Early Maturing Girls Flashcards, test questions and answers
Discover flashcards, test exam answers, and assignments to help you learn more about Early Maturing Girls and other subjects. Don’t miss the chance to use them for more effective college education. Use our database of questions and answers on Early Maturing Girls and get quick solutions for your test.
We've found 13 Early Maturing Girls tests
Abnormal Psychology
Early Maturing Girls
Psychology
Secondary Sex Characteristic
Sexually Transmitted Infections
CHAPTER 14-16 – Flashcards 60 terms

Ken Ericksen
60 terms
Preview
CHAPTER 14-16 – Flashcards
question
1. The current average age of menarche in the U.S. is
answer
12 yrs, 8 mo.
question
2. A chemical substance produced by a gland in the endocrine system and conveyed via the bloodstream to the rest of the body is called a
answer
hormone
question
3. Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the ______ to the ____.
answer
hypothalamus; pituitary gland
question
4. Which of these is another name for the sex glands?
answer
gonads
question
5. How does body weight affect the timing of puberty?
answer
Excess weight correlates with earlier puberty
question
6. Living in a stressful environment has been found to have what effect on the onset of puberty?
answer
It results in earlier puberty
question
7. Which of these is a symptom of bulima nervosa?
answer
binging and purging at least once a week for three months
question
8. The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty is referred to as
answer
growth spurt
question
9. Of the following, which is typically the last part of the adolescent's body to mature?
answer
torso
question
Organs or systems that are directly involved in reproduction are called
answer
primary sex characteristics
question
According to the text, teenagers are likely to experience sleep deprivation as a consequence of their
answer
phase-delay sleep-wake pattern
question
There is a vaccination that protects against future exposure to which STI?
answer
chlamydia
question
13. Which is TRUE of project DARE?
answer
It has been found to significantly reduce adolescent drug use.
question
14. Which drug, when used extensively during adolescence, inhibits growth and may result in becoming a shorter adult?
answer
tobacco
question
15. What does the term "menarche" refer to?
answer
a girl's first menstrual period
question
16. The hormonal signal to begin puberty is regulated by the
answer
adrenal gland
question
17. The sex glands in a female are called ______ and in a male are called ______.
answer
vagina; the penis
question
18. Sexual development before age 8 is referred to as:
answer
precocious puberty
question
The hormone that affects appetite, is stored in fat, and is believed to affect the onset of puberty is:
answer
leptin
question
Menstruation depletes a woman's body
answer
iron
question
A person's idea of how his or her body looks is called:
answer
body image
question
Which of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa?
answer
refusal to maintain body weight that is at least 85% of normal for age, sex, & height
question
Towards the end of adolescence, the lungs will ____ in weight and the heart will _____ in size
answer
triple; double
question
Jason is going through the adolescent growth spurt. The first observable evidence will likely be
answer
his fingers and toes lengthen
question
Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic?
answer
maturation of testes
question
According to the Monitoring the Future study on adolescent drug use,
answer
tobacco is the second most commonly used drug among high school seniors
question
Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but indicate sexual maturity are referred to as
answer
secondary sex characteristics
question
_____________ accounts for most cases of fatal uterine cancer.
answer
HPV
question
According to research, steady drinking impairs memory and self-control by damaging the
answer
hippocampus and frontal cortex
question
Which of the following attempts to decrease teen drug use appears to have been most effective?
answer
Project DARE
question
Which characteristic of adolescent thought is demonstrated when a teen fails to recognize that others may not care about what they look like or how they act?
answer
The imaginary audience
question
_________ involves propositions and possibilities that may or may not reflect reality
answer
Hypothetical thinking
question
3. ________________ is sometimes called "top-down reasoning", because it involves applying a general principle to a particular case. Children can't do this, but beginning in adolescence it becomes possible.
answer
Deductive reasoning
question
The describes two networks in the brain: one for intuitive and one for analytical processing.
answer
dual process model
question
Thirteen-year-old Mark refuses to go to school because he has a pimple. He is convinced that everyone will make fun of him. Mark's behavior is an example of
answer
the imaginary audience
question
What-if propositions require: thought.
answer
hypothetical
question
________________ is sometimes called "bottom-up reasoning" because it involves generalizing from examples. Children, who are concrete thinkers, can do this.
answer
Inductive reasoning
question
"Throwing good money after bad" is a phrase often used when we put more and more money into something that really was not worth it in the first place. Which of the following best explains why we often do not choose to "cut our losses"?
answer
sunk cost fallacy
question
Julie is obsessed with how others will react to her behavior and appearance. It takes her over an hour to dress in the morning as she considers what both her friends and her enemies will think of her. Julie's behavior reflects the power of
answer
the imaginary audience
question
During adolescence, psychosocial development is primarily a search to answer the question,
answer
Who am I?
question
A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care about his or her identity is called
answer
identity diffusion or confusion
question
A person who adopts his or her parents' values without question or analysis is said to be in
answer
foreclosure
question
The development of political identity during adolescence is not as common as it once was, but our author suggests that political identity has been replaced with widespread concern with a(n) ____ identity.
answer
religious identity
question
A large group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends is a(n)
answer
crowd
question
Longitudinal research begun in 1998 found that federally funded abstinence-only sex education
answer
decreases the number of sexual partners & increases the use of contraceptives
question
7. Serious depression among adolescents is
answer
more common in females than in males
question
The rate of teen pregnancy is highest in
answer
U.S
question
Thinking about suicide is called _________, and a failed suicide attempt is called __________.
answer
suicidal ideation; rumination
question
What is Erikson's stage of psychosocial development during adolescence?
answer
Identity vs. role confusion
question
The ultimate goal in resolving the crisis of identity achievement is to
answer
reconsider the goals & values set by parents and culture, accepting some and rejecting others
question
2. Erikson's term for premature identity formation is:
answer
foreclosure
question
13. Which of these might be considered a socially acceptable way for adolescents to delay identity commitment
answer
moratorium
question
Mr. Sanchez gives the car keys to his son and asks, "Who are you going with to the movies and what time will you be home?" This questioning is an example of:
answer
parental monitoring
question
15. What is a clique?
answer
a group of close friends who interact regularly and exclude outsiders
question
16. Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms is
answer
peer pressure
question
Which statement regarding teen pregnancy is TRUE?
answer
Rates of teen pregnancy are lower in European countries than in the U.S.
question
Research has shown that the dip in self-esteem during adolescence:
answer
is experienced by both sexes
question
Based on information regarding trends in North America and Europe since 1960, which of the following would MOST likely help to reduce teen suicide?
answer
restricting access to guns
question
Crime rates, including serious crimes, are highest for those who are in their
answer
teens
question
Recidivism rates show that adolescent criminal behavior is most likely to be reduced by placing the teen in
answer
therapeutic foster care
Day Night Cycle
Early Maturing Girls
Introductory Psychology
Psychology
PSY 205: Chapter 9 – Flashcards 32 terms

Tony Foust
32 terms
Preview
PSY 205: Chapter 9 – Flashcards
question
a girl's first menstrual period.
answer
Menarche is:
question
spermarche.
answer
For boys, the event that most closely parallels menarche is:
question
her hips growing wider.
answer
Nancy, age 12, has just experienced a sudden growth spurt. According to the usual sequence of puberty, soon she will notice:
question
his penis growing longer and wider.
answer
Bill noticed that he has some pubic hair. According to the usual sequence of puberty, his next growth event will probably be:
question
Testosterone
answer
___________ is the sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by males than females.
question
is due to hormonal shifts.
answer
Since he entered puberty, Barry has been staying awake late at night and craving sleep in the mornings. His parents should realize that this:
question
precocious puberty.
answer
Latisha experienced menarche when she was 8 years old. She experienced:
question
teasing and name-calling from her classmates.
answer
Ellie is 10 years old and well into puberty. She will probably experience:
question
growth of fingers and toes.
answer
One of the first signs of the growth spurt is:
question
higher; body fat
answer
Janet and Carlos are both experiencing a growth spurt. If they are typical adolescents, Janet will have a ________ proportion of __________ than Carlos.
question
match his size from the previous year.
answer
Garry is taking a weight-lifting class in high school. The weights he lifts should:
question
an increase in skin oils and sweat.
answer
Adolescent acne is usually caused by:
question
1300; 500
answer
The recommended daily dose of calcium is ____ milligrams; most teens consume less than ____ milligrams per day.
question
a steak to increase her iron.
answer
Sharon is concerned about deficiencies in her daughter Alana's diet. If Alana is a typical teen, Sharon should feed her:
question
They are dissatisfied with their bodies.
answer
Studies indicate that adolescents worldwide share this problem.
question
anorexia nervosa.
answer
Patty is 5 feet tall and weighs 87 pounds yet when she looks in the mirror, she sees an overweight girl. She does aerobics for two hours daily and eats very little. Patty MOST likely suffers from:
question
bulimia nervosa.
answer
Josefina is obsessed with her weight. She sometimes eats a whole package of Oreos at once and then makes herself vomit. Josefina is of normal weight, but she constantly has heartburn. She MOST likely suffers from:
question
His prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped.
answer
Xavier, 16, invites a group of his high school friends to swim in a neighbor's pool late at night while that neighbor is away. They climb the fence and jump in, playing wildly and loudly in the water. Just a few minutes later, the police arrive. How does adolescent brain development help explain Xavier's poor decision making?
question
adolescent egocentrism.
answer
A 15-year-old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of:
question
the invincibility fable.
answer
Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating:
question
her belief in an imaginary audience.
answer
Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating:
question
formal operational thought.
answer
Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence:
question
put weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scale.
answer
Jeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably:
question
concrete operational thought.
answer
In Inhelder and Piaget's balance experiment, trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of (What kind of thought?):
question
hypothetical thought.
answer
Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines:
question
inductive reasoning.
answer
Three different girls tell Brian that Titanic is their all-time favorite movie. He concludes that all girls love that movie. Brian has just used:
question
deductive reasoning.
answer
Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of:
question
intuitive
answer
Fifteen-year-old Richard wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver's license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, "I know other kids who do it, and it's just stupid that I have to wait another 3 months until I turn 16." This is an example of what kind of thinking?
question
analytical
answer
Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, "I've never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?" This is an example of what kind of thinking?
question
decline.
answer
Rachel and Matt are in their first year of middle school. Statistically, one would expect their academic achievement to:
question
cyberbullying.
answer
Spreading insults and rumors by means of e-mails, text messages, or Web postings is called:
question
300
answer
High school guidance counselors in the United States have an average caseload of _____ students.
Early Maturing Girls
Formal Operational Thought
High Risk Behaviors
Hiv And Aids
Part Time Work
Positive Body Image
Sexually Transmitted Disease
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Storm And Stress
Human D ch 11 – Flashcards 31 terms

Charlotte Small
31 terms
Preview
Human D ch 11 – Flashcards
question
Compared to the moods of school-age children and adults, the moods of adolescents are
answer
less stable
question
Parent-adolescent disagreements focus largely on
answer
day-to-day matters
question
Early-maturing girls are viewed as
answer
unpopular, withdrawn, and more likely to be involved in deviant behavior.
question
Compared with African-American and Hispanic girls, Caucasian girls are
answer
more likely to internalize the cultural ideal of female attractiveness.
question
During the growth spurt, males require about _____ calories daily, while females require _______ calories.
answer
2,700; 2,200
question
Which of the following statements about anorexia nervosa is true?
answer
Anorexia nervosa occurs equally often among SES groups.
question
Many bulimics are
answer
impulsive, sensation-seeking young people who lack self-control in many areas.
question
Compared to their European and Canadian counterparts, U.S. youths
answer
become sexually active earlier.
question
Research suggests that ________ and ________ are important contributors to homosexuality.
answer
genetic; prenatal biological influences
question
Many gay, lesbian, or bisexual youths experience
answer
an inner struggle and a deep sense of isolation.
question
True or False: Most students have only a limited understanding of STDs and how to avoid them
answer
True Most students have only a limited understanding of STDs and how to avoid them
question
The number of American teenage births is lower than it was 50 years ago due to
answer
almost half of teen pregnancies ending in abortion
question
Unmarried adolescent fathers...
answer
are less likely to remain in contact with their daughters than their sons.
question
Adolescents who dabble in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are best described as
answer
psychologically healthy, sociable, and curious.
question
When an adolescent becomes a drug abuser, __________ are generally needed to treat maladaptive parent-child relationships, impulsivity, low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.
answer
family and individual therapy
question
If you were asked to solve Piaget's pendulum problem, and you started by identifying all the factors that might affect the outcome and then systematically tested variations in the length of the string, the weight of the objects at the end of the string, and the height of the bar on which they hung, you would be showing evidence of
answer
hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
question
Which of the following propositions would a child under the age of 10 have trouble solving?
answer
If cats are larger than giraffes and giraffes are larger than mice, then cats are larger than mice.
question
Information-processing researchers regard __________ as central to adolescent cognitive development.
answer
metacognition
question
The best way to describe how scientific reasoning develops is
answer
gradually, as the result of many experiences.
question
give an example of an imaginary audience?
answer
When a fork falls off your tray in the cafeteria and clangs on the floor, you are certain that everyone is thinking how clumsy you are.
question
True or False: Boys and girls differ in general intelligence, but do not vary in specific mental abilities.
answer
False Boys and girls do not differ in general intelligence, but do vary in specific mental abilities.
question
Girls are more likely than boys to ...
answer
blame their errors in math on lack of ability.
question
What is a critical factor in eliminating gender differences in cognitive abilities?
answer
teaching girls how to think spatially
question
Experiences like _____________ contribute to males' superior spatial performance.
answer
playing video games that require rapid mental rotation of visual images
question
One explanation for why girls have a more difficult time with the transition from elementary school into junior high school is that
answer
the movement to junior high coincides with other life changes, like the onset of puberty and beginning to date.
question
One way to ease students' adjustment to a school transition is to
answer
create smaller social units within large schools so that students have a closer relationship with their teachers and peers.
question
_________________ parenting is associated with higher grades, while ______________ parenting predicts the poorest grades.
answer
Authoritative; uninvolved
question
Mr. and Mrs. Fischman keep tabs on their teenager's school progress and communicate with her teachers frequently. However, as their daughter moves into high school, they wonder whether they should decrease their level of involvement. What should you tell them?
answer
These efforts are just as important during high school as they were earlier.
question
True or False: Being in a college track accelerates academic progress, but being assigned to a general education track decelerates it.
answer
True
question
Many school dropouts show a persistent pattern of disruptive behavior and poor achievement, but
answer
a considerable number have just quietly disengaged from school
question
U.S. higher education rates
answer
rank among the highest in the world
Early Maturing Girls
Positive Body Image
Primary Sexual Characteristics
HD Test 1 – Flashcard 86 terms

Sarah Taylor
86 terms
Preview
HD Test 1 – Flashcard
question
Puberty
answer
A flood of biological events leading to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity.
question
causes of Puberty
answer
diet, weight, exercise, etc..
question
Adolescence
answer
The transition between childhood and adulthood.
question
What factors are taken into consideration into describing adolescence?
answer
biological (puberty) , environmental, social environment, cognitive development
question
Physical growth of adolescent males
answer
-muscle growth, body and facial hair, shoulders broaden -growth complete by 17.5 -larger skeletal muscles
question
testes release what?
answer
androgen testosterone
question
Physical growth of adolescent females.
answer
-Estrogen released by girls' ovaries -the breasts, uterus, and vagina to mature -hips broaden -fat is gained -regulation of the menstrual cycle. -Growth complete by age 16
question
Only ___ percent of North American girls and __ percent of boys are active enough for good health.
answer
40, 50
question
A sharp raise in body weight can trigger?
answer
sexual maturation
question
Identical Twins reach puberty?
answer
around the same time
question
Triggers of early and late puberty
answer
Athletic training, malnutrition, eating too little, family life,
question
Average age of menarche for females in North America?
answer
12.5
question
Average age of menarche for females in Western Europe?
answer
13
question
Average age of spermarche?
answer
13.5
question
Average age of onset of puberty for females?
answer
10
question
Average age of onset of puberty for males?
answer
11.5
question
Adolescents react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely.
answer
True
question
Females or males tell more about pubertal changes?
answer
females
question
How much sleep do adolescents need?
answer
8-9 hours
question
adolescents perform poorly on ____ in the morning
answer
cognitive tasks
question
Which culture better prepares girls for menarche, treat it as an important milestone, and express less conflict over girls reaching sexual maturity
answer
African American
question
Advice for sexual talk
answer
-be open -non judgmental -answer all the questions -use appropriate terminology
question
4 Different Parental Styles
answer
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved
question
high damandingness, high responsiveness
answer
Authoritative
question
high damandingness, low responsiveness
answer
Authoritarian
question
low damandingness, high responsiveness
answer
Permissive
question
low damandingness, low responsiveness
answer
Uninvolved
question
Issues of parent-child conflicts?
answer
everyday matters. curfew, driving, dating
question
Characteristics of early and late maturers.
answer
-Early-maturing girls and late-maturing boys have difficulty b/c of extremes of physical development -feel out of place with their peers -Early-maturing adolescents seek out older companions -encouraged into activities they are not ready to handle emotionally" -sexual activity, drug and alcohol use, and minor delinquent acts.
question
Adolescents feel most comfortable with peers who . . .
answer
Match their own level of pubertal maturity.
question
The most common nutritional problem of adolescence is____ deficiency.
answer
iron
question
Characteristics of those with eating disorders
answer
Not eating, eating a lot at once, extra trips to the bathroom, taking laxatives, underweight, obsessively exercising, high expectations of physical appearances, eroding of teeth enamel, other risky behaviors
question
treatment of eating disorders?
answer
family therapy, medication to reduce anxiety and neurotransmitter imbalances
question
males account for _____ of people with eating disorders
answer
5-15%
question
What type of intervention is the most affective for eating disorders?
answer
family therapy
question
North American attitudes towards sexual activity.
answer
-Sexual attitude is restrictive -parents avoid having meaningful talks with their children.
question
Percent of U.S. adolescents report having had sexual intercourse.
answer
over 50%
question
early sexual activity predicts what?
answer
delinquency, drug and alcohol use, lower academic achievement
question
Adolescents have highest rates of what?
answer
STDs
question
x/x sexually active teenagers contracts one of these illnesses each year
answer
1/6
question
_____ as easy for a male to infect a female with any STD
answer
twice
question
Characteristics of teenage mothers?
answer
-Less likely to graduate high school or to go on to college -know less about child development -low parental involvement -domestic violence -parental divorce -unmarried parenthood
question
Today's Challenge for teenage mothers versus past
answer
single mothers
question
Which substance do American adolescents experiment with most during high school?
answer
alcohol- 63%
question
Characteristics of a minimal drug experimenter?
answer
intelligent, curious, sociable
question
In adolescence, the speed of what increases?
answer
the speed of thinking and processing capacity increase
question
Adolescences will also see increase in ?
answer
knowledge and self regulation
question
Females do well academically in math and science but what decreases?
answer
self-confidence to perform in those subjects
question
High School dropout rate for US.
answer
10%
question
the Dropout rate is higher for what type of people?
answer
-minorities -poor -males
question
Piaget's Formal Operational Stage suggests that adolescents . .
answer
-can work with general logical rules and think hypothetically and abstractly
question
When does Piaget's Formal Operational Stage begin?
answer
11
question
Erikson's stage for adolescence
answer
Identity versus role confusion
question
Teenagers whose parents value achievement generally choose friends who share those values
answer
Teenagers whose parents value achievement generally choose friends who share those values
question
Identity Development stages
answer
Identity achievement, Identity moratorium, Identity foreclosure, Identity diffusion
question
committed to values and goals, sense of well-being, know where they are going
answer
Identity achievement
question
haven't made commitments, process of exploring, gathering info and trying activies with desire to find values and goals
answer
Identity moratorium
question
committed to values and goals without exploring. Accept a ready-made identity chosen for them by authority
answer
Identity foreclosure
question
lack direction, not committed and not trying to reach goals. Find tasks overwhelming
answer
Identity diffusion
question
Biculturally identified adolescents tend to have favorable relations with members of other ethnic groups.
answer
Biculturally identified adolescents tend to have favorable relations with members of other ethnic groups.
question
What introduces young people to social issues that broaden their perspective-taking opportunities?
answer
College
question
Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning.
