in sexual activity, and an increase in condom use all contributed to a(n)

answer

decline in birth rates

question

Adolescent sexuality tends to begin with

answer

masturbation

question

Research shows that pornography use is higher among adolescents than emerging adults.

answer

false

question

One implication that follows form the pervasiveness of homophobia in American society is

answer

coming out can be a traumatic experience

question

Emily has HPV and like most others is asymptomatic. According to the text, Emily

answer

can continue to infect her partners

question

Currently, the US federal government provides approximately ________ of school funding.

answer

question

Todd is an adolescent boy attending UWO Senior Secondary High School in Fort Meyers, Florida. His cousin, Kim, lives in New Orleans where sh also attends high school. According to the text, how might Todd's and Kim's educational experiences compare?

answer

different because schools are controlled by states and cities

question

Similar to parenting styles, studies have shown successful teaching includes

answer

-high standards for behavior -being supportive of students -reasonable decipline

question

Angela is in her first year at Westmount Junior High School. According to research, what is Angela likely to experience that is different from elementary school?

answer

-multiple teachers -grades are now a more serious measure of academic attainment -less personalized classrooms

question

According to research, which factor is most likely to contribute to lower grades in high school?

answer

amount of time spent socializing

question

According to the text, what best explains girls' superior performance in school and the relatively poorer performance of boys?

answer

-girls have higher contact time with teachers -girls feel greater support from their parents -girls report more positive experience in the classroom

question

Suppose you were a participant in a study about high school dropout. You are one of the children who has the highest risk of dropping out. According to current research, what factor in your life is a strong predictor of your potential of dropping out?

answer

your parents' low education

question

Britt is a member of an environmental activist organization and had helped organize peaceful protests on campus. She is deeply involved in her Sociology studies and admires the instructor for that course, yet feels that most of her professors have outdated ideas. According to the text, Britt could be best described as a member of the _______________ subculture.

answer

rebel

question

According to the text, approximately what percentage of college students drop out before obtaining a degree?

answer

50%

question

A recent study which investigated the length of time it takes the average student to complete a \"four-year college\" degree found it took approximately _____ years.

answer

5-6

question

According to the text, in contrast to adolescents who don't work, those who work more than 10 hours per week are more likely to

answer

use alcohol and smoke cigarettes

question

Samantha is 16 years old and works after school at the local gas station. If Samantha is typical of other high school students, working more than 10 hours a week will affect her

answer

-level of exercise -sleep patterns -eating habits

question

According to research, the part-time work done by American adolescents

answer

rarely involved close partnerships with adult role models

question

Gillian is a 14-year-old girl living in Columbus, Ohio. If Gillian is typical of most adolescent girls, Gillian's first job is most likely

answer

baby-sitting

question

According to sociologist William Julius Wilson (1996), what conclusion can we draw about the current system of local funding of schools? The current system

answer

perpetuates inequality because poor areas have smaller tax base

question

One implication that follows from adolescent community service is that, in contrast to adolescents who don't volunteer, those who do are

answer

more likely to be conscious of themselves as citizens

question

According to the text, all of the U.S. school-to-work and job training programs tried thus far have

answer

only been implemented on a limited scale

question

Julie lives with her mom and dad in Pittsburg. Julie is an only child and just celebrated her 15th birthday. Her father is a lawyer and her mother volunteers at the YMCA. According to research, what factors in Julie's life is most likely to predict the fact that Julie engages in community service? The fact that

answer

her mother volunteers

question

What benefit do adolescents and their families in traditional cultures derive from adolescents working?

answer

includes basic necessities like food and clothing

question

In terms of occupational choice, what benefits do adolescents from preindustrial traditional cultures have?

answer

Having the security of knowing from an early age the kind of work they will do as adults

question

2. According to genotype-environment theory, we create our own environments based on our

answer

genetic makeup

question

In which of the following parts of the anatomy is puberty initiated?

answer

Hypothalamus

question

Traditional puberty rituals, such as tattooing, are undergoing a revival in some cultures. This best reflects

answer

attempt to keep traditional cultures from disappearing due to globalization

question

The best way to test the potential for formal operational reasoning in most cultures is to

answer

tailor the problem to the children's daily values

question

In order for scaffolding to be successful, what does the teacher need to be aware of?

answer

when the student becomes competent at the task he/she is performing

question

Kyle knows while torching his own car for the insurance may not physically injure any one person, it does create an effect of contributing to the rising cost of car insurance. Kyle is demonstrating

answer

conventional system perspective thinking

question

Liam's parents disagree about religious beliefs. Her mother is devout and attends religious services twice per week, while her father is an atheist. Her parents' disagreement is so deep that they no longer discuss religious issues. According to current research, which of the following is most likely? Liam

answer

is not religious

question

If you were writing a research paper about collectivistic and individualistic beliefs, one caution you would have to keep in mind would be

answer

these categories describe overall tendencies for beliefs, but individual differences exist

question

Shweder's research provided evidence that moral reasoning is not simple reflection of a person's level of cognitive development. Rather, moral reasoning is rooted in

answer

cultural beliefs

question

research shows that teachers generally reinforce traditional cultural messages regarding gender

answer

true

question

According to research, in traditional cultures, during adolescence, socialization becomes broader for boys and narrower for girls. Therefore,

answer

boys generally have more freedom than girls

question

In terms of gender differences in adolescence and emerging adulthood, which of the following is most accurate? For most characteristics, there is ______________________________ between genders?

answer

more similarity than difference

question

Lauren, a ninth-grade student, describes herself as a pretty good guitar play and an excellent math student who can't understand chemistry class. She says she is wild and extroverted with friends in her band, yet is shy and quiet at school. Lauren's self-description reflects

answer

the ability to recognize contradictions in her personality

question

Adolescents in the foreclosure status tend to be more

answer

conformist

question

what time period do you spend the most time alone?

answer

emerging adulthood

question

The postmodern identity is stable across contexts and over each developmental period.

answer

false

question

According to research, for most Americans midlife is marked by

answer

feeling that one is in the prime of their life

question

Izmit and Emer are two adolescent boys living with both their parents. Izmit can't wait to be old enough to move away from home. He feels like every time he asks for something his mom says no. Emer doesn't feel the same way his brother does. Emer feels his parents are loving and allow him sufficient autonomy. According to the text, Izmit and Emer are

answer

normal; adolescents can experience very different feelings living in the same home

question

One key principle of the family systems approach is

answer

each subsystem influence every other subsystem

question

Within cliques, the use of sarcasm and ridicule may

answer

reinforce group conformity

question

The emphasis on intimacy in adolescent friendships is best reflected in which of the following statements? More than younger children, adolescents

answer

rate trust and loyalty as important to friendship

question

10. Which of the following has been show by research to be an area in which adolescents are influenced by their friends?

answer

check with andrea!!!!

question

Niles is 15 years old and is not sure if he wants to go into a technical high school or an academic school. Who is he likely to seek advice from?

answer

father

question

A national survey in the United States of 20-29 year olds found that 62% agreed that \"living together with someone before marriage is a good way to avoid eventual divorce.\"

answer

true

question

Attachment styles between lovers have been found to resemble the parent-child attachment.

answer

true

question

Which statement concerning adolescent sexual activity and contraception use is most accurate?

answer

adolescent sexual activity and contraception use are usually unplanned

question

6. According to research, adolescent fathers are more likely than their male peers to

answer

check with andrea!!!

question

According to research, in contrast to pregnant adolescents who carry their babies to term, those who have abortions are more likely to

answer

be better off economically

question

For adolescents who are gay, lesbian, or bisexual (GLB), the degree of confusion and anxiety is often amplified because of a cultural presumption of heterosexuality.

answer

true

question

school climate refers to

answer

quality of interactions between students and teachers

question

Sunny and her family have lived in the U.S. for eleven years. Her friend, Sonia, has just moved to the U.S. two years ago. Both Sunny and Sonia's family came from the same village in Mexico. According to research, based on their years in the United States who is more likely to have poorer academic performance?

answer

Sunny

question

College students are more likely to find their experience satisfying at a small college than at a large university.

answer

true

question

According to research, what work factor is positively related to psychological well-being and self-esteem? A job that involves

answer

learning new skills

question

Some studies have shown positive findings between adolescent work and psychological functioning which includes

answer

increased self-esteem

question

For recent veterans, military service has been found to

answer

increase self-confidence and leadership skills

question

The most important result of 20th century media, such as television and radio, was the creation of a new source of

answer

socialization

question

Bryan moved from New York to Los Angeles during the 9th grade. Bryan is an avid fan of rap music and was happy to discover many of the boys his age in his new neighborhood listen to the same music as his friends back on the East Coast. Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario?

answer

youth subculture identification

question

Studies finding that heavier exposure to sexual content on TV is related to earlier initiation of sexual intercourse are guided by which of the following theoretical frameworks?

answer

social learning theory

question

Saroj loves listening to her favorite band, No Doubt. Recently, Saroj read an interview of the lead singer and decided, \"I like her attitude. She always makes up her own mind. I hope I'm like her when I'm that age.\" Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario?

answer

identity formation

question

A study conducted in a Canadian community called \"Notel\" by the researchers revealed that aggressive behavior in children ___________ after television was introduced to a community.

answer

increased

question

A major criticism of cigarette advertising is that it is

answer

targeted toward adolescents

question

One recent study of adolescents aged 11-15 found that adolescents' preference for violent video games was related to

answer

anxiety and depression

question

Social networking websites like Facebook and MySpace were originally developed by

answer

college students

question

A concern associated with adolescents' use of Internet chat rooms is the potential for

answer

-academic cheating -sexual victimization -social isolation

question

Research has shown that there is no significant correlation between adolescents' aggressiveness and their preference for watching violent television.

answer

false

question

Which of the following media forms is the most used by adolescents and emerging adults?

answer

music

question

When Nand feels angry, he goes home and listens to heavy metal music. According to research, if Nand is typical od adolescent heavy metal fans, which of the following may predict is the most likely effect? After listening to the music for a while, Nand

answer

calms down

question

13. Many defenders of \"gangsta rap\" argue that the violent lyrics reflect

answer

grim realities of inner-city life of Black American youth

question

To date, research on adolescents' use of the Internet has tended to focus on positive rather than negative uses.

