Prostitution in Canada Essay Example

overall sex trade, estimated to be between 10% and 33%. It is challenging to define prostitution since even the government lacks a clear consensus on what constitutes the offense. Prostitution involves exchanging sexual favors for money or material goods without any emotional attachment (Gomme, 1993, p. 12; Garner, 1999, p. 1238). The commercial sex industry includes various forms such as street prostitution, massage brothels, escort services, outcall services, strip clubs, lapdancing, phone sex adult and child pornography video and internet pornography and prostitution tourism.

In Canada, the act of exchanging money for sex is not against the law (Davies, 1990, p. 12; Lowman, 2004, p. 148; Maich, 2010 p. 9; “Prostitution laws”, 2004, p. 9). However, certain activities associated with prostitution are considered illegal under the legal system. These activities include advertising and soliciting prostitution, communicating for the purposes of prostitution, maintaining a brothel or "bawdy house", pimping, procuring, and living off the proceeds of prostitution (Lowman, 1992).

According to Shannon (2010, p. 1388), prostitution is commonly known as the world’s oldest profession. Although its origins are debated, it cannot be denied that prostitution is a profession. Maich (2010, p. 9) contends that every society assigns a monetary value to sex and there have always been individuals who make a living from this industry. However, it is essential to analyze the factors that impact the choice to participate in this deviant activity, even when it is legal for those sex workers who voluntarily opt for this way of life.

Prostitution can be perceived as a form of sexual deviance, employment, or a troubled response to childhood abuse. The motivations for women engaging in prostitution are often similar. Street

prostitutes typically come from lower socio-economic backgrounds and have experienced dissatisfaction with certain aspects of their home lives (Lowman, 1992, p. 54). Research on prostitution indicates shared family backgrounds among individuals involved in this industry. Many start before the age of 18 and possess limited qualifications for alternative occupations. Various factors contribute to young adults resorting to prostitution including poverty, mental illness, homelessness, and a history of childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse.

Prostitution is often associated with a troubled childhood and leaving home early. According to statistics, 67% of individuals in this profession start engaging in prostitution before reaching eighteen years old. Studies indicate that the average age of sex workers is thirteen (Silbert; Pines, 1982, p. 122). There have even been cases where eleven-year-olds are involved (Chamberlain, 1998). Frequently, the main reason for choosing this path can be traced back to significant dissatisfaction with family members.

Physical violence, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse are commonly observed in many relationships. According to a study conducted in three western Canadian provinces, it was found that more than two-thirds of the forty-seven women engaged in prostitution started their career at the age of 15 or younger (Nixon et al., 2002, p. 1016).

The interviewed prostitutes disclosed that they had endured significant childhood violence, including a high prevalence of childhood sexual abuse. This abuse was often carried out by a family member or caregiver. Another study found that the majority (80-85%) of these individuals were fleeing from sexual abuse that primarily occurred in their own homes. Furthermore, a separate study revealed that 82% of sex workers had experienced childhood abuse, with 72% experiencing physical abuse during their upbringing (Silbert &

Pines, 1982, p. 122). Factors such as homelessness, poverty, unemployment, and drug use also contribute to this situation. Additionally, troubled teenagers frequently strive for independence and freedom.

Long-term abuse and neglect in their households undermine the self-esteem of young individuals, making them more vulnerable to engaging in self-harming actions. Generally, young individuals leave home early on without initially intending to pursue a career in prostitution. However, due to limited job opportunities and marketable skills, they have no option but to turn to prostitution for survival. Clearly, poverty significantly influences the choice of young girls to enter the profession of prostitution.

Frequently, individuals face a deficiency in education or vocational abilities. Many forms of sex work yield higher earnings compared to traditional occupations. Moreover, young women with limited education and skills face challenges in securing highly paid employment. Compounding this issue, adolescent girls frequently abandon their schooling.

In essence, engaging in prostitution becomes a means of survival and meeting basic necessities for many individuals. Those who are struggling with drug addiction, often the reason behind their disconnection from education and home, face even greater challenges in securing employment (source). A study conducted in Canada revealed that fifty-eight percent of sex workers surveyed resorted to prostitution in order to sustain their drug dependency (source).

According to Lowman (2000), the majority of individuals involved in street prostitution are drug or alcohol addicts. He states that 82% of them have substance abuse problems and depend on selling sex to sustain their addictions. Many of these individuals need treatment for their addictions. Moreover, some women enter this profession under emotional pressure from someone they know, such as a lover or friend, who forces them

into the trade.

The Fraser Committee's report revealed that around 50-60% of prostitutes in Vancouver were introduced to the sex industry by others (Gomme, 1993, p.294). Individuals can enter into sex work through acquaintances, spouses, or even relatives, although many are recruited by pimps (Lowman & Fraser, 1996). In 1995, Statistics Canada conducted a study on prostitution in Canada and discovered that major cities experience more frequent arrests related to street prostitution.