answer
Preconventional, Conventional, Post conventional
question
children accept rules, morals are controlled by parents
answer
Preconventional
question
listen to social rules but don't view them for reasons for self-interest. Obeying the rules will keep positive relationships
answer
Conventional
question
understand morality based on their experiences
answer
Post conventional
question
Teenagers from which country are the most likely to report being religious?
answer
United States
question
The quality of the parent-child relationship is a predictor of what?
answer
mental health
question
Sibling rivalry ____ in high school years b/c trying to form own identities
answer
decrease
question
_____ provide foundation for future intimate relationships
answer
friendships
question
increased gender stereotyping of attitudes, behaviors
answer
Gender intensification
question
Gender intensification is stronger for _____ who feel less free to experiment with "other-gender"
answer
females
question
______ are psychologically healthier, more self-confident, willing to speak their own mind, better-liked by peers, and identity-achieved
answer
females
question
Those at risk for suicide
answer
gay and lesbian
question
Boys more likely to commit suicide by what ratio compared to girls
answer
3 or 4 to 1
question
Suicide is what number leading cause of death?
answer
third
question
Prevention of suicide?
answer
medication, gun control
question
Why are boys more likely than girls to be targets of delinquency?
answer
more active and impulsive, harder to control.
question
Prevention of delinquency?
answer
Authoritative parenting style
question
Androgynous gender identity
answer
straight, gay, transgender
question
linked to higher grades
answer
Authoritative parenting style
question
Autonomy
answer
sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual, not reliant on parents
question
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
answer
start with hypothesis, isolate and combine variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real world
question
able to think about possibilities of real world
answer
Idealism
question
focus of everyone's attention
answer
Imaginary audience
question
Certain that others are observing and thinking about them, teenagers develop an inflated opinion of their own importance - a feeling that they are special and unique.
answer
Personal fable
question
predicament in which people feel themselves at risk of confirming negative stereotyped about their social group
answer
Stereotype threat-
Distorted Body Image
Early Maturing Girls
Psychology
Adolescent practice test – Flashcards 75 terms

Martha Hill
75 terms
Preview
Adolescent practice test – Flashcards
question
Which are, in general, the earliest changes that occur during pubertal growth?
answer
breast growth in females; growth of testes in males
question
Which of the following statements regarding body image is TRUE?
answer
African American adolescent girls are more likely to be satisfied with their bodies than are European American girls.
question
Professor Kendall has been researching adolescent maturation around the world. She is likely to find that all of the following contribute to the secular trend:
answer
nutrition, infectious diseases, sanitation.
question
Researchers have found that, with regard to adolescent sleep patterns:
answer
getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep a night is associated with poorer mental health and lower grades for adolescents.
question
Boys appear physically mature before they are actually capable of fathering a child.
answer
false
question
__________ is the leading cause of death among adolescents, but death due to _________ has shown the steepest rise over the past 10 years.
answer
auto accidents and other unintentional injuries; prescription drugs
question
Minority adolescents are at greater risk for developing health problems during adolescence than non-minority adolescents in part as a result of:
answer
inadequate access to health care
question
Which statement regarding adolescent cognitive development is true?
answer
-Maturation of the prefrontal cortex allows for complex activities such as planning, decision making, goal setting, and metacognition. -Pruning of the synapses leads to increases in cognitive abilities. -Changes in levels of neurotransmitters reduce sensitivity to reward, leading to an increase in sensation-seeking.
question
Scientists believe that much of the synaptic pruning that takes place in the frontal lobe during mid-adolescence is affected by:
answer
experience
question
According to research on behavioral decision theory, adolescents often decide to engage in behavior that seems risky to adults because adolescents:
answer
place a different value on the possible consequences than do adults.
question
Improved ability to regulate our emotions and coordinate our thoughts and feelings is due to:
answer
increased connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system
question
The part of the brain most important in the evaluation of risk and reward is the:
answer
orbitofrontal cortex
question
The extreme skepticism observed in many adolescents is most likely a result of:
answer
seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute
question
According to the textbook, the strategy that would be least likely to reduce adolescent risk taking is:
answer
classroom-based education programs designed to teach adolescents about the dangers of various activities
question
Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen. This change in Kaji's role and status may be referred to as:
answer
social redefinition.
question
. Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," characterized by all of these:
answer
-functioning as an independent person -exploring possible identities before making permanent choices -the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities
question
Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police, however, only arrested Jennifer for running away because for a minor, running away is considered:
answer
a status offense.
question
Societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the primary work activities tend to exhibit a more _____ transition between adolescence and adulthood.
answer
Continuous
question
Compared to the situation 50 years ago, today's transition to adulthood in the U.S. is:
answer
low on clarity and continuity
question
Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation and social disorganization, undermining a neighborhood's sense of:
answer
collective efficacy
question
Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is true?
answer
-Morals and values are shaped over a long period of time and therefore are less likely to be subject to disagreement between parents and their adolescents. -Personal tastes in music and clothing shift quickly and are likely to be influenced by peers rather than parents. -The generation gap between parents and adolescents is more likely to be noticed in such domains as music, clothing, and leisure activity than in matters such as ethics and morality.
question
Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______distant and _______emotionally intense.
answer
more; less
question
Studies support each of the following statements about gender differences in family relationships:
answer
-adolescents tend to be closer to their mothers -fathers are more likely to be perceived as relatively distant authority figures -the sex of the parent is more influential on gender differences in family relationships than the sex of the adolescents
question
Recent research indicates that authoritarian parenting may not be as harmful (and may have some benefits) for which group?
answer
ethnic minorities who live in dangerous neighborhoods.
question
The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is:
answer
the degree of conflict between parents.
question
Based on the research literature, which child would you expect to have the most immediate problems with a parental divorce?
answer
a young male child
question
Following a divorce, life tends to even out for parents and adolescents after approximately:
answer
2-3 years
question
The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons:
answer
-divorce is more commonplace. -families move residences every few years. -adolescents experience pressure from the mass media.
question
Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.
answer
clique; crowd
question
By the end of high school, crowds:
answer
become less important to adolescents
question
The chief determinant of sociometric popularity in high school is:
answer
social competence.
question
Serena bumped into Josie in the cafeteria and the food on Josie's tray went all over her blouse. She immediately got angry, accused Serena of bumping her on purpose, and dumped Serena's tray, sending the food flying. Josie's reaction illustrates:
answer
reactive aggression and a hostile attribution bias
question
The most negative impact of bullying is on those who:
answer
are victims of it but don't see anyone else being victimized
question
The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by a combination of:
answer
aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.
question
In terms of social status and peer acceptance, being labeled a 'nerd' or a 'brain' is not necessarily a bad thing. All of the following are related to higher social acceptance for nerds and brains:
answer
-participation in athletics -being outgoing and sociable -modesty about performing well in school
question
Gossiping serves no positive function for adolescents
answer
false
question
The average age of menarche in the U.S.
answer
12-13
question
The age of peak conformity
answer
13
question
When the full structural maturation of the prefrontal cortex is complete
answer
early adulthood
question
According to Piaget, most adolescents are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.
answer
formal operational
question
Changes in the limbic system involve levels of two neurotransmitters: _________________, which regulates the experience of reward, and ________________, which plays a role in the experience of different moods.
answer
dopamine, serotonin
question
Researchers who study peer relations refer to two different kinds of popularity: ________________ popularity which refers to how much status or prestige an adolescent has, and ______________ popularity which refers to how well-liked he or she actually is.
answer
perceived, sociometric
question
Baumrind characterized parenting styles as varying along two dimensions she called ____________ and ________.
answer
demandingness (or control), responsiveness (or warmth)
question
The parenting style that she found to be associated with better child outcomes is called ___________________.
answer
authoritative
question
Anti-delinquency programs that group antisocial youth together often backfire and actually end up increasing participants' problem behavior, an unintended negative effect referred to as an ___________________ effect.
answer
iatrogenic
question
_______________ Rising levels of leptin ___________________ Nutritional deficiencies _______________ Family conflict _______________ Father absence __________________ Peer pressure __________________ Excessive exercise
answer
accelerates, delays, accelerates, accelerates, neither, delays
question
Contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all of the following
answer
-later entry into adult work roles. -later entry into adult family roles. -earlier onset of puberty.
question
Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in 'emerging adulthood', which is characterized by all of the following
answer
-the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities. -functioning as an independent person. -exploring possible identities before making permanent choices.
question
Adolescence was not considered a distinct developmental period until:
answer
the industrial revolution.
question
Dr. Ralph argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the:
answer
inventionist perspective.
question
Which of the following is FALSE? A. Juveniles are more likely than adults to confess to a crime rather than remain silent. B. Juveniles are less likely than adults to discuss disagreements with their attorneys. C. Juveniles are less likely than adults to understand their rights when being questioned by the police. D. Nearly all juveniles under 15 years of age are competent to stand trial in a criminal proceeding.
answer
D
question
Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is:
answer
viewed as having potential benefit.
question
The Bar Mitzvah and Bas Mitzvah are contemporary examples of a traditional society's practice of:
answer
the accentuation of male and female differences.
question
Trestan feels older than most of the other kids in his grade. He is more likely to engage in all of the following activities:
answer
-spending more time with opposite-sex peers. -feeling more autonomous. -engaging in problem behavior.
question
Compared to the situation 50 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is:
answer
long and disorderly.
question
_______ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _______ are based on reputation rather than on actual social interaction.
answer
cliques; crowds
question
Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:
answer
participant observation.
question
A(An) _______ is an individual who has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _______ is an individual who interacts with two or more peers who are members of cliques but who himself is not part of a clique.
answer
isolate; liaison
question
Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:
answer
middle adolescence.
question
Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is NOT true of changes that take place in crowds?
answer
Their structure becomes more hierarchical.
question
Adolescent peer groups have been described as falling along two dimensions
answer
adult orientation; peer orientation
question
Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?
answer
Belle, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates
question
By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following have been proposed as possible explanations for this phenomenon
answer
-attitudes toward other races. -differential levels of academic achievement. -socioeconomic influences.
question
Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are most likely to have:
answer
had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood.
question
According to the textbook, all of the following are true about gangs/gang members
answer
-Gang members tend to have more emotional and behavioral problems than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members. -Gang members tend to be more isolated from their families. -Gangs are usually identified by name and common symbols.
question
Some critics of the No Child Left Behind act argued that it was having the unintended consequence of:
answer
providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school.
question
Mrs. McGonagall wants to provide the best educational opportunities for all of the students in her high school. As school principal, she should:
answer
keep remedial classes small, but not worry if other classes have as many as 40 students.
question
According to evidence cited in your book, the ideal size of a school for adolescents is about:
answer
600 to 900 students
question
Which of the following is NOT a benefit that small schools offer?
answer
more varied instruction.
question
According to the research (e.g., Jacquelynne Eccles), changes in school environment that occur when moving from elementary to middle school include all of the following
answer
-middle schools are larger and more impersonal. -middle school teachers are more likely to emphasize control and discipline. -teachers in middle schools are less likely to believe that students' abilities can be modified through instruction.
question
Which of the following statements about tracking is true?
answer
-Tracking procedures often discriminate against minority and poor students. -Tracking can cause hostility between students in different tracks. -Students who are tracked tend to socialize mainly with peers from the same academic group.
question
Which adolescent would be expected to have the most positive academic self-concept?
answer
Claudia, a gifted student who is integrated into the regular classroom.
question
By the 1960's, after Brown v. Board of Education, schools were called on to:
answer
implement desegregation programs.
question
Students from low-income neighborhoods perform better when they are placed in more socioeconomically diverse schools.
answer
true
question
According to your book, why do private school students academically outperform students at public schools?
answer
because of the characteristics of the students who attend private schools.
Developmental Psychology
Early Maturing Girls
Elementary School Years
Human Growth And Development
Middle And Late Childhood
Psychology
PSY 230 Test 3 Study Guide – Flashcards 163 terms

Karen Combs
163 terms
Preview
PSY 230 Test 3 Study Guide – Flashcards
question
Improvements in attention, memory, effortful and goal-directed thinking, and behavior have been linked to:
answer
aerobic exercise.
question
A shift in brain activation of school-age children from more diffuse to more focal areas in the prefrontal cortex was linked to:
answer
increased cognitive efficiency and cognitive control.
question
According to recent studies, exercising ________ times a week for 60 minutes was effective in lowering both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
answer
three
question
All of the following are associated with childhood obesity in the United States EXCEPT:
answer
the part of the country where the child lives.
question
Comparing data from 2009-2010 to that from 2011-2012, the percent of two- to five-year-olds who were obese ________, while the percent of U.S. 6- to 11-year-olds
answer
decreased; stayed the same
question
During the elementary school years, children grow an average of ________ inches a year until age 11, with the average sized ________ being taller than the average sized ________.
answer
two to three; girl; boy
question
In terms of brain development in school-age children, synaptic pruning is part of the shift in activation from:
answer
larger diffuse areas to smaller focal areas.
question
Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper, something she could not do at age three. What BEST accounts for her improving dexterity?
answer
Increased myelination of the central nervous system
question
Kim's mom wants to help her daughter succeed in school. To boost and maintain Kim's intellectual development, her mother should do all of the following EXCEPT:
answer
let Kim exercise alone rather than exercise with her.
question
On average, children gain ________ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.
answer
5 to 7
question
Which was the largest group of students with a disability to be served by federal programs and receive special education in the 2011-2012 school year?
answer
Students with a learning disability
question
________ children with a learning disability have a reading problem
answer
Most
question
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that:
answer
all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education.
question
What causes the autism spectrum disorders?
answer
A brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters
question
Which of the following is NOT a trend in body growth for children in middle and late childhood?
answer
They triple their strength capacity.
question
Jeff's son is trying to learn the names of the five great lakes in the United States. While going over them Jeff points out that the first letter of each lake can be organized to spell "HOMES," so his son starts repeating the names in that order. Jeff was successful in:
answer
embedding memory-relevant language.
question
A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory
answer
Concrete operational stage
question
In terms of a mathematical relationship, a person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100, would indicate that person's:
answer
intelligence quotient.
question
Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer than B and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is:
answer
transitivity.
question
If Sergio's mental age is eight, but his chronological age is nine, we would say that Sergio's IQ is
answer
below average.
question
Cassidy is a teacher who loves to try Piagetian questions on her young son. One day in the car she asked him who the fastest runners in his class were. To confirm she asked, "Kevin is faster than Bill, right?" and later she asked, "Nate is faster than Kevin, right?" Waiting a while, she asked, "Is Nate or Bill faster?" She smiled when her son said, "________," because he was demonstrating ________.
answer
Bill; seriation
question
By age five or six, children usually know all of the following EXCEPT:
answer
related items are easier to remember than unrelated ones.
question
Daryl quizzed his roommate's creativity by asking, "How many different uses for a newspaper can you come up with?" This is a test of:
answer
divergent thinking.
question
Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of ________, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as size or length.
answer
seriation
question
Her mother noticed Karlee was giving her full attention to her crayons, placing them on the table from the tallest down to the shortest. Karlee is fascinated with her new skill of ________.
answer
seriation
question
According to the fuzzy trace theory, the ________ consists of the precise details of the information.
answer
verbatim memory trace
question
Amber is given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Her mental age is determined to be 14 and her chronological age is 10. Which of the following can be said about Amber?
answer
Her IQ score is above the majority of the population.
question
Luis's grandfather decided to challenge Luis to a game. He placed coins on the table and asked his grandson to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. This game is testing the Piagetian concept of:
answer
seriation.
question
According to Sternberg, someone who scores high on traditional IQ tests and has high grades in school is also high in ________ intelligence.
answer
analytical
question
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development emphasizes a child's ability to reason logically and to mentally reverse actions by using the term ________, while also emphasizing that the child can only apply this reasoning to specific, often physical examples by using the term ________.
answer
operational; concrete
question
With regard to the cognitive development theory, Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from approximately ________ years of age.
answer
7 to 11
question
According to Howard Gardner, successful theologians and psychologists are most likely to have high levels of which type of intelligence?
answer
Intrapersonal
question
Expertise in an area brings all the following characteristics EXCEPT:
answer
an increased ability to gain expertise in entirely different areas.
question
________ develop(s) more rapidly during early childhood, and ________ develop(s) more rapidly during middle and late childhood.
answer
Short-term memory; long-term memory
question
A process called ________ involves understanding how to use language in culturally appropriate ways.
answer
pragmatics
question
Mental age (MA) is:
answer
an individual's level of mental development relative to others.
question
At Jackson Elementary, children are taught to read by learning to recognize entire words and sentences and to use the context words that are used in the text to guess their meaning. Their reading material consists of stories, poems, and later, newspapers and magazines. This school is using the ________ approach to reading instruction.
answer
whole-language
question
Which of the following statements about the effect of genetics on intelligence is TRUE?
answer
Studies of fraternal and identical twins suggest a low correlation between genetics and intelligence.
question
Self-control/inhibition, working memory, and flexibility are all dimensions of:
answer
executive function.
question
Voletta does more than just memorize and give back information in the way it was given to her. Rather, she thinks productively and reviews, connects, and reflects as a means of evaluating evidence. This means that she is engaging in:
answer
critical thinking.
question
Which of the following statements represents the current thinking among increasing numbers of experts in the field of reading?
answer
Direct instruction in phonics is a key aspect of learning to read.
question
Which of the following statements about children who are bilingual is NOT true?
answer
Children who are bilingual are less conscious of the structure of spoken language than children who speak only one language.
question
Between ages 6 and 11 years, a child's vocabulary size typically grows from:
answer
14,000 to 40,000 words.
question
Which of the following is TRUE about second-language learning?
answer
For adolescents and adults, new vocabulary is easier to learn than new sounds or new grammar.
question
Dual-language instruction, formerly known as bilingual education, involves:
answer
a teacher speaking both English and the native language of the learner during instruction.
question
Which of the following improves considerably during the elementary school years, allowing for advances in vocabulary and grammar?
answer
Metalinguistic awareness
question
Louise is teaching her son to read by telling him the sound that each letter of the alphabet stands for. As he makes the sounds he begins to form words, and then smiles when he recognizes the written version of a word he uses all the time. What approach is his mother using?
answer
phonics
question
Recent studies have found that for ELLs (English Language Learners), the most effective approach is:
answer
dual-language learning.
question
Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this?
answer
They may get upset easily when they lose a competition or receive a critique of their performance.
question
According to Erik Erikson, parents who continually see their children's efforts at making things as "mischief" or "making a mess," and communicate this to their children often, will tend to foster a sense of ________ in their children.
answer
inferiority
question
Kohlberg believed that development from one moral stage to the next was prompted by opportunities for perspective taking and:
answer
the conflict between an individual's current stage and the challenge posed by reasoning from someone at a higher level.
question
In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to:
answer
compare themselves with others.
question
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests but also let others do the same?
answer
Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
question
Children and adolescents who choose their actions based on wanting to be seen as "good girls" or "good boys" by the important people in their lives are displaying:
answer
mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity.
question
Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called:
answer
industry versus inferiority.
question
Consistently praising children for mediocre or even poor performance can lead to ________, which may cause children with ________ self-esteem to avoid important learning experiences.
answer
an inflated self-esteem; low
question
During the elementary years, a child's self-understanding includes increasing references to all of the following EXCEPT:
answer
physical characteristics.
question
Which of the following was NOT listed as an important change in the emotional development of school-age children?
answer
Ability to move quickly from one emotion to another
question
Mariel wants to know how everything works, and if you aren't keeping an eye on her, she will start taking things apart to see what's inside. If there is a knob to turn or door to open, she will do it! Mariel is typical of a child developing what Erik Erikson called:
answer
industry.
question
Which of the following statements about self-regulation is FALSE?
answer
It is characterized by an impulsiveness to perform challenging tasks.
question
Sarah is listening to her parents debate the morality of stealing items from already destroyed businesses during a natural disaster. They are discussing the importance of maintaining law and order when faced with stealing food or medicines to survive. Kohlberg would say this debate reflects thinking in the ________ stage.
answer
social contract or utility and individual rights
question
Which of the following statements about perspective taking is FALSE?
answer
As perspective-taking abilities increase, children's level of skepticism of others' claims decreases.
question
The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is:
answer
moderate
question
Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is FALSE?
answer
Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes.
question
Which of the following is TRUE of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy?
answer
They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.
question
Which of the following is not true regarding gender differences in the use of aggression?
answer
Girls report experiencing and expressing more anger than boys.
question
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the differences in helping behavior of males versus females?
answer
Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature.
question
Which of the following is not true regarding gender and school contexts?
answer
Boys get better grades.
question
Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls?