answer

false

question

Adolescents and emerging adults are more likely than children or adults to be the victims of crimes.

answer

true

question

People who have received cognitive-behavior therapy are less likely than those who have been treated with antidepressant medication to relapse after the treatment period.

answer

true

question

Which of the following is a protective factor associated with resilience?

answer

-parents who balance care with control -high intelligence -an adult mentor outside the family

question

The idea that religious participation may make it less likely that an adolescent take part in risk behavior best refers to

answer

protective factor

question

In general, substance use is higher among White adolescents than among African American adolescents.

answer

true

question

_________ are about four times more likely to attempt suicide; _________ are about four times more likely to kill themselves.

answer

females; males

question

According to her mom, 33-year-old Shara had no problems during childhood. Shara is now a school teacher and has a child of her own. During her adolescent years, however, Shara \"ran with a crowd\" that smoked pot, shoplifted, and occasionally vandalized buildings. During her youth, Shara's behavior could best be described as

answer

adolescent-limited delinquency

question

In Western countries other than the United States, a higher minimum driving age and less access to automobiles is associated with

answer

fewer car accidents and fatalities among young people

question

Quentin is considered to have an externalizing disorder. He frequently engages in delinquent behavior and fighting. Based upon research, it could be predicted that Quentin experiences little distress related to his behavior.

answer

true

question

Which of the following is a common characteristic of people considered to be \"overcontrolled\"?

answer

overly self-punishing

question

Jared and Brad are in love. They are always spending time together. They are always spending time together. They have similar religious beliefs. They both love to hike, camp, fish, and water-ski. People have commented how alike they are. According to social scientists, Jared and Brad are most likely seeking

answer

consensual validation

question

Which statement best represents the relationship between low- and high achievers?

answer

High-achievers tend to have a positive influence on their low-achieving friends

question

Being friends is a _____ relationship than being peers

answer

Deeper

question

Emerging adulthood is a phenomenon that exists mainly in

answer

Industrialized countries

question

Which of the following statements most accurately represents the relation between pubertal timing and technology? In general, puberty begins

answer

Earlier in countries where better nutrition and medical care were more widely available

question

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been critiqued by researchers conducting cross-cultural studies

answer

true

question

Shannon's friends sometimes tease her about her dislike of wearing fashionable clothes and her plans to be an aircraft mechanic. Shannon's attributes most likely violate her friends' views of

answer

gender roles

question

Jessica's step-mother was a \"workaholic\" and was hardly ever home. Jessica plans to apply to law school, but swears she will not be like her step-mother. This scenario best reflects Jessica's

answer

feared self

question

Chris is feeling the effects of a \"dual income\" family. Chris is more confident and has higher career aspirations that many other kids. Based on the research, what can we conclude about Chris? Chris is

answer

likely an adolescent girl

question

Which psychologist is credited with the development of a cultural approach to cognition

answer

Lev Vyogotsky

question

It is difficult to make a clear link between viewing violent television and aggressive behavior in adolescent because most of the research is

answer

Correlational

question

From the 1970s to the early 1990s, adolescent substance abuse generally

answer

declined

question

The goal of being self-focused in emerging adulthood is to

answer

learn to be self-sufficient in adulthood

question

Research shows that pornography use is higher among adolescents than emerging adults

answer

false

question

According to the text, adolescent girls in developing countries may become prostitutes in several ways which can include

answer

a. Kidnapped and taken to another country b. Promised jobs in domestic service c. Sold into prostitution by parents

question

To date, research on adolescents' use of the internet has tended to focus on positive rather than negative uses.

answer

false

question

Efforts to prevent or reduce use among adolescents have generally been delivered through

answer

schools

question

Divorce after the age of 40 tends to be less emotionally and financially difficult than divorce before age 40

answer

false

question

answer

reach puberty earlier

question

One cultural belief which underlies the practice of Western dating is that young people should

answer

have a right to decide who they are intimate with

question

Niles is 15 years old. He is not sure if he wants to go into technical high school or an academic program next year. Based on research, it could be predicted that Niles is most likely to seek advice from his

answer

father

question

Higher rates of violent crime in the US compared other Western countries appear to be due in part to

answer

higher rates of poverty

question

According to the text, there are five characteristics that distinguish emerging adulthood from other age periods. Which characteristic does NOT describe emerging adulthood

answer

age of stability

question

One of the important changes in Western countries, which began to define the \"Age of Adolescence,\" was

answer

restrictive child labor laws

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Which of the following best defines differential gender socialization?

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boys and girls are socialized according to different gender expectations

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Sven, your adolescent nephew, tells you he is worried that he is not normal because his feet and hands seem to be too big for his body. Which of the following is the best advice for Sven?

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\"Don't worry, hands and feet hit the growth spurt before the rest of your body.\"

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One implication that follows from American schools placing low demands on their students is that adolescents

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are able to hold part-time jobs

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According to the text, optimistic bias is defined as

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the tendency to assume accidents, diseases and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than ourselves.

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Emerging adults in the West are more likely than older adults to be involved in organizations devoted to particular issues such as racism

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true

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One year post-divorce, mothers parenting style tends to

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become less consistent

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Imagine you wrote a paper covering research on the effects of mother's remarrying after divorce. You would most likely conclude

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Adolescent problems rise

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Cohabitation before marriage is related to a higher likelihood of divorce

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true

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In contrast to adolescents, emerging adults are more likely to rank __________ as the most important reason for engaging in romantic relationships.

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intimacy

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The average American holds between 5 to 6 different jobs between the age of 18-30

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false-- the average American holds 7-8 different jobs between the ages of 18 and 30.

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According to the text, the key to success for intervention programs designed to help potential dropouts is

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Attention from caring adult staff Low student teacher ratios Beginning the program in middle school

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Young people with externalizing problems are sometimes referred to

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undercontrolled

STUDY

Adolescents And Young Adults Alcohol And Drug Use Early Maturing Girls Older Americans Act Pediatric Psychology Psychology Sociology of Aging

Adolescent Health Flashcards 236 terms

Keisha White

236 terms

Preview

Adolescent Health Flashcards

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Adolescents an young adults clasified as those ages

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15-24

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Exercise and nutrition programs that help reduce the risk of cancer and cradiovascular disease for adults are examples of

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primary prevention

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The best single behavorial changes Amerians can make to reduce morbidity and mortality is to

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Stop smoking

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The highest rates of smokeless tobacco use in his high school students is in

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white males

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The dieseases that cause considerable morbdity in adolescents and young adults are

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sexually transmitted diseases

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The transition from adolescence to young adulthood is considered to be a relatively easy transition for most TRUE or FALSE

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FALSE

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The percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes has decreased significantly over the past 20 years TRUE or FALSE

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FALSE

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Obesity in the US is considered an epidemic TRUE OR FALSE

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TRUE

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The percentage of children younger than 18 living in a single parents family has been decreasing ever since 1965 TRUE or FALSE

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FALSE

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Statistics indicate that the more eduation a person has, the more likely he or she is to use tobacco TRUE or FALSE

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FALSE

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Adults (25-64) 15-64 some of the most productive, or most productive, years of people's lives Most enjoy the best health of their lives Shape health through lifestyle and health behavior for later years

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Introduction

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Adolescents and Young Adults

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Represent the future of the nation Adolescence is difficult stage; period of transition from childhood to adulthood Comfort and security to complex and challenging situations Young adults complete physical growth; experience significant life changes Leave home, join military, begin careers, etc. Many health beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are adopted and consolidated

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1/3 live in single parent families

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Living arrangements

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Employment status

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Participation in labor force has remained fairly constant in recent decades Disparities by race

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leading causes of death adolscents 15-24

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unintentional injureies, homicide, suicide, cancer, heart disease

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Mortality

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1/4 of all deaths in age group from motor vehicle injuries; alcohol contributing factor Homicide and suicide rates up 200-300% over last 50 years Significant racial disparities among race and leading causes of death

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Morbidity

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Communicable diseases Measles immunizations important Sexually transmitted diseases This age group acquires nearly half of all new STDs in the U.S. Some effects can last a lifetime

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Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices of High School Students

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Unintentional injuries Violence Tobacco use Alcohol and other drugs Sexual behaviors - unintended pregnancies and STDs Physical activity Overweight and weight control

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Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices of College Students

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Unintentional injuries Violence Tobacco use Alcohol and other drugs Sexual behaviors - unintended pregnancies and STDs

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Community Health Strategies

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Main factors affecting community health with age group are social and cultural factors and community organizing Alcohol use a main problem

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Adults

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Ages 25-64 Represent more than half of U.S. population

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Health Profile

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Mortality mainly from chronic diseases Many associated with unhealthy behaviors and poor lifestyle choices Lifestyle improvements and public health advances have led to decline in death rate for adults

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Cancer

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#1 cause of death for adult age group in recent decades Males - lung, prostate, and colorectal Females - lung, breast, and colorectal (lung cancer is leadin cause of death men and women)

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Cardiovascular Disease

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Age-adjusted mortality rates dropped over past 60 years Mainly due to public health efforts related to smoking cessation, increased physical activity, and nutrition

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Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices

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Risk factors for chronic disease Most significant for adults - smoking, lack of exercise, BMI, alcohol Risk factors for personal injury Motor vehicle safety - seatbelts and alcohol use Awareness and screening of certain conditions Hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol

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Community Health Strategies

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Emphasis on individual responsibility for health Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts for adults Primary - exercise and nutrition programs Secondary - self and clinical screenings to identify and control disease processes Tertiary - medication compliance

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smokeless tobacco

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or spit tobacco include and snuff loose leaf chewing tobacco plug chewing tobacco and nasal snuff

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intensity

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cardiovascular workload measured by heart rate

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body mass index

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the ratio of weight in kilogras to heaigh in meters squared

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hypertension

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systalic pressure equal to or greater than 140 mm of mercury an or distalic pressr equal to or greaer than 90 mm Hg for extended periods of time

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hypercholestrlemia

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high levels of cholesterol in the blood

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aged

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the state of bein old a person may be defined a aged onthe basis of havin reached a spcific age; for example , 65 is ofen used for socail or legislative policies, while 75 is uded fr physiological evauluations by geriatricians.