According to Statistics Canada, Regina in Saskatchewan has the highest number of arrests and communications related to prostitution. The metropolitan area sees approximately 110 arrests per year for every 100,000 people. Vancouver comes in a close second with around 65 arrests per 100,000 population. Edmonton and Halifax both have about 45 arrests each, while Montreal records about 40 arrests per 100,000 population.

Statistics Canada (1995) reveals that the arrests mentioned are not mere random incidents; instead, they are incidents related to prostitution, including murder, rape, and serial killers. These incidents are predominantly concentrated in Vancouver, Montreal, and Toronto. The metropolitan areas of these cities witness a staggering 96% of such incidents. As a result, these locations present the greatest risk for prostitutes. It is worth noting that in Vancouver alone, Robert Pickton is suspected of murdering at least 49 prostitutes from 1997 to 2002 (MacQueen, 2010, p. 22).

The report confirms that the case discussed is the most horrific incident ever recorded in Canada's history of prostitution. A study analyzing homicide statistics from 1993 to 1995 reveals that within that time period alone, 41 prostitutes were murdered. The study underscores that both prostitution and taxi driving are highly dangerous occupations when it comes to personal safety. Furthermore,

it emphasizes that the reported numbers do not fully capture the true magnitude of these incidents.

Lowman (2000) conducted a study which revealed that the conviction rate for murderers of prostitutes was 27% by December 1997. On the contrary, the conviction rate for other killers ranged from 77 to 85%. Furthermore, Lowman (2005) observed that prostitutes have health and social needs that are higher than average, and unfortunately, the healthcare industry has not effectively addressed these needs.

1265). This occupation poses numerous perils and hazards, possibly establishing itself as one of the most unsafe worldwide. Risks relating to health and safety: Participating in sexual activity at a young age is a crucial factor that endangers individuals. Young sex workers are extremely susceptible and encounter significant demand within this sector.

According to Wood et al. (2007, p. 322), participating in prostitution increases the likelihood of suicidal actions or thoughts and leads to a range of health issues such as substance abuse, violence, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, and syphilis.

Engaging in risky sexual behavior with multiple partners puts individuals at a higher risk of HIV infection, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This risk is further increased when some customers pay extra for condomless sex. A study by Wood et al. (2007) found that prostitutes who use crack cocaine are three times more likely to contract HIV. Furthermore, the vulnerability of prostitutes to HIV infections increases when they engage in intravenous drug use.

Lowman and Fraser (1996) conducted a study that revealed the numerous dangers faced by individuals living on the streets, including an increased risk of drug use and criminal activity.

The focus of the study was women involved in prostitution, who were found to have a significantly higher chance of being murdered compared to the general population. Between 1991 and 1995, there were sixty-seven recorded cases of prostitutes being killed, with sixty females and seven juveniles among the victims. Clients committed fifty of these homicides, pimps committed eight, and drugs were connected to the remaining cases.

According to Juristat, street prostitution often involves sexual and physical abuse. In 40% of cases, there are additional criminal acts such as rape, psychological abuse, and sexual abuse. In some instances, these actions can even lead to death. The Prostitution Alternatives Counselling and Education (PACE) Society interviewed 183 individuals involved in the sex trade between 1999 and 2001.

The survey revealed that a significant number of individuals involved in prostitution turn to this occupation as a way to sustain their drug dependency. Additionally, they often face violent encounters with clients. More than 50% of the respondents reported being robbed, while 39% admitted to experiencing abduction or confinement. Astonishingly, one-third disclosed surviving murder attempts. Surprisingly, 40% of those targeted for homicide chose not to report these incidents to law enforcement, indicating a deep mistrust in authorities. The survey also emphasized the exploitation prevalent in prostitution, especially by pimps.

Although uncommon, coercion is frequently employed by pimps to ensure that prostitutes remain on the streets. As per Lautt's extensive research on the prairies, the recruitment of girls aged 12 to 16 is where exploitation is found most frequently (Gomme, 1993, p. 290). Pimps actively seek out young and vulnerable girls at bus stops, airports, train stations, and similar city entry points. The pimp will

adopt a caring demeanor and provide for the girl.

One possibility is that he could provide her with accommodation, leading to the young girl developing emotional and economic reliance on him. Eventually, she may be coerced or forced into prostitution by the individual. According to Gomme (1993, p. 291), if she refuses, violence or threats thereof may be used by the pimp. To combat prostitution, legalization is suggested.

John Lowman advocates for the legalization of prostitution in Canada, stating that many sex workers engage in this profession for its rewarding nature and that it is often driven by opportunity rather than desperation. He argues that legalizing prostitution would help eliminate the exploitation of women. However, his stance is not widely supported, as the majority opposes this idea.