answer
Belittled about religion or race
question
Among the types of sociometric statuses, ________ and ________ children are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend.
answer
rejected; neglected
question
Which of the following statements about peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood is TRUE?
answer
Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately 30% of their time with peers
question
Which of the following is the approach of the bullying intervention program created by Dan Olweus?
answer
Decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying
question
Bullies often:
answer
are in the same class as their victims.
question
Which of the following is the MOST frequent type of bullying among girls?
answer
Subject of sexual comments or gestures
question
Ella looks forward to Sophia coming to visit. Sophia always has interesting stories to tell and often brings a book or a new toy. Ella is looking forward to the ________ part of friendship.
answer
companionship
question
Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?
answer
Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis
question
In one analysis, ________ of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems, compared with ________ in intact, never-divorced families.
answer
25%; 10%
question
Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because Andy is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says that Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny describing?
answer
Stimulation and ego support
question
Which of the following is FALSE regarding stepfamilies?
answer
There are more infants and preschool children in stepfamilies than older children.
question
Kathryn Kerns and her colleagues have found that during the middle and late childhood years, ________ is associated with a lower level of internalized symptoms, anxiety, and depression in children.
answer
secure attachment
question
Which of the following is FALSE regarding developmental changes in parent-child relationships?
answer
Elementary school children tend to receive more physical discipline than they did as preschoolers.
question
Which of the following is FALSE regarding bullying?
answer
Having support friends does not lower the level of bullying.
question
Researchers have found that family management practices are positively related to:
answer
students' grades and self-responsibility.
question
While researching the reasons for the large cross-cultural differences in math and science scores, Stevenson and his colleagues observed that more than ________ of total classroom time in the first grade was spent on math instruction in Japan, compared with only ________ of the time in the U.S. first-grade classrooms.
answer
one-fourth; one-tenth
question
According to Pomerantz, differences in academic achievement between students in the United States and China is primarily a function of:
answer
parental involvement.
question
Which of the following results do advocates of statewide standardized testing argue will be positive outcomes of the testing?
answer
Increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested
question
Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a:
answer
direct instruction approach.
question
What is the result of the public and government demand for increased accountability from schools?
answer
The spread of state-mandated tests to assess what students had or had not learned
question
Which of the following is usually not true for students who live in poverty and their schools?
answer
They receive a high percentage of government money for teaching materials.
question
Melanie and Derek are planning to move to a new home, and are strongly considering different school options for their children. Melanie wants her children to be active learners who can think creatively and critically. She also wants a student-centered approach. Melanie is looking for a:
answer
constructivist approach.
question
Mr. Trahan teaches English from a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is LEAST likely that the students will be:
answer
memorizing important Shakespearean quotes.
question
Those who support the Common Core Standards and mandatory standardized testing in each state were worried by data indicating that many states were:
answer
keeping their choice of a passing grade very low.
question
The Every Student Succeeds Act has made all of the following changes to the previous No Child Left Behind law EXCEPT:
answer
increasing the use and frequency of standardized tests.
question
________ is a brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that occur in this period of development.
answer
Puberty
question
A girl's first menstruati
answer
menarch; late
question
Which statement is TRUE of adolescents, gender differences, and body image?
answer
Both boys and girls become more positive about their bodies as they move through puberty.
question
In the United States, the average age of menarche has ________ since the mid-nineteenth century.
answer
declined significantly
question
Which of the following was found to offer a protective factor against early sexual intercourse?
answer
Academic achievement
question
Over the last two decades, for adolescents age 15 to 19, the frequency of sexual intercourse, being sexually active, and having sexual intercourse with four or more partners has:
answer
decreased.
question
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
answer
Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty for both boys and girls.
question
The ________, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.
answer
corpus callosum
question
Which of the following statements about the timing and variations in puberty is TRUE?
answer
For girls, menarche is considered within the normal range if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15.
question
The endocrine system's role in puberty involves the interaction of the:
answer
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads.
question
Which of the following is typically the last male pubertal characteristic to occur?
answer
Maximum growth in height and weight
question
The neurotransmitter associated with risk taking and use of addictive drugs is:
answer
dopamine.
question
Which of the following brain linkages would be the last to reach maturity?
answer
Planning
question
The textbook author would agree with all of the following statements about adolescents except that:
answer
too many adolescents are lacking opportunities to become competent adults.
question
Which is TRUE regarding the development of sexual identity in gay and lesbian youth?
answer
Gay and lesbian youth do not follow a predictable pattern in developing their sexual identity.
question
Since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has ________ to the current level where suicide accounts for ________ of the deaths among adolescents 15 to 19 years old
answer
tripled; 12%
question
0 out of 0 points The National Sleep Foundation survey of adolescents found that inadequate sleep on school nights was related to all of the following EXCEPT:
answer
eating more.
question
________ is the illicit drug most widely used in the United States, and its use by adolescents increased from 2008 to 2011.
answer
Marijuana
question
According to the study by Lloyd Johnston and his colleagues at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan monitoring the drug use of America's high school seniors in a wide range of public and private high schools, the percentage of illicit drug use:
answer
has declined since the late 1990s.
question
Diego is worried and afraid every time his daughter leaves in a car with one of her friends. He knows among car accidents, the most prevalent is:
answer
intoxication while driving.
question
Mary Carskadon and her colleagues concluded from their research of the sleep patterns of U.S. adolescents that:
answer
early school starting times may be linked to negative outcomes for adolescents.
question
Nazeer is very concerned about his son. He just saw some statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics, published in 2014, that show that ________ is the second-leading cause of death, especially among African American males.
answer
homicide
question
Mary Carskadon and her colleagues' research on adolescent sleep patterns found that:
answer
when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night.
question
National data indicate that the percentage of overweight U.S. 12- to 19-year-olds increased from ________ to ________, from the early 1990s to 2011-2012.
answer
11%; 21%
question
Myron is concerned that his son is not getting enough exercise, particularly for a teenager. After some research, Myron finds that the U.S. federal government's exercise recommendations for adolescents are a:
answer
minimum of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise per day.
question
The Carnegie Foundation evaluated U.S. middle schools and recommended that:
answer
smaller "communities" or "houses" should be developed to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools.
question
Abe is giving his children some brain teaser challenges. He asked, "If a smot is bigger than a hek, a kom is bigger than duj, and a smot is bigger than a kom, then which is bigger: a hek or a duj?" His younger child wants to draw pictures of each item, but his older child can do it mentally. His younger child is ________, while his older child is ________.
answer
concrete operational; formal operational
question
Service learning is often more effective when two conditions are met: (1) giving students some degree of choice in the service activities in which they participate, and (2) ________.
answer
providing students opportunities to reflect about their participation
question
According to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent:
answer
egocentrism.
question
Peter and Roland are trying to figure out if they can mow the yard before they go to soccer practice. Peter says, "Let's just try it." Roland says, "We can figure this out. Walk with the mower across the yard and I'll time you. Then we'll estimate how may swipes it will take and get a total time." Roland is thinking like someone using
answer
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
question
According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ________ stage, begins.
answer
formal operational
question
Leila, age 14, feels that nobody understands her, especially her parents and teachers. Leila's feelings reflect the ________ aspect of an adolescent's egocentrism.
answer
Personal fable
question
Attention-seeking behaviors, such as desires to be noticed, are motivated by the adolescent characteristic called:
answer
imaginary audience
question
Kamal, now able to think abstractly, has taken an interest in politics. He realizes the potential in individuals and the many good things large groups of people might accomplish. Using Piaget's terms, Kamal is showing ________.
answer
idealism
question
Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school today because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. "I can't let everyone see me this way," she thinks. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?
answer
Imaginary audience
question
Gabriel said to his son, "I can tell you are getting smarter because you can talk about things like democracy and freedom in a more philosophical way." Basically, Gabriel is saying his son is capable of:
answer
abstract thinking.
question
A recent meta-analysis showed that higher levels of parental monitoring and rule enforcement were linked to:
answer
greater use of condoms and later initiation of sexual intercourse.
question
The lowest school dropout rate in the United States in 2013 occurred for:
answer
Asian Americans.
question
Which of the following is a concern related to U.S. high school education?
answer
Fostering of passivity in students
question
The most effective programs that discourage dropping out of high school include:
answer
early reading programs
question
Two teachers are discussing lesson plans for first-grade students. One teacher asks, "What do you think about a unit on motivation and ambition?" The other replied, "We need to be careful with that because our students are not yet ________.
answer
abstract thinking
question
Abigail's parents own a small restaurant. She has helped out and worked there for as long as she can remember. Her father keeps saying that Abigail will eventually run the business side and her brother, Anthony, will run the kitchen. Abigail has accepted this for her future, knowing it would devastate her parents if she didn't. Abigail is displaying:
answer
identity foreclosure.
question
Cala is proud of her Arabic heritage. She enjoys the art, food, and culture, and plans to pass it along to her children some day. As Cala realizes this is important to her, Erikson would say she is building her sense of:
answer
identity.
question
Conflict with parents often escalates during ________ and lessens as the adolescent reaches age ________ or soon after.
answer
early adolescence; 17
question
Jayden never seems to care about anything. He doesn't have a plan for what to do after high school, saying he'll figure that out after graduation. He tries to take the easiest classes and uses his free time to play video games. Jayden is displaying:
answer
identity diffusion.
question
Leopold enjoys his life and gets excited about any new opportunity. He really enjoyed biology last year, so he proclaimed he wanted to be a doctor. Over the summer he had an opportunity to fly in a small plane, and promptly announced he wanted to be a pilot and study aerodynamics. Erikson would predict that this trend should continue as long as Leopold is in:
answer
psychosocial moratorium
question
Ms. Kroger asked her tenth-grade class to write an essay to answer the question, "If someone could only know three things about you, what would they be?" By asking her students to choose their most important personal characteristics and explain why those things are important, she is asking them to work with Erikson's stage of:
answer
identity versus identity confusion.
question
Noah is a happy guy who makes jokes about everything. While his friends are researching colleges and careers, Noah prefers to spend time on his motorcycle. Everyone keeps telling him that he should be concerned about the future, but he really never thinks much beyond the next few weeks. Noah is displaying:
answer
identity diffusion.
question
Researchers find that a positive ethnic identity is related to ________ for minority adolescents.
answer
lower substance abuse
question
Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades. Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would:
answer
be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities.
question
Tea, a Latina female, retains many of her family's customs and attitudes, but also has embraced many of the attitudes expressed by her non-Latino white peers. Tea has developed a:
answer
bicultural identity.
question
The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that:
answer
in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
question
The old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that:
answer
as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents
question
Which of the following statements about identity development is TRUE?
answer
Identity development is a lifelong process of adjustments.
question
________ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives, whereas ________ is one's personal investment in identity.
answer
Crisis; commitment
question
A recent study of 8- to 12-year-old girls found that a higher level of media multitasking was linked to:
answer
negative social well-being.
question
A study of 200 tenth-graders revealed that:
answer
having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency.
question
According to a recent meta-analysis, which of the following program types was linked to a reduction in recidivism for juvenile offenders?
answer
family treatment
question
At which grade level does conformity to peers, particularly to their antisocial standards, peak?
answer
Eighth and ninth grades
question
By about age 15, adolescent females have a rate of depression that is ________ that of adolescent males.
answer
double
question
In terms of adolescents developing romantic relationships, early bloomers are those who are in or have been in a relationship at age ________ or younger, and late bloomers are those who have not had a relationship that lasted more than four months by age ________.
answer
13; 17
question
Stefan and Martina are preparing to graduate from high school and go to the same college. They have been in a stable relationship for 14 months. They are in the ________ stage of developing romantic relationships in adolescence.
answer
consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
question
Sullivan argued that the need for social ________ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.
answer
intimacy
question
The 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey found that 11- to 14-year-olds were engaging with media approximately ________ hours a week.
answer
60
question
The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is:
answer
a high school graduation ceremony.
question
The immigrant risk model and immigrant paradox model differ in terms of predicting the ________ of adolescents in immigrant families.
answer
level of well-being
question
The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is:
answer
a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).
question
Which of the following statements about gender differences around the world is TRUE?
answer
Gender differences in sexual expression and educational opportunities appear to be narrowing over time.
question
Which of the following statements about juvenile delinquency is TRUE?
answer
Males have higher delinquency rates than females.
question
Which of the following was NOT one of the common components of programs that have been successful in preventing or reducing adolescent problems?
answer
Integrate law enforcement into high-risk schools
Abnormal Psychology
Early Maturing Girls
Genetics
Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning
Problem Solving Ability
Psychology
PSY FINAL – Flashcard Test Answers 76 terms

James Storer
76 terms
Preview
PSY FINAL – Flashcard Test Answers
question
_____ is a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily change.
answer
Pubety
question
According to Plato, ___ appears in adolescence.
answer
Reason
question
G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a period of...
answer
Considerable turmoil.
question
Historians believe the concept of adolescence was first formed from ____; they now call this period the "age of adolescence."
answer
1890 to 1920
question
Psychologists such as Peter Benson believe that U.S. social policies...
answer
place too much empasis on developmental deficits of youth and not enouogh on strengths.
question
According to statistics from 2006, approximately ____% of children and adolescents in the United States are living in poverty.
answer
22%
question
Which of the following characterizes emerging adulthood? A) It occurs when the individual is about 16-22 yrs old B) It is a period when most people are financially self-sufficient. C) Most people get married during this developmental period. D) It is a period of experimentation and exploration.
answer
D) It is a period of experimentation and exploration.
question
Jeffery Arnett concluded that five key features characterize emerging adulthood: exploring one's identity, experienceing instability, feeling in-between, sensing an age of possibilities, and ____.
answer
Being self-focused
question
Piaget's theory is a ____ developmental theory with ___ stages
answer
Cognitive; four
question
Puberty takes place between ages ____ for most youth.
answer
9 and 16
question
Chemical substances that are secreted by the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream are known as...
answer
Hormones
question
Vygotsky stressed the role of _____ on cognitive development. A) Interaction with others B) Cooperative activities C) Social influences D) All of these
answer
D) All of these
question
Robert Sternberg's beliefs about wisdom focus on a balance between ____ and ____.
answer
Self interest; interests of others.
question
____ are the main class of sex hormones in males; and ___ are the main class of female sex hormones.
answer
Androgens; estrogens
question
Which of the following concepts has been attributed to Jean Piaget? A) Children as active knowers B) Adaptation C) Use of schemes to organize our experiences D) All of these
answer
D) All of these
question
Carl Rogers argued that a strong discrepancy between the real aself and the ideal self is a sign of....
answer
Maladjustment
question
Researcher Labouvie-Vief asserts that the development of a coherent, integrated worldview does not happen until which ages?
answer
30-39
question
Erikson called the gap between the security of childhood and adult autonomy a....
answer
Psychosocial moratorium.
question
Individuals who are about the same age or maturity level are called....
answer
Peers
question
Which of the following theorists stressed that it is through peer interaction that adolescents learn the symmetrical reciprocal mode of relationships? A) George Kelly B) Melanie Klein C) Harry Stack Sullivan D) Viktor Frankel
answer
C) Harry Stack Sullivan
question
Research on premarital education has shown all of the following to be true EXCEPT A) Premarital education has been linked to lower rates of divorce. B) Premarital education has been linked to lower levels of destructive marital conflict. C) Premarital education is best if the couple begins classes at least a year before the marriage. D) Premarital education focuses on relationship advice.
answer
C) Premarital education is best if the couple begins classes at least a year before the marriage.
question
The most influential theorist in the study of adolescent friendship has been....
answer
Harry Stack Sullivan.
question
The key concept in understanding Kohlberg's theory of moral development is...
answer
internalization
question
The two stages of Kohlberg's preconventional reasons level are individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange, and...
answer
Punishment and obedience orientation
question
Which of the following is good advice for parents and emerging adult children who are considering living together? A) Agree on conditions ahead of time B) Treat each other as adults C) Address and concerns that arise before hard feelings develop D) All of these are good advice
answer
D) All of these are good advice
question
The two ethnic groups that tend to place the largest emphasis on family duty and obligation are Asian Americans and...
answer
Latinos
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic socail needs identified by Harry Stack Sullivan? A) Need for secure attachment B) Need for competitive companionship C) Need for intimacy D) Need for social acceptance
answer
B) Need for competitive companionship
question
In the Murian culture of Eastern India, children live...
answer
In dormitories from age 6 until marriage.
question
Which of the following statements about peer groups across the world is TRUE? A) Street youth rely on peer networks for survival. B) In cultures where peer interaction is limited, adolescents rely more on the advice of parents. C) The peer group is more important to Japanese adolescents than to adolescents in the United States. D) In Sub-Saharan Africa, peers are not an important aspect of adolescents' lives.
answer
A) Street youth rely on peer networks for survival
question
Which of the following statements regarding the constructivist view of student learning is TRUE? A) It is learner-centered B) Individuals actively construct their knowledge. C) Teachers are guides to learning. D) All of these are true
answer
D) All of these are true
question
The U.S. government's effort to hold schools accountable for the success or failure of their students is called the ____ initiative
answer
No Child Left Behind
question
Which of the following statements about the transition from high school to college is NOT true? A) There is an increased focus on achievement and performance. B) The transition to college usually involved moving to a more personal setting. C) Students have more time to spend with peers in college. D) Students have more opportunities to explore different values in college
answer
B) The transition to college usually involved moving to a more personal setting.
question
The largest group of U.S. students to receive special education is children with...
answer
learning disabilities
question
Adolescents who are gifted have a superior talent in some domain and/or...
answer
have an above-normal average IQ, usually 130 or higher
question
Rewards and punishments are______ in adolescents' motivation.
answer
Extrinsic factors
question
Which psychological approaches stress the importance of intrnsic motivation in achievement?
answer
Humanistic approaches
question
Which of the following is NOT true of individuals who score highly on John Holland's realistic career-personality type? A) They like working in manual activities B) They prefer to work with others rather than alone. C) They have difficulty in demanding situations D) They like the outdoors
answer
B) They prefer to work with others rather than alone
question
The top-dog phenomenon occurs when...
answer
students go from being the most powerful in a school to the least powerful in a new, higher-level school.
question
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funds dropout-reduction programs that emphasize which strategy?
answer
Keeping at-risk students with the same teachers through their high school years
question
Which approach emphasizes that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce the problems that adolescents, emerging adults, and people of other ages develop?
answer
The Biospsychosocial approach
question
Research by Alan Sroufe and colleagues found that anxiety problems in adolescence are linked with...
answer
Insecure resistant attachment in infancy.
question
Research by Alan Sroufe and colleagues has shown a link between avoidant attachment in infancy and _____ in adolescence.
answer
Conduct problems
question
The behavioral problems that most likely cause adolescents to be referred to a clinic for mental health treatments are...
answer
feelings of sadness or depression
question
Which of the following statements about being overweight is TRUE? A) Being overweight as a child is a strong predictor of being overweight as an adolescent. B) Numbers of overweight emerging adults, as well as children and adolescents, have increased recently. C) African American girls and Latino boys have especially high rates of being overweight in adolescence D) All of these are true
answer
D) ALl of these are true
question
Which of the following is the BEST way to treat depression in adolescence? A) Cognitive behavioral therapy B) Antidepressent medication C) A Combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication D) Psychoanalytic therapy
answer
C) A combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication
question
Suicide is the ____ leading cause of death in 10-19-year-olds in the US
answer
Third
question
Addictive drugs, such as heroin, that cause a feeling of euphoria and pain relief, are known as...
answer
opiates
question
Which of the following drugs is a prescription painkiller?A) Vicodin B) Vitorin C) Heroin D) Lovaza
answer
B) Viorin
question
The "I Have a Dream" Program is designed to...
answer
prevent students from dropping out of school.
question
ADHD is categorized as...
answer
a disability
question
A learning disability can involved all of the following EXCEPT difficulty with A) Math B) Reading C) Spelling D) Music
answer
D) Music
question
Recent research has shown that in many families around the world today, children are likely to be reared...
answer
in a manner that combines individualistic and collectivist ways.
question
In the US an event that comes closest to culture-wide rite of passage is...
answer
High-school graduation
question
Wes takes a career-personality test that says that he would be best suited for a career as a farmer, truck driver, or pilot. These careers match which of the career-related personality types identified by John Holland?
answer
Realistic
question
The two main approaches to student learning are constructivist and...
answer
direct instruction
question
The transition to middle school or junior high school is stressful because...
answer
many changes are taking place at the same time.