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aging

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the changes that occur normally in plants and animal as they grow older. Some age changes begin t birth an contnue until death; oter changes begin at matruty and end at death.

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gerontology

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te multidisciplinary study ofthe biological, psychological, and social processes of agingand the elderly. Ellie MEtchnikoff, of the Pasteu Istitute in Pari, fisrt used the term in 1903 to describethe biological study of senescence (aging)

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geriatrics

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the branch of medicine concerned with medical problems and care of the elderly.

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geriatrician

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a physician specializing inthe care of patients with multiple chronic diseases who may not be able to be cured but whose care ca be managed.

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ageism

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is the result of ignornance, prejudice and dscrimination against the aged

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elders

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those of 65 yrs of age a older

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exploritas

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education programs specifically for elders, hold on college campuses or at a variety of sites around the world

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demography

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the study of a population and those variables bringing about change in that population

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median age

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the age at which half of the population is older and half is younger

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net migraton

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the population gain or last resulting from migration

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dependency ratio

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a ratio tt compares the number of individuas whom soceity considers economically unproductiveto the number it considers economically productive.

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total dependency ratio

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the dependency ratn that includes both youth and old

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youth dependency ratio

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the dependency ration thatinculde youth only

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old age dependency ratio

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the dependency ratio that includes only the old

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encore careers

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when individuals tasition out of their work careers and int jobs and volunteer opportunities in nonprofit ad publi sector. Encore careers have a positive impact on society's greatest problems.

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labor-force ratio

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a ratio of the total number of those individuals who ar not working to the number of those who are

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assisted- living facility

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a special combination of housing personalized supportive services, and health care designed to meet te needs-both secheduled an unscheduled- of those who need hep with activities of daily living

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retirement communities

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residential communities that have been specifically developed for those in their retirement years,

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continuing- care retirement communities (CCRCs)

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planned communities for seniors that guarntee a lifelong residence and health care

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activities of daily living

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eating, toiltng,dressing, bathing,walking, getting in and out of a bed or chair, an getting outside

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functional limitations

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difficulty in performing personal care and home management tasks

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instrumental activities of daily living

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more complex task such as handling persoal finances, preparing meals, shopping, doing house work, traveling, using the telephone, and taking medications

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informal caregiver

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one who provides unpaid assistance to one who has some physical, mental, emotional, or financial nee limiting his o her independence.

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care provider

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one who helps identfy the health care needs of an individual ad also personally performs th caregiving service

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care manager

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one who help idetify the health care needs of an individual but does not actualy provide the health care service

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Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA)

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federal legislation to improve the lives of elders

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Meals on Wheels

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a community supported nutrition program in which prepared meals are delivered to elders in their homes, usually by volunteers.

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congregate meal programs

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community sponsored nutrition programs that provide meals at a central site, such as a senior center

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visitor services

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one individual taking time to visit with another who is uable to leave his or her residence.

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homebound

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a person unable to leave home for normal activities

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adult day care programs

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daytime care provided to elders who are unable to be left alone.

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respite care

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planned short term care usually for the purpose of relieving a full time informal caregiver.

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home health care services

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health care services provided in the patient's place of residience.

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Number of elders and the proportion to the total population increased significantly in the 20th century Represent 12.8% of population 1 in every 8 Americans age 65+ Young old - 65-74 Middle old - 75-84 Old old - 85+

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Introduction

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Common myths not accurate representation of elders

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Majority of elders today are active and well Many still working Many strongly engaged in community, volunteer, and advocacy programs

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Demography of Aging

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Size and growth of the elder population Population pyramids describe aging of populations America's pyramid shape has drastically shifted Other countries have had shifts as well 85+ fastest growing segment of older population Growth in median age

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Factors Affecting Population Size and Age

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Fertility rates Baby boomers - 1946-1964 Mortality rates Life expectancy has continued to increase; significant increase in 20th century Migration Movement of people from one country to another can affect population size

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Dependency and Labor Force Ratios

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Dependency ratio - economically unproductive to economically productive Traditionally defined by age Can be used for social policy decision making Labor force ratio - number of people actually working and those who are not, independent of their ages Ratio of workers to dependants will be lower in the future than today

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Other Demographic Variables

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Affect community health programs for older Americans Marital status Living arrangements Racial and ethnic composition Geographic distribution Economic status Housing

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Marital Status

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¾ of elder men are married; just over half of elder women are married Elder women 3x's more likely to be widowed Men have shorter life expectancies Men tend to marry women younger than selves Men more likely to remarry after loss of spouse Number of divorced elders continues to rise New concerns: lack of retirement benefits, insurance, lower net worth assets

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Living Arrangements

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Closely linked to income, health status, and availability of caregivers 2/3 of noninstitutionalized elders live with someone else Women more likely to live alone Only 5% of elders live in nursing homes ¾ of nursing home residents are women More than half of nursing home residents are 85+

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Racial and Ethnic Composition

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U.S. older population growing more diverse 2010 elders: 80% white, 9% black, 7% of Hispanic origin, 3% Asian 2050 projection of elders: White 58%, Hispanic origin 15%, black 11%, Asian 8%

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Geographic Distribution

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2/5 live in southern states More than half live in 10 states: CA, FL, IL, MI, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, TX California greatest number; Florida greatest proportion Reasons some states "age" Inward migration (FL), young people leave (farm belt states)

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Economic Status

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1970 - 25% of elders lived in poverty 2006 - less than 9% lived in poverty Income 37% of elder income from Social Security 15% asset income 18% pension income 28% earnings

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Housing

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Most live in adequate, affordable housing 80% own, 20% rent Elder homes are more likely to be older, more likely to have lower value, in great need for repairs, less likely to have central heat/air 30% of elders pay more for housing than they can afford

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Health Profile

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Health status of elders has improved over the years (living longer and functional health) Chronically disabled has been decreasing Health status usually not as good as younger counterparts

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Mortality

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Top causes of death for elders (responsible for 2/3 of deaths) Heart disease Cancer Stroke CLRD Alzheimer's Disease

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Morbidity

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Activity limitations increase with age Chronic conditions Substantial burden on health and economic status of individuals, families, and nation 1/3 report limitation of activity due to chronic conditions Impairments Very prevalent in older adults May be sensory, physical, memory

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Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices

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Generally have more favorable health behaviors than younger counterparts Less likely to consume large amounts of alcohol, smoke cigarettes, or be overweight Areas for improvement Physical activity, immunizations

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Elder Abuse and Neglect

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Reports have increased greatly in recent years All states have set up reporting systems Special problem for elders May be frail Unable to defend themselves Vulnerable to telemarketing and mail scams Most common victims of theft of benefit checks

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Instrumental Needs of Elders

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Six instrumental needs that determine lifestyle for people of all ages; aging process can alter needs in unpredictable ways Income Housing Personal care Health care Transportation Community facilities and services

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Income

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Change in types of expenses in elder years Social Security is major source of income for ~2/3 of recipients; 90% of income for 1/3 Nonmarried women and minorities have highest rates of poverty

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Housing

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Major needs: appropriateness, accessibility, adequacy, affordability Needs are intertwined Changing place of residence can have negative effect on elder and family members Group housing Nursing homes, Eden Alternative facilities, Green Houses, retirement communities, CCRCs, assisted-living

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Personal Care

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Four levels of tasks that may need assistance: Instrumental tasks, expressive tasks, cognitive tasks, tasks of daily living Activities of daily living (ADLs) to measure functional limitations Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) to measure more complex tasks Caregiver issues Caregiver services

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Health Care

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Elders heaviest users of health care services Use of health care services increases with age Most money spent on health care is in last years of life Medicare primary source of payment for health care services of elders Will see major changes in future years

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Transportation

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Transportation allows elders to remain independent On average, elders live 10 year after they stop driving Greatest influence on transportation needs: income and health status Many public transportation challenges Solutions for transportation needs of elders

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Community Facilities and Services

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Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA) to increase services and protect rights of elders National nutrition programs for elders State and Area Agencies on Aging Other programs Services can vary greatly across the country

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Community Facilities and Services

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Meal service Homemaker service Chore and home maintenance Visitor service Adult day care Respite care Home health care Senior centers

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Minority Introduction

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Strength of America lies in diversity of people Race remains an issue in U.S. U.S. population Majority - white, non-Hispanic (66%) Racial or ethnic minorities (34%) Minority health - morbidity and mortality of ethnic minorities Advances in health gains are not equal in U.S. Secretary's Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health (Race and Health Initiative)

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Racial and Ethnic Classifications

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Classifications used to operationalize race and ethnicity Challenges with classifications representing diversity of population Categories of race are more social than biological Self-reported data can be unreliable Many nonfederal systems do not collect racial and ethnic data

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Health Data Sources and Their Limitations

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Challenges in complete and accurate collection of racial and ethnic data Bias analysis HHS has long-term strategy for improving collection and use of racial and ethnic data Important to understand health beliefs of various groups Heterogeneity within groups

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Americans of Hispanic Origin

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Hispanic origin is an ethnicity, not a race Persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, or South American descent, or some other Spanish origin Nearly all Hispanics (96%) in the U.S. are classified by race as white Educational attainment Income Health beliefs

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Black Americans

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Black or African Americans People having origins in any of the black racial groups from Africa More than ½ live in southern regions of U.S. Educational attainment Income Health beliefs and culture

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Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders

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Now two separate racial groups Generally concentrated in the western states Educational attainment Income Health beliefs Variations among the many groups Generational differences

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American Indians and Alaska Natives

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Original inhabitants of America Economically and socially disadvantaged Relatively poor health status Education Income Health beliefs Various tribal groups have distinct customs, languages, and beliefs Many share the same cultural values

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Native Americans and Health Care

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Many tribes are sovereign nations Tribes transferred land in U.S. to federal government in return for provision of certain services Indian Health Services (IHS) within HHS Responsible for federal health services to Native Americans and Alaska Natives Goal to raise health status to highest possible level

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Refugees

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Refugees Immigrants Aliens Illegal aliens Can be classified into existing racial/ethnic groups; as a single group, present special concerns Education, health problems, injuries, employment, etc.