The legalization of prostitution has two major consequences. Firstly, it strengthens organized "pimping" and organized crime in the sex markets. Secondly, it leads to a significant increase in prostitution-related activities, resulting in a deterioration of the conditions for women, children, and prostituted individuals. While no country views total decriminalization favorably, the legalization of prostitution presents various problems. Sweden has opted for a different approach, criminalizing those who benefit from prostitution (pimps and customers) while decriminalizing the activities of prostituted individuals, who are seen as victims of organized pimping.

Quitting prostitution is a challenging endeavor for sex workers, as finding a similarly lucrative job is often arduous. Typically, individuals enter the sex trade due to a range of issues such as a lack of education and limited options. Exiting this profession does not typically afford them more choices or educational opportunities.

Most people leave this dangerous lifestyle either by giving birth to a

child or finding a "good partner". Some individuals manage to quit due to the presence of supportive and special relationships that spur their desire for change. The key factor is finding motivation. However, due to the illegal nature of this lifestyle, the available support, motivation, and exit strategies are limited in number.

Prostitution is an age-old profession that shows no signs of disappearing. Its longevity can be attributed to men being taught to perceive sex as a commodity they can purchase, and women as objects whose sole purpose is sexual gratification. As long as there are men willing to pay for sex, there will always be women willing to provide it. By improving support for youth, we can address the root causes of prostitution, which stem from broader societal issues. It is time to change our negative perception of prostitution and recognize our own role in its existence.

This sexual deviance is linked to other deviances that teenagers often unfortunately become involved in. Young people are innocent, and society, by not providing adequate education and turning a blind eye to abuse, robs them of options.

Works Cited

1. Bullough, V. & Bullough, B. (1987). Women and Prostitution: A Social History. Prometheus Books. Chamberlain, W. (1998).

According to a report, the number of underage prostitutes in Sudbury is increasing, with half of them being under 15 years old. This is becoming a significant issue in the city, often referred to as Nickel City. [1] The referenced article by Davies (1990) titled "Control of Deviance: a Critical Perspective" provides further insights on this concerning problem. [2]

1. [1] The Sudbury Star. Retrieved March 21,

from http://www.thesudburystar.com.

(1999). Black's Law Dictionary, 7th edition. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co. Gomme, I. (1993).

The book "The Shadow Line: Deviance and Crime in Canada" by Goodyear, M., Lowman, J., and Fischer, B. focuses on the topic of prostitution in Toronto. It was published in 1993 by Harcourt Brace Javanovich.

, & Green, M. (August 2005). Prostitutes are people too. Lancet, 366(9493), pp. 1264-1265. Retrieved March 20, 2011, from EbscoHost Database.

Gray, J. H. 1971) and Lowman, J. (Red Lights on the Prairies. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada.)

(1992). Street Prostitution. In V. Sacco (Ed.), Deviance conformity and control in Canadian society (2nd ed.

). Scarborough: Prentice-Hall Canada Inc. Lowman, J., & Fraser, L.

(1996). Violence against persons who prostitutes: The experience in British Columbia. Department of Justice Canada. Lowman, J. (2000). Victims and the Outlaw Status of (Street) Prostitution in Canada.

Violence against women: An international and interdisciplinary journal, volume 6 issue 9. Retrieved on March 20, 2011, from EbscoHost Database.

Retrieved March 20, 2011, from EbscoHost Database. MacQueen, K. (2010). How a serial killer escaped capture. Maclean's, 123(32), pp. 22-23.

Retrieved from EbscoHost Database on April 1, 2011: Maich, S. (October 2010). The case for treating the sex trade as an industry. Canadian Business, 83(17), 9.

Retrieved from the EbscoHost Database on March 25, 2011. Nixon, K., Tutty, L., Downe, P., Gorkoff, K., & Ursel, J.

(2002).

8(9), p. 1016. Retrieved March 25, 2011, from EBSCOhost Database. (2004, July 20).

Prostitution laws and their impact on health risks and hypocrisy are discussed in an article from the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) on page 109. The article can be retrieved from the EbscoHost Database, accessed on March 25, 2011.

According to Shannon, K. (September 2010), the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) published an article titled "The hypocrisy of Canada's prostitution legislation" in SALON.

Retrieved March 25, 2011, from EbscoHost Database. Silbert, M.H., & Pines, A. M. (1982).

The text "Victimization of Street Prostitutes" can be found in the journal Victimology: An International Journal, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pages 122-133. It was retrieved from the EbscoHost Database on March 25, 2011. The information is provided by Statistics Canada (1995).

The source titled "Street Prostitution in Canada" (Catalogue no. 85-002-XPE, 17( 2)) can be found at http://statcan. ca/english/ . The authors of this source are Wood, E. and Schachar, J.

According to Li, K. et al. (June 2007), participating in the sex trade is linked to higher rates of HIV transmission among individuals who inject drugs in Vancouver. This information was published in Addiction Research & Theory, volume 15, issue 3, pages 321-325.

Retrieved from EbscoHost Database on March 25, 2011.