question
Individuals who have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell have a type of learning disability known as...
answer
dyslexia
question
ADHD is best treated with...
answer
medication and behavior management
question
A written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored for children or adolescents with a disability is called...
answer
an individualized education plan.
question
Educating a child or adolescent with special education needs in the regular classroom fulltime is called...
answer
inclusion.
question
Which of the following is NOT true of adolescents and achievement? A) Adolescence is a critical juncture in achievement. B) As demands on adolescents intensify, different areas of their lives may come into conflict. C) Adolescents' achievement is primarily due to their intellectual abilities. D) New academic and social pressures force adolescents toward different roles.
answer
C) Adolescents' achievement is primarily due to their intellectual abilities
question
Self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort are all _____ in adolescents' motivation.
answer
Intrinsic factors
question
Which of the following is NOT a social context in career development? A) Socioeconomic status B) Geographical location C) Influences of parents D) Influences of peers
answer
B) Geographical location
question
Which of the following is NOT one of career-related personality types identified by John Holland? A) Professional B) Realistic C) Social D) Conventional
answer
A) Professional
question
Holland's personality types are incorporated into the _____, a widely used measure in career guidance.
answer
The Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory
question
The tendency to facor one's own cultural group over other groups is known as
answer
Ethnocentrism
question
In individualistic cultures, which of the following in NOT one of the four beliefs that parents have identified as necessary for adolescent autonomy? A) Personal choice B) Extrinsic motivation C) Self-esteem D) Self-maximization
answer
B) Extrinsic motivation
question
Which of the following is one of the three values that reflect parents' beliefs in collectivist cultures? A) Respect and obedience B) Competitiveness C) Personal choice D) Intrinsic motivation
answer
A) Respect and obedience.
question
Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to a grouping of people who are similar in all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A) Ethnicity B) Economic C) Educational D) Occupational
answer
A) Ethnicity
question
Immigrants from different ethnicity have different A) Reasons for migrating B) Socioeconomic backgrounds C) Social and historical backgrounds D) All of these
answer
D) All of these
question
Which of the following results was found in a recent study of participants in online teen chat rooms?
answer
Younger participants (10-13) disclosed the most about their identity.
question
Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychological factor in an adolescent's problems?
answer
Socioeconomic status
question
Peers and _____ influences are believed to be especially important factors in adolescent problems.
answer
Family
question
Variations in the psychological problems that adolescents experience across cultures are linked to all of the following EXCEPT
answer
Geographic location of the culture.
question
DISCUSSION QUESTION Refer to pages 469-471. Be able to describe some problems and disorders that characterize adolescents and emerging adults in at least 10 sentences. It needs to include drug use, juvenile delinquence, depression and suicide and eating disorders.
answer
question
DISCUSSION QUESTION Refer to page 438-441. Be able to describe what might cause stress for an adolescent. What are ways they deal with it. Be sure to mention coping including the different kinds of coping. What are other ways to get rid of stress? At least 10 sentences.
answer
Developmental Psychology
Early Maturing Girls
Educational Psychology
Life Span Development
Storm And Stress
Lifespan-Chapters 9-14 – Flashcards 80 terms

Rebecca Baker
80 terms
Preview
Lifespan-Chapters 9-14 – Flashcards
question
In this type of classroom, the teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making and does most of the talking.
answer
Traditional Classroom
question
In this type of classroom, children are encouraged to construct their own knowledge.
answer
Constructivist classroom
question
In this type of classroom, children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings.
answer
Social-constructivist classroom
question
A teacher and two to four students form a collaborative group and take turns leading dialogues on the content of a text passage.
answer
Reciprocal teaching
question
Children may adopt teachers' positive or negative views and start to live up to them.
answer
Educational self-fulfilling prophecies
question
Students with learning difficulties are placed in regular classrooms for part of the school day, a practice designed to prepare them for participation in society.
answer
Mainstreaming
question
Placement in regular classrooms full time.
answer
Full inclusion
question
Poverty is a poor predictor of health during the school years.
answer
False
question
Today, 15 percent of Canadian and 16 percent of American children are obese.
answer
True
question
Research shows that heredity, not environment, is the primary cause of obesity.
answer
False
question
By middle childhood, obese children report more emotional, social, and school difficulties and display more behavior problems than their normal-weight peers.
answer
True
question
Boys, African-American children, and children who were born underweight, whose parents smoke, or who live in poverty are at greatest risk for asthma.
answer
True
question
Children experience a somewhat lower rate of illness during the first two years of elementary school than later.
answer
False
question
Both body growth and more efficient information processing play a role in improved motor performance in school-age children.
answer
True
question
In middle childhood, boys outperform girls in skipping, jumping, and hopping.
answer
False
question
Research indicates that participation in organized sports contributes to low self-esteem for most children.
answer
False
question
Children's rough and tumble play resembles the social behavior of many other young mammals.
answer
True
question
Student with IQs between 55 and 70 who show problems in adaptive behavior, or skills of everyday living.
answer
Mild mental retardation
question
Children who have great difficulty with one or more aspects of learning, usually reading.
answer
Learning disabilities
question
Children who display exceptional intellectual strength.
answer
Gifted
question
The ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate--something others have not thought of that is useful in some way.
answer
Creativity
question
The generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem.
answer
Divergent Thinking
question
Thinking that involves arriving at a single correct answer and is emphasized on intelligence tests.
answer
Convergent thinking
question
Outstanding performance in a specific field.
answer
Talent
question
As in early childhood, an adult must be present for a school-age child to feel pride or guilt.
answer
False
question
Research shows that guilt motivates children to take on further challenges.
answer
False
question
An appreciation of mixed emotions helps children realize that people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings.
answer
True
question
In problem-centered coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.
answer
True
question
When outcomes are beyond their control (e.g., after receiving a bad grade), school-age children opt for a distraction or try to redefine the situation.
answer
True
question
Emotional self-efficacy fosters a favorable image and an optimistic outlook.
answer
True
question
Although emotionally well-regulated children are upbeat in mood, they impulsively unleash negative emotion.
answer
False
question
Not until age 11 can children "step into another person's shoes" and reflect on how that person might regard their own thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
answer
False
question
Children as young as 6 are capable of evaluating two people's perspectives simultaneously.
answer
False
question
Research shows that social experiences actually have little impact on children's perspective talking.
answer
False
question
Menarche takes place immediately before the peak of the height spurt.
answer
False
question
In the sequence of pubertal events, the growth spurt occurs at approximately the same age for both boys and girls.
answer
False
question
Both heredity and physical health contribute to pubertal growth.
answer
True
question
Research indicates that adolescence is a period of storm and stress for most teenagers.
answer
True
question
Both biological and social forces contribute to the experience of adolescence.
answer
True
question
Girls adjust especially well to puberty when their fathers are aware of pubertal changes.
answer
True
question
Compared to girls, boys tend to get less social support for the physical chnages of puberty.
answer
True
question
Most researchers agree that high sex hormone levels are primarily responsible for adolescent moodiness.
answer
False
question
Physchological distancing between parents and children is normal during adolescence, and most parent-child conflict is mild.
answer
True
question
Late-maturing boys and early-maturing girls tend to be popular, self-confident, and sociable.
answer
False
question
As adolescents' social world expands, contradictory self-descriptions increase.
answer
True
question
Compared with school-aged children, teenagers place less emphasis on social virtues, such as being friendly, considerate, kind, and cooperative.
answer
False
question
For the majority of young people, level of self-esteem drops drastically in adolescence.
answer
False
question
Individualized differences in self-esteem become increasingly stable in adolescence.
answer
True
question
In a study of adolescents in 13 industrialized nations, most were pessimistic about the future.
answer
False
question
Authoritarian parenting predicts high self-esteem in adolescence, just as it did in childhood.
answer
False
question
Identity development often varies across identity domains, such as sexual orientation, vocation, and religious and political values.
answer
True
question
Young people in long-term foreclosure and diffusion are more likely to view school and work as feasible avenues for realizing their aspirations and are more advanced in moral reasoning.
answer
False
question
Forclosed teenagers usually have close bonds with parents but lack opportunities for healthy separation.
answer
True
question
Minority youths often feel caught between the standards of the larger society and those of their culture of origin.
answer
True
question
Stories that present a conflict between two moral values.
answer
Moral dilemmas
question
Morality is externally controlled: Behaviors that result in punishment are viewd as bad, and those that lead to rewards are seen as good.
answer
Preconventional level
question
Individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and social order.
answer
Conventional
question
Individuals define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.
answer
Postconventional--Principle Led level
question
The degree to which morality is central to self-concept.
answer
Moral self-revelance
question
Cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operations.
answer
Postformal thought
question
Refers to our reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas.
answer
Epistemic cognition
question
Dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they.
answer
Dualistic thinking
question
Viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought.
answer
Relativistic thinking
question
Instead of choosing between opposing views, the most mature individuals try to formulate a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions.
answer
Commitment within relativistic thinking
question
A structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems.
answer
Pragmatic thought
question
Awareness and coordination of positive and negative feelings into a complex, organized structure.
answer
Cognitive-affective complexity
question
Acquisition of extensive knowledge in a filed or endeavor
answer
Expertise
question
Erickson's theory has had little impact on the study of adult personality development.
answer
False
question
Research confirms that a secure identity fosters attainment of intimacy.
answer
True
question
People with a sence of isolation tend to compete rather than cooperate, are not accepting of differences, and are easily threatened when others get too close.
answer
True
question
In Levinson's theory, the life structure has little to do with one's happiness and psychological well-being.
answer
False
question
Most career-oriented women display "split dreams" in which both marriage and career are prominent.
answer
True
question
"Settling down" accurately describes women's experiences during their thirties.
answer
False
question
Both Vaillant and Levinson agree that quality of relationships with important people shape the life course.
answer
True
question
According to Vaillant, during their forties, men focus on career consolidation and individual achievement.
answer
False
question
Few societies have time tables for accomplishing major developmental tasks.
answer
False
question
A major source of personality change in adulthood is conformity to or departure from the social clock.
answer
True
question
This marks the beginning of adolescence.
answer
Puberty
question
Adolescent moodiness is linked to this.
answer
Negative life events
question
Side effect of steroid use.
answer
Mood swings
Early Maturing Girls
Human Anatomy And Physiology 1
Human Development
Intelligence
Life Span Development
Make The Transition
Psychology
Human Development chpt 9 – Flashcards 16 terms

Sam Arent
16 terms
Preview
Human Development chpt 9 – Flashcards
question
During middle childhood, __________ contributes enormously to vocabulary growth.
answer
reading
question
Participation in community athletic teams
answer
seems to foster self-esteem and social skills.
question
Research reveals that the rise in childhood obesity is due in part to
answer
the many hours children spend watching television.
question
Physical growth during the school years
answer
continues at the slow, regular pace of early childhood.
question
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory, generating useful solutions to new problems relies on __________ intelligence.
answer
creative
question
Children who are fluent in two languages
answer
outperform others on tests of cognitive flexibility.
question
Research on learning environments suggests that __________ fosters a strong commitment to learning in Asian families and schools.
answer
emphasis on effort
question
Many experts recommend that the content of physical education programs be changed to emphasize
answer
individual exercise.
question
IQ often enters into educational decisions because it
answer
predicts school performance and educational attainment.
question
As children make the transition from emergent literacy to conventional reading, __________ continues to predict reading and spelling progress.
answer
phonological awareness
question
In a social-constructivist classroom,
answer
teachers, students, and peers work together on a wide range of challenging activities.
question
Which of the following statements about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?
answer
Boys are diagnosed with ADHD about four times as often as girls.
question
Which of the following statements about evidence of heritability in intelligence testing is true?
answer
Researchers estimate that about half the differences in IQ among children can be traced to their genetic makeup.
question
According to Piaget, children are first able to __________ in middle childhood.
answer
successfully complete conservation tasks
question
By far, the most common chronic disease or condition of children in the United States is
answer
asthma.
question
When children of low-IQ biological mothers were adopted at birth by parents who were well above average in income and education, they
answer
scored above average in IQ during the school years.
Abnormal Psychology
Early Maturing Girls
Psychology
Theory And Research
Adolescent Exam 2 study 195 terms

Ruth Jones
195 terms
Preview
Adolescent Exam 2 study
question
Meena's father died when she was a baby, and there is a lot of ongoing conflict in the household between her mother and stepfather. According to research discussed in the text, Meena may be more likely to
answer
reach puberty earlier
question
Which of the following is a valid criticism of the \"distancing hypothesis\"?
answer
Distancing does not occur in all cultures
question
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding female reproductive development?
answer
Fertility may be inconsistent during the first two years after menarche
question
Age-grading in schools contributes to
answer
social comparison of physical maturity
question
According to the text there are many factors which may affect the onset of pubertal changes. Which scenario would most likely lead to delayed onset?
answer
Lee is a wrestler who constantly diets and over exercises to maintain a lower weight class
question
According to the text, why should you be skeptical when you read studies about parents and adolescents in biological families where the behavior of parents is claimed to be the cause of the characteristics of adolescents?
answer
Behavior may be caused by biology and not environment
question
Which of the following best represents the health status of emerging adults? Emerging adulthood is the period when a person is
answer
-at peak form in terms of strength and energy -the least susceptible to physical illness -the most susceptible to health problems resulting from risk behaviors
question
One of the problems associated with the body of research on puberty today is that
answer
it is mainly focused on White adolescents in Western, industrialized countries
question
Which statement most accurately represents the feedback loop in the endocrine system?
answer
A \"communication system\" between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads, and adrenal glands which monitors and adjusts the level of sex hormones
question
One caution in interpreting the research on early and late maturation is that
answer
effects of individuals depend on their particular abilities, experiences, and situations
question
Darlene and Geoff are both taking math classes at Westgate High School. Darlene is in a class where her teacher is constantly doing \"hands on\" projects with the class. Geoff's teacher primarily lectures and assigns homework. Who is more likely to exhibit formal operational thinking?
answer
Darlene
question
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is defined as
answer
engaging in a systematic test of possible solutions
question
Imagine your wrote a brilliant paper that discussed the \"individual differences in formal operations.\" Your view would be contrary to
answer
Jean Piaget
question
What are the three separate capacities in the information processing model?
answer
attention, processing and memory
question
Overproduction of synaptic connections is especially concentrated in the
answer
frontal lobe
question
Mrs. Nichol is trying to explain to her son that everyone has bad hair days and its not the end of the world. Little Jack refuses to leave the house because he knows the humiliation he will endure will go on for months. This shows an example of
answer
Imaginary audience
question
The term \"adolescent egocentrism\" refers to adolescents' beliefs that
answer
everyone is watching and judging them
question
Imagine you are a neurological researcher looking at a PET scan of a 16-year-old boy. Compared to the brain scan of an 8-year-old girl, you'd most likely see
answer
a larger cerebellum
question
Suppose you wrote a profound paper on dialectical thought. You would most likely conclude young adults develop an awareness that most problems
answer
are complex and don't have a single solution
question
The primary purpose of pragmatism is to enhance logical thinking with an awareness of
answer
practical constraints of real-life situations
question
According to the text, religious belief systems typically contain prescriptions for socializations related to the outcome(s) of:
answer
-sources of meaning -self-regulation -role preparation
question
In a culture characterized by narrow socialization, what traits are highly prized?
answer
obedience and conformity
question
Rani is a young Muslim girl. As Ramadan is approaching, Rani is preparing for her first fast. Knowing this we can conclude that likely
answer
Rani has reached menarche
question
One cultural belief which underlies the practice of dating is that young people should
answer
have the right to decide who they are intimate with
question
A study that investigated religious participation versus how people reported their religious activity concluded that
answer
participation was lower than self-reports
question
Emerging adults' political participation is generally higher now than during previous generations.
answer
False
question
After following his participants for 20 years, Kohlberg found
answer
none had reached stage 6
question
According to Piaget, who is the most effective in promoting moral development?
answer
peers
question
Another critique of Kohlberg's theory is that moral reasoning is based on
answer
hypothetical solutions
question
What do the development of religious and political thinking in adolescents have in common?
answer
in both areas, adolescents in Western cultures begin to move toward greater abstraction
question
The content of girls' magazines is focused predominantly on physical appearance and attracting boys, while boys' magazines are more likely to focus on
answer
hobbies and activities
question
Which of the following best represents a gender difference versus a sex differences?
answer
girls tend to have more negative body image than boys
question
Awareness of gender roles and expectations tends to ___________ during adolescence.
answer
intensify
question
Most research studies on masculinity, femininity, and androgyny have been conducted on
answer
white college students
question
The text's author (Arnett) describes which of the following as a research area in which further investigation is needed?
answer
Investigating adolescents' own perceptions of the gender specialization process
question
Research indicates that conformity to gender roles during adolescence is most likely among adolescence whose
answer
parents influence them toward gender compliance
question
Which of the following is associated with gender schema theory?
answer
an assumption that people organize information in terms of gender
question
According to research, gender roles may temporarily become more flexible during middle childhood.
answer
true
question
Gender differences may be exaggerated because
answer
our gender schemas alert us to information that confirms our expectations
question
Which of the following best reflects the socialization patterns of boys and girls in Western culture?
answer
Girls are more self-conscious about their appearance and take more interest in forming intimate friendships
question
Recent research has shown that an effective way of increasing school-related self-esteem is to
answer
teach them knowledge and skills that can be the basis of real achievements
question
According to research, an adolescent is most likely to put on a \"false self\" with
answer
dating partners
question
According to most scholars, increased emotionality in adolescence can be attributed to
answer
cognitive and environmental factors
question
One reason that depression is more prevalent in adolescence than in childhood may be that
answer
feelings of inadquatacy stems from large discrepancies between actual and ideal selves
question
Which of the following may contribute to a decline in self-esteem experienced in adolescence?
answer
imaginary audience
question
Mobashar lives in Pakistan and is a member of a rap group. His favorite recording artist is Jaz-Z. His rap group integrates traditional music with rap. He plans to study information and communication technology at college and is happy with the arranged marriage that awaits him. Mobashar's situation best exemplifies
answer
hybrid identity
question
Juan is a high school senior. He's not sure what he wants to study in college, but he is considering either teaching or nursing. He has a part-time job as a clerk in a medical clinic and volunteers at his step-sister's preschool. We could say that Juan is experiencing
answer
psychological moratorium
question
The key areas of identity formation in adolescence are love, work, and
answer
ideology
question
Recent studies have shown that adolescents who are bicultural or assimilated have
answer
higher self-esteem
question
In terms of culture and identity, critics of Erikson's theory argue that it is
answer
assumes independent self
question
Based on the biological and cognitive changes of adolescence, parent-adolescent conflict is universal and \"natural.\"
answer
false
question
According to research, what family members do adolescents rate as having the closest attachments with?
answer
parents
question
Adolescents of permissive parents are more likely than other adolescents to be immature, irresponsible, and to conform to their peers
answer
true
question
According to research in Western cultures, what relationship is marked by the highest level of conflict? An adolescent's relationship with
answer
siblings
question
Passive and conforming adolescents are most likely being raised by what type of parents?
answer
authoritarian
question
In regard to attachment theory, which statement does NOT belong?
answer
it depends on the emotional relationship between siblings of similar age
question
According to attachment theory, what shapes expectations and interactions in relationships to others throughout a child's life?
answer
an internal working model
question
Freddie is a 15-year-old boy who has a secure attachment to both his mother and father. In terms of his friendships at school, Freddie is more likely than others to
answer
express his feelings and develop close relationships
question
In most divorced families, a young person's contact with his or her father
answer
declines steadily over time
question
According to research, in the year following divorce, mothers are more likely to be
answer
-less affectionate -less consistent with parenting -more permissive
question
Generally, during early adolescence, most of a person's social life takes place in
answer
same-sex cliques
question
Which of the following factors is related to popularity across the life span?
answer
-social skills -intelligence -physical attractiveness
question
Which of the following represents a way that parents influence their adolescent children's peer relationships?
answer
-religious practices -choice of school -location of family home
question
Huxley is shy. Most of his classmates neither like nor dislike him. Which of the following is most likely the case? Huxley is a(n) _____________ adolescent.
answer
neglected
question
Which of the following situations best reflects the meaning of prefigurative culture?
answer
young jane teaches her mother how to use the internet
question
From mid- to late-adolescence, crowd structure becomes
answer
less hierarchical and less influential
question
According to the text, crowd formation is salient during adolescence mostly because of adolescents'
answer
ability to think in abstract terms
question
According to research, who do 15-year-olds typically indicate is their primary source of emotional support?