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Race and Health Initiative

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Goal to eliminate disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations in six areas of health while maintaining progress of overall health of American people Infant mortality Cancer screening and management Cardiovascular disease Diabetes HIV/AIDS Adult and child immunization

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Infant Mortality

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Serious disparity in U.S. among racial and ethnic minorities Black Americans infant death rate more than two times that of white Americans Lack of prenatal care and low-birth-weight babies

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Cancer Screening and Management

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Incidence and death rates highest among black Americans for various types of cancer Many disparities attributed to lifestyle factors, late diagnosis, access to health care Less primary and secondary prevention in various minority groups

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Cardiovascular Diseases

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Death rates vary widely among racial and ethnic groups Black Americans have higher rates from CHD and stroke Hypertension prevalence as a risk factor varies according to race/ethnicity Black American tend to develop hypertension earlier in life than whites; unknown reason

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Diabetes

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Overall prevalence has risen in U.S. in recent years Prevalence in those 20 and older varies in minority groups Increase in age-adjusted death rates in all racial and ethnic groups Significantly higher in minority groups

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HIV Infection/AIDS

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Proportional distribution of AIDS cases has increased in black Americans and Hispanics and decreased in white Americans Attributed to higher prevalence of unsafe or risky health behaviors, and lack of access to health care to provide early diagnosis and treatment

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Child and Adult Immunization Rates

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Early childhood immunizations do not vary significantly by race or ethnicity Older adult immunization rates are substantially lower in minority groups, even though an overall increase has occurred

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Socioeconomic Status and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health

answer

Many factors contribute to health disparities - economic, educational, behavioral, cultural, legal, and political Socioeconomic status (SES) considered the most influential single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality Association between SES and race/ethnicity is complicated and cannot fully explain all disparity

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Equity in Minority Health

answer

Simple solutions unlikely Solutions to problems for one group may not work for another Solutions must be culturally sensitive

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Cultural Competence

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A set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations Culture is vital in how community health professionals deliver services and how community members respond to programs and interventions

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Empowering the Self and the Community

answer

To enable people to solve their community health problems Three kinds of power associated with empowerment Social - access to "bases"; needed to gain political power Political - power of voice and collective action Psychological - individual sense of potency To enable people to solve their community health problems Three kinds of power associated with empowerment Social - access to "bases"; needed to gain political power Political - power of voice and collective action Psychological - individual sense of potency

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Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)

answer

What was the system initiated in 1990 by the CDC to better track selected health behaviors among young people?

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smoking

answer

To what can 87% of all lung cancer deaths be attributed?

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What activity do less than 10% of American adults engage in enough of to achieve cardiovascular fitness

answer

Exercise

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most americans who live in poverty are white because total number of american more whites.

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1 and 4 black are in poverty

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What is the most widely used illicit drug in America?

answer

Marijuana

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What is the single best behavioral change Americans can make to reduce morbidity and mortality?

answer

Stop smoking

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Three quarters of all unintentional deaths are the result of what?

answer

Motor vehicle crashes

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Homicides and suicides are great concerns in which cohort?

answer

Adolescents and young adults

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What was racial/ethnic high school group was most likely to report they were current smokers in 2009?

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White students

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What are the five behaviors of high school students that relate to unintentional injuries monitored by the YRBSS?

answer

Seat belt use, motorcycle helmet use, bicycle helmet use, riding with a driver who has been drinking alcohol, and driving after alcohol use

question

What is another name for smokeless tobacco?

answer

Spit tobacco

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What are the two currently available national data sources for health behaviors of college students?

answer

National College Health Assessment (NCHA) and Monitoring the Future

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What is the leading cause of death among college students?

answer

Unintentional Injury

question

What is the common definition of binge drinking?

answer

Consuming 5 or more drinks in a row

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What drug is a contributing factor in many episodes of sexual abuse/assault among college women?

answer

Alcohol

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low instences and higher death because less often so take longer them to realization mortality low and morbidity low and it high on both besides white americans.

answer

...

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heart disease in men and women.

answer

...

question

What is the approach to alcohol education that focuses on the idea that "not as many of your peers drink alcohol as you think?"

answer

Social Norming

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What is the leading cause of death for the adult age group 45-64?

answer

Malignant Neoplasms (cancer)

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Many of the risk factors associated with the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in American adults are associated with what?

answer

Health behavior and lifestyle choices

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At what age should women be told about the benefits and limitations of breast self-examination (BSE)

answer

Early 20's

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What is the leading cause of congenital malformations in children?

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

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At what age should average risk men and women have their first flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy?

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Age 50

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Your socialeconomic is the first thing for you to be able to tell how long someone lives.

answer

...

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describe one or two social competence of the ten then comparing them to the two movies

answer

...

question

10 principle for cultural competence

answer

1.have a self- understanding of race, ethnicity, and power. 2. Understand historical factors that impact the health of minority populations (e.g. racism, immigration patterns) 3. understand the psychosocial stressors relevant to minority participants (e.g. socioeconomic status migration) 4. Understand cultural differences within groups 5. Understand the minority client within a family life cycle and in an intergeenrational conceptual framework.

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you need social power to get political power to get social power

answer

...

question

majority

answer

those with characteristics that are found in more than fifty percent of a population

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minority groups

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subgroups of the population that consist of fewer than fifty percent of the population

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minority health

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refer to the morbidity and mortality of American Indian/ Alaska Natives, Americans of Hispanic origiin asian and pacificic islanders and black americans in the US

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ope rationalize

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operational definition provide working definitions

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acculturated

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cultural modification of an individual or group by adopting to or borrowing traits from another culture

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refugee

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a person who flees one area or country to seek shelter or protection from danger in another

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immigrant

answer

individuals who migrate form on country to another for the purpose of seeking permanent residence

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alien

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a person born in and owing allegiance to a country other than the one in which he/ she lives

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illegal alien

answer

an individual who entered this country without permission

question

socioeconomic status

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relating to a combination of social and economic factors

question

cultural and linguistic competence

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a set of congruent behaviors attitudes and policies that came together in a system agency or among professionals that enables effective work in a cross cultural situations

question

In the United States and other developed countries, people are considered old once they reach the age of _____

answer

question

What are the three terms that old has been subdivided into?

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Young old, middle old, & old old

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What is the term for the changes that occur normally in plants and animals as they grow older?

answer

Aging

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What is the term for the multidisciplinary study of the biological, psychological, and social processes of aging and the elderly?

answer

Gerontology

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What is the term for the branch of medicine concerned with the medical problems and care of the elderly?

answer

Geriatrics

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In a symbolic age pyramid, what is the largest segment of the population?

answer

The youngest (the base)

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What is the period of consistently high fertility rates immediately following World War 2 known as?

answer

"Baby boom years

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While the mortality rate in the United States has been fairly consistent for 20+ years, what other demographic variable continues to increase?

answer

Life expectancy

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Approximately three-fourths of elder ______ are married

answer

Men

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What percentage of people aged 65 or older live in nursing homes?

answer

About 5%

question

What are the two causes of activity limitations?

answer

Chronic conditions & impairments

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What are the 3 primary impairments that affect elders?

answer

Sensory impairments, physical limitations, and memory impairments

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What are the top 5 causes of death for elders?

answer

Heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD), & Alzheimer's disease

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Two-thirds of the perpetrators of elder abuse and neglect are ________

answer

Adult children & spouses

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What are 3 health behaviors that elders are less likely to do compared to their younger counterparts?

answer

Less likely to: 1) consume large amounts of alcohol, 2) smoke cigarettes, 3) be overweight or obese

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What are the 6 instrumental needs that determine lifestyle for people of all ages?

answer

Income, housing, personal care, health care, transportation, & community facilities and services

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What are two housing options available to elders, not including nursing homes?

answer

Continuing-care retirement communities & assisted-living residences

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Who provides unpaid care of assistance to one who has some physical, mental, emotional, or financial need that limits his or her independence?

answer

Informal caregiver

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What private insurance helps to fill the gaps in health care cost that Medicare leaves?

answer

Medigap

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What is the term for "an important alternative to traditional institutional care" that includes services such as medical treatment, physical therapy, and homemaker services that allow patients to be cared for at lower cost than a nursing home and in familiar surroundings of their home?

answer

Home health care

question

What is the term for prejudice and discrimination against the elderly and aging?

answer

Ageism

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What is the study of a population and those variables bringing about change in that population?

answer

Demography

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What is the term for the population gain or loss from the movement of migrants in (immigration) and out (emigration) of a country?

answer

Net migration

question

What is a comparison between those individuals whom society considers economically unproductive (the nonworking or dependent population) and those it considers economically productive (the working population)?

answer

Dependency ratio

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What is the scale called that measures functional limitations?

answer

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

question

The majority of Americans are referred to as _________

answer

"white, non-Hispanic"

question

Why was the 1985 report, The Secretary's Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health, so important?

answer

It first documented the health status disparities of minority groups

question

What are the 6 causes of death that accounted for more than 80% of the excess mortality among minority groups?

answer

Infant mortality, cancer, cardiovascular disease and stroke, diabetes, homicide and accidents, & chemical dependency

question

What are the 3 goals of the Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health (also known as Race and Health Initiative)?

answer

Prevent disease, promote health, and deliver care to racial and ethnic minority communities

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In 1977, classification standards expanded race from four to five categories by separating ___________ into two categories

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Asian or Pacific Islander

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What is the largest minority group in the United States?

answer

Americans of Hispanic origin

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Where are the greatest concentrations of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders located?

answer

Western mainland states and Hawaii

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With 12.4% of the population, Black Americans are the ___________ largest minority group in the nation

answer

Second

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In 2008, what was the average poverty rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives?

answer

25.7%

question

What two racial or ethnic groups have the highest high school completion rate among all other racial and ethnic groups?

answer

Asians and NHOPIs

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What President said that the United States would continue to commit to a national goal of eliminating racial and ethnic health disparities by the year 2010?

answer

President Clinton

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Which ethnic group has the highest percentage of vaccination for the 4:3:1:3:3:1 vaccine series among children 19-35 months?

answer

Asian/Pacific Islanders

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What was the target immunization percentage for Healthy People 2010?

answer

90%

question

What are the two most important factors associated with higher infant mortality rates among Black Americans?

answer

Lack of prenatal care and giving birth to low-birth-weight babies

question

Approximately what percentage of children and adults have diabetes?

answer

8.0% (24 million)

question

Considered by many to be the most influential single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality

answer

Socioeconomic status

question

What is the term for a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations?

answer

Cultural and linguistic competence

question

What are three factors that relate to socioeconomic status?

answer

Level of education, level of income, and poverty

question

For what disease are the cause of 90 to 95% of the cases unknown?

answer

Hypertension

question

What does the term culturally sensitive mean?

answer

Knowing and understanding that different ethnic groups each have unique cultural traditions that must be respected.

question

What type of power is described as the power of voice and collective action?

answer

Political power

question

In a community health context, what does the term empower mean?

answer

To enable people to work to solve their community health problems

question

What type of power brings access to "bases" of production such as information, knowledge, and skills, participation in social organizations, and financial resources?

answer

Social power

question

What type of power is best described as an individual sense of potency demonstrated in self-confident behavior?

answer

Psychological power

question

What law requires employers to prove the identity and work authorization for every prospective employee?

answer

The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1968

question

Injury

answer

physical damage to the body resulting from mechanical, chemical, thermal, or other environmental energy.

question

unintentional injury

answer

an injury that occurred without anyone intending that harm be done The cause of nearly two-thirds of all injury-related deaths in the U.S. A major community health problemMotor vehicle crashes Poisoning Falls Other unintentional injuries Motor Vehicle Crashes Leading type of unintentional injury death Leading cause of nonfatal unintentional injury Majority of those killed are Drivers Passengers Motorcycle riders Pedestrians Pedalcyclists Poisonings Second leading cause of unintentional injury death Unintentional ingestion of fatal doses of medicines and drugs Consumption of toxic foods Exposure to toxic substances in the workplace or elsewhere Most occur in the home Falls Third leading cause of unintentional injury death Leading cause of injury-related ED visits Most occur in the home Disproportionately affect elders Epidemiology of Unintentional InjuriesAccount for large number of early deaths in U.S. Incapacitation significant problem High economic impact

question

intentional injury

answer

an injury that is purposely inflicted, either by the victim or by another

question

injury prevention (control)

answer

an organized effort to prevent injuries or to minimize their severity

question

unsafe act

answer

any behavior that would increase the probability of an injury occurring

question

unsafe condition

answer

any environmental factor or set of factors (physical or social) that would increase the probability of an injury occurring

question

hazard

answer

an unsafe act or condition

question

fatal injury

answer

an injury that results in one or more deaths Fifth leading cause of death in U.S.

question

disabling injury

answer

an injury causing any restriction of normal activity beyond the day of the injury's occurrence. Great human burden attributed to injuries Significant economic costs Greatly contribute to premature death

question

model for unintentional injuries

answer

the public health triangle (host, agent, and environment) modified to indicate energy as the causative agent of injuries

question

injury prevention education

answer

the process of changing people's health-directed behavior so as to reduce unintentional injuries

question

regulation

answer

the enactment and enforcement of laws to control conduct

question

automatic (passive) protection

answer

the modification of a product or environment so as to reduce unintentional injuries

question

litigation

answer

the process of seeking justice for injury through courts

question

family violence

answer

the use of physical force by one family member against another, with the intent to hurt, injure, or cause death

question

child maltreatment

answer

an act or failure act by a parent, caretaker, or other person as defined under state law that results in physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, medical neglect, emotional abuse, or an act or failure to act that presents an imminent risk of serious harm to a child.

question

child abuse

answer

the intentional physical, emotional, verbal, or sexual mistreatment of a minor

question

child neglect

answer

the failure of a parent or guardian to care for or otherwise provide the necessary subsistence for a child

question

intimate partner violence (IPV)

answer

rape, physical assault, or stalking perpetrated by current or former dates, spouses, or cohabiting partners

question

youth gang

answer

an association of peers, bound by mutual interests and identifiable line of authority, whose acts generally include illegal activity ad control over a territory or an enterprise.

question

Person

answer

Age Leading cause of death in children and teenagers Falls leading cause of unintentional injury death for elders Gender Males more likely to be involved in fatal unintentional injuries Minority status

question

Place

answer

Home More occur in the home than anyplace else Highway 2nd leading place for injuries and injury death Recreation/sports area Workplace

question

Time

answer

Seasonal variations in various causes of unintentional injuries Days of week Time of day

question

Alcohol and Other Drugs as Risk Factors

answer

Alcohol may be most important factor contributing to injuries Involved in high amount of motor vehicle crashes Related to speeding, seat belt use, and other behaviors as well as drosiness and caffeine

question

Prevention through Epidemiology

answer

Early contributors for injury prevention and control John Gordon William Haddon, Jr. Model for unintentional injuries - triangle Environment, host, and energy producing agent

question

Prevention and Control Tactics

answer

Prevent accumulation of energy producing agent Reducing speed limits, lowering settings on hot water heaters Prevent inappropriate release of excess energy Flame-retardant fabric, nonslip surfaces Placing barrier between host and agent Sunscreen, non-heat handles on cookware

question

Community Approaches to Prevention

answer

Education - process of changing people's health-directed behavior Regulation - enacting and enforcing laws to control conduct Automatic protection - modifying products or environments to reduce risk Litigation - seeking justice for injury through courts

question

Intentional Injuries

answer

Outcome of self-directed or interpersonal violence Assaults, rapes, suicides, homicides Can be perpetrated against family members, community members, or complete strangers

question

Epidemiology of Intentional Injuries

answer

Interpersonal violence disproportionately affects those frustrated, hopeless, jobless, living in poverty, with low-self esteem More acts committed by males Firearms increasingly involved Alcohol and drug use contributes Perpetrators more likely to have been abused or neglected as children or exposed to violence

question

Homicide, Assault, Rape, and Property Crimes

answer

Homicide victimization rate for blacks significantly higher than whites Most homicides committed with firearms Lower income associated with higher rate of being a victim of violence Except for rape and sexual assault, all violent crime victimization rate higher for males Less than half of all violent crimes committed are reported to police

question

Suicide and Attempted Suicide

answer

Suicide rate for men four times that for women Suicide rate for young people and elderly declined in recent years after significant increase from 1950-1995 Older men eight times more likely to commit suicide than senior women

question

Firearm Injuries and Injury Deaths

answer

Intentional and unintentional acts, firearms third leading cause of injury death Highest risk for homicide and suicide involving firearms are teenage boys and young men Guns on college campuses Absence of detailed federally supported reporting system

question

Violence in Our Society and Resources for Prevention

answer

Individuals and Violence Family Violence and Abuse Child maltreatment Child abuse Child neglect Prevention of child maltreatment Elder maltreatment Intimate partner violence Prevention of intimate partner violence

question

Violence in Schools

answer

Victimization rates have remained steady in recent years Fighting and weapon carrying Zero tolerance policies Bullying and being bullied Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative Youth violence after school

question

Violence in Our Communities

answer

Youth gang violence Costs to the community Community response State response Federal response

question

asian most graduated hs in america

answer

...

question

host age tired concentration alcohol how long youve been driving seat belt gender energy physical or chemical environment weather raining visibility level of traffic other cars condition of the rode because pot holes car depending how new it is radio phone etc. Streets which rode you driving on the one way streets flashing read lights

answer

on test example write each part and the triangle

question

when have more attempts use it as signal to need to change or cry for help and males are more successful and some of it not cousious for females. Males have more leathal ways so thats why more successful and females less likely male use firearms femal pills four times as many for men but more attempts for females. Highest is in elderly men. They feel like they are more of a burden and have no indepence would rather be dead then hospitalized. THey have no social support no friends. Women connnects to friends etc so if she has passed then the male has no network for himself bc she is gone and he has to reach out to social support and does know how or doesnt want to.

answer

...

STUDY

Abnormal Psychology Early Maturing Girls Graduate From College Need For Approval Psychology School Psychology Sexology

Adolescent Psychology Chapter 12 – Flashcards 105 terms

Patricia Harrah

105 terms

Preview

Adolescent Psychology Chapter 12 – Flashcards

question

Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ______________ in evaluative situations. A) performance B) outcomes C) scores D) none of the above

answer

A) performance

question

The extent to which an individual strives for success is referred to as: A) mood composition. B) need for achievement. C) personality structure. D) self-orientation.

answer

B) need for achievement.

question

Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on all of the following, except: A) cooperation. B) achievement. C) competition. D) success.

answer

A) cooperation.

question

All of the following are noted in the text as reasons why achievement during the adolescent years merits special attention, except: A) this is a period when adolescents prepare for and sort themselves into occupational roles. B) it is during this period that adolescents begin to evaluate their occupational choices in light of their talents, abilities, and opportunities. C) it is during this period that adolescents make serious long-term decisions concerning life partners. D) the educational and occupation decisions made during adolescence are more numerous and the consequences of these decisions are more serious than those that take place during childhood.