answer
same-gender friends
question
From early- to mid-adolescence, crowd structure becomes
answer
more differentiated and less influential
question
The saying \"birds of a feather flock together\" best reflects
answer
selective association
question
Ed likes Sandy but he is not sure how to tell her and feels he wants to avoid any direct rejection. Ed asks Cory to ask Allison to ask Sandy if she likes Ed. Ed is probably in what Bradford Brown refers to as the ___________ phase of adolescent love.
answer
status
question
According to research, what is the most common reason for college students breaking up?
answer
lack of common interests
question
According to the text, what do men and women rate as the highest characteristic in their \"ideal\" man or woman?
answer
kindness and honesty
question
Rae-Ann is a young adolescent mother living in Minneapolis. If Rae-Ann is like most young mothers raising a daughter alone, she has a likelihood of
answer
being a high school dropout
question
Stella is in 8th grade and has been sexually harassed by the boys in her school. The boys have called her names and made sexual jokes at her expense. Stella's experience is like what percentage of other girls her age?
answer
45%
question
During the 1990s, the effects of AIDS, a decline in sexual activity, and an increase in condom use all contributed to a(n)
answer
decline in birth rates
question
Adolescent sexuality tends to begin with
answer
masturbation
question
Research shows that pornography use is higher among adolescents than emerging adults.
answer
false
question
One implication that follows form the pervasiveness of homophobia in American society is
answer
coming out can be a traumatic experience
question
Emily has HPV and like most others is asymptomatic. According to the text, Emily
answer
can continue to infect her partners
question
Currently, the US federal government provides approximately ________ of school funding.
answer
5%
question
Todd is an adolescent boy attending UWO Senior Secondary High School in Fort Meyers, Florida. His cousin, Kim, lives in New Orleans where sh also attends high school. According to the text, how might Todd's and Kim's educational experiences compare?
answer
different because schools are controlled by states and cities
question
Similar to parenting styles, studies have shown successful teaching includes
answer
-high standards for behavior -being supportive of students -reasonable decipline
question
Angela is in her first year at Westmount Junior High School. According to research, what is Angela likely to experience that is different from elementary school?
answer
-multiple teachers -grades are now a more serious measure of academic attainment -less personalized classrooms
question
According to research, which factor is most likely to contribute to lower grades in high school?
answer
amount of time spent socializing
question
According to the text, what best explains girls' superior performance in school and the relatively poorer performance of boys?
answer
-girls have higher contact time with teachers -girls feel greater support from their parents -girls report more positive experience in the classroom
question
Suppose you were a participant in a study about high school dropout. You are one of the children who has the highest risk of dropping out. According to current research, what factor in your life is a strong predictor of your potential of dropping out?
answer
your parents' low education
question
Britt is a member of an environmental activist organization and had helped organize peaceful protests on campus. She is deeply involved in her Sociology studies and admires the instructor for that course, yet feels that most of her professors have outdated ideas. According to the text, Britt could be best described as a member of the _______________ subculture.
answer
rebel
question
According to the text, approximately what percentage of college students drop out before obtaining a degree?
answer
50%
question
A recent study which investigated the length of time it takes the average student to complete a \"four-year college\" degree found it took approximately _____ years.
answer
5-6
question
According to the text, in contrast to adolescents who don't work, those who work more than 10 hours per week are more likely to
answer
use alcohol and smoke cigarettes
question
Samantha is 16 years old and works after school at the local gas station. If Samantha is typical of other high school students, working more than 10 hours a week will affect her
answer
-level of exercise -sleep patterns -eating habits
question
According to research, the part-time work done by American adolescents
answer
rarely involved close partnerships with adult role models
question
Gillian is a 14-year-old girl living in Columbus, Ohio. If Gillian is typical of most adolescent girls, Gillian's first job is most likely
answer
baby-sitting
question
According to sociologist William Julius Wilson (1996), what conclusion can we draw about the current system of local funding of schools? The current system
answer
perpetuates inequality because poor areas have smaller tax base
question
One implication that follows from adolescent community service is that, in contrast to adolescents who don't volunteer, those who do are
answer
more likely to be conscious of themselves as citizens
question
According to the text, all of the U.S. school-to-work and job training programs tried thus far have
answer
only been implemented on a limited scale
question
Julie lives with her mom and dad in Pittsburg. Julie is an only child and just celebrated her 15th birthday. Her father is a lawyer and her mother volunteers at the YMCA. According to research, what factors in Julie's life is most likely to predict the fact that Julie engages in community service? The fact that
answer
her mother volunteers
question
What benefit do adolescents and their families in traditional cultures derive from adolescents working?
answer
includes basic necessities like food and clothing
question
In terms of occupational choice, what benefits do adolescents from preindustrial traditional cultures have?
answer
Having the security of knowing from an early age the kind of work they will do as adults
question
2. According to genotype-environment theory, we create our own environments based on our
answer
genetic makeup
question
In which of the following parts of the anatomy is puberty initiated?
answer
Hypothalamus
question
Traditional puberty rituals, such as tattooing, are undergoing a revival in some cultures. This best reflects
answer
attempt to keep traditional cultures from disappearing due to globalization
question
The best way to test the potential for formal operational reasoning in most cultures is to
answer
tailor the problem to the children's daily values
question
In order for scaffolding to be successful, what does the teacher need to be aware of?
answer
when the student becomes competent at the task he/she is performing
question
Kyle knows while torching his own car for the insurance may not physically injure any one person, it does create an effect of contributing to the rising cost of car insurance. Kyle is demonstrating
answer
conventional system perspective thinking
question
Liam's parents disagree about religious beliefs. Her mother is devout and attends religious services twice per week, while her father is an atheist. Her parents' disagreement is so deep that they no longer discuss religious issues. According to current research, which of the following is most likely? Liam
answer
is not religious
question
If you were writing a research paper about collectivistic and individualistic beliefs, one caution you would have to keep in mind would be
answer
these categories describe overall tendencies for beliefs, but individual differences exist
question
Shweder's research provided evidence that moral reasoning is not simple reflection of a person's level of cognitive development. Rather, moral reasoning is rooted in
answer
cultural beliefs
question
research shows that teachers generally reinforce traditional cultural messages regarding gender
answer
true
question
According to research, in traditional cultures, during adolescence, socialization becomes broader for boys and narrower for girls. Therefore,
answer
boys generally have more freedom than girls
question
In terms of gender differences in adolescence and emerging adulthood, which of the following is most accurate? For most characteristics, there is ______________________________ between genders?
answer
more similarity than difference
question
Lauren, a ninth-grade student, describes herself as a pretty good guitar play and an excellent math student who can't understand chemistry class. She says she is wild and extroverted with friends in her band, yet is shy and quiet at school. Lauren's self-description reflects
answer
the ability to recognize contradictions in her personality
question
Adolescents in the foreclosure status tend to be more
answer
conformist
question
what time period do you spend the most time alone?
answer
emerging adulthood
question
The postmodern identity is stable across contexts and over each developmental period.
answer
false
question
According to research, for most Americans midlife is marked by
answer
feeling that one is in the prime of their life
question
Izmit and Emer are two adolescent boys living with both their parents. Izmit can't wait to be old enough to move away from home. He feels like every time he asks for something his mom says no. Emer doesn't feel the same way his brother does. Emer feels his parents are loving and allow him sufficient autonomy. According to the text, Izmit and Emer are
answer
normal; adolescents can experience very different feelings living in the same home
question
One key principle of the family systems approach is
answer
each subsystem influence every other subsystem
question
Within cliques, the use of sarcasm and ridicule may
answer
reinforce group conformity
question
The emphasis on intimacy in adolescent friendships is best reflected in which of the following statements? More than younger children, adolescents
answer
rate trust and loyalty as important to friendship
question
10. Which of the following has been show by research to be an area in which adolescents are influenced by their friends?
answer
check with andrea!!!!
question
Niles is 15 years old and is not sure if he wants to go into a technical high school or an academic school. Who is he likely to seek advice from?
answer
father
question
A national survey in the United States of 20-29 year olds found that 62% agreed that \"living together with someone before marriage is a good way to avoid eventual divorce.\"
answer
true
question
Attachment styles between lovers have been found to resemble the parent-child attachment.
answer
true
question
Which statement concerning adolescent sexual activity and contraception use is most accurate?
answer
adolescent sexual activity and contraception use are usually unplanned
question
6. According to research, adolescent fathers are more likely than their male peers to
answer
check with andrea!!!
question
According to research, in contrast to pregnant adolescents who carry their babies to term, those who have abortions are more likely to
answer
be better off economically
question
For adolescents who are gay, lesbian, or bisexual (GLB), the degree of confusion and anxiety is often amplified because of a cultural presumption of heterosexuality.
answer
true
question
school climate refers to
answer
quality of interactions between students and teachers
question
Sunny and her family have lived in the U.S. for eleven years. Her friend, Sonia, has just moved to the U.S. two years ago. Both Sunny and Sonia's family came from the same village in Mexico. According to research, based on their years in the United States who is more likely to have poorer academic performance?
answer
Sunny
question
College students are more likely to find their experience satisfying at a small college than at a large university.
answer
true
question
According to research, what work factor is positively related to psychological well-being and self-esteem? A job that involves
answer
learning new skills
question
Some studies have shown positive findings between adolescent work and psychological functioning which includes
answer
increased self-esteem
question
For recent veterans, military service has been found to
answer
increase self-confidence and leadership skills
question
The most important result of 20th century media, such as television and radio, was the creation of a new source of
answer
socialization
question
Bryan moved from New York to Los Angeles during the 9th grade. Bryan is an avid fan of rap music and was happy to discover many of the boys his age in his new neighborhood listen to the same music as his friends back on the East Coast. Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario?
answer
youth subculture identification
question
Studies finding that heavier exposure to sexual content on TV is related to earlier initiation of sexual intercourse are guided by which of the following theoretical frameworks?
answer
social learning theory
question
Saroj loves listening to her favorite band, No Doubt. Recently, Saroj read an interview of the lead singer and decided, \"I like her attitude. She always makes up her own mind. I hope I'm like her when I'm that age.\" Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario?
answer
identity formation
question
A study conducted in a Canadian community called \"Notel\" by the researchers revealed that aggressive behavior in children ___________ after television was introduced to a community.
answer
increased
question
A major criticism of cigarette advertising is that it is
answer
targeted toward adolescents
question
One recent study of adolescents aged 11-15 found that adolescents' preference for violent video games was related to
answer
anxiety and depression
question
Social networking websites like Facebook and MySpace were originally developed by
answer
college students
question
A concern associated with adolescents' use of Internet chat rooms is the potential for
answer
-academic cheating -sexual victimization -social isolation
question
Research has shown that there is no significant correlation between adolescents' aggressiveness and their preference for watching violent television.
answer
false
question
Which of the following media forms is the most used by adolescents and emerging adults?
answer
music
question
When Nand feels angry, he goes home and listens to heavy metal music. According to research, if Nand is typical od adolescent heavy metal fans, which of the following may predict is the most likely effect? After listening to the music for a while, Nand
answer
calms down
question
13. Many defenders of \"gangsta rap\" argue that the violent lyrics reflect
answer
grim realities of inner-city life of Black American youth
question
To date, research on adolescents' use of the Internet has tended to focus on positive rather than negative uses.
answer
false
question
Adolescents and emerging adults are more likely than children or adults to be the victims of crimes.
answer
true
question
People who have received cognitive-behavior therapy are less likely than those who have been treated with antidepressant medication to relapse after the treatment period.
answer
true
question
Which of the following is a protective factor associated with resilience?
answer
-parents who balance care with control -high intelligence -an adult mentor outside the family
question
The idea that religious participation may make it less likely that an adolescent take part in risk behavior best refers to
answer
protective factor
question
In general, substance use is higher among White adolescents than among African American adolescents.
answer
true
question
_________ are about four times more likely to attempt suicide; _________ are about four times more likely to kill themselves.
answer
females; males
question
According to her mom, 33-year-old Shara had no problems during childhood. Shara is now a school teacher and has a child of her own. During her adolescent years, however, Shara \"ran with a crowd\" that smoked pot, shoplifted, and occasionally vandalized buildings. During her youth, Shara's behavior could best be described as
answer
adolescent-limited delinquency
question
In Western countries other than the United States, a higher minimum driving age and less access to automobiles is associated with
answer
fewer car accidents and fatalities among young people
question
Quentin is considered to have an externalizing disorder. He frequently engages in delinquent behavior and fighting. Based upon research, it could be predicted that Quentin experiences little distress related to his behavior.
answer
true
question
Which of the following is a common characteristic of people considered to be \"overcontrolled\"?
answer
overly self-punishing
question
Jared and Brad are in love. They are always spending time together. They are always spending time together. They have similar religious beliefs. They both love to hike, camp, fish, and water-ski. People have commented how alike they are. According to social scientists, Jared and Brad are most likely seeking
answer
consensual validation
question
Which statement best represents the relationship between low- and high achievers?
answer
High-achievers tend to have a positive influence on their low-achieving friends
question
Being friends is a _____ relationship than being peers
answer
Deeper
question
Emerging adulthood is a phenomenon that exists mainly in
answer
Industrialized countries
question
Which of the following statements most accurately represents the relation between pubertal timing and technology? In general, puberty begins
answer
Earlier in countries where better nutrition and medical care were more widely available
question
Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been critiqued by researchers conducting cross-cultural studies
answer
true
question
Shannon's friends sometimes tease her about her dislike of wearing fashionable clothes and her plans to be an aircraft mechanic. Shannon's attributes most likely violate her friends' views of
answer
gender roles
question
Jessica's step-mother was a \"workaholic\" and was hardly ever home. Jessica plans to apply to law school, but swears she will not be like her step-mother. This scenario best reflects Jessica's
answer
feared self
question
Chris is feeling the effects of a \"dual income\" family. Chris is more confident and has higher career aspirations that many other kids. Based on the research, what can we conclude about Chris? Chris is
answer
likely an adolescent girl
question
Which psychologist is credited with the development of a cultural approach to cognition
answer
Lev Vyogotsky
question
It is difficult to make a clear link between viewing violent television and aggressive behavior in adolescent because most of the research is
answer
Correlational
question
From the 1970s to the early 1990s, adolescent substance abuse generally
answer
declined
question
The goal of being self-focused in emerging adulthood is to
answer
learn to be self-sufficient in adulthood
question
Research shows that pornography use is higher among adolescents than emerging adults
answer
false
question
According to the text, adolescent girls in developing countries may become prostitutes in several ways which can include
answer
a. Kidnapped and taken to another country b. Promised jobs in domestic service c. Sold into prostitution by parents
question
To date, research on adolescents' use of the internet has tended to focus on positive rather than negative uses.
answer
false
question
Efforts to prevent or reduce use among adolescents have generally been delivered through
answer
schools
question
Divorce after the age of 40 tends to be less emotionally and financially difficult than divorce before age 40
answer
false
question
Meena's father died when she was a baby, and there is a lot of ongoing conflict in the household between her mother and stepfather. According to research discussed in the text, Meena may be more likely to
answer
reach puberty earlier
question
One cultural belief which underlies the practice of Western dating is that young people should
answer
have a right to decide who they are intimate with
question
Niles is 15 years old. He is not sure if he wants to go into technical high school or an academic program next year. Based on research, it could be predicted that Niles is most likely to seek advice from his
answer
father
question
Higher rates of violent crime in the US compared other Western countries appear to be due in part to
answer
higher rates of poverty
question
According to the text, there are five characteristics that distinguish emerging adulthood from other age periods. Which characteristic does NOT describe emerging adulthood
answer
age of stability
question
One of the important changes in Western countries, which began to define the \"Age of Adolescence,\" was
answer
restrictive child labor laws
question
Which of the following best defines differential gender socialization?
answer
boys and girls are socialized according to different gender expectations
question
Sven, your adolescent nephew, tells you he is worried that he is not normal because his feet and hands seem to be too big for his body. Which of the following is the best advice for Sven?
answer
\"Don't worry, hands and feet hit the growth spurt before the rest of your body.\"
question
One implication that follows from American schools placing low demands on their students is that adolescents
answer
are able to hold part-time jobs
question
According to the text, optimistic bias is defined as
answer
the tendency to assume accidents, diseases and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than ourselves.
question
Emerging adults in the West are more likely than older adults to be involved in organizations devoted to particular issues such as racism
answer
true
question
One year post-divorce, mothers parenting style tends to
answer
become less consistent
question
Imagine you wrote a paper covering research on the effects of mother's remarrying after divorce. You would most likely conclude
answer
Adolescent problems rise
question
Cohabitation before marriage is related to a higher likelihood of divorce
answer
true
question
In contrast to adolescents, emerging adults are more likely to rank __________ as the most important reason for engaging in romantic relationships.
answer
intimacy
question
The average American holds between 5 to 6 different jobs between the age of 18-30
answer
false-- the average American holds 7-8 different jobs between the ages of 18 and 30.
question
According to the text, the key to success for intervention programs designed to help potential dropouts is
answer
Attention from caring adult staff Low student teacher ratios Beginning the program in middle school
question
Young people with externalizing problems are sometimes referred to
answer
undercontrolled
Adolescents And Young Adults
Alcohol And Drug Use
Early Maturing Girls
Older Americans Act
Pediatric Psychology
Psychology
Sociology of Aging
Adolescent Health Flashcards 236 terms

Keisha White
236 terms
Preview
Adolescent Health Flashcards
question
Adolescents an young adults clasified as those ages
answer
15-24
question
Exercise and nutrition programs that help reduce the risk of cancer and cradiovascular disease for adults are examples of
answer
primary prevention
question
The best single behavorial changes Amerians can make to reduce morbidity and mortality is to
answer
Stop smoking
question
The highest rates of smokeless tobacco use in his high school students is in
answer
white males
question
The dieseases that cause considerable morbdity in adolescents and young adults are
answer
sexually transmitted diseases
question
The transition from adolescence to young adulthood is considered to be a relatively easy transition for most TRUE or FALSE
answer
FALSE
question
The percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes has decreased significantly over the past 20 years TRUE or FALSE
answer
FALSE
question
Obesity in the US is considered an epidemic TRUE OR FALSE
answer
TRUE
question
The percentage of children younger than 18 living in a single parents family has been decreasing ever since 1965 TRUE or FALSE
answer
FALSE
question
Statistics indicate that the more eduation a person has, the more likely he or she is to use tobacco TRUE or FALSE
answer
FALSE
question
Adults (25-64) 15-64 some of the most productive, or most productive, years of people's lives Most enjoy the best health of their lives Shape health through lifestyle and health behavior for later years
answer
Introduction
question
Adolescents and Young Adults
answer
Represent the future of the nation Adolescence is difficult stage; period of transition from childhood to adulthood Comfort and security to complex and challenging situations Young adults complete physical growth; experience significant life changes Leave home, join military, begin careers, etc. Many health beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are adopted and consolidated
question
1/3 live in single parent families
answer
Living arrangements
question
Employment status
answer
Participation in labor force has remained fairly constant in recent decades Disparities by race
question
leading causes of death adolscents 15-24
answer
unintentional injureies, homicide, suicide, cancer, heart disease
question
Mortality
answer
1/4 of all deaths in age group from motor vehicle injuries; alcohol contributing factor Homicide and suicide rates up 200-300% over last 50 years Significant racial disparities among race and leading causes of death
question
Morbidity
answer
Communicable diseases Measles immunizations important Sexually transmitted diseases This age group acquires nearly half of all new STDs in the U.S. Some effects can last a lifetime
question
Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices of High School Students
answer
Unintentional injuries Violence Tobacco use Alcohol and other drugs Sexual behaviors - unintended pregnancies and STDs Physical activity Overweight and weight control
question
Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices of College Students
answer
Unintentional injuries Violence Tobacco use Alcohol and other drugs Sexual behaviors - unintended pregnancies and STDs
question
Community Health Strategies
answer
Main factors affecting community health with age group are social and cultural factors and community organizing Alcohol use a main problem
question
Adults
answer
Ages 25-64 Represent more than half of U.S. population
question
Health Profile
answer
Mortality mainly from chronic diseases Many associated with unhealthy behaviors and poor lifestyle choices Lifestyle improvements and public health advances have led to decline in death rate for adults
question
Cancer
answer
#1 cause of death for adult age group in recent decades Males - lung, prostate, and colorectal Females - lung, breast, and colorectal (lung cancer is leadin cause of death men and women)
question
Cardiovascular Disease
answer
Age-adjusted mortality rates dropped over past 60 years Mainly due to public health efforts related to smoking cessation, increased physical activity, and nutrition
question
Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices
answer
Risk factors for chronic disease Most significant for adults - smoking, lack of exercise, BMI, alcohol Risk factors for personal injury Motor vehicle safety - seatbelts and alcohol use Awareness and screening of certain conditions Hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol
question
Community Health Strategies
answer
Emphasis on individual responsibility for health Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts for adults Primary - exercise and nutrition programs Secondary - self and clinical screenings to identify and control disease processes Tertiary - medication compliance
question
smokeless tobacco
answer
or spit tobacco include and snuff loose leaf chewing tobacco plug chewing tobacco and nasal snuff
question
intensity
answer
cardiovascular workload measured by heart rate
question
body mass index
answer
the ratio of weight in kilogras to heaigh in meters squared
question
hypertension
answer
systalic pressure equal to or greater than 140 mm of mercury an or distalic pressr equal to or greaer than 90 mm Hg for extended periods of time
question
hypercholestrlemia
answer
high levels of cholesterol in the blood
question
aged
answer
the state of bein old a person may be defined a aged onthe basis of havin reached a spcific age; for example , 65 is ofen used for socail or legislative policies, while 75 is uded fr physiological evauluations by geriatricians.