answer

C) it is during this period that adolescents make serious long-term decisions concerning life partners

question

The transition from school to work is _________ defined transition. A) an educationally B) a socially C) a personally D) an environmentally

answer

B) a socially

question

According to the textbook, how is puberty connected to achievement? A) to the extent that puberty changes what's important for maintaining status in the peer group, it may lead adolescents to worry about whether trying too hard to do well will make them less attractive to their classmates B) puberty intensifies differences between males and females, and one impact of this is to make individuals think about what is "appropriate" achievement-related behavior for each of the sexes C) biological (hormonal) changes of puberty are directly related to achievement and motivation in high school D) both A and B are correct

answer

D) both A and B are correct

question

What is the main reason that many achievement-related issues take on new significance during adolescence: A) biological transitions B) social transitions C) changes in cognitions D) achievement-related issues do not take on new significance during adolescence

answer

B) social transitions

question

Which of the following statements regarding social roles and achievement is not true? A) adolescence is the period when important educational and occupational decisions are made B) in most industrialized societies, it is not until adolescence that individuals attain the status necessary to decide whether they will continue or end their formal education C) in most industrialized societies, it is not until adolescence that individuals are allowed to enter the labor force in an official capacity D) during adolescence, most individuals solidify career choices

answer

D) during adolescence, most individuals solidify career choices

question

The text suggests that one set of factors that may differentiate the "rich" from the "poor" early in the educational setting is _________ and _________. A) motivation to succeed; beliefs about the causes of success and failure B) neighborhood; socioeconomic factors C) genetic inheritance; prejudice against minorities D) parents' level of education; parents' attitudes toward education

answer

A) motivation to succeed; beliefs about the causes of success and failure

question

Alice has worked all evening on a psychology assignment that is not being graded. She has a very strong: A) need for approval. B) need for achievement. C) need for fulfillment. D) need for success.

answer

B) need for achievement.

question

John and Mary want their children to develop a strong need for achievement. In addition to using an authoritative parenting style, they also should: A) punish their children's failures. B) encourage their children's successes. C) compare their children to other children who are successful. D) set difficult tasks for their children to accomplish.

answer

B) encourage their children's successes.

question

Amy gets extremely nervous during exams and never does as well as she should because of these anxious feelings. She has a very strong: A) fear of rejection. B) fear of testing. C) fear of failure. D) fear of evaluation.

answer

C) fear of failure.

question

Al's parents expect him to receive all As on his report card, play quarterback for the football team, and win the election for senior class president. When Al came home with a B+ on his report card, his parents grounded him for a month. Al probably will develop: A) a high need for achievement. B) a fear of failure. C) an intrinsic type of motivation. D) learned helplessness.

answer

B) a fear of failure.

question

Adolescents who come from family environments in which parents have set unrealistically high standards for their children's achievement and react very negatively to failure are most likely to develop: A) intrinsic motivation. B) a fear of failure. C) Type-A personality characteristics. D) a high need for achievement.

answer

B) a fear of failure.

question

Jason is an intelligent youngster who avoids challenging situations because of his intense fear of failure. Despite his innate ability, he gets low grades and has trouble persisting even with easy tasks. Jason is: A) a failure. B) an underachiever. C) bored. D) a loader.

answer

B) an underachiever.

question

Alicia has trouble persisting at tasks and fears failure. Her grades are far lower than one would expect based on her intellectual ability. She is a(n): A) failure. B) underachiever. C) delinquent. D) normal adolescent.

answer

B) underachiever.

question

Sonya has scored in the top 1 percentile on an IQ test, yet she gets below average grades in school. What is true about Sonya? A) She has a learning disorder. B) She has low self-esteem. C) She is a delinquent. D) She is an underachiever.

answer

D) She is an underachiever.

question

According to the textbook, in classrooms in which teachers are very performance-oriented, students: A) feel more alienated from the school B) have lower feelings of self-efficacy C) are more likely to engage in self-handicapping behavior D) all of the above are likely in classrooms where the teachers are very performance-oriented

answer

D) all of the above are likely in classrooms where the teachers are very performance-oriented

question

Which statement about underachievement is false? A) Most underachievers are highly intelligent yet afraid of failure. B) Some students choose to appear uninterested in school to get more respect from their peers. C) Many students want to ensure that they have an "excuse" for poor performance other than a lack of ability. D) Some students use "self-handicapping" strategies to diminish the importance of academics as a response to their poor performance.

answer

A) Most underachievers are highly intelligent yet afraid of failure.

question

The internal desire to perform well is called: A) intrinsic motivation. B) mastery motivation. C) evaluation anxiety. D) extrinsic motivation.

answer

A) intrinsic motivation.

question

Motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task is called: A) extrinsic motivation. B) intrinsic motivation. C) intuitive motivation. D) instinctive motivation.

answer

B) intrinsic motivation.

question

Leroy plays video games not because he will win anything by doing well, or because anyone approves of his increasing skill, but because he enjoys getting better at the games. His behavior is an example of: A) intrinsic motivation. B) temperament. C) learned helplessness. D) extrinsic motivation.

answer

A) intrinsic motivation.

question

Motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance is called: A) extrinsic motivation. B) reward-punishment theory. C) extraneous achievement. D) intrinsic motivation.

answer

A) extrinsic motivation.

question

Whitney's present goal is to get good enough at spelling to earn the school's spelling trophy. Whitney's ambition is an example of: A) intrinsic motivation. B) ego motivation. C) self-regulation. D) extrinsic motivation.

answer

D) extrinsic motivation.

question

Margie sees herself as competent. Manny experiences a great deal of anxiety and hesitation when facing a challenge because he doubts his abilities. Both are A students. Margie is most likely ________ motivated and Manny is most likely ________ motivated. A) intrinsically; intrinsically B) intrinsically; extrinsically C) extrinsically; intrinsically D) extrinsically; extrinsically

answer

B) intrinsically; extrinsically

question

Bill approaches new tasks with the attitude that he can master them, and he tries to do so because he wants to gain new skills. Bill is motivated by: A) intrinsic forces. B) extrinsic forces. C) fear of failure. D) learned helplessness.

answer

A) intrinsic forces.

question

Every time that Frank receives an A on his report card, his grandmother gives him $50. However, if Frank receives a C, he is grounded for 2 weeks. Frank will probably develop: A) a high need for achievement. B) intrinsic motivation. C) extrinsic motivation. D) Type-A behavior.

answer

C) extrinsic motivation.

question

Marty's main concern in playing soccer is whether his performance will be good enough to win his father's attention and approval. Marty's behavior is being motivated by: A) intrinsic forces. B) extrinsic forces. C) temperament. D) crystallization.

answer

B) extrinsic forces.

question

As Carrie was growing up, her parents discussed politics with her, went on family vacations to historical sites and national parks, and attended cultural events together. Carrie took clarinet lessons and spent a lot of time in the library reading books she chose for herself. It is likely that Carrie will be: A) intrinsically motivated. B) extrinsically motivated. C) overwhelmed. D) overly concerned about failure.

answer

A) intrinsically motivated.

question

Professor Stein wants to test the stereotype threat effect. What is the most likely scenario if this effect does, in fact, occur? A) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform poorly on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants actually perform better than participants in the control group. B) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform poorly on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants perform more poorly than participants in the control group. C) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform extremely well on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants perform more poorly than participants in the control group. D) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that participants in the control group do not like them because of their ethnic background, so the experimental group members act aggressively toward members of the control group.

answer

B) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform poorly on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants perform more poorly than participants in the control group.

question

To the extent individuals believe widely held stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability, the ________ suggests that their performance will be affected, depending on how they expect to perform. A) stereotype threat effect B) gender differences effect C) general expectations theory D) self-efficacy hypothesis

answer

A) stereotype threat effect

question

Current research addressing sex differences in achievement suggests that: A) girls still lag far behind boys on science and math. B) when differences in math and science are found today, they are very slight. C) girls have closed the math/science gap and have now become better in these subjects than boys. D) there were so many methodological flaws in the earlier research that the differences in boys' and girls' math and science abilities were unduly exaggerated.

answer

B) when differences in math and science are found today, they are very slight.

question

Antonio is very confident about his abilities; he has a strong sense of: A) academic success. B) self-efficacy. C) self-awareness. D) social desirability.

answer

B) self-efficacy.

question

Tory is extrinsically motivated and believes that intelligence is a fixed trait. Based on this combination, Tory probably focuses on: A) performance goals. B) learning goals. C) self-regulatory goals. D) mastery goals.

answer

A) performance goals.

question

Ivan, who believes that intelligence is a malleable trait, is enrolled in several advanced placement classes. Mastering the subject material is more important to him than getting good grades. Ivan probably emphasizes: A) performance goals. B) learning goals. C) self-regulatory goals. D) evaluation goals.

answer

B) learning goals.

question

Which of the following is not likely to predict students' achievement-related behavior? A) whether the student has experienced a failure B) whether the student believes intelligence is fixed or malleable C) whether the student is intrinsically or extrinsically motivated D) whether the student is confident in his/her abilities

answer

A) whether the student has experienced a failure

question

Professor Umbridge takes pleasure in making her students look foolish. She stresses the importance of grades more than mastery of the course material. Her students are likely to demonstrate all of the following, except: A) insecurity about their abilities. B) hesitation about challenging themselves. C) reluctance to ask her for help. D) a need to outperform their classmates.

answer

D) a need to outperform their classmates.

question

Students' motivation and school performance _______ when they enter into secondary school. A) remain the same B) increase C) decrease D) increase sharply and then plateau

answer

C) decrease

question

An explanation of why students' motivation and school achievement drop as they transition into secondary school is that: A) the subject matter becomes more difficult. B) teachers focus on grades rather than mastery of the material. C) they are intimidated by the older students. D) there is a decline in their use of self-handicapping strategies.

answer

B) teachers focus on grades rather than

question

Dr. Worthy studies achievement attributions. According to the textbook, she would be assessing the ways in which individuals attribute their performance to a combination of all of the following factors, except: A) ability and effort. B) task difficulty. C) luck. D) motivation.

answer

D) motivation.

question

Jacob and Stephen just got a project back from their teacher that they had worked on together. They received a D on the project. Jacob said that it was because the project was too hard. Stephen said it was because they hadn't worked hard enough on the project. Which adolescent is most likely to try harder on future projects? A) Stephen B) Jacob C) Both boys will try harder next time. D) Neither boy will try hard next time because they failed this time.