question
aging
answer
the changes that occur normally in plants and animal as they grow older. Some age changes begin t birth an contnue until death; oter changes begin at matruty and end at death.
question
gerontology
answer
te multidisciplinary study ofthe biological, psychological, and social processes of agingand the elderly. Ellie MEtchnikoff, of the Pasteu Istitute in Pari, fisrt used the term in 1903 to describethe biological study of senescence (aging)
question
geriatrics
answer
the branch of medicine concerned with medical problems and care of the elderly.
question
geriatrician
answer
a physician specializing inthe care of patients with multiple chronic diseases who may not be able to be cured but whose care ca be managed.
question
ageism
answer
is the result of ignornance, prejudice and dscrimination against the aged
question
elders
answer
those of 65 yrs of age a older
question
exploritas
answer
education programs specifically for elders, hold on college campuses or at a variety of sites around the world
question
demography
answer
the study of a population and those variables bringing about change in that population
question
median age
answer
the age at which half of the population is older and half is younger
question
net migraton
answer
the population gain or last resulting from migration
question
dependency ratio
answer
a ratio tt compares the number of individuas whom soceity considers economically unproductiveto the number it considers economically productive.
question
total dependency ratio
answer
the dependency ratn that includes both youth and old
question
youth dependency ratio
answer
the dependency ration thatinculde youth only
question
old age dependency ratio
answer
the dependency ratio that includes only the old
question
encore careers
answer
when individuals tasition out of their work careers and int jobs and volunteer opportunities in nonprofit ad publi sector. Encore careers have a positive impact on society's greatest problems.
question
labor-force ratio
answer
a ratio of the total number of those individuals who ar not working to the number of those who are
question
assisted- living facility
answer
a special combination of housing personalized supportive services, and health care designed to meet te needs-both secheduled an unscheduled- of those who need hep with activities of daily living
question
retirement communities
answer
residential communities that have been specifically developed for those in their retirement years,
question
continuing- care retirement communities (CCRCs)
answer
planned communities for seniors that guarntee a lifelong residence and health care
question
activities of daily living
answer
eating, toiltng,dressing, bathing,walking, getting in and out of a bed or chair, an getting outside
question
functional limitations
answer
difficulty in performing personal care and home management tasks
question
instrumental activities of daily living
answer
more complex task such as handling persoal finances, preparing meals, shopping, doing house work, traveling, using the telephone, and taking medications
question
informal caregiver
answer
one who provides unpaid assistance to one who has some physical, mental, emotional, or financial nee limiting his o her independence.
question
care provider
answer
one who helps identfy the health care needs of an individual ad also personally performs th caregiving service
question
care manager
answer
one who help idetify the health care needs of an individual but does not actualy provide the health care service
question
Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA)
answer
federal legislation to improve the lives of elders
question
Meals on Wheels
answer
a community supported nutrition program in which prepared meals are delivered to elders in their homes, usually by volunteers.
question
congregate meal programs
answer
community sponsored nutrition programs that provide meals at a central site, such as a senior center
question
visitor services
answer
one individual taking time to visit with another who is uable to leave his or her residence.
question
homebound
answer
a person unable to leave home for normal activities
question
adult day care programs
answer
daytime care provided to elders who are unable to be left alone.
question
respite care
answer
planned short term care usually for the purpose of relieving a full time informal caregiver.
question
home health care services
answer
health care services provided in the patient's place of residience.
question
Number of elders and the proportion to the total population increased significantly in the 20th century Represent 12.8% of population 1 in every 8 Americans age 65+ Young old - 65-74 Middle old - 75-84 Old old - 85+
answer
Introduction
question
Common myths not accurate representation of elders
answer
Majority of elders today are active and well Many still working Many strongly engaged in community, volunteer, and advocacy programs
question
Demography of Aging
answer
Size and growth of the elder population Population pyramids describe aging of populations America's pyramid shape has drastically shifted Other countries have had shifts as well 85+ fastest growing segment of older population Growth in median age
question
Factors Affecting Population Size and Age
answer
Fertility rates Baby boomers - 1946-1964 Mortality rates Life expectancy has continued to increase; significant increase in 20th century Migration Movement of people from one country to another can affect population size
question
Dependency and Labor Force Ratios
answer
Dependency ratio - economically unproductive to economically productive Traditionally defined by age Can be used for social policy decision making Labor force ratio - number of people actually working and those who are not, independent of their ages Ratio of workers to dependants will be lower in the future than today
question
Other Demographic Variables
answer
Affect community health programs for older Americans Marital status Living arrangements Racial and ethnic composition Geographic distribution Economic status Housing
question
Marital Status
answer
¾ of elder men are married; just over half of elder women are married Elder women 3x's more likely to be widowed Men have shorter life expectancies Men tend to marry women younger than selves Men more likely to remarry after loss of spouse Number of divorced elders continues to rise New concerns: lack of retirement benefits, insurance, lower net worth assets
question
Living Arrangements
answer
Closely linked to income, health status, and availability of caregivers 2/3 of noninstitutionalized elders live with someone else Women more likely to live alone Only 5% of elders live in nursing homes ¾ of nursing home residents are women More than half of nursing home residents are 85+
question
Racial and Ethnic Composition
answer
U.S. older population growing more diverse 2010 elders: 80% white, 9% black, 7% of Hispanic origin, 3% Asian 2050 projection of elders: White 58%, Hispanic origin 15%, black 11%, Asian 8%
question
Geographic Distribution
answer
2/5 live in southern states More than half live in 10 states: CA, FL, IL, MI, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, TX California greatest number; Florida greatest proportion Reasons some states "age" Inward migration (FL), young people leave (farm belt states)
question
Economic Status
answer
1970 - 25% of elders lived in poverty 2006 - less than 9% lived in poverty Income 37% of elder income from Social Security 15% asset income 18% pension income 28% earnings
question
Housing
answer
Most live in adequate, affordable housing 80% own, 20% rent Elder homes are more likely to be older, more likely to have lower value, in great need for repairs, less likely to have central heat/air 30% of elders pay more for housing than they can afford
question
Health Profile
answer
Health status of elders has improved over the years (living longer and functional health) Chronically disabled has been decreasing Health status usually not as good as younger counterparts
question
Mortality
answer
Top causes of death for elders (responsible for 2/3 of deaths) Heart disease Cancer Stroke CLRD Alzheimer's Disease
question
Morbidity
answer
Activity limitations increase with age Chronic conditions Substantial burden on health and economic status of individuals, families, and nation 1/3 report limitation of activity due to chronic conditions Impairments Very prevalent in older adults May be sensory, physical, memory
question
Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices
answer
Generally have more favorable health behaviors than younger counterparts Less likely to consume large amounts of alcohol, smoke cigarettes, or be overweight Areas for improvement Physical activity, immunizations
question
Elder Abuse and Neglect
answer
Reports have increased greatly in recent years All states have set up reporting systems Special problem for elders May be frail Unable to defend themselves Vulnerable to telemarketing and mail scams Most common victims of theft of benefit checks
question
Instrumental Needs of Elders
answer
Six instrumental needs that determine lifestyle for people of all ages; aging process can alter needs in unpredictable ways Income Housing Personal care Health care Transportation Community facilities and services
question
Income
answer
Change in types of expenses in elder years Social Security is major source of income for ~2/3 of recipients; 90% of income for 1/3 Nonmarried women and minorities have highest rates of poverty
question
Housing
answer
Major needs: appropriateness, accessibility, adequacy, affordability Needs are intertwined Changing place of residence can have negative effect on elder and family members Group housing Nursing homes, Eden Alternative facilities, Green Houses, retirement communities, CCRCs, assisted-living
question
Personal Care
answer
Four levels of tasks that may need assistance: Instrumental tasks, expressive tasks, cognitive tasks, tasks of daily living Activities of daily living (ADLs) to measure functional limitations Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) to measure more complex tasks Caregiver issues Caregiver services
question
Health Care
answer
Elders heaviest users of health care services Use of health care services increases with age Most money spent on health care is in last years of life Medicare primary source of payment for health care services of elders Will see major changes in future years
question
Transportation
answer
Transportation allows elders to remain independent On average, elders live 10 year after they stop driving Greatest influence on transportation needs: income and health status Many public transportation challenges Solutions for transportation needs of elders
question
Community Facilities and Services
answer
Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA) to increase services and protect rights of elders National nutrition programs for elders State and Area Agencies on Aging Other programs Services can vary greatly across the country
question
Community Facilities and Services
answer
Meal service Homemaker service Chore and home maintenance Visitor service Adult day care Respite care Home health care Senior centers
question
Minority Introduction
answer
Strength of America lies in diversity of people Race remains an issue in U.S. U.S. population Majority - white, non-Hispanic (66%) Racial or ethnic minorities (34%) Minority health - morbidity and mortality of ethnic minorities Advances in health gains are not equal in U.S. Secretary's Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health (Race and Health Initiative)
question
Racial and Ethnic Classifications
answer
Classifications used to operationalize race and ethnicity Challenges with classifications representing diversity of population Categories of race are more social than biological Self-reported data can be unreliable Many nonfederal systems do not collect racial and ethnic data
question
Health Data Sources and Their Limitations
answer
Challenges in complete and accurate collection of racial and ethnic data Bias analysis HHS has long-term strategy for improving collection and use of racial and ethnic data Important to understand health beliefs of various groups Heterogeneity within groups
question
Americans of Hispanic Origin
answer
Hispanic origin is an ethnicity, not a race Persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, or South American descent, or some other Spanish origin Nearly all Hispanics (96%) in the U.S. are classified by race as white Educational attainment Income Health beliefs
question
Black Americans
answer
Black or African Americans People having origins in any of the black racial groups from Africa More than ½ live in southern regions of U.S. Educational attainment Income Health beliefs and culture
question
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
answer
Now two separate racial groups Generally concentrated in the western states Educational attainment Income Health beliefs Variations among the many groups Generational differences
question
American Indians and Alaska Natives
answer
Original inhabitants of America Economically and socially disadvantaged Relatively poor health status Education Income Health beliefs Various tribal groups have distinct customs, languages, and beliefs Many share the same cultural values
question
Native Americans and Health Care
answer
Many tribes are sovereign nations Tribes transferred land in U.S. to federal government in return for provision of certain services Indian Health Services (IHS) within HHS Responsible for federal health services to Native Americans and Alaska Natives Goal to raise health status to highest possible level
question
Refugees
answer
Refugees Immigrants Aliens Illegal aliens Can be classified into existing racial/ethnic groups; as a single group, present special concerns Education, health problems, injuries, employment, etc.
question
Race and Health Initiative
answer
Goal to eliminate disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations in six areas of health while maintaining progress of overall health of American people Infant mortality Cancer screening and management Cardiovascular disease Diabetes HIV/AIDS Adult and child immunization
question
Infant Mortality
answer
Serious disparity in U.S. among racial and ethnic minorities Black Americans infant death rate more than two times that of white Americans Lack of prenatal care and low-birth-weight babies
question
Cancer Screening and Management
answer
Incidence and death rates highest among black Americans for various types of cancer Many disparities attributed to lifestyle factors, late diagnosis, access to health care Less primary and secondary prevention in various minority groups
question
Cardiovascular Diseases
answer
Death rates vary widely among racial and ethnic groups Black Americans have higher rates from CHD and stroke Hypertension prevalence as a risk factor varies according to race/ethnicity Black American tend to develop hypertension earlier in life than whites; unknown reason
question
Diabetes
answer
Overall prevalence has risen in U.S. in recent years Prevalence in those 20 and older varies in minority groups Increase in age-adjusted death rates in all racial and ethnic groups Significantly higher in minority groups
question
HIV Infection/AIDS
answer
Proportional distribution of AIDS cases has increased in black Americans and Hispanics and decreased in white Americans Attributed to higher prevalence of unsafe or risky health behaviors, and lack of access to health care to provide early diagnosis and treatment
question
Child and Adult Immunization Rates
answer
Early childhood immunizations do not vary significantly by race or ethnicity Older adult immunization rates are substantially lower in minority groups, even though an overall increase has occurred
question
Socioeconomic Status and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health
answer
Many factors contribute to health disparities - economic, educational, behavioral, cultural, legal, and political Socioeconomic status (SES) considered the most influential single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality Association between SES and race/ethnicity is complicated and cannot fully explain all disparity
question
Equity in Minority Health
answer
Simple solutions unlikely Solutions to problems for one group may not work for another Solutions must be culturally sensitive
question
Cultural Competence
answer
A set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations Culture is vital in how community health professionals deliver services and how community members respond to programs and interventions
question
Empowering the Self and the Community
answer
To enable people to solve their community health problems Three kinds of power associated with empowerment Social - access to "bases"; needed to gain political power Political - power of voice and collective action Psychological - individual sense of potency To enable people to solve their community health problems Three kinds of power associated with empowerment Social - access to "bases"; needed to gain political power Political - power of voice and collective action Psychological - individual sense of potency
question
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
answer
What was the system initiated in 1990 by the CDC to better track selected health behaviors among young people?
question
smoking
answer
To what can 87% of all lung cancer deaths be attributed?
question
What activity do less than 10% of American adults engage in enough of to achieve cardiovascular fitness
answer
Exercise
question
most americans who live in poverty are white because total number of american more whites.
answer
1 and 4 black are in poverty
question
What is the most widely used illicit drug in America?
answer
Marijuana
question
What is the single best behavioral change Americans can make to reduce morbidity and mortality?
answer
Stop smoking
question
Three quarters of all unintentional deaths are the result of what?
answer
Motor vehicle crashes
question
Homicides and suicides are great concerns in which cohort?
answer
Adolescents and young adults
question
What was racial/ethnic high school group was most likely to report they were current smokers in 2009?
answer
White students
question
What are the five behaviors of high school students that relate to unintentional injuries monitored by the YRBSS?
answer
Seat belt use, motorcycle helmet use, bicycle helmet use, riding with a driver who has been drinking alcohol, and driving after alcohol use
question
What is another name for smokeless tobacco?
answer
Spit tobacco
question
What are the two currently available national data sources for health behaviors of college students?
answer
National College Health Assessment (NCHA) and Monitoring the Future
question
What is the leading cause of death among college students?
answer
Unintentional Injury
question
What is the common definition of binge drinking?
answer
Consuming 5 or more drinks in a row
question
What drug is a contributing factor in many episodes of sexual abuse/assault among college women?
answer
Alcohol
question
low instences and higher death because less often so take longer them to realization mortality low and morbidity low and it high on both besides white americans.
answer
...
question
heart disease in men and women.
answer
...
question
What is the approach to alcohol education that focuses on the idea that "not as many of your peers drink alcohol as you think?"
answer
Social Norming
question
What is the leading cause of death for the adult age group 45-64?
answer
Malignant Neoplasms (cancer)
question
Many of the risk factors associated with the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in American adults are associated with what?
answer
Health behavior and lifestyle choices
question
At what age should women be told about the benefits and limitations of breast self-examination (BSE)
answer
Early 20's
question
What is the leading cause of congenital malformations in children?
answer
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
question
At what age should average risk men and women have their first flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy?
answer
Age 50
question
Your socialeconomic is the first thing for you to be able to tell how long someone lives.
answer
...
question
describe one or two social competence of the ten then comparing them to the two movies
answer
...
question
10 principle for cultural competence
answer
1.have a self- understanding of race, ethnicity, and power. 2. Understand historical factors that impact the health of minority populations (e.g. racism, immigration patterns) 3. understand the psychosocial stressors relevant to minority participants (e.g. socioeconomic status migration) 4. Understand cultural differences within groups 5. Understand the minority client within a family life cycle and in an intergeenrational conceptual framework.
question
you need social power to get political power to get social power
answer
...
question
majority
answer
those with characteristics that are found in more than fifty percent of a population
question
minority groups
answer
subgroups of the population that consist of fewer than fifty percent of the population
question
minority health
answer
refer to the morbidity and mortality of American Indian/ Alaska Natives, Americans of Hispanic origiin asian and pacificic islanders and black americans in the US
question
ope rationalize
answer
operational definition provide working definitions
question
acculturated
answer
cultural modification of an individual or group by adopting to or borrowing traits from another culture
question
refugee
answer
a person who flees one area or country to seek shelter or protection from danger in another
question
immigrant
answer
individuals who migrate form on country to another for the purpose of seeking permanent residence
question
alien
answer
a person born in and owing allegiance to a country other than the one in which he/ she lives
question
illegal alien
answer
an individual who entered this country without permission
question
socioeconomic status
answer
relating to a combination of social and economic factors
question
cultural and linguistic competence
answer
a set of congruent behaviors attitudes and policies that came together in a system agency or among professionals that enables effective work in a cross cultural situations
question
In the United States and other developed countries, people are considered old once they reach the age of _____
answer
65
question
What are the three terms that old has been subdivided into?
answer
Young old, middle old, & old old
question
What is the term for the changes that occur normally in plants and animals as they grow older?
answer
Aging
question
What is the term for the multidisciplinary study of the biological, psychological, and social processes of aging and the elderly?
answer
Gerontology
question
What is the term for the branch of medicine concerned with the medical problems and care of the elderly?
answer
Geriatrics
question
In a symbolic age pyramid, what is the largest segment of the population?
answer
The youngest (the base)
question
What is the period of consistently high fertility rates immediately following World War 2 known as?
answer
"Baby boom years
question
While the mortality rate in the United States has been fairly consistent for 20+ years, what other demographic variable continues to increase?
answer
Life expectancy
question
Approximately three-fourths of elder ______ are married
answer
Men
question
What percentage of people aged 65 or older live in nursing homes?
answer
About 5%
question
What are the two causes of activity limitations?
answer
Chronic conditions & impairments
question
What are the 3 primary impairments that affect elders?
answer
Sensory impairments, physical limitations, and memory impairments
question
What are the top 5 causes of death for elders?
answer
Heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD), & Alzheimer's disease
question
Two-thirds of the perpetrators of elder abuse and neglect are ________
answer
Adult children & spouses
question
What are 3 health behaviors that elders are less likely to do compared to their younger counterparts?
answer
Less likely to: 1) consume large amounts of alcohol, 2) smoke cigarettes, 3) be overweight or obese
question
What are the 6 instrumental needs that determine lifestyle for people of all ages?
answer
Income, housing, personal care, health care, transportation, & community facilities and services
question
What are two housing options available to elders, not including nursing homes?
answer
Continuing-care retirement communities & assisted-living residences
question
Who provides unpaid care of assistance to one who has some physical, mental, emotional, or financial need that limits his or her independence?
answer
Informal caregiver
question
What private insurance helps to fill the gaps in health care cost that Medicare leaves?
answer
Medigap
question
What is the term for "an important alternative to traditional institutional care" that includes services such as medical treatment, physical therapy, and homemaker services that allow patients to be cared for at lower cost than a nursing home and in familiar surroundings of their home?
answer
Home health care
question
What is the term for prejudice and discrimination against the elderly and aging?
answer
Ageism
question
What is the study of a population and those variables bringing about change in that population?
answer
Demography
question
What is the term for the population gain or loss from the movement of migrants in (immigration) and out (emigration) of a country?
answer
Net migration
question
What is a comparison between those individuals whom society considers economically unproductive (the nonworking or dependent population) and those it considers economically productive (the working population)?
answer
Dependency ratio
question
What is the scale called that measures functional limitations?
answer
Activities of daily living (ADLs)
question
The majority of Americans are referred to as _________
answer
"white, non-Hispanic"
question
Why was the 1985 report, The Secretary's Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health, so important?
answer
It first documented the health status disparities of minority groups
question
What are the 6 causes of death that accounted for more than 80% of the excess mortality among minority groups?
answer
Infant mortality, cancer, cardiovascular disease and stroke, diabetes, homicide and accidents, & chemical dependency
question
What are the 3 goals of the Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health (also known as Race and Health Initiative)?
answer
Prevent disease, promote health, and deliver care to racial and ethnic minority communities
question
In 1977, classification standards expanded race from four to five categories by separating ___________ into two categories
answer
Asian or Pacific Islander
question
What is the largest minority group in the United States?
answer
Americans of Hispanic origin
question
Where are the greatest concentrations of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders located?
answer
Western mainland states and Hawaii
question
With 12.4% of the population, Black Americans are the ___________ largest minority group in the nation
answer
Second
question
In 2008, what was the average poverty rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives?
answer
25.7%
question
What two racial or ethnic groups have the highest high school completion rate among all other racial and ethnic groups?
answer
Asians and NHOPIs
question
What President said that the United States would continue to commit to a national goal of eliminating racial and ethnic health disparities by the year 2010?
answer
President Clinton
question
Which ethnic group has the highest percentage of vaccination for the 4:3:1:3:3:1 vaccine series among children 19-35 months?
answer
Asian/Pacific Islanders
question
What was the target immunization percentage for Healthy People 2010?
answer
90%
question
What are the two most important factors associated with higher infant mortality rates among Black Americans?
answer
Lack of prenatal care and giving birth to low-birth-weight babies
question
Approximately what percentage of children and adults have diabetes?
answer
8.0% (24 million)
question
Considered by many to be the most influential single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality
answer
Socioeconomic status
question
What is the term for a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations?
answer
Cultural and linguistic competence
question
What are three factors that relate to socioeconomic status?
answer
Level of education, level of income, and poverty
question
For what disease are the cause of 90 to 95% of the cases unknown?
answer
Hypertension
question
What does the term culturally sensitive mean?
answer
Knowing and understanding that different ethnic groups each have unique cultural traditions that must be respected.
question
What type of power is described as the power of voice and collective action?
answer
Political power
question
In a community health context, what does the term empower mean?
answer
To enable people to work to solve their community health problems
question
What type of power brings access to "bases" of production such as information, knowledge, and skills, participation in social organizations, and financial resources?
answer
Social power
question
What type of power is best described as an individual sense of potency demonstrated in self-confident behavior?
answer
Psychological power
question
What law requires employers to prove the identity and work authorization for every prospective employee?
answer
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1968
question
Injury
answer
physical damage to the body resulting from mechanical, chemical, thermal, or other environmental energy.
question
unintentional injury
answer
an injury that occurred without anyone intending that harm be done The cause of nearly two-thirds of all injury-related deaths in the U.S. A major community health problemMotor vehicle crashes Poisoning Falls Other unintentional injuries Motor Vehicle Crashes Leading type of unintentional injury death Leading cause of nonfatal unintentional injury Majority of those killed are Drivers Passengers Motorcycle riders Pedestrians Pedalcyclists Poisonings Second leading cause of unintentional injury death Unintentional ingestion of fatal doses of medicines and drugs Consumption of toxic foods Exposure to toxic substances in the workplace or elsewhere Most occur in the home Falls Third leading cause of unintentional injury death Leading cause of injury-related ED visits Most occur in the home Disproportionately affect elders Epidemiology of Unintentional InjuriesAccount for large number of early deaths in U.S. Incapacitation significant problem High economic impact
question
intentional injury
answer
an injury that is purposely inflicted, either by the victim or by another
question
injury prevention (control)
answer
an organized effort to prevent injuries or to minimize their severity
question
unsafe act
answer
any behavior that would increase the probability of an injury occurring
question
unsafe condition
answer
any environmental factor or set of factors (physical or social) that would increase the probability of an injury occurring
question
hazard
answer
an unsafe act or condition
question
fatal injury
answer
an injury that results in one or more deaths Fifth leading cause of death in U.S.
question
disabling injury
answer
an injury causing any restriction of normal activity beyond the day of the injury's occurrence. Great human burden attributed to injuries Significant economic costs Greatly contribute to premature death
question
model for unintentional injuries
answer
the public health triangle (host, agent, and environment) modified to indicate energy as the causative agent of injuries
question
injury prevention education
answer
the process of changing people's health-directed behavior so as to reduce unintentional injuries
question
regulation
answer
the enactment and enforcement of laws to control conduct
question
automatic (passive) protection
answer
the modification of a product or environment so as to reduce unintentional injuries
question
litigation
answer
the process of seeking justice for injury through courts
question
family violence
answer
the use of physical force by one family member against another, with the intent to hurt, injure, or cause death
question
child maltreatment
answer
an act or failure act by a parent, caretaker, or other person as defined under state law that results in physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, medical neglect, emotional abuse, or an act or failure to act that presents an imminent risk of serious harm to a child.
question
child abuse
answer
the intentional physical, emotional, verbal, or sexual mistreatment of a minor
question
child neglect
answer
the failure of a parent or guardian to care for or otherwise provide the necessary subsistence for a child
question
intimate partner violence (IPV)
answer
rape, physical assault, or stalking perpetrated by current or former dates, spouses, or cohabiting partners
question
youth gang
answer
an association of peers, bound by mutual interests and identifiable line of authority, whose acts generally include illegal activity ad control over a territory or an enterprise.
question
Person
answer
Age Leading cause of death in children and teenagers Falls leading cause of unintentional injury death for elders Gender Males more likely to be involved in fatal unintentional injuries Minority status
question
Place
answer
Home More occur in the home than anyplace else Highway 2nd leading place for injuries and injury death Recreation/sports area Workplace
question
Time
answer
Seasonal variations in various causes of unintentional injuries Days of week Time of day
question
Alcohol and Other Drugs as Risk Factors
answer
Alcohol may be most important factor contributing to injuries Involved in high amount of motor vehicle crashes Related to speeding, seat belt use, and other behaviors as well as drosiness and caffeine
question
Prevention through Epidemiology
answer
Early contributors for injury prevention and control John Gordon William Haddon, Jr. Model for unintentional injuries - triangle Environment, host, and energy producing agent
question
Prevention and Control Tactics
answer
Prevent accumulation of energy producing agent Reducing speed limits, lowering settings on hot water heaters Prevent inappropriate release of excess energy Flame-retardant fabric, nonslip surfaces Placing barrier between host and agent Sunscreen, non-heat handles on cookware
question
Community Approaches to Prevention
answer
Education - process of changing people's health-directed behavior Regulation - enacting and enforcing laws to control conduct Automatic protection - modifying products or environments to reduce risk Litigation - seeking justice for injury through courts
question
Intentional Injuries
answer
Outcome of self-directed or interpersonal violence Assaults, rapes, suicides, homicides Can be perpetrated against family members, community members, or complete strangers
question
Epidemiology of Intentional Injuries
answer
Interpersonal violence disproportionately affects those frustrated, hopeless, jobless, living in poverty, with low-self esteem More acts committed by males Firearms increasingly involved Alcohol and drug use contributes Perpetrators more likely to have been abused or neglected as children or exposed to violence
question
Homicide, Assault, Rape, and Property Crimes
answer
Homicide victimization rate for blacks significantly higher than whites Most homicides committed with firearms Lower income associated with higher rate of being a victim of violence Except for rape and sexual assault, all violent crime victimization rate higher for males Less than half of all violent crimes committed are reported to police
question
Suicide and Attempted Suicide
answer
Suicide rate for men four times that for women Suicide rate for young people and elderly declined in recent years after significant increase from 1950-1995 Older men eight times more likely to commit suicide than senior women
question
Firearm Injuries and Injury Deaths
answer
Intentional and unintentional acts, firearms third leading cause of injury death Highest risk for homicide and suicide involving firearms are teenage boys and young men Guns on college campuses Absence of detailed federally supported reporting system
question
Violence in Our Society and Resources for Prevention
answer
Individuals and Violence Family Violence and Abuse Child maltreatment Child abuse Child neglect Prevention of child maltreatment Elder maltreatment Intimate partner violence Prevention of intimate partner violence
question
Violence in Schools
answer
Victimization rates have remained steady in recent years Fighting and weapon carrying Zero tolerance policies Bullying and being bullied Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative Youth violence after school
question
Violence in Our Communities
answer
Youth gang violence Costs to the community Community response State response Federal response
question
asian most graduated hs in america
answer
...
question
host age tired concentration alcohol how long youve been driving seat belt gender energy physical or chemical environment weather raining visibility level of traffic other cars condition of the rode because pot holes car depending how new it is radio phone etc. Streets which rode you driving on the one way streets flashing read lights
answer
on test example write each part and the triangle
question
when have more attempts use it as signal to need to change or cry for help and males are more successful and some of it not cousious for females. Males have more leathal ways so thats why more successful and females less likely male use firearms femal pills four times as many for men but more attempts for females. Highest is in elderly men. They feel like they are more of a burden and have no indepence would rather be dead then hospitalized. THey have no social support no friends. Women connnects to friends etc so if she has passed then the male has no network for himself bc she is gone and he has to reach out to social support and does know how or doesnt want to.
answer
...
Abnormal Psychology
Early Maturing Girls
Graduate From College
Need For Approval
Psychology
School Psychology
Sexology
Adolescent Psychology Chapter 12 – Flashcards 105 terms

Patricia Harrah
105 terms
Preview
Adolescent Psychology Chapter 12 – Flashcards
question
Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ______________ in evaluative situations. A) performance B) outcomes C) scores D) none of the above
answer
A) performance
question
The extent to which an individual strives for success is referred to as: A) mood composition. B) need for achievement. C) personality structure. D) self-orientation.
answer
B) need for achievement.
question
Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on all of the following, except: A) cooperation. B) achievement. C) competition. D) success.
answer
A) cooperation.
question
All of the following are noted in the text as reasons why achievement during the adolescent years merits special attention, except: A) this is a period when adolescents prepare for and sort themselves into occupational roles. B) it is during this period that adolescents begin to evaluate their occupational choices in light of their talents, abilities, and opportunities. C) it is during this period that adolescents make serious long-term decisions concerning life partners. D) the educational and occupation decisions made during adolescence are more numerous and the consequences of these decisions are more serious than those that take place during childhood.
answer
C) it is during this period that adolescents make serious long-term decisions concerning life partners
question
The transition from school to work is _________ defined transition. A) an educationally B) a socially C) a personally D) an environmentally
answer
B) a socially
question
According to the textbook, how is puberty connected to achievement? A) to the extent that puberty changes what's important for maintaining status in the peer group, it may lead adolescents to worry about whether trying too hard to do well will make them less attractive to their classmates B) puberty intensifies differences between males and females, and one impact of this is to make individuals think about what is "appropriate" achievement-related behavior for each of the sexes C) biological (hormonal) changes of puberty are directly related to achievement and motivation in high school D) both A and B are correct
answer
D) both A and B are correct
question
What is the main reason that many achievement-related issues take on new significance during adolescence: A) biological transitions B) social transitions C) changes in cognitions D) achievement-related issues do not take on new significance during adolescence
answer
B) social transitions
question
Which of the following statements regarding social roles and achievement is not true? A) adolescence is the period when important educational and occupational decisions are made B) in most industrialized societies, it is not until adolescence that individuals attain the status necessary to decide whether they will continue or end their formal education C) in most industrialized societies, it is not until adolescence that individuals are allowed to enter the labor force in an official capacity D) during adolescence, most individuals solidify career choices
answer
D) during adolescence, most individuals solidify career choices
question
The text suggests that one set of factors that may differentiate the "rich" from the "poor" early in the educational setting is _________ and _________. A) motivation to succeed; beliefs about the causes of success and failure B) neighborhood; socioeconomic factors C) genetic inheritance; prejudice against minorities D) parents' level of education; parents' attitudes toward education
answer
A) motivation to succeed; beliefs about the causes of success and failure
question
Alice has worked all evening on a psychology assignment that is not being graded. She has a very strong: A) need for approval. B) need for achievement. C) need for fulfillment. D) need for success.
answer
B) need for achievement.
question
John and Mary want their children to develop a strong need for achievement. In addition to using an authoritative parenting style, they also should: A) punish their children's failures. B) encourage their children's successes. C) compare their children to other children who are successful. D) set difficult tasks for their children to accomplish.
answer
B) encourage their children's successes.
question
Amy gets extremely nervous during exams and never does as well as she should because of these anxious feelings. She has a very strong: A) fear of rejection. B) fear of testing. C) fear of failure. D) fear of evaluation.
answer
C) fear of failure.
question
Al's parents expect him to receive all As on his report card, play quarterback for the football team, and win the election for senior class president. When Al came home with a B+ on his report card, his parents grounded him for a month. Al probably will develop: A) a high need for achievement. B) a fear of failure. C) an intrinsic type of motivation. D) learned helplessness.
answer
B) a fear of failure.
question
Adolescents who come from family environments in which parents have set unrealistically high standards for their children's achievement and react very negatively to failure are most likely to develop: A) intrinsic motivation. B) a fear of failure. C) Type-A personality characteristics. D) a high need for achievement.
answer
B) a fear of failure.
question
Jason is an intelligent youngster who avoids challenging situations because of his intense fear of failure. Despite his innate ability, he gets low grades and has trouble persisting even with easy tasks. Jason is: A) a failure. B) an underachiever. C) bored. D) a loader.
answer
B) an underachiever.
question
Alicia has trouble persisting at tasks and fears failure. Her grades are far lower than one would expect based on her intellectual ability. She is a(n): A) failure. B) underachiever. C) delinquent. D) normal adolescent.
answer
B) underachiever.
question
Sonya has scored in the top 1 percentile on an IQ test, yet she gets below average grades in school. What is true about Sonya? A) She has a learning disorder. B) She has low self-esteem. C) She is a delinquent. D) She is an underachiever.
answer
D) She is an underachiever.
question
According to the textbook, in classrooms in which teachers are very performance-oriented, students: A) feel more alienated from the school B) have lower feelings of self-efficacy C) are more likely to engage in self-handicapping behavior D) all of the above are likely in classrooms where the teachers are very performance-oriented
answer
D) all of the above are likely in classrooms where the teachers are very performance-oriented
question
Which statement about underachievement is false? A) Most underachievers are highly intelligent yet afraid of failure. B) Some students choose to appear uninterested in school to get more respect from their peers. C) Many students want to ensure that they have an "excuse" for poor performance other than a lack of ability. D) Some students use "self-handicapping" strategies to diminish the importance of academics as a response to their poor performance.
answer
A) Most underachievers are highly intelligent yet afraid of failure.
question
The internal desire to perform well is called: A) intrinsic motivation. B) mastery motivation. C) evaluation anxiety. D) extrinsic motivation.
answer
A) intrinsic motivation.
question
Motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task is called: A) extrinsic motivation. B) intrinsic motivation. C) intuitive motivation. D) instinctive motivation.
answer
B) intrinsic motivation.
question
Leroy plays video games not because he will win anything by doing well, or because anyone approves of his increasing skill, but because he enjoys getting better at the games. His behavior is an example of: A) intrinsic motivation. B) temperament. C) learned helplessness. D) extrinsic motivation.
answer
A) intrinsic motivation.
question
Motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance is called: A) extrinsic motivation. B) reward-punishment theory. C) extraneous achievement. D) intrinsic motivation.
answer
A) extrinsic motivation.
question
Whitney's present goal is to get good enough at spelling to earn the school's spelling trophy. Whitney's ambition is an example of: A) intrinsic motivation. B) ego motivation. C) self-regulation. D) extrinsic motivation.
answer
D) extrinsic motivation.
question
Margie sees herself as competent. Manny experiences a great deal of anxiety and hesitation when facing a challenge because he doubts his abilities. Both are A students. Margie is most likely ________ motivated and Manny is most likely ________ motivated. A) intrinsically; intrinsically B) intrinsically; extrinsically C) extrinsically; intrinsically D) extrinsically; extrinsically
answer
B) intrinsically; extrinsically
question
Bill approaches new tasks with the attitude that he can master them, and he tries to do so because he wants to gain new skills. Bill is motivated by: A) intrinsic forces. B) extrinsic forces. C) fear of failure. D) learned helplessness.
answer
A) intrinsic forces.
question
Every time that Frank receives an A on his report card, his grandmother gives him $50. However, if Frank receives a C, he is grounded for 2 weeks. Frank will probably develop: A) a high need for achievement. B) intrinsic motivation. C) extrinsic motivation. D) Type-A behavior.
answer
C) extrinsic motivation.
question
Marty's main concern in playing soccer is whether his performance will be good enough to win his father's attention and approval. Marty's behavior is being motivated by: A) intrinsic forces. B) extrinsic forces. C) temperament. D) crystallization.
answer
B) extrinsic forces.
question
As Carrie was growing up, her parents discussed politics with her, went on family vacations to historical sites and national parks, and attended cultural events together. Carrie took clarinet lessons and spent a lot of time in the library reading books she chose for herself. It is likely that Carrie will be: A) intrinsically motivated. B) extrinsically motivated. C) overwhelmed. D) overly concerned about failure.
answer
A) intrinsically motivated.
question
Professor Stein wants to test the stereotype threat effect. What is the most likely scenario if this effect does, in fact, occur? A) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform poorly on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants actually perform better than participants in the control group. B) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform poorly on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants perform more poorly than participants in the control group. C) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform extremely well on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants perform more poorly than participants in the control group. D) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that participants in the control group do not like them because of their ethnic background, so the experimental group members act aggressively toward members of the control group.
answer
B) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform poorly on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants perform more poorly than participants in the control group.
question
To the extent individuals believe widely held stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability, the ________ suggests that their performance will be affected, depending on how they expect to perform. A) stereotype threat effect B) gender differences effect C) general expectations theory D) self-efficacy hypothesis
answer
A) stereotype threat effect
question
Current research addressing sex differences in achievement suggests that: A) girls still lag far behind boys on science and math. B) when differences in math and science are found today, they are very slight. C) girls have closed the math/science gap and have now become better in these subjects than boys. D) there were so many methodological flaws in the earlier research that the differences in boys' and girls' math and science abilities were unduly exaggerated.
answer
B) when differences in math and science are found today, they are very slight.
question
Antonio is very confident about his abilities; he has a strong sense of: A) academic success. B) self-efficacy. C) self-awareness. D) social desirability.
answer
B) self-efficacy.
question
Tory is extrinsically motivated and believes that intelligence is a fixed trait. Based on this combination, Tory probably focuses on: A) performance goals. B) learning goals. C) self-regulatory goals. D) mastery goals.
answer
A) performance goals.
question
Ivan, who believes that intelligence is a malleable trait, is enrolled in several advanced placement classes. Mastering the subject material is more important to him than getting good grades. Ivan probably emphasizes: A) performance goals. B) learning goals. C) self-regulatory goals. D) evaluation goals.
answer
B) learning goals.
question
Which of the following is not likely to predict students' achievement-related behavior? A) whether the student has experienced a failure B) whether the student believes intelligence is fixed or malleable C) whether the student is intrinsically or extrinsically motivated D) whether the student is confident in his/her abilities
answer
A) whether the student has experienced a failure
question
Professor Umbridge takes pleasure in making her students look foolish. She stresses the importance of grades more than mastery of the course material. Her students are likely to demonstrate all of the following, except: A) insecurity about their abilities. B) hesitation about challenging themselves. C) reluctance to ask her for help. D) a need to outperform their classmates.
answer
D) a need to outperform their classmates.
question
Students' motivation and school performance _______ when they enter into secondary school. A) remain the same B) increase C) decrease D) increase sharply and then plateau
answer
C) decrease
question
An explanation of why students' motivation and school achievement drop as they transition into secondary school is that: A) the subject matter becomes more difficult. B) teachers focus on grades rather than mastery of the material. C) they are intimidated by the older students. D) there is a decline in their use of self-handicapping strategies.
answer
B) teachers focus on grades rather than
question
Dr. Worthy studies achievement attributions. According to the textbook, she would be assessing the ways in which individuals attribute their performance to a combination of all of the following factors, except: A) ability and effort. B) task difficulty. C) luck. D) motivation.