answer

A) Stephen

question

Shawn is told by his teacher that the task he is working on is too difficult for him. Therefore, Shawn believes that failure is inevitable. He is likely to develop: A) learned helplessness. B) attribution biases. C) achievement attributions. D) None of the above

answer

A) learned helplessness.

question

The belief or expectation that one cannot control the forces in one's environment is called: A) underachievement. B) fear of failure. C) learned helplessness. D) temperament.

answer

C) learned helplessness.

question

Paul won't even try to learn how to swim because when he has tried before, he has not done very well and he is now convinced that no matter what he does, he will never learn to swim. Paul's situation is an example of: A) ego deflation. B) Type-A behavior. C) learned helplessness. D) temperament.

answer

C) learned helplessness.

question

Mrs. Kumin wants to help her lower-achieving students. She should: A) acknowledge that they do not have the ability to achieve and stop pressuring them. B) help them learn to attribute their performance to factors that are under their control. C) have them placed into special education classes. D) provide them with remedial education and have them keep trying.

answer

B) help them learn to attribute their performance to factors that are under their control.

question

Which of the following is not one of the factors researchers study in connection with how home environment influences adolescents' level of achievement? A) parents' values and expectations B) parenting practices C) cultural factors D) quality of home environment

answer

C) cultural factors

question

Which adolescent is least likely to exhibit high academic achievement? A) Barney, whose parents set high scholastic standards and expect him to go to college B) Bernie, whose parents go to all of his school programs and help him select his classes C) Benny, whose parents do not want to pressure him, but argue with his teachers about his grades D) Bob, whose parents join together with other parents who stay involved in school activities

answer

C) Benny, whose parents do not want to pressure him, but argue with his teachers about his grades

question

According to the textbook, which of the following is not an effective form of parental involvement: A) helping with homework B) encouraging achievement in school C) expecting achievement in school D) being involved in school-based activities

answer

A) helping with homework

question

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with adolescents' development of intrinsic motivation and academic achievement? A) permissive B) authoritative C) authoritarian D) demonstrative

answer

B) authoritative

question

Which type of parenting is linked to school success during adolescence? A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) indulgent D) neglectful

answer

B) authoritative

question

Who is probably most likely to drop out of high school? A) Luanne, whose parents are consistently authoritative B) Dierdre, whose parents are consistently authoritarian C) Bobby Jo, whose parents are consistently indulgent D) Sally, whose parents are consistently permissive

answer

D) Sally, whose parents are consistently permissive

question

Which of the following statements about authoritative parenting is true? A) authoritative parenting promotes the development of an emphasis on extrinsic motivation and a less healthy attributional style B) authoritative parents are less likely themselves to hold healthier beliefs about their child's achievement and more likely to be overly controlling C) authoritative parenting is associated with lower achievement motivation, greater self-esteem, and lower competence D) authoritative parenting is probably the most important contributor to strong need for achievement

answer

D) authoritative parenting is probably the most important contributor to strong need for achievement

question

Two characteristics of authoritative parents that positively influence their children's school performance are ______ and ______. A) healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; less tendency to be over-controlling B) healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; greater tendency to be over-controlling C) exaggerated beliefs about their child's achievement; involvement in their child's academic pursuits D) a tendency to push their child to succeed; the ability to let their child make his or her own decisions

answer

A) healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; less tendency to be over-controlling

question

Lydia's family is always going to art shows, concerts, and poetry readings. They have a large amount of: A) societal influence. B) social capital. C) cultural capital. D) monetary success.

answer

C) cultural capital.

question

The resources provided within a family allowing the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, and literature are called: A) special education. B) social cultivation. C) artistic refinement. D) cultural capital.

answer

D) cultural capital.

question

During the school year, Titus's parents took him to the theater and the opera. In addition, they bought him an encyclopedia for his birthday. The treatment Titus is receiving is an example of: A) special education. B) social cultivation. C) artistic refinement. D) cultural capital.

answer

D) cultural capital.

question

Which of the following is the best example of cultural capital? A) Art's father takes him to museums during the summer. B) Chip's parents bought him a computer. C) Henry's mother has a Master's degree in Shakespearean drama. D) Crystal's parents buy her expensive earrings.

answer

A) Art's father takes him to museums during the summer.

question

Jane's community does a lot to support and encourage adolescents' success in school. This community has a large amount of: A) societal influence. B) social capital. C) cultural capital. D) monetary success.

answer

B) social capital.

question

The impact of friends on adolescents' school performance depends on: A) the academic orientation of the peer group. B) the number of extracurricular activities in which they participate. C) the size of the peer group. D) All of the above

answer

A) the academic orientation of the peer group.

question

In the United States today, the peer group is most likely to have _______ influence on an adolescent's academic achievement. A) a positive B) a negative C) little D) both a positive and a negative

answer

B) a negative

question

Black students in the inner city who do well in school are: A) likely to be criticized by their peers who say they are "acting white." B) likely to be respected by the white students but not by their Black peers. C) usually respected by the other high-achieving students. D) more likely than their white counterparts to attend college.

answer

A) likely to be criticized by their peers who say they are "acting white."

question

The textbook states that peers are important for all of the following reasons, except: A) students whose friends are more engaged in school are themselves more engaged B) students with best friends who achieve high grades in school are more likely to show improvements in their own grades than are students who begin at similar levels of achievement but whose friends are not high achievers C) peers play an especially important role in girls' decisions to take math and science classes D) adolescents with an extremely high orientation toward peers tend to perform better in school

answer

D) adolescents with an extremely high orientation toward peers tend to perform better in school

question

Which of the following is not a finding of Witkow's recent study that investigated the ways in which adolescents use their time: A) students who earn higher grades than their peers spend more time studying, both on weekdays and on weekends B) high-achieving students spend less time with their friends than do low-achieving students on weekdays, but not on weekends C) study results suggest that high-achieving students are able to maintain an active social life by allocating time more judiciously during the week D) high achieving students spend equal time with their friends than do low-achieving students on weekdays.

answer

D) high achieving students spend equal time with their friends than do low-achieving students on weekdays.

question

Research on the interaction of the influence of parents and peers suggests all of the following, except: A) family environment affects adolescents' choice of friends. B) friends who value school can positively affect adolescents' school achievement even if the adolescent does not come from an authoritative home. C) peers and parents have a stronger influence on adolescents' school achievement in countries in which schools serve heterogeneous groups of students. D) peers have more influence on adolescents than families in countries where students are placed on separate educational tracks.

answer

D) peers have more influence on adolescents than families in countries where students are placed on separate educational tracks.

question

Which of the following is an example of school performance? A) Kelly received a C on her report card. B) Naomi received a 1200 on the SATs. C) Mel has been in school for 7 years. D) Vinny has an IQ of 105.

answer

A) Kelly received a C on her report card.

question

Which of the following is an example of academic achievement? A) Kelly received a C on her report card. B) Naomi received a 1200 on the SATs. C) Mel has been in school for 7 years. D) Vinny has 3.7 GPA.

answer

B) Naomi received a 1200 on the SATs.

question

Which type of educational achievement has important implications for subsequent earnings? A) school performance B) academic achievement C) educational attainment D) All of the above

answer

C) educational attainment

question

The gap between American students' performance and that of students from other countries _____ as they move from elementary to middle to high school. A) widens B) shrinks C) stays the same D) there is no gap between American students' performance and that of students from other countries

answer

A) widens

question

The practice of advancing adolescents to the next grade level in school based on age rather than their successful completion of the grade level is known as: A) peer group promotion. B) age mate promotion. C) social promotion. D) upward social comparison.

answer

C) social promotion.

question

Harry has failed 9th grade this year and has not learned the material he needs to go on to higher grade levels. However, his teachers are debating letting him go on to 10th grade next year so that he does not feel left behind or lose touch with his same-age friends. This practice is called: A) disengagement promotion. B) teacher-based social support. C) achiever dropout prevention. D) social promotion.

answer

D) social promotion.

question

Work values, the different types of rewards that individuals expect to receive from their chosen occupation, can include all but which of the following values? A) influence B) social rewards C) leverage D) leisure

answer

C) leverage

question

In a study on the effect of early intensive education on later school performance among children in poverty, which intervention had the greatest impact on performance in high school? A) the preschool intervention B) the elementary school intervention C) each intervention was equally effective D) neither intervention affected high school performance

answer

A) the preschool intervention

question

Studies show that disadvantaged youth perform more poorly in school than their advantaged counterparts. Which of the following reasons best accounts for this disparity? A) Poor adolescents begin school at a distinct academic disadvantage. B) Poor adolescents have more stress. C) Parents from higher social classes are more involved in the school. D) All of the above

answer

D) All of the above

question

Mary comes from an economically disadvantaged household. Her mother went to the school counselor to find out what could be done to help Mary overcome her disadvantage. What did the counselor suggest would help? A) positive relations at home B) extra tutoring C) an after-school job D) special education classes

answer

A) positive relations at home

question

Which ethnic group, on average, has the highest level of educational achievement? A) Black adolescents B) Asian Americans C) White adolescents D) Hispanic American

answer

B) Asian Americans

question

Asian American students are likely to have higher academic achievement than White or ethnic minority youth because: A) they believe in the value of school success. B) they are very anxious about negative repercussions of not doing well in school. C) they spend more time studying than White or other ethnic minority students. D) All of the above

answer

D) All of the above

question

According to the text, Asian children tend to attribute success to: A) external causes. B) hard work. C) inherited intelligence. D) luck.

answer

B) hard work.

question

Across all ethnic groups, studies indicate that which of the following measures helps students to achieve? A) a sense of belonging to the school B) a perceived connection between academic accomplishment and future success C) parental monitoring of behavior and schooling D) All of the above

answer

D) All of the above

question

Levels of educational attainment in America have _____ over the past 6 decades. A) risen B) remained stable C) declined dramatically D) declined slightly

answer

A) risen

question

Which of the following Hispanic young adults is most likely to graduate from college? A) Gustavo, who is Mexican American B) Jesus, who is Puerto Rican C) Rogelio, who is Cuban American D) They are all equally likely to graduate from college.