answer
D) motivation.
question
Jacob and Stephen just got a project back from their teacher that they had worked on together. They received a D on the project. Jacob said that it was because the project was too hard. Stephen said it was because they hadn't worked hard enough on the project. Which adolescent is most likely to try harder on future projects? A) Stephen B) Jacob C) Both boys will try harder next time. D) Neither boy will try hard next time because they failed this time.
answer
A) Stephen
question
Shawn is told by his teacher that the task he is working on is too difficult for him. Therefore, Shawn believes that failure is inevitable. He is likely to develop: A) learned helplessness. B) attribution biases. C) achievement attributions. D) None of the above
answer
A) learned helplessness.
question
The belief or expectation that one cannot control the forces in one's environment is called: A) underachievement. B) fear of failure. C) learned helplessness. D) temperament.
answer
C) learned helplessness.
question
Paul won't even try to learn how to swim because when he has tried before, he has not done very well and he is now convinced that no matter what he does, he will never learn to swim. Paul's situation is an example of: A) ego deflation. B) Type-A behavior. C) learned helplessness. D) temperament.
answer
C) learned helplessness.
question
Mrs. Kumin wants to help her lower-achieving students. She should: A) acknowledge that they do not have the ability to achieve and stop pressuring them. B) help them learn to attribute their performance to factors that are under their control. C) have them placed into special education classes. D) provide them with remedial education and have them keep trying.
answer
B) help them learn to attribute their performance to factors that are under their control.
question
Which of the following is not one of the factors researchers study in connection with how home environment influences adolescents' level of achievement? A) parents' values and expectations B) parenting practices C) cultural factors D) quality of home environment
answer
C) cultural factors
question
Which adolescent is least likely to exhibit high academic achievement? A) Barney, whose parents set high scholastic standards and expect him to go to college B) Bernie, whose parents go to all of his school programs and help him select his classes C) Benny, whose parents do not want to pressure him, but argue with his teachers about his grades D) Bob, whose parents join together with other parents who stay involved in school activities
answer
C) Benny, whose parents do not want to pressure him, but argue with his teachers about his grades
question
According to the textbook, which of the following is not an effective form of parental involvement: A) helping with homework B) encouraging achievement in school C) expecting achievement in school D) being involved in school-based activities
answer
A) helping with homework
question
Which of the following parenting styles is associated with adolescents' development of intrinsic motivation and academic achievement? A) permissive B) authoritative C) authoritarian D) demonstrative
answer
B) authoritative
question
Which type of parenting is linked to school success during adolescence? A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) indulgent D) neglectful
answer
B) authoritative
question
Who is probably most likely to drop out of high school? A) Luanne, whose parents are consistently authoritative B) Dierdre, whose parents are consistently authoritarian C) Bobby Jo, whose parents are consistently indulgent D) Sally, whose parents are consistently permissive
answer
D) Sally, whose parents are consistently permissive
question
Which of the following statements about authoritative parenting is true? A) authoritative parenting promotes the development of an emphasis on extrinsic motivation and a less healthy attributional style B) authoritative parents are less likely themselves to hold healthier beliefs about their child's achievement and more likely to be overly controlling C) authoritative parenting is associated with lower achievement motivation, greater self-esteem, and lower competence D) authoritative parenting is probably the most important contributor to strong need for achievement
answer
D) authoritative parenting is probably the most important contributor to strong need for achievement
question
Two characteristics of authoritative parents that positively influence their children's school performance are ______ and ______. A) healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; less tendency to be over-controlling B) healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; greater tendency to be over-controlling C) exaggerated beliefs about their child's achievement; involvement in their child's academic pursuits D) a tendency to push their child to succeed; the ability to let their child make his or her own decisions
answer
A) healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; less tendency to be over-controlling
question
Lydia's family is always going to art shows, concerts, and poetry readings. They have a large amount of: A) societal influence. B) social capital. C) cultural capital. D) monetary success.
answer
C) cultural capital.
question
The resources provided within a family allowing the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, and literature are called: A) special education. B) social cultivation. C) artistic refinement. D) cultural capital.
answer
D) cultural capital.
question
During the school year, Titus's parents took him to the theater and the opera. In addition, they bought him an encyclopedia for his birthday. The treatment Titus is receiving is an example of: A) special education. B) social cultivation. C) artistic refinement. D) cultural capital.
answer
D) cultural capital.
question
Which of the following is the best example of cultural capital? A) Art's father takes him to museums during the summer. B) Chip's parents bought him a computer. C) Henry's mother has a Master's degree in Shakespearean drama. D) Crystal's parents buy her expensive earrings.
answer
A) Art's father takes him to museums during the summer.
question
Jane's community does a lot to support and encourage adolescents' success in school. This community has a large amount of: A) societal influence. B) social capital. C) cultural capital. D) monetary success.
answer
B) social capital.
question
The impact of friends on adolescents' school performance depends on: A) the academic orientation of the peer group. B) the number of extracurricular activities in which they participate. C) the size of the peer group. D) All of the above
answer
A) the academic orientation of the peer group.
question
In the United States today, the peer group is most likely to have _______ influence on an adolescent's academic achievement. A) a positive B) a negative C) little D) both a positive and a negative
answer
B) a negative
question
Black students in the inner city who do well in school are: A) likely to be criticized by their peers who say they are "acting white." B) likely to be respected by the white students but not by their Black peers. C) usually respected by the other high-achieving students. D) more likely than their white counterparts to attend college.
answer
A) likely to be criticized by their peers who say they are "acting white."
question
The textbook states that peers are important for all of the following reasons, except: A) students whose friends are more engaged in school are themselves more engaged B) students with best friends who achieve high grades in school are more likely to show improvements in their own grades than are students who begin at similar levels of achievement but whose friends are not high achievers C) peers play an especially important role in girls' decisions to take math and science classes D) adolescents with an extremely high orientation toward peers tend to perform better in school
answer
D) adolescents with an extremely high orientation toward peers tend to perform better in school
question
Which of the following is not a finding of Witkow's recent study that investigated the ways in which adolescents use their time: A) students who earn higher grades than their peers spend more time studying, both on weekdays and on weekends B) high-achieving students spend less time with their friends than do low-achieving students on weekdays, but not on weekends C) study results suggest that high-achieving students are able to maintain an active social life by allocating time more judiciously during the week D) high achieving students spend equal time with their friends than do low-achieving students on weekdays.
answer
D) high achieving students spend equal time with their friends than do low-achieving students on weekdays.
question
Research on the interaction of the influence of parents and peers suggests all of the following, except: A) family environment affects adolescents' choice of friends. B) friends who value school can positively affect adolescents' school achievement even if the adolescent does not come from an authoritative home. C) peers and parents have a stronger influence on adolescents' school achievement in countries in which schools serve heterogeneous groups of students. D) peers have more influence on adolescents than families in countries where students are placed on separate educational tracks.
answer
D) peers have more influence on adolescents than families in countries where students are placed on separate educational tracks.
question
Which of the following is an example of school performance? A) Kelly received a C on her report card. B) Naomi received a 1200 on the SATs. C) Mel has been in school for 7 years. D) Vinny has an IQ of 105.
answer
A) Kelly received a C on her report card.
question
Which of the following is an example of academic achievement? A) Kelly received a C on her report card. B) Naomi received a 1200 on the SATs. C) Mel has been in school for 7 years. D) Vinny has 3.7 GPA.
answer
B) Naomi received a 1200 on the SATs.
question
Which type of educational achievement has important implications for subsequent earnings? A) school performance B) academic achievement C) educational attainment D) All of the above
answer
C) educational attainment
question
The gap between American students' performance and that of students from other countries _____ as they move from elementary to middle to high school. A) widens B) shrinks C) stays the same D) there is no gap between American students' performance and that of students from other countries
answer
A) widens
question
The practice of advancing adolescents to the next grade level in school based on age rather than their successful completion of the grade level is known as: A) peer group promotion. B) age mate promotion. C) social promotion. D) upward social comparison.
answer
C) social promotion.
question
Harry has failed 9th grade this year and has not learned the material he needs to go on to higher grade levels. However, his teachers are debating letting him go on to 10th grade next year so that he does not feel left behind or lose touch with his same-age friends. This practice is called: A) disengagement promotion. B) teacher-based social support. C) achiever dropout prevention. D) social promotion.
answer
D) social promotion.
question
Work values, the different types of rewards that individuals expect to receive from their chosen occupation, can include all but which of the following values? A) influence B) social rewards C) leverage D) leisure
answer
C) leverage
question
In a study on the effect of early intensive education on later school performance among children in poverty, which intervention had the greatest impact on performance in high school? A) the preschool intervention B) the elementary school intervention C) each intervention was equally effective D) neither intervention affected high school performance
answer
A) the preschool intervention
question
Studies show that disadvantaged youth perform more poorly in school than their advantaged counterparts. Which of the following reasons best accounts for this disparity? A) Poor adolescents begin school at a distinct academic disadvantage. B) Poor adolescents have more stress. C) Parents from higher social classes are more involved in the school. D) All of the above
answer
D) All of the above
question
Mary comes from an economically disadvantaged household. Her mother went to the school counselor to find out what could be done to help Mary overcome her disadvantage. What did the counselor suggest would help? A) positive relations at home B) extra tutoring C) an after-school job D) special education classes
answer
A) positive relations at home
question
Which ethnic group, on average, has the highest level of educational achievement? A) Black adolescents B) Asian Americans C) White adolescents D) Hispanic American
answer
B) Asian Americans
question
Asian American students are likely to have higher academic achievement than White or ethnic minority youth because: A) they believe in the value of school success. B) they are very anxious about negative repercussions of not doing well in school. C) they spend more time studying than White or other ethnic minority students. D) All of the above
answer
D) All of the above
question
According to the text, Asian children tend to attribute success to: A) external causes. B) hard work. C) inherited intelligence. D) luck.
answer
B) hard work.
question
Across all ethnic groups, studies indicate that which of the following measures helps students to achieve? A) a sense of belonging to the school B) a perceived connection between academic accomplishment and future success C) parental monitoring of behavior and schooling D) All of the above
answer
D) All of the above
question
Levels of educational attainment in America have _____ over the past 6 decades. A) risen B) remained stable C) declined dramatically D) declined slightly
answer
A) risen
question
Which of the following Hispanic young adults is most likely to graduate from college? A) Gustavo, who is Mexican American B) Jesus, who is Puerto Rican C) Rogelio, who is Cuban American D) They are all equally likely to graduate from college.
answer
C) Rogelio, who is Cuban American
question
Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's adolescents have __________levels of educational attainment and ___________ levels of academic achievement. A) lower; lower B) lower; higher C) higher; higher D) higher; lower
answer
D) higher; lower
question
The modest gains in achievement that have occurred during the past decade or so have been in the area of: A) higher-order thinking. B) relatively simple skills. C) computer training. D) specialized science fields.
answer
B) relatively simple skills.
question
Compared with students in other countries, U.S. elementary school students_______ students in other countries, and high school students in the United States _______ than their peers in other countries. A) perform as well as; perform as well B) perform better than; perform better C) perform as well as; perform more poorly D) perform more poorly than; perform better
answer
C) perform as well as; perform more poorly
question
The ________ is a national assessment of students' achievement conducted by the federal government to track changes in educational achievement over time. A) National Assessment of Educational Achievement (NAEA) B) National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) C) National Assessment of Students' Achievement (NASA) D) National Assessment of Students' Progress (NASP)
answer
B) National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
question
All of the following have been cited as possible explanations for low achievement scores among American students, except: A) teachers do not spend enough time on basic instruction. B) students do not take advanced courses when they are offered. C) parents do not encourage academic pursuits at home. D) students spend too much time involved in extracurricular activities.
answer
D) students spend too much time involved in extracurricular activities.
question
Which of the following is the best predictor of occupational success? A) school performance B) educational attainment C) academic achievement D) motivation
answer
B) educational attainment
question
High school dropouts are more likely than high school graduates to do all of the following, except: A) experience poverty and unemployment. B) become pregnant. C) begin working earlier. D) be involved in criminal activity.
answer
C) begin working earlier.
question
Based on the definition used by the U.S. department of Education (the proportion of individuals aged 16 to 24 who are not enrolled in school and who have not earned a high school diploma or GED), the dropout rate has _____ steadily over the past half-century, to about _____. A) increased; 24% B) declined; 9% C) increased; 19% D) declined; 14%
answer
B) declined; 9%
question
High school dropout rates are highest among _____ adolescents. A) Black B) Hispanic C) White D) Asian
answer
B) Hispanic
question
Raul, a foreign-born Hispanic youth, has decided to drop out of high school. According to the studies, what is likely to be the reason for his desire to drop out? A) He is not proficient in English. B) He has a low IQ. C) He has social problems at school. D) He needs to earn money for his family.
answer
A) He is not proficient in English.
question
Which of the following has not been identified as a factor in determining the likelihood of dropping out of high school? A) socioeconomic status B) repeating a grade C) achievement test scores D) gender
answer
D) gender
question
The most effective strategy for keeping students from dropping out of high school has been: A) involving at-risk students in service learning and guided discussions of their life options. B) providing remedial classes for at-risk students. C) making courses easier. D) offering guidance counseling for at-risk students to help them academically.
answer
A) involving at-risk students in service learning and guided discussions of their life options.
question
High school dropout rates would be expected to be highest: A) in schools that emphasize academic achievement. B) in large schools that group students according to ability. C) when students who are having difficulties are allowed to change schools. D) when students are promoted from one grade to the next based on age rather than achievement.
answer
B) in large schools that group students according to ability.
question
Who is most likely to attain occupational success? A) Francesca, who earned good grades in college B) Luke, who received a high score on the SAT C) Karen, who has a Master's degree D) Ruben, who has a high IQ
answer
C) Karen, who has a Master's degree
question
The stage during which individuals first begin to formulate their ideas about appropriate occupations (typically between the ages of 14 and 18) is called: A) crystallization. B) specialization. C) orientation. D) specification.
answer
A) crystallization.
question
Donald is 19. He is beginning to seek appropriate information about which mental health career he wishes to pursue so he can narrow the possibilities and make his choice. According to Super, he is in which stage of occupational development? A) crystallization B) specialization C) orientation D) specification
answer
D) specification
question
Akira wants to be an occupational therapist specializing in the rehabilitation of the hand. Based on Super's stages of occupational development, Akira has reached the: A) composition stage. B) specification stage. C) self-directed search stage. D) crystallization stage.
answer
B) specification stage.
question
Which of the following statements regarding work values is not true for adolescents? A) adolescents tend to rate almost all work rewards very highly B) adolescents optimistically believe that they can find jobs that satisfy multiple rewards simultaneously C) adolescents are able to focus on what they want from a job and identify a few rewards that are most important to them D) adolescents typically believe that they can "have it all" from future occupational choices
answer
C) adolescents are able to focus on what they want from a job and identify a few rewards that are most important to them
question
Which of the following is most likely to influence (both directly and indirectly) a teenager's occupational choice? A) parents B) part-time work C) courses in school D) peers
answer
A) parents
question
According to the textbook, all of the following are reasons that adolescents' ambitions are consonant with the socioeconomic status of those around them, except: A) occupational attainment depends strongly on educational attainment and educational attainment is greatly influenced by socioeconomic status B) middle-class parents are more likely to raise their children in ways that foster the development of strong achievement orientation and career exploration C) parents, siblings, and other important sources of influence serve as models for adolescents' occupational choices D) many employers won't higher people from certain SES groups
answer
D) many employers won't higher people from certain SES groups
question
Which work values are most likely to remain strong over the course of young adulthood, as other work values decline? A) extrinsic B) altruistic C) intrinsic D) social rewards of the job
answer
C) intrinsic
question
Which work values decline most dramatically with age? A) extrinsic, altruistic, and social rewards B) intrinsic, leisure, and job security C) extrinsic, social rewards, job security D) altruistic, influence, and intrinsic
answer
A) extrinsic, altruistic, and social rewards
question
According to the textbook, which of the following is not a limitation to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence? A) interests and abilities are not fixed during adolescence B) they may underestimate the importance of other factors that influence and shape vocational decisions (e.g., the social context) C) many career decisions are influenced more by individuals' beliefs about what sorts of jobs are accessible or "appropriate" for them than by their interests and preferences D) all of the above are important limitations to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence.
answer
D) all of the above are important limitations to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence.
question
Which statement represents an important goal of career educators helping adolescents with their future plans? A) Help adolescents find a job right after high school. B) Help adolescents achieve the highest score possible on the SATs. C) Help adolescents make informed choices about their career and free them from stereotypes that constrain their choices. D) Help adolescents form lasting relationships with teachers and administrators.
answer
C) Help adolescents make informed choices about their career and free them from stereotypes that constrain their choices.
question
According to the textbook, which of the following is a reason that career counselors (especially on college campuses) have come to play an increasingly important role individuals' career decision-making? A) the labor market is changing so quickly that it is difficult for adolescents to obtain accurate information about careers from their families B) new government subsidized programs that require career counselors to do so C) adolescents have become apathetic about career choices and want others to decide their careers for them D) none of the above. According to the textbook, career counselors are useless.
answer
A) the labor market is changing so quickly that it is difficult for adolescents to obtain accurate information about careers from their families
Abnormal Psychology
AP Psychology
Early Maturing Girls
Predict What Will Happen
Psychology
Ch.3 : Cognitive Foundations – Flashcards 22 terms

Sarah Taylor
22 terms
Preview
Ch.3 : Cognitive Foundations – Flashcards
question
Suppose you were a participant in a study on information processing. Your thought processes would be likened to the
answer
functions of a computer
question
What process functions to keep the brain's electrical signals on one path and increase processing speed?
answer
Myelination
question
Imagine you are a neurological researcher looking at a PET scan of a 16-year-old boy. Compared to the brain scan of an 8-year-old girl, you'd most likely see
answer
a larger cerebellum
question
Tony is a 12th-grade boy who is having trouble learning about anatomy. Seeing this, Tony's teacher has asked Gladys, a bright classmate of Tony's, to help him understand the concepts he's having trouble with. Deciding to have Gladys help Tony learn anatomy, the teacher is helping Tony work within his
answer
zone of proximal development
question
Mental operations performed by children in the concrete operational stage (age 7-11) are limited to what they can
answer
experience directly
question
In order to remember his grocery list, 12-year-old Andy organizes the list into food groups (i.e., dairy, grains, junk food). Andy is using
answer
a mnemonic device
question
In order to remember his grocery list, 12-year-old Andy organizes the list into food groups (i.e., dairy, grains, junk food). Andy is using
answer
crystallized intelligence
question
The more automatic a cognitive task is, the
answer
faster you are able to complete the problem
question
Which item is not considered one of the eight types of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner?
answer
question
Jared and his dad are working on Jared's calculus homework. While Jared is quick to respond when he sees information that he learned in class, Jared's dad, Greg, uses his years of experience to figure out the answer. As compared to Greg, Jared possesses better
answer
question
Piaget conceived of __________ as an active process in which children seek out the type of information and stimulation that matches the development of their thinking.
answer
maturation
question
This part of the brain was long thought to influence only movement but is now known to influence higher thought processes.
answer
question
A child watches a kitten walking in front of her and reaches out to grab the kitten's tail. According to Piaget, this child is ____________________
answer
in the sensorimotor stage.
question
According to the text, one possible explanation of why adolescents and adults differ in decision making is because mature decision making requires both
answer
cognitive and psychological factors.
question
Who is the most likely to understand the metaphor "life is like a box of chocolates"?
answer
Wayland, a 15-year-old boy.
question
There are two types of short-term memory: one type is involved in the input and storage of new information, the other type of short-term memory is known as
answer
working memory.
question
In order for scaffolding to be successful, what does the teacher need to be aware of?
answer
When the student becomes competent at the task he/she is performing
question
According to the text, Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development is defined as
answer
the gap between what children and adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by a more competent peer.
question
As automaticity decreases, what increases?
answer
Conscious effort
question
Concerning the automaticity of problem solving, the biggest difference between 9-year-old Charlie and his 50-year-old father, Martin, is that
answer
question
While Lynn is trying to read a book, her daughter Jennifer is listening to loud music in the same room. In order for Lynn to concentrate on her book, she needs to employ
answer
selective attention.
question
A recent study completed by Peng and Nisbett (1999) which focused on dialectical thinking found that what culture tended to promote this type of thinking more than others?
answer