answer

C) Rogelio, who is Cuban American

question

Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's adolescents have __________levels of educational attainment and ___________ levels of academic achievement. A) lower; lower B) lower; higher C) higher; higher D) higher; lower

answer

D) higher; lower

question

The modest gains in achievement that have occurred during the past decade or so have been in the area of: A) higher-order thinking. B) relatively simple skills. C) computer training. D) specialized science fields.

answer

B) relatively simple skills.

question

Compared with students in other countries, U.S. elementary school students_______ students in other countries, and high school students in the United States _______ than their peers in other countries. A) perform as well as; perform as well B) perform better than; perform better C) perform as well as; perform more poorly D) perform more poorly than; perform better

answer

C) perform as well as; perform more poorly

question

The ________ is a national assessment of students' achievement conducted by the federal government to track changes in educational achievement over time. A) National Assessment of Educational Achievement (NAEA) B) National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) C) National Assessment of Students' Achievement (NASA) D) National Assessment of Students' Progress (NASP)

answer

B) National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

question

All of the following have been cited as possible explanations for low achievement scores among American students, except: A) teachers do not spend enough time on basic instruction. B) students do not take advanced courses when they are offered. C) parents do not encourage academic pursuits at home. D) students spend too much time involved in extracurricular activities.

answer

D) students spend too much time involved in extracurricular activities.

question

Which of the following is the best predictor of occupational success? A) school performance B) educational attainment C) academic achievement D) motivation

answer

B) educational attainment

question

High school dropouts are more likely than high school graduates to do all of the following, except: A) experience poverty and unemployment. B) become pregnant. C) begin working earlier. D) be involved in criminal activity.

answer

C) begin working earlier.

question

Based on the definition used by the U.S. department of Education (the proportion of individuals aged 16 to 24 who are not enrolled in school and who have not earned a high school diploma or GED), the dropout rate has _____ steadily over the past half-century, to about _____. A) increased; 24% B) declined; 9% C) increased; 19% D) declined; 14%

answer

B) declined; 9%

question

High school dropout rates are highest among _____ adolescents. A) Black B) Hispanic C) White D) Asian

answer

B) Hispanic

question

Raul, a foreign-born Hispanic youth, has decided to drop out of high school. According to the studies, what is likely to be the reason for his desire to drop out? A) He is not proficient in English. B) He has a low IQ. C) He has social problems at school. D) He needs to earn money for his family.

answer

A) He is not proficient in English.

question

Which of the following has not been identified as a factor in determining the likelihood of dropping out of high school? A) socioeconomic status B) repeating a grade C) achievement test scores D) gender

answer

D) gender

question

The most effective strategy for keeping students from dropping out of high school has been: A) involving at-risk students in service learning and guided discussions of their life options. B) providing remedial classes for at-risk students. C) making courses easier. D) offering guidance counseling for at-risk students to help them academically.

answer

A) involving at-risk students in service learning and guided discussions of their life options.

question

High school dropout rates would be expected to be highest: A) in schools that emphasize academic achievement. B) in large schools that group students according to ability. C) when students who are having difficulties are allowed to change schools. D) when students are promoted from one grade to the next based on age rather than achievement.

answer

B) in large schools that group students according to ability.

question

Who is most likely to attain occupational success? A) Francesca, who earned good grades in college B) Luke, who received a high score on the SAT C) Karen, who has a Master's degree D) Ruben, who has a high IQ

answer

C) Karen, who has a Master's degree

question

The stage during which individuals first begin to formulate their ideas about appropriate occupations (typically between the ages of 14 and 18) is called: A) crystallization. B) specialization. C) orientation. D) specification.

answer

A) crystallization.

question

Donald is 19. He is beginning to seek appropriate information about which mental health career he wishes to pursue so he can narrow the possibilities and make his choice. According to Super, he is in which stage of occupational development? A) crystallization B) specialization C) orientation D) specification

answer

D) specification

question

Akira wants to be an occupational therapist specializing in the rehabilitation of the hand. Based on Super's stages of occupational development, Akira has reached the: A) composition stage. B) specification stage. C) self-directed search stage. D) crystallization stage.

answer

B) specification stage.

question

Which of the following statements regarding work values is not true for adolescents? A) adolescents tend to rate almost all work rewards very highly B) adolescents optimistically believe that they can find jobs that satisfy multiple rewards simultaneously C) adolescents are able to focus on what they want from a job and identify a few rewards that are most important to them D) adolescents typically believe that they can "have it all" from future occupational choices

answer

C) adolescents are able to focus on what they want from a job and identify a few rewards that are most important to them

question

Which of the following is most likely to influence (both directly and indirectly) a teenager's occupational choice? A) parents B) part-time work C) courses in school D) peers

answer

A) parents

question

According to the textbook, all of the following are reasons that adolescents' ambitions are consonant with the socioeconomic status of those around them, except: A) occupational attainment depends strongly on educational attainment and educational attainment is greatly influenced by socioeconomic status B) middle-class parents are more likely to raise their children in ways that foster the development of strong achievement orientation and career exploration C) parents, siblings, and other important sources of influence serve as models for adolescents' occupational choices D) many employers won't higher people from certain SES groups

answer

D) many employers won't higher people from certain SES groups

question

Which work values are most likely to remain strong over the course of young adulthood, as other work values decline? A) extrinsic B) altruistic C) intrinsic D) social rewards of the job

answer

C) intrinsic

question

Which work values decline most dramatically with age? A) extrinsic, altruistic, and social rewards B) intrinsic, leisure, and job security C) extrinsic, social rewards, job security D) altruistic, influence, and intrinsic

answer

A) extrinsic, altruistic, and social rewards

question

According to the textbook, which of the following is not a limitation to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence? A) interests and abilities are not fixed during adolescence B) they may underestimate the importance of other factors that influence and shape vocational decisions (e.g., the social context) C) many career decisions are influenced more by individuals' beliefs about what sorts of jobs are accessible or "appropriate" for them than by their interests and preferences D) all of the above are important limitations to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence.

answer

D) all of the above are important limitations to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence.

question

Which statement represents an important goal of career educators helping adolescents with their future plans? A) Help adolescents find a job right after high school. B) Help adolescents achieve the highest score possible on the SATs. C) Help adolescents make informed choices about their career and free them from stereotypes that constrain their choices. D) Help adolescents form lasting relationships with teachers and administrators.

answer

C) Help adolescents make informed choices about their career and free them from stereotypes that constrain their choices.

question

According to the textbook, which of the following is a reason that career counselors (especially on college campuses) have come to play an increasingly important role individuals' career decision-making? A) the labor market is changing so quickly that it is difficult for adolescents to obtain accurate information about careers from their families B) new government subsidized programs that require career counselors to do so C) adolescents have become apathetic about career choices and want others to decide their careers for them D) none of the above. According to the textbook, career counselors are useless.

answer

A) the labor market is changing so quickly that it is difficult for adolescents to obtain accurate information about careers from their families

STUDY

Abnormal Psychology AP Psychology Early Maturing Girls Predict What Will Happen Psychology

Ch.3 : Cognitive Foundations – Flashcards 22 terms

Sarah Taylor

22 terms

Preview

Ch.3 : Cognitive Foundations – Flashcards

question

Suppose you were a participant in a study on information processing. Your thought processes would be likened to the

answer

functions of a computer

question

What process functions to keep the brain's electrical signals on one path and increase processing speed?

answer

Myelination

question

Imagine you are a neurological researcher looking at a PET scan of a 16-year-old boy. Compared to the brain scan of an 8-year-old girl, you'd most likely see

answer

a larger cerebellum

question

Tony is a 12th-grade boy who is having trouble learning about anatomy. Seeing this, Tony's teacher has asked Gladys, a bright classmate of Tony's, to help him understand the concepts he's having trouble with. Deciding to have Gladys help Tony learn anatomy, the teacher is helping Tony work within his

answer

zone of proximal development

question

Mental operations performed by children in the concrete operational stage (age 7-11) are limited to what they can

answer

experience directly

question

In order to remember his grocery list, 12-year-old Andy organizes the list into food groups (i.e., dairy, grains, junk food). Andy is using

answer

a mnemonic device

question

In order to remember his grocery list, 12-year-old Andy organizes the list into food groups (i.e., dairy, grains, junk food). Andy is using

answer

crystallized intelligence

question

The more automatic a cognitive task is, the

answer

faster you are able to complete the problem

question

Which item is not considered one of the eight types of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner?

answer

question

Jared and his dad are working on Jared's calculus homework. While Jared is quick to respond when he sees information that he learned in class, Jared's dad, Greg, uses his years of experience to figure out the answer. As compared to Greg, Jared possesses better

answer

question

Piaget conceived of __________ as an active process in which children seek out the type of information and stimulation that matches the development of their thinking.

answer

maturation

question

This part of the brain was long thought to influence only movement but is now known to influence higher thought processes.

answer

question

A child watches a kitten walking in front of her and reaches out to grab the kitten's tail. According to Piaget, this child is ____________________

answer

in the sensorimotor stage.

question

According to the text, one possible explanation of why adolescents and adults differ in decision making is because mature decision making requires both

answer

cognitive and psychological factors.

question

Who is the most likely to understand the metaphor "life is like a box of chocolates"?

answer

Wayland, a 15-year-old boy.

question

There are two types of short-term memory: one type is involved in the input and storage of new information, the other type of short-term memory is known as

answer

working memory.

question

In order for scaffolding to be successful, what does the teacher need to be aware of?

answer

When the student becomes competent at the task he/she is performing

question

According to the text, Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development is defined as

answer

the gap between what children and adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by a more competent peer.

question

As automaticity decreases, what increases?

answer

Conscious effort

question

Concerning the automaticity of problem solving, the biggest difference between 9-year-old Charlie and his 50-year-old father, Martin, is that

answer

question

While Lynn is trying to read a book, her daughter Jennifer is listening to loud music in the same room. In order for Lynn to concentrate on her book, she needs to employ

answer

selective attention.

question

A recent study completed by Peng and Nisbett (1999) which focused on dialectical thinking found that what culture tended to promote this type of thinking more than others?

answer

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